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\n  \n 2022\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Probabilistic occupancy forecasting for risk-aware optimal ventilation through autoencoder Bayesian deep neural networks.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Choudhary, R.; and Mavrogianni, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Building and Environment, 219: 109207. 7 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ProbabilisticWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Probabilistic occupancy forecasting for risk-aware optimal ventilation through autoencoder Bayesian deep neural networks},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n keywords = {Autoencoder,Bayesian deep neural network,COVID-19,Occupancy prediction,Ventilation},\n pages = {109207},\n volume = {219},\n websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132322004437},\n month = {7},\n id = {924c3d09-c36f-38ea-bf65-3f3c0cc3ae17},\n created = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.373Z},\n accessed = {2022-06-14},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-12-22T23:10:04.695Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {zhuang_probabilistic_2022},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Ventilation plays a noteworthy role in maintaining a healthy, comfortable and energy-efficient indoor environment and mitigating the risk of aerosol transmission and disease infection (e.g., SARS-COV-2). In most commercial and office buildings, demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) systems are widely utilized to conserve energy based on occupancy. However, as the presence of occupants is often inherently stochastic, accurate occupancy prediction is challenging. This study, therefore, proposes an autoencoder Bayesian Long Short-term Memory neural network (LSTM) model for probabilistic occupancy prediction, taking account of model misspecification, epistemic uncertainty, and aleatoric uncertainty. Performances of the proposed models are evaluated using real data in an educational building at the University of Cambridge, UK. The models trained on data of one open-plan space are used to predict occupant numbers for other spaces (with similar layout and function) in the same building. The probabilistic occupant profiles are then used for estimating optimal ventilation rates for two scenarios (i.e., normal DCV mode for energy conservation and anti-infection mode for virus transmission prevention). Results show that, during the test period, for the 1-h ahead prediction, the proposed model achieved better performance with up to 5.8% mean absolute percentage error reduction than the traditional LSTM model. More flexible alternatives for ventilation can be offered by the proposed risk-aware decision-making schemes serving different purposes under real operation. The findings from this study provide new occupancy forecasting solutions and explore the potential of probabilistic decision making for building ventilation optimization.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Choudhary, Ruchi and Mavrogianni, Anna},\n doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109207},\n journal = {Building and Environment}\n}
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\n Ventilation plays a noteworthy role in maintaining a healthy, comfortable and energy-efficient indoor environment and mitigating the risk of aerosol transmission and disease infection (e.g., SARS-COV-2). In most commercial and office buildings, demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) systems are widely utilized to conserve energy based on occupancy. However, as the presence of occupants is often inherently stochastic, accurate occupancy prediction is challenging. This study, therefore, proposes an autoencoder Bayesian Long Short-term Memory neural network (LSTM) model for probabilistic occupancy prediction, taking account of model misspecification, epistemic uncertainty, and aleatoric uncertainty. Performances of the proposed models are evaluated using real data in an educational building at the University of Cambridge, UK. The models trained on data of one open-plan space are used to predict occupant numbers for other spaces (with similar layout and function) in the same building. The probabilistic occupant profiles are then used for estimating optimal ventilation rates for two scenarios (i.e., normal DCV mode for energy conservation and anti-infection mode for virus transmission prevention). Results show that, during the test period, for the 1-h ahead prediction, the proposed model achieved better performance with up to 5.8% mean absolute percentage error reduction than the traditional LSTM model. More flexible alternatives for ventilation can be offered by the proposed risk-aware decision-making schemes serving different purposes under real operation. The findings from this study provide new occupancy forecasting solutions and explore the potential of probabilistic decision making for building ventilation optimization.\n
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\n  \n 2021\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Potential benefits and optimization of cool-coated office buildings: A case study in Chongqing, China.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Levinson, R.; Heiselberg, P.; Wang, Z.; and Guo, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Energy, 226: 120373. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Potential benefits and optimization of cool-coated office buildings: A case study in Chongqing, China},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Cool roof,Cool wall,Design,Life-cycle cost analysis,Optimization,Retrofit},\n pages = {120373},\n volume = {226},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {70b692d4-11a6-3663-93ea-a13c029c6e05},\n created = {2022-04-19T13:02:00.049Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.751Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {JOUR},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Increasing envelope facet albedos considerably reduces solar heat gain, thus yielding building cooling energy savings. Few studies have explored the potential benefits of utilizing cool coatings on building envelopes (“cool-coated buildings”) based on life-cycle cost analysis. A holistic approach integrating the field testing, building energy simulation, and a 20-year life-cycle-based optimization was developed to explore cool-coated building performance and the maximum net savings of optimal building envelope retrofit and design. Experimental results showed that applying cool coatings to a west wall of an office building in Chongqing, China reduced its exterior surface temperature by up to 9.3 °C in summer. Simulation results showed that in Chongqing, making the roof and walls cool could reduce annual HVAC electricity use by up to 11.9% in old buildings (with poorly insulated envelopes) and up to 5.9% in new buildings. Retrofitting old buildings with a cool roof provided the net savings per modified area with present values up to 42.8 CNY/m2; retrofitting a new building with a cool roof or cool walls was not cost-effective. Optimizing both envelope insulation and envelope albedo can achieve 5.6 times the net savings of optimizing the insulation only, and 1.6 times that of optimizing albedo only.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Gao, Yafeng and Zhao, Yingru and Levinson, Ronnen and Heiselberg, Per and Wang, Zhiqiang and Guo, Rui},\n doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2021.120373},\n journal = {Energy}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Increasing envelope facet albedos considerably reduces solar heat gain, thus yielding building cooling energy savings. Few studies have explored the potential benefits of utilizing cool coatings on building envelopes (“cool-coated buildings”) based on life-cycle cost analysis. A holistic approach integrating the field testing, building energy simulation, and a 20-year life-cycle-based optimization was developed to explore cool-coated building performance and the maximum net savings of optimal building envelope retrofit and design. Experimental results showed that applying cool coatings to a west wall of an office building in Chongqing, China reduced its exterior surface temperature by up to 9.3 °C in summer. Simulation results showed that in Chongqing, making the roof and walls cool could reduce annual HVAC electricity use by up to 11.9% in old buildings (with poorly insulated envelopes) and up to 5.9% in new buildings. Retrofitting old buildings with a cool roof provided the net savings per modified area with present values up to 42.8 CNY/m2; retrofitting a new building with a cool roof or cool walls was not cost-effective. Optimizing both envelope insulation and envelope albedo can achieve 5.6 times the net savings of optimizing the insulation only, and 1.6 times that of optimizing albedo only.