If you presume relevance, you don't need a bifocal lens. Altinok, N., Tatone, D., Kiraly, I., Heintz, C., & Gergely, G. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45:e250, 2022.
Pdf abstract bibtex We argue for a relevance-guided learning mechanism to account for both innovative reproduction and faithful imitation by focusing on the role of communication in knowledge transmission. Unlike bifocal stance theory, this mechanism does not require a strict divide between instrumental and ritual-like actions, and the goals they respectively fulfill (material vs. social/ affiliative), to account for flexibility in action interpretation and reproduction.
@article{altinok2022if,
abstract = {We argue for a relevance-guided learning mechanism to account for both innovative reproduction and faithful imitation by focusing on the role of communication in knowledge transmission. Unlike bifocal stance theory, this mechanism does not require a strict divide between instrumental and ritual-like actions, and the goals they respectively fulfill (material vs. social/ affiliative), to account for flexibility in action interpretation and reproduction.},
author = {Altinok, Nazli and Tatone, Denis and Kiraly, Ildiko and Heintz, Christophe and Gergely, Gyorgy},
journal = {The Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
keywords = {communication},
pages = {e250},
title = {If you presume relevance, you don't need a bifocal lens},
url_pdf = {https://psyarxiv.com/r7dp2/download},
volume = {45},
year = {2022}}
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