var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"title\":\"COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR SWITCHING TO SAFER ALTERNATIVES AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS, AND COST IMPLICATIONS OF PHASING OUT LEAD IN PAINT AND LEAD IN COSMETICS ON THE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"id\":\"cd7a7346-945d-3f96-8c63-8e3d2f3fe050\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:37.379Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:42.665Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"author\":\"Moynihan, Micah and Harris, Kyle and Crafford, Jackie and Maila, Dineo\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{\\n title = {COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR SWITCHING TO SAFER ALTERNATIVES AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS, AND COST IMPLICATIONS OF PHASING OUT LEAD IN PAINT AND LEAD IN COSMETICS ON THE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA},\\n type = {techreport},\\n year = {2021},\\n id = {cd7a7346-945d-3f96-8c63-8e3d2f3fe050},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:37.379Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:42.665Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {techreport},\\n author = {Moynihan, Micah and Harris, Kyle and Crafford, Jackie and Maila, Dineo}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Moynihan,  M.\",\"Harris,  K.\",\"Crafford,  J.\",\"Maila,  D.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/11ad9136-187a-890f-1a13-5fdbafaa8bc4/Draft_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_Report_25082021.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"moynihan-harris-crafford-maila-costbenefitanalysisforswitchingtosaferalternativesandthesocioeconomicimpactsandcostimplicationsofphasingoutleadinpaintandleadincosmeticsontheindustrypublicandgovernmentofsouthafrica-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"South African Lead Exposure Prevention Strategy\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"id\":\"d42c784a-7540-371f-ab17-ea4254a07d7e\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:38.361Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:30:54.772Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"author\":\"Department of Health, undefined\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{\\n title = {South African Lead Exposure Prevention Strategy},\\n type = {techreport},\\n year = {2020},\\n id = {d42c784a-7540-371f-ab17-ea4254a07d7e},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:38.361Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:30:54.772Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {techreport},\\n author = {Department of Health, undefined}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Department of Health\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/37738c6e-649a-83e7-71a2-1c3675ca8e1c/South_African_Lead_Exposure_Prevention_Strategy_2020.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"departmentofhealth-southafricanleadexposurepreventionstrategy-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"1-10\",\"websites\":\"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.\",\"id\":\"1b5537bd-28a8-30c0-a5da-66c7a660bca6\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:39.044Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:29:47.221Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children's blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%, P < 0.01) of elevated blood Pb, compared with children in houses served by a community water system that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This increased Pb exposure is likely a result of corrosion of household plumbing and well components, because homes relying on private wells rarely treat their water to prevent corrosion. In contrast, corrosion control is required in regulated community water systems. These findings highlight the need for targeted outreach to prevent Pb exposure for the 42.5 million Americans depending on private wells for their drinking water. drinking water | private well | children's health | lead exposure | blood lead\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Gibson, Jacqueline Macdonald and Fisher, Michael and Clonch, Allison and Macdonald, John M and Cook, Philip J\",\"doi\":\"10.1073/pnas.2002729117/-/DCSupplemental\",\"journal\":\"PNAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n pages = {1-10},\\n websites = {https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.},\\n id = {1b5537bd-28a8-30c0-a5da-66c7a660bca6},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:39.044Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:29:47.221Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children's blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%, P < 0.01) of elevated blood Pb, compared with children in houses served by a community water system that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This increased Pb exposure is likely a result of corrosion of household plumbing and well components, because homes relying on private wells rarely treat their water to prevent corrosion. In contrast, corrosion control is required in regulated community water systems. These findings highlight the need for targeted outreach to prevent Pb exposure for the 42.5 million Americans depending on private wells for their drinking water. drinking water | private well | children's health | lead exposure | blood lead},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Gibson, Jacqueline Macdonald and Fisher, Michael and Clonch, Allison and Macdonald, John M and Cook, Philip J},\\n doi = {10.1073/pnas.2002729117/-/DCSupplemental},\\n journal = {PNAS}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Gibson,  J., M.\",\"Fisher,  M.\",\"Clonch,  A.\",\"Macdonald,  J., M.\",\"Cook,  P., J.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/04552715-73ba-7aff-4930-d8913bea9074/Lead_in_drinking_water_and_children_101073pnas2002729117.pdf.pdf\",\"Website\":\"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ\",\"pages\":\"954-968\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"month\":\"9\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Netherlands\",\"day\":\"15\",\"id\":\"557f3315-6105-39da-8b19-d584eaa4118e\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:39.719Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:43.949Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x\",\"journal\":\"Ambio\",\"number\":\"9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2019},\\n keywords = {Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ},\\n pages = {954-968},\\n volume = {48},\\n month = {9},\\n publisher = {Springer Netherlands},\\n day = {15},\\n id = {557f3315-6105-39da-8b19-d584eaa4118e},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:39.719Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:43.949Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.},\\n doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x},\\n journal = {Ambio},\\n number = {9}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Green,  R., E.\",\"Pain,  D., J.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-20bf-94ec020a92cc/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Bioavailability\",\"Bullet\",\"Gunshot\",\"Health risk\",\"IQ\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Narrative review of lead poisoning in humans caused by industrial activities and measures compatible with sustainable industrial activities in Republic of Zambia\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"source\":\"Science of the Total Environment\",\"keywords\":\"Health effect,Industry,Lead,Measures,Poisoning,Zambia\",\"volume\":\"850\",\"month\":\"12\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier B.V.