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Coordinated demand-controlled ventilation strategy for energy-efficient operation in multi-zone cleanroom air-conditioning systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Shan, K.; and Wang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Building and Environment, 191: 107588. 3 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CoordinatedWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Coordinated demand-controlled ventilation strategy for energy-efficient operation in multi-zone cleanroom air-conditioning systems},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Air-conditioning system,Cleanroom,Coordinated ventilation,Demand control filtration,Energy conservation},\n pages = {107588},\n volume = {191},\n websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132321000044},\n month = {3},\n id = {e69ea948-7510-3d66-b4a4-0364dc44ec04},\n created = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.256Z},\n accessed = {2022-05-23},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.256Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {zhuang_coordinated_2021},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Cleanrooms can be 10–100 times as energy-intensive as typical office buildings. The causes of this are mainly high air change rates and counteraction (i.e. overcooling and reheating) processes in applications. Existing studies have addressed the design and control of outdoor and supply air ventilation systems separately without considering the interaction between them, which causes significant energy waste. This study therefore proposes a coordinated demand-controlled ventilation (CDCV) strategy to achieve energy-efficient operation in multi-zone cleanroom air-conditioning systems, by coordinating operation between outdoor and supply ventilation systems. The Lorenz curve and Gini index are introduced to quantify the demand diversity of multiple zones, and degrees of overcooling and overdrying are used to quantify the mismatch between cooling supply and demand. Cleanrooms in a pharmaceutical factory located in Hong Kong, a humid sub-tropical city, are selected to test and validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Test results show that the optimization of supply air volume can alleviate the mismatch between cooling supply and demand, as well as affect the optimal outdoor air ventilation mode. The proposed strategy can achieve up to 89.6% of reheating and 63.3% of overall energy savings.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Shan, Kui and Wang, Shengwei},\n doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107588},\n journal = {Building and Environment}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Cleanrooms can be 10–100 times as energy-intensive as typical office buildings. The causes of this are mainly high air change rates and counteraction (i.e. overcooling and reheating) processes in applications. Existing studies have addressed the design and control of outdoor and supply air ventilation systems separately without considering the interaction between them, which causes significant energy waste. This study therefore proposes a coordinated demand-controlled ventilation (CDCV) strategy to achieve energy-efficient operation in multi-zone cleanroom air-conditioning systems, by coordinating operation between outdoor and supply ventilation systems. The Lorenz curve and Gini index are introduced to quantify the demand diversity of multiple zones, and degrees of overcooling and overdrying are used to quantify the mismatch between cooling supply and demand. Cleanrooms in a pharmaceutical factory located in Hong Kong, a humid sub-tropical city, are selected to test and validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Test results show that the optimization of supply air volume can alleviate the mismatch between cooling supply and demand, as well as affect the optimal outdoor air ventilation mode. The proposed strategy can achieve up to 89.6% of reheating and 63.3% of overall energy savings.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Controlling a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to provide grid frequency regulation: A validation based on onsite tests.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shan, K.; Wang, S.; and Zhuang, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Energy, 300: 117359. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Controlling a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to provide grid frequency regulation: A validation based on onsite tests},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Ancillary service,Chiller,Demand response,Grid frequency regulation,Grid-responsive building,HVAC},\n pages = {117359},\n volume = {300},\n id = {0d9a103e-2685-3150-9f88-179b0a9801cf},\n created = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.361Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.361Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {shan_controlling_2021},\n source_type = {article},\n notes = {Publisher: Elsevier},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {High penetration of intermittent renewables may cause safety and stability problems to the electricity grid. Building thermal loads could contribute to the grid stability in the era of renewable energy and smart grid, because they are high and flexible. This study proposes a model predictive control strategy to control a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to follow grid frequency regulation signals while providing sufficient cooling to the building. Onsite tests were conducted to identify critical parameters in the process including time delay and ramping speed of chiller power consumption. A dynamic platform was built based on the studied system and fine-tuned using onsite tests data. Validation tests were conducted using the 40 min Regulation A and Regulation D test signals provided by PJM (Pennsylvania - New Jersey - Maryland Interconnection). According to the onsite tests, the total delay time and the maximum ramping speed of chiller power were 20–25 s and 2.53 kW/s, respectively. Validation based on the 40 min test signals shown that the composite performance scores were 0.901 and 0.885 for Regulation A test and Regulation D test, respectively. Continuous 12 h validation tests in a working day shown that the composite scores were 0.917 and 0.893 for Reg A and Reg D tests, respectively. And the studied constant speed centrifugal chiller could provide a regulation capacity of 5–7.5% of its nominal power.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Shan, Kui and Wang, Shengwei and Zhuang, Chaoqun},\n doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117359},\n journal = {Applied Energy}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n High penetration of intermittent renewables may cause safety and stability problems to the electricity grid. Building thermal loads could contribute to the grid stability in the era of renewable energy and smart grid, because they are high and flexible. This study proposes a model predictive control strategy to control a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to follow grid frequency regulation signals while providing sufficient cooling to the building. Onsite tests were conducted to identify critical parameters in the process including time delay and ramping speed of chiller power consumption. A dynamic platform was built based on the studied system and fine-tuned using onsite tests data. Validation tests were conducted using the 40 min Regulation A and Regulation D test signals provided by PJM (Pennsylvania - New Jersey - Maryland Interconnection). According to the onsite tests, the total delay time and the maximum ramping speed of chiller power were 20–25 s and 2.53 kW/s, respectively. Validation based on the 40 min test signals shown that the composite performance scores were 0.901 and 0.885 for Regulation A test and Regulation D test, respectively. Continuous 12 h validation tests in a working day shown that the composite scores were 0.917 and 0.893 for Reg A and Reg D tests, respectively. And the studied constant speed centrifugal chiller could provide a regulation capacity of 5–7.5% of its nominal power.\n
