@incollection{Deas:fk,
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Stereopsis is the ability to perceive depth based on binocular disparity and is believed to be important for certain aircrew tasks. For example, functional stereoscopic vision has been shown to provide an advantage for boom operators during certain aerial refueling scenarios. We propose that stereopsis will aid depth estimation in rotary-wing hover maneuvers. To test this hypothesis, we assessed performance on a distance estimation task  under stereoscopic (S3D) and monocular (2D) viewing conditions. 
METHODS: Four types of S3D still images (3 terrains, one control pattern without 2D cues) were simulated from the point of view of a Flight Engineer looking downward (45deg) out a helicopter door. The end of a helicopter skid was visible and provided a consistent reference point in all images. Test altitudes from the skid to the ground ranged from 0-5ft with a 2'' step size. Observers (n=14, 7 female) estimated the distance between the skid and the ground. To do this, they assigned a value to represent the distance between their head position and the skid, and judged the distance from the skid to the ground relative to that value. All observers participated in S3D and 2D viewing conditions. Normalized data was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model with full maximum-likelihood estimation methods. 
RESULTS: Estimates of relative distance were significantly affected by the viewing mode: performance was significantly more accurate in the S3D than in the 2D conditions. When terrains were viewed monocularly, observers did scale their estimates with distance, but were well below expected values. 
DISCUSSION: These results support the hypothesis that stereopsis facilitates judgements of 
relative distance in simulated low hover scenarios. Future experiments will determine if the advantage afforded by stereopsis remains at larger distances (high hover), and if it is maintained when additional 2D information (e.g. relative size) is available.
Learning Objectives: 
1.      The participant will learn about operational requirements for stereo-scopic depth perception in the context of rotary wing operations.},
	annote = {Denver CO - May 1-4, 2017},
	author = {Deas, L. and Allison, R. S. and Hartle, H. and Irving, E. L. and Glaholt, M. and Wilcox, L. M.},
	booktitle = {Aerospace Medical Association Annual Scientific Meeting, Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, Vol. 88, No. 3 March 2017},
	date-added = {2017-06-08 17:45:55 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-11-25 13:29:33 -0500},
	keywords = {Stereopsis},
	number = {3},
	pages = {259-260},
	title = {The impact of stereoscopic 3d depth cues on distance estimation in a simulated low hover scenario},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2017}}

{"_id":"2yX2mekbW7LKb8rvi","bibbaseid":"deas-allison-hartle-irving-glaholt-wilcox-theimpactofstereoscopic3ddepthcuesondistanceestimationinasimulatedlowhoverscenario-2017","downloads":0,"creationDate":"2018-11-16T15:32:55.622Z","title":"The impact of stereoscopic 3d depth cues on distance estimation in a simulated low hover scenario","author_short":["Deas, L.","Allison, R. S.","Hartle, H.","Irving, E. L.","Glaholt, M.","Wilcox, L. M."],"year":2017,"bibtype":"incollection","biburl":"www.cse.yorku.ca/percept/papers/self.bib","bibdata":{"bibtype":"incollection","type":"incollection","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Stereopsis is the ability to perceive depth based on binocular disparity and is believed to be important for certain aircrew tasks. For example, functional stereoscopic vision has been shown to provide an advantage for boom operators during certain aerial refueling scenarios. We propose that stereopsis will aid depth estimation in rotary-wing hover maneuvers. To test this hypothesis, we assessed performance on a distance estimation task under stereoscopic (S3D) and monocular (2D) viewing conditions. METHODS: Four types of S3D still images (3 terrains, one control pattern without 2D cues) were simulated from the point of view of a Flight Engineer looking downward (45deg) out a helicopter door. The end of a helicopter skid was visible and provided a consistent reference point in all images. Test altitudes from the skid to the ground ranged from 0-5ft with a 2'' step size. Observers (n=14, 7 female) estimated the distance between the skid and the ground. To do this, they assigned a value to represent the distance between their head position and the skid, and judged the distance from the skid to the ground relative to that value. All observers participated in S3D and 2D viewing conditions. Normalized data was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model with full maximum-likelihood estimation methods. RESULTS: Estimates of relative distance were significantly affected by the viewing mode: performance was significantly more accurate in the S3D than in the 2D conditions. When terrains were viewed monocularly, observers did scale their estimates with distance, but were well below expected values. DISCUSSION: These results support the hypothesis that stereopsis facilitates judgements of relative distance in simulated low hover scenarios. Future experiments will determine if the advantage afforded by stereopsis remains at larger distances (high hover), and if it is maintained when additional 2D information (e.g. relative size) is available. Learning Objectives: 1. The participant will learn about operational requirements for stereo-scopic depth perception in the context of rotary wing operations.","annote":"Denver CO - May 1-4, 2017","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Deas"],"firstnames":["L."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Allison"],"firstnames":["R.","S."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hartle"],"firstnames":["H."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Irving"],"firstnames":["E.","L."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Glaholt"],"firstnames":["M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wilcox"],"firstnames":["L.","M."],"suffixes":[]}],"booktitle":"Aerospace Medical Association Annual Scientific Meeting, Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, Vol. 88, No. 3 March 2017","date-added":"2017-06-08 17:45:55 +0000","date-modified":"2018-11-25 13:29:33 -0500","keywords":"Stereopsis","number":"3","pages":"259-260","title":"The impact of stereoscopic 3d depth cues on distance estimation in a simulated low hover scenario","volume":"88","year":"2017","bibtex":"@incollection{Deas:fk,\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Stereopsis is the ability to perceive depth based on binocular disparity and is believed to be important for certain aircrew tasks. For example, functional stereoscopic vision has been shown to provide an advantage for boom operators during certain aerial refueling scenarios. We propose that stereopsis will aid depth estimation in rotary-wing hover maneuvers. To test this hypothesis, we assessed performance on a distance estimation task under stereoscopic (S3D) and monocular (2D) viewing conditions. \nMETHODS: Four types of S3D still images (3 terrains, one control pattern without 2D cues) were simulated from the point of view of a Flight Engineer looking downward (45deg) out a helicopter door. The end of a helicopter skid was visible and provided a consistent reference point in all images. Test altitudes from the skid to the ground ranged from 0-5ft with a 2'' step size. Observers (n=14, 7 female) estimated the distance between the skid and the ground. To do this, they assigned a value to represent the distance between their head position and the skid, and judged the distance from the skid to the ground relative to that value. All observers participated in S3D and 2D viewing conditions. Normalized data was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model with full maximum-likelihood estimation methods. \nRESULTS: Estimates of relative distance were significantly affected by the viewing mode: performance was significantly more accurate in the S3D than in the 2D conditions. When terrains were viewed monocularly, observers did scale their estimates with distance, but were well below expected values. \nDISCUSSION: These results support the hypothesis that stereopsis facilitates judgements of \nrelative distance in simulated low hover scenarios. Future experiments will determine if the advantage afforded by stereopsis remains at larger distances (high hover), and if it is maintained when additional 2D information (e.g. relative size) is available.\nLearning Objectives: \n1. The participant will learn about operational requirements for stereo-scopic depth perception in the context of rotary wing operations.},\n\tannote = {Denver CO - May 1-4, 2017},\n\tauthor = {Deas, L. and Allison, R. S. and Hartle, H. and Irving, E. L. and Glaholt, M. and Wilcox, L. M.},\n\tbooktitle = {Aerospace Medical Association Annual Scientific Meeting, Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, Vol. 88, No. 3 March 2017},\n\tdate-added = {2017-06-08 17:45:55 +0000},\n\tdate-modified = {2018-11-25 13:29:33 -0500},\n\tkeywords = {Stereopsis},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tpages = {259-260},\n\ttitle = {The impact of stereoscopic 3d depth cues on distance estimation in a simulated low hover scenario},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tyear = {2017}}\n\n","author_short":["Deas, L.","Allison, R. S.","Hartle, H.","Irving, E. L.","Glaholt, M.","Wilcox, L. 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