\",\"day\":\"1\",\"id\":\"9b892473-ba25-3dd8-b554-f5c07b0d05df\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:40.763Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:44.593Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Lead (Pb) pollution and human exposure to Pb, is an important issue for the international community to address being associated with 0.90 million deaths from long-term effects. The Republic of Zambia is a typical mineral resource-rich country, with long-standing mining and smelting activities of metals including Pb in several parts of the country. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of previous papers that have assessed human exposure to Pb and related health effects in Zambia. Environmental remediation methods that should be applied locally, ways to reduce Pb exposure of the population, and issues that need to be addressed by various sectors are discussed. Environmental remediation methods using locally available and affordable materials are needed to ensure both sustainable industrial activities and pollution prevention. In the Zambian mining towns, including Kabwe, various research activities have been conducted, including environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring and health impact assessments. The town of Kabwe, which was one of Zambia's largest Pb mining area in the 20th century, continues to have formal and informal Pb-related industries and is known as one of the most polluted areas in the world. For example, despite the World Health Organization asserting that “For an individual with a blood Pb concentration ≥ 5 μg/dL, appropriate action should be taken to terminate exposure”, there are reports of blood Pb levels in Kabwe children exceeding 100 μg/dL. While Pb pollution is a global issue, not many places have such continuous and comprehensive research has been conducted, and there is much to be learned from the knowledge accumulated in these areas. Because the high levels of Pb accumulation in humans and the adverse health effects were clarified, we consider that it is important to combine mining activities, which are a key industry, with measures to prevent environmental pollution.\",\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"author\":\"Nakata, Hokuto and Nakayama, Shouta M.M. and Yabe, John and Muzandu, Kaampwe and Kataba, Andrew and Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko and Drisse, Marie Noel Brune and Onyon, Lesley Jayne and Gorman, Julia and Kritika, Poudel and Fukunaga, Hisanori and Ikenaka, Yoshinori and Kishi, Reiko and Ishizuka, Mayumi\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157833\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{\\n title = {Narrative review of lead poisoning in humans caused by industrial activities and measures compatible with sustainable industrial activities in Republic of Zambia},\\n type = {misc},\\n year = {2022},\\n source = {Science of the Total Environment},\\n keywords = {Health effect,Industry,Lead,Measures,Poisoning,Zambia},\\n volume = {850},\\n month = {12},\\n publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},\\n day = {1},\\n id = {9b892473-ba25-3dd8-b554-f5c07b0d05df},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:40.763Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:44.593Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Lead (Pb) pollution and human exposure to Pb, is an important issue for the international community to address being associated with 0.90 million deaths from long-term effects. The Republic of Zambia is a typical mineral resource-rich country, with long-standing mining and smelting activities of metals including Pb in several parts of the country. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of previous papers that have assessed human exposure to Pb and related health effects in Zambia. Environmental remediation methods that should be applied locally, ways to reduce Pb exposure of the population, and issues that need to be addressed by various sectors are discussed. Environmental remediation methods using locally available and affordable materials are needed to ensure both sustainable industrial activities and pollution prevention. In the Zambian mining towns, including Kabwe, various research activities have been conducted, including environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring and health impact assessments. The town of Kabwe, which was one of Zambia's largest Pb mining area in the 20th century, continues to have formal and informal Pb-related industries and is known as one of the most polluted areas in the world. For example, despite the World Health Organization asserting that “For an individual with a blood Pb concentration ≥ 5 μg/dL, appropriate action should be taken to terminate exposure”, there are reports of blood Pb levels in Kabwe children exceeding 100 μg/dL. While Pb pollution is a global issue, not many places have such continuous and comprehensive research has been conducted, and there is much to be learned from the knowledge accumulated in these areas. Because the high levels of Pb accumulation in humans and the adverse health effects were clarified, we consider that it is important to combine mining activities, which are a key industry, with measures to prevent environmental pollution.},\\n bibtype = {misc},\\n author = {Nakata, Hokuto and Nakayama, Shouta M.M. and Yabe, John and Muzandu, Kaampwe and Kataba, Andrew and Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko and Drisse, Marie Noel Brune and Onyon, Lesley Jayne and Gorman, Julia and Kritika, Poudel and Fukunaga, Hisanori and Ikenaka, Yoshinori and Kishi, Reiko and Ishizuka, Mayumi},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157833}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Nakata,  H.\",\"Nakayama,  S., M.\",\"Yabe,  J.\",\"Muzandu,  K.\",\"Kataba,  A.\",\"Ikeda-Araki,  A.\",\"Drisse,  M., N., B.\",\"Onyon,  L., J.\",\"Gorman,  J.\",\"Kritika,  P.\",\"Fukunaga,  H.\",\"Ikenaka,  Y.\",\"Kishi,  R.\",\"Ishizuka,  M.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/30e158ae-e522-71bd-276b-c9fc546a99d4/Nakata_et_al_2022___Narrative_review_of_lead_poisoning_in_humans_caused_by_industrial_activities_and_measures_campatible.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Health effect\",\"Industry\",\"Lead\",\"Measures\",\"Poisoning\",\"Zambia\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails\",\"pages\":\"62-69\",\"volume\":\"217\",\"month\":\"1\",\"id\":\"3a7d009f-8936-3ff2-a93f-bb3c9438f1c2\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:41.388Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:45.152Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health\",\"number\":\"1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2014},\\n keywords = {Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails},\\n pages = {62-69},\\n volume = {217},\\n month = {1},\\n id = {3a7d009f-8936-3ff2-a93f-bb3c9438f1c2},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:41.388Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:45.152Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011},\\n journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},\\n number = {1}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Ndilila,  W.\",\"Callan,  A., C.\",\"McGregor,  L., A.\",\"Kalin,  R., M.\",\"Hinwood,  A., L.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-7efa-86571a8a9c2c/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Environment\",\"Metals\",\"Mining\",\"Personal exposure\",\"Toenails\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead\",\"volume\":\"178\",\"month\":\"11\",\"publisher\":\"Academic Press Inc.