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\n  \n 2020\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n An adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy for buildings with spaces requiring strict humidity control and its applications in different climatic conditions.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; and Wang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sustainable Cities and Society, 52: 101838. 9 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {An adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy for buildings with spaces requiring strict humidity control and its applications in different climatic conditions},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Air-conditioning,Cleanroom,Design,Energy conservation,Retrofitting,Ventilation strategy},\n pages = {101838},\n volume = {52},\n month = {9},\n id = {8995f0fa-5794-31c9-8cff-0c5055fb6993},\n created = {2019-09-17T12:37:25.779Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-02-17T00:58:44.540Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The buildings with spaces, requiring strict temperature and humidity controls, such as cleanrooms, are usually very energy-intensive due to improper system design and operation. To address this challenge, a novel “adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy” (ADV strategy) is proposed, which incorporates the advantages of different operation modes and offers energy-efficient operation. In this paper, the energy and economic performance as well as the recommended operation modes of the ADV strategy are investigated under different climatic conditions. The energy performance of a typical pharmaceutical cleanroom air-conditioning system is evaluated by simulation tests in nine cities in five typical climate zones. The test results show that adopting the ADV strategy can achieve 6.8–40.8% energy savings compared with that of a most commonly used existing ventilation strategy. Dedicated outdoor air ventilation (DV) is recommended as the main mode of the ADV strategy in severe cold/cold/moderate climate zones while the following sensible load (FS) is recommended as the main economizer mode in hot/temperate climate zones. For existing system retrofits and new system designs, the payback periods are less than 4 years and 2 years respectively in most climates when the ADV strategy is fully implemented.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei},\n doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2019.101838},\n journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n The buildings with spaces, requiring strict temperature and humidity controls, such as cleanrooms, are usually very energy-intensive due to improper system design and operation. To address this challenge, a novel “adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy” (ADV strategy) is proposed, which incorporates the advantages of different operation modes and offers energy-efficient operation. In this paper, the energy and economic performance as well as the recommended operation modes of the ADV strategy are investigated under different climatic conditions. The energy performance of a typical pharmaceutical cleanroom air-conditioning system is evaluated by simulation tests in nine cities in five typical climate zones. The test results show that adopting the ADV strategy can achieve 6.8–40.8% energy savings compared with that of a most commonly used existing ventilation strategy. Dedicated outdoor air ventilation (DV) is recommended as the main mode of the ADV strategy in severe cold/cold/moderate climate zones while the following sensible load (FS) is recommended as the main economizer mode in hot/temperate climate zones. For existing system retrofits and new system designs, the payback periods are less than 4 years and 2 years respectively in most climates when the ADV strategy is fully implemented.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impact of short-term thermal experience on thermal sensation: A case study of Chongqing, China.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Huang, J.; Shi, D.; Fang, Z.; Gao, Y.; Zhuang, C.; and Zhai, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Building and Environment, 179. 7 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ImpactWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Impact of short-term thermal experience on thermal sensation: A case study of Chongqing, China},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Adaptive thermal comfort,Seasonal thermal sensation,Thermal experience,Time scale of two days},\n volume = {179},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106921},\n month = {7},\n id = {aeddf544-ae42-3069-922b-c0783044834c},\n created = {2020-06-03T14:22:18.231Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.810Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Sudden changes in outdoor air temperature within the time scale of several days can affect human thermal comfort demand. Although the influence of short-term thermal experience on the thermal sensation (STEI) in one season (e.g., in summer) has been focused on, the differences of this effect in different seasons have rarely been studied. In this study, to investigate the regularity of the difference, a follow-up field survey was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 in Chongqing, China. The results show that when outdoor air temperature suddenly rises, the STEI is higher in summer than that in autumn (approximately 0.14 scales) when the indoor air temperature is 28–30 °C. When the indoor air temperature is 24–27 °C, no significant difference was observed. In addition, the STEI is higher in autumn than that in summer (approximately 0.09 scales) when the outdoor air temperature suddenly decreases, and when the STD is −1 °C, the impact of short-term thermal experience on the body in autumn is less than that in winter, by approximately 0.04 scales. The effect can cause a variation of approximately 0.28–0.84 °C in the body's neutral temperature, with a maximum of 1.3 °C based on Griffiths method (G = 0.356/K).},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Huang, Jinxin and Shi, Dachuan and Fang, Zhaosong and Gao, Yafeng and Zhuang, Chaoqun and Zhai, Jiaxin},\n doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106921},\n journal = {Building and Environment}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Sudden changes in outdoor air temperature within the time scale of several days can affect human thermal comfort demand. Although the influence of short-term thermal experience on the thermal sensation (STEI) in one season (e.g., in summer) has been focused on, the differences of this effect in different seasons have rarely been studied. In this study, to investigate the regularity of the difference, a follow-up field survey was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 in Chongqing, China. The results show that when outdoor air temperature suddenly rises, the STEI is higher in summer than that in autumn (approximately 0.14 scales) when the indoor air temperature is 28–30 °C. When the indoor air temperature is 24–27 °C, no significant difference was observed. In addition, the STEI is higher in autumn than that in summer (approximately 0.09 scales) when the outdoor air temperature suddenly decreases, and when the STD is −1 °C, the impact of short-term thermal experience on the body in autumn is less than that in winter, by approximately 0.04 scales. The effect can cause a variation of approximately 0.28–0.84 °C in the body's neutral temperature, with a maximum of 1.3 °C based on Griffiths method (G = 0.356/K).\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Single image modeling (SIM) for predicting the temperature and airflows of outdoor air zones in regional planning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhang, Y.; Shi, D.; Guo, R.; Zhuang, C.; Gao, Y.; and Zhao, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sustainable Cities and Society, 53. 2 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SinglePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Single image modeling (SIM) for predicting the temperature and airflows of outdoor air zones in regional planning},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Regional model,Regional planning,Simplified solution,Thermal environment parameters,Zonal model},\n volume = {53},\n month = {2},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {8396e69d-8726-3547-8191-32fcc81b9d84},\n created = {2020-06-03T15:24:08.635Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:46.346Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This paper presents a single image modeling method (SIM) to efficiently identifying the regional thermal environment parameters, which is used to predict and optimize the regional thermal environment and operation in advance. Coupled with the simplified solar radiation solution model, the building complex thermal model is established to predict the temperature distribution of the underlying surface and building surface. Then the heat and mass exchange equations of the horizontal and vertical boundary are simplified and interacted to obtain the flow area air-dry bulb temperature, wind speed, and other information. To validate the proposed SIM method, the method is applied to simulate and analyze the thermal environment in the Huxi Campus in Chongqing, China. The meteorological parameters and building material thermal physical property parameters are used as the initial conditions of the simulations. The simulation results are validated using the summer measurements carried out in Huxi Campus. The results showed that the simulation results were consistent with the measured data. The RMSEs (root-mean-square errors) and MAPEs (mean-absolute-percentage errors) of air temperatures adopting the SIM method were less than 1.65 and 5.00%, and the MAPEs of wind speed was less than 10.00%.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhang, Yake and Shi, Dachuan and Guo, Rui and Zhuang, Chaoqun and Gao, Yafeng and Zhao, Kai},\n doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2019.101934},\n journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n This paper presents a single image modeling method (SIM) to efficiently identifying the regional thermal environment parameters, which is used to predict and optimize the regional thermal environment and operation in advance. Coupled with the simplified solar radiation solution model, the building complex thermal model is established to predict the temperature distribution of the underlying surface and building surface. Then the heat and mass exchange equations of the horizontal and vertical boundary are simplified and interacted to obtain the flow area air-dry bulb temperature, wind speed, and other information. To validate the proposed SIM method, the method is applied to simulate and analyze the thermal environment in the Huxi Campus in Chongqing, China. The meteorological parameters and building material thermal physical property parameters are used as the initial conditions of the simulations. The simulation results are validated using the summer measurements carried out in Huxi Campus. The results showed that the simulation results were consistent with the measured data. The RMSEs (root-mean-square errors) and MAPEs (mean-absolute-percentage errors) of air temperatures adopting the SIM method were less than 1.65 and 5.00%, and the MAPEs of wind speed was less than 10.00%.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Synergistic cooling effects (SCEs) of urban green-blue spaces on local thermal environment: A case study in Chongqing, China.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shi, D.; Song, J.; Huang, J.; Zhuang, C.; Guo, R.; and Gao, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sustainable Cities and Society, 55. 4 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SynergisticPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Synergistic cooling effects (SCEs) of urban green-blue spaces on local thermal environment: A case study in Chongqing, China},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Blue space,Green space,Synergistic cooling effects (SCEs),Thermal environment,Urban cool island (UCI)},\n volume = {55},\n month = {4},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {50145d8b-241a-3f52-86ea-89a53aa09caf},\n created = {2020-06-03T15:24:39.293Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:46.313Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Both green and blue space are found to be effective for urban heat mitigation and air quality improvement. However, studies on the Synergistic Cooling Effects (SCEs) of green-blue spaces are limited. This paper aims to investigate the SCEs of green-blue spaces in Chongqing, a typical hot humid city in China, through the field measurement and numerical simulation. First, air temperature and relative humidity over different land-use sites (forest, lawn, and impervious pavement) were measured with and without water simultaneously, from July to August 2018. Experimental results revealed the SCEs of green-blue spaces were obvious in 7–12 m surrounding waterfront areas, where the mean air temperature reduction was 3.3 °C higher than the sums of cooling effect of standalone water and forest. Additionally, an ENVI-met model was validated against the measured data before conducting simulation for the study area in five scenarios, including one control group with no trees and four greening cases with different Leaf Area Index (LAI) values to investigate the importance of green infrastructure on the waterfront thermal environment. Simulation results showed that a decrease of 1.0 LAI can lead to a reduction of average air temperature by 0.19–0.31 °C, possibly owing to the enhanced ventilation flow.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Shi, Dachuan and Song, Jiyun and Huang, Jinxin and Zhuang, Chaoqun and Guo, Rui and Gao, Yafeng},\n doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2020.102065},\n journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Both green and blue space are found to be effective for urban heat mitigation and air quality improvement. However, studies on the Synergistic Cooling Effects (SCEs) of green-blue spaces are limited. This paper aims to investigate the SCEs of green-blue spaces in Chongqing, a typical hot humid city in China, through the field measurement and numerical simulation. First, air temperature and relative humidity over different land-use sites (forest, lawn, and impervious pavement) were measured with and without water simultaneously, from July to August 2018. Experimental results revealed the SCEs of green-blue spaces were obvious in 7–12 m surrounding waterfront areas, where the mean air temperature reduction was 3.3 °C higher than the sums of cooling effect of standalone water and forest. Additionally, an ENVI-met model was validated against the measured data before conducting simulation for the study area in five scenarios, including one control group with no trees and four greening cases with different Leaf Area Index (LAI) values to investigate the importance of green infrastructure on the waterfront thermal environment. Simulation results showed that a decrease of 1.0 LAI can lead to a reduction of average air temperature by 0.19–0.31 °C, possibly owing to the enhanced ventilation flow.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Uncertainty-based robust optimal design of cleanroom air-conditioning systems considering life-cycle performance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; and Wang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Indoor and Built Environment, 29(9): 1214-1226. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Uncertainty-basedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Uncertainty-based robust optimal design of cleanroom air-conditioning systems considering life-cycle performance},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Adaptative ventilation strategy,Air-conditioning systems,Cleanroom,Life-cycle performance,Maintenance,Optimal design method,Uncertainty design parameters},\n pages = {1214-1226},\n volume = {29},\n id = {74536aac-a14d-3929-82c8-b9fb860631dd},\n created = {2020-06-03T15:26:35.387Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-02-17T00:58:36.400Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Strict and simultaneous space temperature and humidity controls are often required in many applications, such as hospitals, laboratories, cleanrooms for pharmaceutical and semiconductor manufacturing. The energy intensity in such applications can be up to 100 times than typical office buildings, mainly due to the improper system design and control. Although some uncertainty-based design methods have been developed for air-conditioning systems, most of the existing systems are designed based on a certain ventilation mode while neglecting the life-cycle performance of the components. This study, therefore, proposes a robust optimal design method for cleanroom air-conditioning systems, considering the uncertainties in design parameters for inputs and operation strategies as well as the life-cycle performance of components. An adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy, which incorporated five operation modes, was adopted in the design optimization. Two maintenance modes were adopted and compared to consider the flexibility of maintenance. The proposed design method has been implemented and validated in the design optimization of an existing air-conditioning system. The results showed that, compared with the conventional design, up to 54% reduction of life-cycle costs and superior satisfaction of services could be achieved by using the proposed method.