\",\"day\":\"1\",\"id\":\"9f27578c-9ed9-3648-ab00-a59afbc51453\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:41.961Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T14:32:45.506Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Research\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2019},\\n keywords = {Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead},\\n volume = {178},\\n month = {11},\\n publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},\\n day = {1},\\n id = {9f27578c-9ed9-3648-ab00-a59afbc51453},\\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:41.961Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:45.506Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679},\\n journal = {Environmental Research}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Desrochers-Couture,  M.\",\"Courtemanche,  Y.\",\"Forget-Dubois,  N.\",\"Bélanger,  R., E.\",\"Boucher,  O.\",\"Ayotte,  P.\",\"Cordier,  S.\",\"Jacobson,  J., L.\",\"Jacobson,  S., W.\",\"Muckle,  G.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-5689-42b1e0aa9e84/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Binge drinking\",\"Cannabis use\",\"Children and adolescents\",\"Externalizing behaviors\",\"Lead\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ\",\"pages\":\"954-968\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"month\":\"9\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Netherlands\",\"day\":\"15\",\"id\":\"09d44765-a097-35ef-9a63-76b6ce0863d5\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:48:32.579Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:48:33.348Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x\",\"journal\":\"Ambio\",\"number\":\"9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2019},\\n keywords = {Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ},\\n pages = {954-968},\\n volume = {48},\\n month = {9},\\n publisher = {Springer Netherlands},\\n day = {15},\\n id = {09d44765-a097-35ef-9a63-76b6ce0863d5},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:48:32.579Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:48:33.348Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.},\\n doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x},\\n journal = {Ambio},\\n number = {9}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Green,  R., E.\",\"Pain,  D., J.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-7a08-51d81147fcf8/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Bioavailability\",\"Bullet\",\"Gunshot\",\"Health risk\",\"IQ\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead\",\"volume\":\"178\",\"month\":\"11\",\"publisher\":\"Academic Press Inc.\",\"day\":\"1\",\"id\":\"4c0263fa-160a-3223-99f6-1b05ec108c3e\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:49:53.171Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:49:54.046Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Research\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2019},\\n keywords = {Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead},\\n volume = {178},\\n month = {11},\\n publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},\\n day = {1},\\n id = {4c0263fa-160a-3223-99f6-1b05ec108c3e},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:49:53.171Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:49:54.046Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679},\\n journal = {Environmental Research}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Desrochers-Couture,  M.\",\"Courtemanche,  Y.\",\"Forget-Dubois,  N.\",\"Bélanger,  R., E.\",\"Boucher,  O.\",\"Ayotte,  P.\",\"Cordier,  S.\",\"Jacobson,  J., L.\",\"Jacobson,  S., W.\",\"Muckle,  G.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-429e-8f050428a360/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Binge drinking\",\"Cannabis use\",\"Children and adolescents\",\"Externalizing behaviors\",\"Lead\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"source\":\"Ambio\",\"keywords\":\"Jig,Loon,Lure,Sinker,Swan,Waterbird\",\"pages\":\"1023-1038\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issue\":\"9\",\"month\":\"9\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.\",\"day\":\"15\",\"id\":\"9aae9c1a-4942-3fcf-a712-320cc386fe15\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:50:39.901Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:50:41.090Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Many publications have investigated the ingestion and toxicity of metallic lead from hunting and the shooting sports. However, there is limited literature on toxicity associated with the ingestion of lead fishing weights, despite our knowledge of damage caused to many species from entanglement in lines, nets, and fish-hooks. This paper surveys current knowledge of species poisoned by ingestion of lead fishing gear and the types of gear that have been implicated. We review the impacts of lead fishing tackle on wildlife species and human health and describe the efficacy of efforts to reduce the use of lead tackle through voluntary, educational, and regulatory approaches to encourage adoption of non-toxic fishing gear. The authors emphasize the need for further research and policy initiatives to deal with this serious problem.\",\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"author\":\"Grade, Tiffany and Campbell, Pamela and Cooley, Thomas and Kneeland, Michelle and Leslie, Elaine and MacDonald, Brooke and Melotti, Julie and Okoniewski, Joseph and Parmley, Elizabeth Jane and Perry, Cyndi and Vogel, Harry and Pokras, Mark\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{\\n title = {Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review},\\n type = {misc},\\n year = {2019},\\n source = {Ambio},\\n keywords = {Jig,Loon,Lure,Sinker,Swan,Waterbird},\\n pages = {1023-1038},\\n volume = {48},\\n issue = {9},\\n month = {9},\\n publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},\\n day = {15},\\n id = {9aae9c1a-4942-3fcf-a712-320cc386fe15},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:50:39.901Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:50:41.090Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Many publications have investigated the ingestion and toxicity of metallic lead from hunting and the shooting sports. However, there is limited literature on toxicity associated with the ingestion of lead fishing weights, despite our knowledge of damage caused to many species from entanglement in lines, nets, and fish-hooks. This paper surveys current knowledge of species poisoned by ingestion of lead fishing gear and the types of gear that have been implicated. We review the impacts of lead fishing tackle on wildlife species and human health and describe the efficacy of efforts to reduce the use of lead tackle through voluntary, educational, and regulatory approaches to encourage adoption of non-toxic fishing gear. The authors emphasize the need for further research and policy initiatives to deal with this serious problem.},\\n bibtype = {misc},\\n author = {Grade, Tiffany and Campbell, Pamela and Cooley, Thomas and Kneeland, Michelle and Leslie, Elaine and MacDonald, Brooke and Melotti, Julie and Okoniewski, Joseph and Parmley, Elizabeth Jane and Perry, Cyndi and Vogel, Harry and Pokras, Mark},\\n doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Grade,  T.\",\"Campbell,  P.\",\"Cooley,  T.\",\"Kneeland,  M.\",\"Leslie,  E.\",\"MacDonald,  B.\",\"Melotti,  J.\",\"Okoniewski,  J.\",\"Parmley,  E., J.\",\"Perry,  C.\",\"Vogel,  H.