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei},\n doi = {10.1177/1420326X19899442},\n journal = {Indoor and Built Environment},\n number = {9}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Strict and simultaneous space temperature and humidity controls are often required in many applications, such as hospitals, laboratories, cleanrooms for pharmaceutical and semiconductor manufacturing. The energy intensity in such applications can be up to 100 times than typical office buildings, mainly due to the improper system design and control. Although some uncertainty-based design methods have been developed for air-conditioning systems, most of the existing systems are designed based on a certain ventilation mode while neglecting the life-cycle performance of the components. This study, therefore, proposes a robust optimal design method for cleanroom air-conditioning systems, considering the uncertainties in design parameters for inputs and operation strategies as well as the life-cycle performance of components. An adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy, which incorporated five operation modes, was adopted in the design optimization. Two maintenance modes were adopted and compared to consider the flexibility of maintenance. The proposed design method has been implemented and validated in the design optimization of an existing air-conditioning system. The results showed that, compared with the conventional design, up to 54% reduction of life-cycle costs and superior satisfaction of services could be achieved by using the proposed method.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A risk-based robust optimal chiller sequencing control strategy for energy-efficient operation considering measurement uncertainties.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Wang, S.; and Shan, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Energy, 280. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {A risk-based robust optimal chiller sequencing control strategy for energy-efficient operation considering measurement uncertainties},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Bayesian calibration,Chiller sequencing,Measurement uncertainty,Risk-based control,Robust optimal control},\n volume = {280},\n id = {7543da7a-e61f-32c7-a0b8-a342513c9083},\n created = {2020-10-25T23:59:00.000Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:46.310Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Proper and reliable control of central chilling systems with multiple chillers is crucial to save energy and enhance energy efficiency. The conventional total-cooling-load-based chiller sequencing control strategies determine switching (on/off) thresholds according to building instantaneous cooling load and chiller maximum cooling capacity. However, due to the existence of measurement uncertainties and ever-changing operating conditions, optimal switching points often deviate significantly from predefined thresholds. To deal with these challenges and uncertainties, a risk-based robust optimal chiller sequencing control strategy is proposed to improve the robustness and energy efficiency of chillers in operation. As the core of the control strategy, an online stochastic decision-making scheme, which is developed to optimize chiller staging based on quantified risks. The risk of failure to achieve expected operation performance by switching on/off a chiller is evaluated through analyzing the probabilistic fused cooling load and the probabilistic chiller maximum cooling capacity, based on Bayesian calibration of cooling load and capacity models. The best switching points can therefore be identified in a stochastic approach. The results of case studies show that the proposed strategy can improve the reliability and robustness of chiller sequence operation. Compared with the conventional strategy, the switching frequency was decreased by more than 54%, and the energy use of central cooling systems can be reduced by 2.8% without sacrificing thermal comfort.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei and Shan, Kui},\n doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115983},\n journal = {Applied Energy}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Proper and reliable control of central chilling systems with multiple chillers is crucial to save energy and enhance energy efficiency. The conventional total-cooling-load-based chiller sequencing control strategies determine switching (on/off) thresholds according to building instantaneous cooling load and chiller maximum cooling capacity. However, due to the existence of measurement uncertainties and ever-changing operating conditions, optimal switching points often deviate significantly from predefined thresholds. To deal with these challenges and uncertainties, a risk-based robust optimal chiller sequencing control strategy is proposed to improve the robustness and energy efficiency of chillers in operation. As the core of the control strategy, an online stochastic decision-making scheme, which is developed to optimize chiller staging based on quantified risks. The risk of failure to achieve expected operation performance by switching on/off a chiller is evaluated through analyzing the probabilistic fused cooling load and the probabilistic chiller maximum cooling capacity, based on Bayesian calibration of cooling load and capacity models. The best switching points can therefore be identified in a stochastic approach. The results of case studies show that the proposed strategy can improve the reliability and robustness of chiller sequence operation. Compared with the conventional strategy, the switching frequency was decreased by more than 54%, and the energy use of central cooling systems can be reduced by 2.8% without sacrificing thermal comfort.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Risk-based online robust optimal control of air-conditioning systems for buildings requiring strict humidity control considering measurement uncertainties.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; and Wang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Energy, 261: 114451. 3 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Risk-based online robust optimal control of air-conditioning systems for buildings requiring strict humidity control considering measurement uncertainties},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Air-conditioning,Cleanroom,Measurement uncertainty,Online optimal control,Risk-based control},\n pages = {114451},\n volume = {261},\n month = {3},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n day = {1},\n id = {68c052d3-c510-364f-ba9c-6c39adf5c97e},\n created = {2022-04-20T23:38:54.880Z},\n accessed = {2022-01-23},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.765Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The total floor area and energy consumption of buildings or spaces requiring strict temperature and humidity control have been growing rapidly worldwide. A major challenge for achieving energy-efficient control of air-conditioning systems in such applications is the measurement uncertainties underlying the systems’ online optimal control decisions under ever-changing working conditions. This paper proposes a risk-based online robust optimal control strategy for multi-zone air-conditioning systems considering component performance degradation and measurement uncertainties. A risk-based online control decision scheme, as the core of the strategy, is developed for decision-making by compromising the failure risks and energy benefits of different control modes considering uncertainties in the information used. The proposed strategy is tested and implemented in a simulation platform based on an existing pharmaceutical industrial building. The results show that the proposed strategy made the optimal online control decisions, allowing for the measurement uncertainties. Compared with a commonly used control strategy, the proposed strategy achieved approximately 20% overall energy saving in the test period.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei},\n doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114451},\n journal = {Applied Energy}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n The total floor area and energy consumption of buildings or spaces requiring strict temperature and humidity control have been growing rapidly worldwide. A major challenge for achieving energy-efficient control of air-conditioning systems in such applications is the measurement uncertainties underlying the systems’ online optimal control decisions under ever-changing working conditions. This paper proposes a risk-based online robust optimal control strategy for multi-zone air-conditioning systems considering component performance degradation and measurement uncertainties. A risk-based online control decision scheme, as the core of the strategy, is developed for decision-making by compromising the failure risks and energy benefits of different control modes considering uncertainties in the information used. The proposed strategy is tested and implemented in a simulation platform based on an existing pharmaceutical industrial building. The results show that the proposed strategy made the optimal online control decisions, allowing for the measurement uncertainties. Compared with a commonly used control strategy, the proposed strategy achieved approximately 20% overall energy saving in the test period.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Uncertainty-based robust optimal design of cleanroom air-conditioning systems considering life-cycle performance.