\",\"Pokras,  M.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/5912e4d0-aaac-d953-63fb-9856a008c688/2019_Grade_Review_of_lead_poisoning_from_ingestion_of_fishing_gear.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Jig\",\"Loon\",\"Lure\",\"Sinker\",\"Swan\",\"Waterbird\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"source\":\"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI\",\"pages\":\"32-48\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"month\":\"1\",\"publisher\":\"John Wiley and Sons Ltd\",\"day\":\"15\",\"id\":\"a77a35e8-b726-3113-99b8-7081ff6a9a98\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:51:29.354Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:51:30.093Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.\",\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"author\":\"Bosch, Adina C. and O'Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jsfa.7360\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{\\n title = {Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review},\\n type = {misc},\\n year = {2016},\\n source = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},\\n keywords = {Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI},\\n pages = {32-48},\\n volume = {96},\\n issue = {1},\\n month = {1},\\n publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},\\n day = {15},\\n id = {a77a35e8-b726-3113-99b8-7081ff6a9a98},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:51:29.354Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:51:30.093Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.},\\n bibtype = {misc},\\n author = {Bosch, Adina C. and O'Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.},\\n doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7360}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bosch,  A., C.\",\"O'Neill,  B.\",\"Sigge,  G., O.\",\"Kerwath,  S., E.\",\"Hoffman,  L., C.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-1fd5-7347df991c14/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Consumer health\",\"Fish muscle\",\"Heavy metals\",\"Maximum allowable limits\",\"Metal speciation\",\"PTWI\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"source\":\"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI\",\"pages\":\"32-48\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"month\":\"1\",\"publisher\":\"John Wiley and Sons Ltd\",\"day\":\"15\",\"id\":\"0fee5eaf-23d8-3840-a871-4d85a208672d\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:52:37.813Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:52:39.149Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.\",\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"author\":\"Bosch, Adina C. and O'Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jsfa.7360\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{\\n title = {Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review},\\n type = {misc},\\n year = {2016},\\n source = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},\\n keywords = {Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI},\\n pages = {32-48},\\n volume = {96},\\n issue = {1},\\n month = {1},\\n publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},\\n day = {15},\\n id = {0fee5eaf-23d8-3840-a871-4d85a208672d},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:52:37.813Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:52:39.149Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.},\\n bibtype = {misc},\\n author = {Bosch, Adina C. and O'Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.},\\n doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7360}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bosch,  A., C.\",\"O'Neill,  B.\",\"Sigge,  G., O.\",\"Kerwath,  S., E.\",\"Hoffman,  L., C.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-5a07-1765e33d098c/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Consumer health\",\"Fish muscle\",\"Heavy metals\",\"Maximum allowable limits\",\"Metal speciation\",\"PTWI\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails\",\"pages\":\"62-69\",\"volume\":\"217\",\"month\":\"1\",\"id\":\"468bf3d2-3ca1-350b-9fec-145f8cafe9a5\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:52:38.535Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:52:39.892Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health\",\"number\":\"1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2014},\\n keywords = {Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails},\\n pages = {62-69},\\n volume = {217},\\n month = {1},\\n id = {468bf3d2-3ca1-350b-9fec-145f8cafe9a5},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:52:38.535Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:52:39.892Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011},\\n journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},\\n number = {1}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Ndilila,  W.\",\"Callan,  A., C.\",\"McGregor,  L., A.\",\"Kalin,  R., M.\",\"Hinwood,  A., L.\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-1d5d-31ee0c6d0d10/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Environment\",\"Metals\",\"Mining\",\"Personal exposure\",\"Toenails\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Metal concentrations in vicinity of a cement factory NW province\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"id\":\"c7081a6c-443a-3c13-bee8-208b1fd880f8\",\"created\":\"2026-03-25T15:53:16.939Z\",\"file_attached\":\"true\",\"profile_id\":\"888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"group_id\":\"0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77\",\"last_modified\":\"2026-03-25T15:53:17.977Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Huyser, undefined\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Metal concentrations in vicinity of a cement factory NW province},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2012},\\n id = {c7081a6c-443a-3c13-bee8-208b1fd880f8},\\n created = {2026-03-25T15:53:16.939Z},\\n file_attached = {true},\\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:53:17.977Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Huyser, undefined}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Huyser\"],\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/50d24f94-f853-30c1-2a4d-96cb658d47a8/2012_Huyser_Metal_concentrations_in_vicinity_of_a_cement_factory_NW_province.pdf.pdf\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huyser-metalconcentrationsinvicinityofacementfactorynwprovince-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; 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 title = {COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR SWITCHING TO SAFER ALTERNATIVES AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS, AND COST IMPLICATIONS OF PHASING OUT LEAD IN PAINT AND LEAD IN COSMETICS ON THE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2021},
 id = {cd7a7346-945d-3f96-8c63-8e3d2f3fe050},
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 author = {Moynihan, Micah and Harris, Kyle and Crafford, Jackie and Maila, Dineo}
}

@techreport{
 title = {South African Lead Exposure Prevention Strategy},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2020},
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 author = {Department of Health, undefined}
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@article{
 title = {Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {1-10},
 websites = {https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.},
 id = {1b5537bd-28a8-30c0-a5da-66c7a660bca6},
 created = {2026-03-25T14:32:39.044Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:29:47.221Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children's blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%, P < 0.01) of elevated blood Pb, compared with children in houses served by a community water system that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This increased Pb exposure is likely a result of corrosion of household plumbing and well components, because homes relying on private wells rarely treat their water to prevent corrosion. In contrast, corrosion control is required in regulated community water systems. These findings highlight the need for targeted outreach to prevent Pb exposure for the 42.5 million Americans depending on private wells for their drinking water. drinking water | private well | children's health | lead exposure | blood lead},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gibson, Jacqueline Macdonald and Fisher, Michael and Clonch, Allison and Macdonald, John M and Cook, Philip J},
 doi = {10.1073/pnas.2002729117/-/DCSupplemental},
 journal = {PNAS}
}

@article{
 title = {Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ},
 pages = {954-968},
 volume = {48},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 day = {15},
 id = {557f3315-6105-39da-8b19-d584eaa4118e},
 created = {2026-03-25T14:32:39.719Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:43.949Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.},
 doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x},
 journal = {Ambio},
 number = {9}
}

@misc{
 title = {Narrative review of lead poisoning in humans caused by industrial activities and measures compatible with sustainable industrial activities in Republic of Zambia},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2022},
 source = {Science of the Total Environment},
 keywords = {Health effect,Industry,Lead,Measures,Poisoning,Zambia},
 volume = {850},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
 day = {1},
 id = {9b892473-ba25-3dd8-b554-f5c07b0d05df},
 created = {2026-03-25T14:32:40.763Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:44.593Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Lead (Pb) pollution and human exposure to Pb, is an important issue for the international community to address being associated with 0.90 million deaths from long-term effects. The Republic of Zambia is a typical mineral resource-rich country, with long-standing mining and smelting activities of metals including Pb in several parts of the country. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of previous papers that have assessed human exposure to Pb and related health effects in Zambia. Environmental remediation methods that should be applied locally, ways to reduce Pb exposure of the population, and issues that need to be addressed by various sectors are discussed. Environmental remediation methods using locally available and affordable materials are needed to ensure both sustainable industrial activities and pollution prevention. In the Zambian mining towns, including Kabwe, various research activities have been conducted, including environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring and health impact assessments. The town of Kabwe, which was one of Zambia's largest Pb mining area in the 20th century, continues to have formal and informal Pb-related industries and is known as one of the most polluted areas in the world. For example, despite the World Health Organization asserting that “For an individual with a blood Pb concentration ≥ 5 μg/dL, appropriate action should be taken to terminate exposure”, there are reports of blood Pb levels in Kabwe children exceeding 100 μg/dL. While Pb pollution is a global issue, not many places have such continuous and comprehensive research has been conducted, and there is much to be learned from the knowledge accumulated in these areas. Because the high levels of Pb accumulation in humans and the adverse health effects were clarified, we consider that it is important to combine mining activities, which are a key industry, with measures to prevent environmental pollution.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Nakata, Hokuto and Nakayama, Shouta M.M. and Yabe, John and Muzandu, Kaampwe and Kataba, Andrew and Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko and Drisse, Marie Noel Brune and Onyon, Lesley Jayne and Gorman, Julia and Kritika, Poudel and Fukunaga, Hisanori and Ikenaka, Yoshinori and Kishi, Reiko and Ishizuka, Mayumi},
 doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157833}
}

@article{
 title = {Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails},
 pages = {62-69},
 volume = {217},
 month = {1},
 id = {3a7d009f-8936-3ff2-a93f-bb3c9438f1c2},
 created = {2026-03-25T14:32:41.388Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:45.152Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011},
 journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead},
 volume = {178},
 month = {11},
 publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {9f27578c-9ed9-3648-ab00-a59afbc51453},
 created = {2026-03-25T14:32:41.961Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:45.506Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina},
 doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679},
 journal = {Environmental Research}
}

@article{
 title = {Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ},
 pages = {954-968},
 volume = {48},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 day = {15},
 id = {09d44765-a097-35ef-9a63-76b6ce0863d5},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:48:32.579Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:48:33.348Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.},
 doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x},
 journal = {Ambio},
 number = {9}
}

@article{
 title = {Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead},
 volume = {178},
 month = {11},
 publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {4c0263fa-160a-3223-99f6-1b05ec108c3e},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:49:53.171Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:49:54.046Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina},
 doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679},
 journal = {Environmental Research}
}

@misc{
 title = {Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2019},
 source = {Ambio},
 keywords = {Jig,Loon,Lure,Sinker,Swan,Waterbird},
 pages = {1023-1038},
 volume = {48},
 issue = {9},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},
 day = {15},
 id = {9aae9c1a-4942-3fcf-a712-320cc386fe15},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:50:39.901Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:50:41.090Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Many publications have investigated the ingestion and toxicity of metallic lead from hunting and the shooting sports. However, there is limited literature on toxicity associated with the ingestion of lead fishing weights, despite our knowledge of damage caused to many species from entanglement in lines, nets, and fish-hooks. This paper surveys current knowledge of species poisoned by ingestion of lead fishing gear and the types of gear that have been implicated. We review the impacts of lead fishing tackle on wildlife species and human health and describe the efficacy of efforts to reduce the use of lead tackle through voluntary, educational, and regulatory approaches to encourage adoption of non-toxic fishing gear. The authors emphasize the need for further research and policy initiatives to deal with this serious problem.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Grade, Tiffany and Campbell, Pamela and Cooley, Thomas and Kneeland, Michelle and Leslie, Elaine and MacDonald, Brooke and Melotti, Julie and Okoniewski, Joseph and Parmley, Elizabeth Jane and Perry, Cyndi and Vogel, Harry and Pokras, Mark},
 doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w}
}

@misc{
 title = {Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2016},
 source = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},
 keywords = {Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI},
 pages = {32-48},
 volume = {96},
 issue = {1},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
 day = {15},
 id = {a77a35e8-b726-3113-99b8-7081ff6a9a98},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:51:29.354Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:51:30.093Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Bosch, Adina C. and O'Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.},
 doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7360}
}

@misc{
 title = {Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2016},
 source = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},
 keywords = {Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI},
 pages = {32-48},
 volume = {96},
 issue = {1},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
 day = {15},
 id = {0fee5eaf-23d8-3840-a871-4d85a208672d},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:52:37.813Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:52:39.149Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Bosch, Adina C. and O'Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.},
 doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7360}
}

@article{
 title = {Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails},
 pages = {62-69},
 volume = {217},
 month = {1},
 id = {468bf3d2-3ca1-350b-9fec-145f8cafe9a5},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:52:38.535Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:52:39.892Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011},
 journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Metal concentrations in vicinity of a cement factory NW province},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 id = {c7081a6c-443a-3c13-bee8-208b1fd880f8},
 created = {2026-03-25T15:53:16.939Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},
 group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},
 last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:53:17.977Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Huyser, undefined}
}\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! 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To use this list on your own web site\n      or create a new web site from it,\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newAccountWithFile%3FfileId=\"\n      >create a free account</a>. The file will be added\n      and you will be able to edit it in the File Manager.\n      We will show you instructions once you've created your account.\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-warning bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_mendeley1\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      <p>To the site owner:</p>\n\n      <p><strong>Action required!</strong> Mendeley is changing its\n        API. In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/30e158ae-e522-71bd-276b-c9fc546a99d4/Nakata_et_al_2022___Narrative_review_of_lead_poisoning_in_humans_caused_by_industrial_activities_and_measures_campatible.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/30e158ae-e522-71bd-276b-c9fc546a99d4/Nakata_et_al_2022___Narrative_review_of_lead_poisoning_in_humans_caused_by_industrial_activities_and_measures_campatible.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Narrative review of lead poisoning in humans caused by industrial activities and measures compatible with sustainable industrial activities in Republic of Zambia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nakata,  H.; Nakayama,  S., M.; Yabe,  J.; Muzandu,  K.; Kataba,  A.; Ikeda-Araki,  A.; Drisse,  M., N., B.; Onyon,  L., J.; Gorman,  J.; Kritika,  P.; Fukunaga,  H.; Ikenaka,  Y.; Kishi,  R.;  and Ishizuka,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  12 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/30e158ae-e522-71bd-276b-c9fc546a99d4/Nakata_et_al_2022___Narrative_review_of_lead_poisoning_in_humans_caused_by_industrial_activities_and_measures_campatible.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/30e158ae-e522-71bd-276b-c9fc546a99d4/Nakata_et_al_2022___Narrative_review_of_lead_poisoning_in_humans_caused_by_industrial_activities_and_measures_campatible.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Narrative review of lead poisoning in humans caused by industrial activities and measures compatible with sustainable industrial activities in Republic of Zambia [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157833\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157833', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nakata-nakayama-yabe-muzandu-kataba-ikedaaraki-drisse-onyon-etal-narrativereviewofleadpoisoninginhumanscausedbyindustrialactivitiesandmeasurescompatiblewithsustainableindustrialactivitiesinrepublicofzambia-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{\n title = {Narrative review of lead poisoning in humans caused by industrial activities and measures compatible with sustainable industrial activities in Republic of Zambia},\n type = {misc},\n year = {2022},\n source = {Science of the Total Environment},\n keywords = {Health effect,Industry,Lead,Measures,Poisoning,Zambia},\n volume = {850},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},\n day = {1},\n id = {9b892473-ba25-3dd8-b554-f5c07b0d05df},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:40.763Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:44.593Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Lead (Pb) pollution and human exposure to Pb, is an important issue for the international community to address being associated with 0.90 million deaths from long-term effects. The Republic of Zambia is a typical mineral resource-rich country, with long-standing mining and smelting activities of metals including Pb in several parts of the country. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of previous papers that have assessed human exposure to Pb and related health effects in Zambia. Environmental remediation methods that should be applied locally, ways to reduce Pb exposure of the population, and issues that need to be addressed by various sectors are discussed. Environmental remediation methods using locally available and affordable materials are needed to ensure both sustainable industrial activities and pollution prevention. In the Zambian mining towns, including Kabwe, various research activities have been conducted, including environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring and health impact assessments. The town of Kabwe, which was one of Zambia&#x27;s largest Pb mining area in the 20th century, continues to have formal and informal Pb-related industries and is known as one of the most polluted areas in the world. For example, despite the World Health Organization asserting that “For an individual with a blood Pb concentration ≥ 5 μg/dL, appropriate action should be taken to terminate exposure”, there are reports of blood Pb levels in Kabwe children exceeding 100 μg/dL. While Pb pollution is a global issue, not many places have such continuous and comprehensive research has been conducted, and there is much to be learned from the knowledge accumulated in these areas. Because the high levels of Pb accumulation in humans and the adverse health effects were clarified, we consider that it is important to combine mining activities, which are a key industry, with measures to prevent environmental pollution.