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; and Wang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Indoor and Built Environment, 29(9): 1214-1226. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Uncertainty-based robust optimal design of cleanroom air-conditioning systems considering life-cycle performance},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Adaptative ventilation strategy,Air-conditioning systems,Cleanroom,Life-cycle performance,Maintenance,Optimal design method,Uncertainty design parameters},\n pages = {1214-1226},\n volume = {29},\n publisher = {SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},\n id = {0adbc6c4-a45a-3ffb-9d09-b1021dee4f15},\n created = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.249Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:45.249Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {JOUR},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Strict and simultaneous space temperature and humidity controls are often required in many applications, such as hospitals, laboratories, cleanrooms for pharmaceutical and semiconductor manufacturing. The energy intensity in such applications can be up to 100 times than typical office buildings, mainly due to the improper system design and control. Although some uncertainty-based design methods have been developed for air-conditioning systems, most of the existing systems are designed based on a certain ventilation mode while neglecting the life-cycle performance of the components. This study, therefore, proposes a robust optimal design method for cleanroom air-conditioning systems, considering the uncertainties in design parameters for inputs and operation strategies as well as the life-cycle performance of components. An adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy, which incorporated five operation modes, was adopted in the design optimization. Two maintenance modes were adopted and compared to consider the flexibility of maintenance. The proposed design method has been implemented and validated in the design optimization of an existing air-conditioning system. The results showed that, compared with the conventional design, up to 54% reduction of life-cycle costs and superior satisfaction of services could be achieved by using the proposed method.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei},\n doi = {10.1177/1420326X19899442},\n journal = {Indoor and Built Environment},\n number = {9}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Strict and simultaneous space temperature and humidity controls are often required in many applications, such as hospitals, laboratories, cleanrooms for pharmaceutical and semiconductor manufacturing. The energy intensity in such applications can be up to 100 times than typical office buildings, mainly due to the improper system design and control. Although some uncertainty-based design methods have been developed for air-conditioning systems, most of the existing systems are designed based on a certain ventilation mode while neglecting the life-cycle performance of the components. This study, therefore, proposes a robust optimal design method for cleanroom air-conditioning systems, considering the uncertainties in design parameters for inputs and operation strategies as well as the life-cycle performance of components. An adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy, which incorporated five operation modes, was adopted in the design optimization. Two maintenance modes were adopted and compared to consider the flexibility of maintenance. The proposed design method has been implemented and validated in the design optimization of an existing air-conditioning system. The results showed that, compared with the conventional design, up to 54% reduction of life-cycle costs and superior satisfaction of services could be achieved by using the proposed method.\n
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\n  \n 2019\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy and air-conditioning systems for cleanrooms and buildings requiring strict humidity control and their performance evaluation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Wang, S.; and Shan, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Energy, 168: 883-896. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy and air-conditioning systems for cleanrooms and buildings requiring strict humidity control and their performance evaluation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation,Air-conditioning system,Dedicated ventilation,Energy conservation,Strict humidity control},\n pages = {883-896},\n volume = {168},\n id = {ea3a97c8-197e-30bb-97bd-2f59ca757e8e},\n created = {2019-01-28T02:28:46.552Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-02-17T00:58:46.449Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The air-conditioning systems in buildings and spaces, such as cleanrooms, requiring strict space humidity control are usually energy intensive, where significant energy wastes often occur due to improper system design and control. Dedicated outdoor air ventilation strategy, as the most recommended solution today, offers good energy performance by fully decoupling the cooling and dehumidification process. But its energy saving potential is restricted to a range of working conditions, due to the excessive outdoor air intake, it cannot provide energy-efficient operation when the internal latent load and ambient enthalpy are high. This paper therefore proposes a novel “adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy”, which offers optimized energy-efficient operation by incorporating the advantages of different ventilation strategies and adopting an adaptive economizer. This study also addresses the design of the air-conditioning systems for the implementation of the proposed ventilation strategy. The energy performance and economic analysis of the air-conditioning systems adopting the proposed ventilation strategy are investigated and compared with most updated strategies available. Results show that the proposed ventilation strategy can offer superior energy performance over the full range of internal load and weather conditions while the initial cost is even lower than that for the most recommended ventilation strategy today.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei and Shan, Kui},\n doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.147},\n journal = {Energy}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n The air-conditioning systems in buildings and spaces, such as cleanrooms, requiring strict space humidity control are usually energy intensive, where significant energy wastes often occur due to improper system design and control. Dedicated outdoor air ventilation strategy, as the most recommended solution today, offers good energy performance by fully decoupling the cooling and dehumidification process. But its energy saving potential is restricted to a range of working conditions, due to the excessive outdoor air intake, it cannot provide energy-efficient operation when the internal latent load and ambient enthalpy are high. This paper therefore proposes a novel “adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy”, which offers optimized energy-efficient operation by incorporating the advantages of different ventilation strategies and adopting an adaptive economizer. This study also addresses the design of the air-conditioning systems for the implementation of the proposed ventilation strategy. The energy performance and economic analysis of the air-conditioning systems adopting the proposed ventilation strategy are investigated and compared with most updated strategies available. Results show that the proposed ventilation strategy can offer superior energy performance over the full range of internal load and weather conditions while the initial cost is even lower than that for the most recommended ventilation strategy today.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Probabilistic optimal design of cleanroom air-conditioning systems facilitating optimal ventilation control under uncertainties.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Wang, S.; and Shan, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Energy, 253. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ProbabilisticWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Probabilistic optimal design of cleanroom air-conditioning systems facilitating optimal ventilation control under uncertainties},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Air-conditioning system,Design optimization,Optimal ventilation strategy,Probabilistic optimal design,Uncertainty},\n volume = {253},\n websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919312504},\n id = {17ca8b16-e49a-3f9e-b130-ea5abd2e93f0},\n created = {2019-08-13T09:10:36.822Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:46.335Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {JOUR},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Buildings with spaces requiring strict temperature and humidity controls, such as pharmaceutical cleanrooms and semiconductor/microchip factories, have been growing very quickly in terms of total floor area and energy consumption. In such buildings, much of the energy is unnecessarily wasted due to the incoordination of system design and operation/control, especially under “off-design” and ever-changing ambient and load conditions. This paper, therefore, proposes a probabilistic optimal design method for cleanroom air-conditioning systems facilitating optimal ventilation control under uncertainties. To consider the effects of asynchronous loads in different zones/spaces with reduced computation demand, a probabilistic diversity factor method is proposed which is a simplified method to quantify the effects of uncertainties of space load diversities in multiple zones/spaces using diversity factors. The proposed design method is implemented and validated in the design optimization of air-conditioning systems for implementing four different ventilation control strategies considering possible and uncertain off-design conditions. The energy and economic performance as well as service satisfaction of the air-conditioning systems are also evaluated and compared. Results show that the proposed design method can obtain the optimal air-conditioning systems with minimum life-cycle cost and superior satisfaction of service.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei and Shan, Kui},\n doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113576},\n journal = {Applied Energy}\n}
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\n Buildings with spaces requiring strict temperature and humidity controls, such as pharmaceutical cleanrooms and semiconductor/microchip factories, have been growing very quickly in terms of total floor area and energy consumption. In such buildings, much of the energy is unnecessarily wasted due to the incoordination of system design and operation/control, especially under “off-design” and ever-changing ambient and load conditions. This paper, therefore, proposes a probabilistic optimal design method for cleanroom air-conditioning systems facilitating optimal ventilation control under uncertainties. To consider the effects of asynchronous loads in different zones/spaces with reduced computation demand, a probabilistic diversity factor method is proposed which is a simplified method to quantify the effects of uncertainties of space load diversities in multiple zones/spaces using diversity factors. The proposed design method is implemented and validated in the design optimization of air-conditioning systems for implementing four different ventilation control strategies considering possible and uncertain off-design conditions. The energy and economic performance as well as service satisfaction of the air-conditioning systems are also evaluated and compared. Results show that the proposed design method can obtain the optimal air-conditioning systems with minimum life-cycle cost and superior satisfaction of service.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Optimal design of multi-zone air-conditioning systems for buildings requiring strict humidity control.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhuang, C.; Wang, S.; and Tang, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Energy Procedia, 158: 3202-3207. 2 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OptimalWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Optimal design of multi-zone air-conditioning systems for buildings requiring strict humidity control},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation,Air-conditioning system,Optimal design,Strict humidity control},\n pages = {3202-3207},\n volume = {158},\n websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610219310604},\n month = {2},\n id = {b82ead69-26b6-336f-8108-619c377d3f6d},\n created = {2019-09-17T12:37:47.840Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-02-17T00:58:38.697Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The air-conditioning systems in buildings, requiring strict space humidity control, are usually very energy intensive, where significant energy would be wasted if the system is not properly designed and controlled. Conventional design method in such buildings usually selects the air-conditioning systems based on certain cooling load and experiences without comprehensively considering the control strategies involved. This paper, therefore, proposes a novel optimal design method to size the air-conditioning systems by quantifying the input uncertainties for cooling load calculation and adopting the "adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy" (ADV strategy). The main objective of the proposed design method is to minimize the life-cycle total cost of air-conditioning systems adopting the alternative decision-making criteria. A hybrid genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorism (GA-PSO) is used for design optimization. Results show that the proposed method can minimize the life-cycle costs of air-conditioning systems and provides promising solutions for designers to make better compromised decisions.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhuang, Chaoqun and Wang, Shengwei and Tang, Rui},\n doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.1008},\n journal = {Energy Procedia}\n}
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\n The air-conditioning systems in buildings, requiring strict space humidity control, are usually very energy intensive, where significant energy would be wasted if the system is not properly designed and controlled. Conventional design method in such buildings usually selects the air-conditioning systems based on certain cooling load and experiences without comprehensively considering the control strategies involved. This paper, therefore, proposes a novel optimal design method to size the air-conditioning systems by quantifying the input uncertainties for cooling load calculation and adopting the \"adaptive full-range decoupled ventilation strategy\" (ADV strategy). The main objective of the proposed design method is to minimize the life-cycle total cost of air-conditioning systems adopting the alternative decision-making criteria. A hybrid genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorism (GA-PSO) is used for design optimization. Results show that the proposed method can minimize the life-cycle costs of air-conditioning systems and provides promising solutions for designers to make better compromised decisions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of natural soiling and weathering on cool roof energy savings for dormitory buildings in Chinese cities with hot summers.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shi, D.; Zhuang, C.; Lin, C.; Zhao, X.; Chen, D.; Gao, Y.; and Levinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 200. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Effects of natural soiling and weathering on cool roof energy savings for dormitory buildings in Chinese cities with hot summers},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Cool roof,Dormitory,Energy savings,High-reflectance coating,Solar reflectance},\n volume = {200},\n id = {2ec945aa-e81f-39a8-b45a-7ab1b566f7b5},\n created = {2019-07-09T23:59:00.000Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-06-14T22:02:46.372Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Roofs with high-reflectance (solar reflectance) coating, commonly known as cool roofs, can stay cool in the sun, thereby reducing building energy consumption and mitigating the urban heat island. However, chemical-physical degradation and biological growth can decrease their solar reflectance and the ability to save energy. In this study, the solar spectral reflectance of 12 different roofing products with an initial albedo of 0.56–0.90 was measured before exposure and once every three months over 32 months. Specimens were exposed on the roofs of dormitory buildings in Xiamen and Chengdu, each major urban areas with hot summers. The albedos of high and medium-lightness coatings stabilized in the ranges 0.45–0.62 and 0.36–0.59 in both cities, respectively. This study yielded albedo loss exceeded those reported in the latest Chinese standard by 0.08–0.15. Finally, DesignBuilder (EnergyPlus) simulations estimate that a new cool roof with albedo 0.78 on a six-story dormitory building will yield annual site energy savings (heating and cooling) for the top floor, which are 8.01 kWh/m2 (24.2%) and 9.12 kWh/m2 (26.3%) per unit floor area in Xiamen and Chengdu, respectively; while an aged cool roof with albedo 0.45 and 0.56 will yield the annual savings by 5.12 kWh/m2 (15.4%) and 2.47 kWh/m2 (10.5%) in these two cities.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Shi, Dachuan and Zhuang, Chaoqun and Lin, Changqing and Zhao, Xia and Chen, Dongping and Gao, Yafeng and Levinson, Ronnen},\n doi = {10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110016},\n journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}\n}