},\n bibtype = {misc},\n author = {Nakata, Hokuto and Nakayama, Shouta M.M. and Yabe, John and Muzandu, Kaampwe and Kataba, Andrew and Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko and Drisse, Marie Noel Brune and Onyon, Lesley Jayne and Gorman, Julia and Kritika, Poudel and Fukunaga, Hisanori and Ikenaka, Yoshinori and Kishi, Reiko and Ishizuka, Mayumi},\n doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157833}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Lead (Pb) pollution and human exposure to Pb, is an important issue for the international community to address being associated with 0.90 million deaths from long-term effects. The Republic of Zambia is a typical mineral resource-rich country, with long-standing mining and smelting activities of metals including Pb in several parts of the country. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of previous papers that have assessed human exposure to Pb and related health effects in Zambia. Environmental remediation methods that should be applied locally, ways to reduce Pb exposure of the population, and issues that need to be addressed by various sectors are discussed. Environmental remediation methods using locally available and affordable materials are needed to ensure both sustainable industrial activities and pollution prevention. In the Zambian mining towns, including Kabwe, various research activities have been conducted, including environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring and health impact assessments. The town of Kabwe, which was one of Zambia's largest Pb mining area in the 20th century, continues to have formal and informal Pb-related industries and is known as one of the most polluted areas in the world. For example, despite the World Health Organization asserting that “For an individual with a blood Pb concentration ≥ 5 μg/dL, appropriate action should be taken to terminate exposure”, there are reports of blood Pb levels in Kabwe children exceeding 100 μg/dL. While Pb pollution is a global issue, not many places have such continuous and comprehensive research has been conducted, and there is much to be learned from the knowledge accumulated in these areas. Because the high levels of Pb accumulation in humans and the adverse health effects were clarified, we consider that it is important to combine mining activities, which are a key industry, with measures to prevent environmental pollution.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"moynihan-harris-crafford-maila-costbenefitanalysisforswitchingtosaferalternativesandthesocioeconomicimpactsandcostimplicationsofphasingoutleadinpaintandleadincosmeticsontheindustrypublicandgovernmentofsouthafrica-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/11ad9136-187a-890f-1a13-5fdbafaa8bc4/Draft_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_Report_25082021.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'moynihan-harris-crafford-maila-costbenefitanalysisforswitchingtosaferalternativesandthesocioeconomicimpactsandcostimplicationsofphasingoutleadinpaintandleadincosmeticsontheindustrypublicandgovernmentofsouthafrica-2021', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/11ad9136-187a-890f-1a13-5fdbafaa8bc4/Draft_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_Report_25082021.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR SWITCHING TO SAFER ALTERNATIVES AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS, AND COST IMPLICATIONS OF PHASING OUT LEAD IN PAINT AND LEAD IN COSMETICS ON THE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Moynihan,  M.; Harris,  K.; Crafford,  J.;  and Maila,  D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/11ad9136-187a-890f-1a13-5fdbafaa8bc4/Draft_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_Report_25082021.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('moynihan-harris-crafford-maila-costbenefitanalysisforswitchingtosaferalternativesandthesocioeconomicimpactsandcostimplicationsofphasingoutleadinpaintandleadincosmeticsontheindustrypublicandgovernmentofsouthafrica-2021', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/11ad9136-187a-890f-1a13-5fdbafaa8bc4/Draft_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_Report_25082021.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR SWITCHING TO SAFER ALTERNATIVES AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS, AND COST IMPLICATIONS OF PHASING OUT LEAD IN PAINT AND LEAD IN COSMETICS ON THE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/moynihan-harris-crafford-maila-costbenefitanalysisforswitchingtosaferalternativesandthesocioeconomicimpactsandcostimplicationsofphasingoutleadinpaintandleadincosmeticsontheindustrypublicandgovernmentofsouthafrica-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('moynihan-harris-crafford-maila-costbenefitanalysisforswitchingtosaferalternativesandthesocioeconomicimpactsandcostimplicationsofphasingoutleadinpaintandleadincosmeticsontheindustrypublicandgovernmentofsouthafrica-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{\n title = {COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR SWITCHING TO SAFER ALTERNATIVES AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS, AND COST IMPLICATIONS OF PHASING OUT LEAD IN PAINT AND LEAD IN COSMETICS ON THE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA},\n type = {techreport},\n year = {2021},\n id = {cd7a7346-945d-3f96-8c63-8e3d2f3fe050},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:37.379Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:42.665Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {techreport},\n author = {Moynihan, Micah and Harris, Kyle and Crafford, Jackie and Maila, Dineo}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"departmentofhealth-southafricanleadexposurepreventionstrategy-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/37738c6e-649a-83e7-71a2-1c3675ca8e1c/South_African_Lead_Exposure_Prevention_Strategy_2020.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'departmentofhealth-southafricanleadexposurepreventionstrategy-2020', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/37738c6e-649a-83e7-71a2-1c3675ca8e1c/South_African_Lead_Exposure_Prevention_Strategy_2020.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    South African Lead Exposure Prevention Strategy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Department of Health\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/37738c6e-649a-83e7-71a2-1c3675ca8e1c/South_African_Lead_Exposure_Prevention_Strategy_2020.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('departmentofhealth-southafricanleadexposurepreventionstrategy-2020', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/37738c6e-649a-83e7-71a2-1c3675ca8e1c/South_African_Lead_Exposure_Prevention_Strategy_2020.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"South African Lead Exposure Prevention Strategy [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/departmentofhealth-southafricanleadexposurepreventionstrategy-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('departmentofhealth-southafricanleadexposurepreventionstrategy-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{\n title = {South African Lead Exposure Prevention Strategy},\n type = {techreport},\n year = {2020},\n id = {d42c784a-7540-371f-ab17-ea4254a07d7e},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:38.361Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:30:54.772Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {techreport},\n author = {Department of Health, undefined}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/04552715-73ba-7aff-4930-d8913bea9074/Lead_in_drinking_water_and_children_101073pnas2002729117.