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\n Roofs with high-reflectance (solar reflectance) coating, commonly known as cool roofs, can stay cool in the sun, thereby reducing building energy consumption and mitigating the urban heat island. However, chemical-physical degradation and biological growth can decrease their solar reflectance and the ability to save energy. In this study, the solar spectral reflectance of 12 different roofing products with an initial albedo of 0.56–0.90 was measured before exposure and once every three months over 32 months. Specimens were exposed on the roofs of dormitory buildings in Xiamen and Chengdu, each major urban areas with hot summers. The albedos of high and medium-lightness coatings stabilized in the ranges 0.45–0.62 and 0.36–0.59 in both cities, respectively. This study yielded albedo loss exceeded those reported in the latest Chinese standard by 0.08–0.15. Finally, DesignBuilder (EnergyPlus) simulations estimate that a new cool roof with albedo 0.78 on a six-story dormitory building will yield annual site energy savings (heating and cooling) for the top floor, which are 8.01 kWh/m2 (24.2%) and 9.12 kWh/m2 (26.3%) per unit floor area in Xiamen and Chengdu, respectively; while an aged cool roof with albedo 0.45 and 0.56 will yield the annual savings by 5.12 kWh/m2 (15.4%) and 2.47 kWh/m2 (10.5%) in these two cities.\n
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\n  \n 2018\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A simplified power consumption model of information technology (IT) equipment in data centers for energy system real-time dynamic simulation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, H.; Wang, S.; Zhuang, C.; and Gu, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Energy, 222: 329-342. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n  \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {A simplified power consumption model of information technology (IT) equipment in data centers for energy system real-time dynamic simulation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Building simulation,Data center,Energy consumption modeling,Energy efficiency},\n pages = {329-342},\n volume = {222},\n id = {da1f6c0f-5cbd-3fb1-adc2-5a5347b2561a},\n created = {2019-01-28T02:28:46.552Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-02-17T00:58:48.418Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Due to the rapid rise of power consumption of data centers in recent years, much work has been done to develop energy-efficient design, controls and diagnosis of their cooling systems, while the energy system simulation is used as an effective tool. However, existing models of information technology (IT) equipment of data centers cannot well represent the effects of IT equipment design and operation status on the data center cooling demand, and this hinders the development of the energy saving cooling technologies of data centers. To address this issue, this paper introduces a power consumption model of IT equipment in data centers with coefficients and modeling script provided for immediate use in data center energy system simulation. This energy model can be used to simulate energy performance of typical IT equipment in data centers under real-time dynamic operation conditions conveniently and effectively without the need of data other than the specifications of a data center design and IT equipment manuals. Its use with a commonly used building simulation program is demonstrated with a building model of a typical large office in a subtropical area. The results show that the model can represent the change of power consumption of data centers with different IT equipment designs and operation appropriately.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Cheung, Howard and Wang, Shengwei and Zhuang, Chaoqun and Gu, Jiefan},\n doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.138},\n journal = {Applied Energy}\n}
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\n Due to the rapid rise of power consumption of data centers in recent years, much work has been done to develop energy-efficient design, controls and diagnosis of their cooling systems, while the energy system simulation is used as an effective tool. However, existing models of information technology (IT) equipment of data centers cannot well represent the effects of IT equipment design and operation status on the data center cooling demand, and this hinders the development of the energy saving cooling technologies of data centers. To address this issue, this paper introduces a power consumption model of IT equipment in data centers with coefficients and modeling script provided for immediate use in data center energy system simulation. This energy model can be used to simulate energy performance of typical IT equipment in data centers under real-time dynamic operation conditions conveniently and effectively without the need of data other than the specifications of a data center design and IT equipment manuals. Its use with a commonly used building simulation program is demonstrated with a building model of a typical large office in a subtropical area. The results show that the model can represent the change of power consumption of data centers with different IT equipment designs and operation appropriately.\n
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\n  \n 2017\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Development of a simple power consumption model of information technology (IT) equipment for building simulation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, H.; Wang, S.; and Zhuang, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Energy Procedia, volume 142, pages 1787-1792, 2017. \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@inproceedings{\n title = {Development of a simple power consumption model of information technology (IT) equipment for building simulation},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2017},\n keywords = {Building simulation,Data center,IT equipment,Modeling},\n pages = {1787-1792},\n volume = {142},\n id = {2b925afa-aae3-3739-92d2-43669682a470},\n created = {2019-01-28T02:28:46.596Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {713ebec7-d051-3c7a-b868-fd9ea0861073},\n last_modified = {2022-02-17T00:58:45.771Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The IT equipment power consumption estimated by building simulation software is much higher than the actual case, but there are no simple solutions for building engineers to reduce the bias in data center models in building simulation. This paper address this issue by proposing a simple model of IT equipment load. The model estimates the IT equipment load based on critical control inputs of the IT equipment such as its processor utilization rate and on/off status, and a survey of literature for the ordinary values of these IT equipment control variables is conducted to facilitate its uses by building engineers. A case study was conducted with building models of large offices with lots of IT equipment, and the estimated annual building energy use was reduced by more than 30% in all three cases. This shows that the conventional constant thermal load model overestimates the IT equipment load and the IT equipment model improves the accuracy of modeling of data centers in building simulation by modeling the changes of the load with the status of the servers.},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Cheung, Howard and Wang, Shengwei and Zhuang, Chaoqun},\n doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.564},\n booktitle = {Energy Procedia}\n}
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\n The IT equipment power consumption estimated by building simulation software is much higher than the actual case, but there are no simple solutions for building engineers to reduce the bias in data center models in building simulation. This paper address this issue by proposing a simple model of IT equipment load. The model estimates the IT equipment load based on critical control inputs of the IT equipment such as its processor utilization rate and on/off status, and a survey of literature for the ordinary values of these IT equipment control variables is conducted to facilitate its uses by building engineers. A case study was conducted with building models of large offices with lots of IT equipment, and the estimated annual building energy use was reduced by more than 30% in all three cases. This shows that the conventional constant thermal load model overestimates the IT equipment load and the IT equipment model improves the accuracy of modeling of data centers in building simulation by modeling the changes of the load with the status of the servers.\n
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