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/04552715-73ba-7aff-4930-d8913bea9074/Lead_in_drinking_water_and_children_101073pnas2002729117.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gibson,  J., M.; Fisher,  M.; Clonch,  A.; Macdonald,  J., M.;  and Cook,  P., J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PNAS</i>,1-10.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/04552715-73ba-7aff-4930-d8913bea9074/Lead_in_drinking_water_and_children_101073pnas2002729117.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/04552715-73ba-7aff-4930-d8913bea9074/Lead_in_drinking_water_and_children_101073pnas2002729117.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020', 'https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002729117/-/DCSupplemental\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002729117/-/DCSupplemental', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gibson-fisher-clonch-macdonald-cook-childrendrinkingprivatewellwaterhavehigherbloodleadthanthosewithcitywater-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n pages = {1-10},\n websites = {https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/25638.},\n id = {1b5537bd-28a8-30c0-a5da-66c7a660bca6},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:39.044Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:29:47.221Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children&#x27;s blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%, P &lt; 0.01) of elevated blood Pb, compared with children in houses served by a community water system that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This increased Pb exposure is likely a result of corrosion of household plumbing and well components, because homes relying on private wells rarely treat their water to prevent corrosion. In contrast, corrosion control is required in regulated community water systems. These findings highlight the need for targeted outreach to prevent Pb exposure for the 42.5 million Americans depending on private wells for their drinking water. drinking water | private well | children&#x27;s health | lead exposure | blood lead},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Gibson, Jacqueline Macdonald and Fisher, Michael and Clonch, Allison and Macdonald, John M and Cook, Philip J},\n doi = {10.1073/pnas.2002729117/-/DCSupplemental},\n journal = {PNAS}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children's blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%, P < 0.01) of elevated blood Pb, compared with children in houses served by a community water system that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This increased Pb exposure is likely a result of corrosion of household plumbing and well components, because homes relying on private wells rarely treat their water to prevent corrosion. In contrast, corrosion control is required in regulated community water systems. These findings highlight the need for targeted outreach to prevent Pb exposure for the 42.5 million Americans depending on private wells for their drinking water. drinking water | private well | children's health | lead exposure | blood lead\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-20bf-94ec020a92cc/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-20bf-94ec020a92cc/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Green,  R., E.;  and Pain,  D., J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ambio</i>, 48(9): 954-968. 9 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-20bf-94ec020a92cc/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-20bf-94ec020a92cc/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ},\n pages = {954-968},\n volume = {48},\n month = {9},\n publisher = {Springer Netherlands},\n day = {15},\n id = {557f3315-6105-39da-8b19-d584eaa4118e},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:39.719Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:43.949Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.},\n doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x},\n journal = {Ambio},\n number = {9}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-5689-42b1e0aa9e84/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-5689-42b1e0aa9e84/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Desrochers-Couture,  M.; Courtemanche,  Y.; Forget-Dubois,  N.; Bélanger,  R., E.; Boucher,  O.; Ayotte,  P.; Cordier,  S.; Jacobson,  J., L.; Jacobson,  S., W.;  and Muckle,  G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Research</i>, 178. 11 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-5689-42b1e0aa9e84/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-5689-42b1e0aa9e84/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead},\n volume = {178},\n month = {11},\n publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},\n day = {1},\n id = {9f27578c-9ed9-3648-ab00-a59afbc51453},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:41.961Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:45.506Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach&#x27;s Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina},\n doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679},\n journal = {Environmental Research}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-7a08-51d81147fcf8/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-7a08-51d81147fcf8/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Green,  R., E.;  and Pain,  D., J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ambio</i>, 48(9): 954-968. 9 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-7a08-51d81147fcf8/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/182533a8-6165-de99-7a08-51d81147fcf8/2019_Green_Pain_Risks_to_human_health_from_ammunitionderived_lead_in_Europe.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('green-pain-riskstohumanhealthfromammunitionderivedleadineurope-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Bioavailability,Bullet,Gunshot,Health risk,IQ},\n pages = {954-968},\n volume = {48},\n month = {9},\n publisher = {Springer Netherlands},\n day = {15},\n id = {09d44765-a097-35ef-9a63-76b6ce0863d5},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:48:32.579Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:48:33.348Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Green, Rhys E. and Pain, Deborah J.},\n doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x},\n journal = {Ambio},\n number = {9}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid ‘no-effect’ thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-429e-8f050428a360/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-429e-8f050428a360/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Desrochers-Couture,  M.; Courtemanche,  Y.; Forget-Dubois,  N.; Bélanger,  R., E.; Boucher,  O.; Ayotte,  P.; Cordier,  S.; Jacobson,  J., L.; Jacobson,  S., W.;  and Muckle,  G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Research</i>, 178. 11 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-429e-8f050428a360/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/59529c54-1f02-6f65-429e-8f050428a360/Desrochers_Couture_et_al_2019_Early_Pb_exposure_externalizing_behavors_in_adolescence.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('desrocherscouture-courtemanche-forgetdubois-blanger-boucher-ayotte-cordier-jacobson-etal-associationbetweenearlyleadexposureandexternalizingbehaviorsinadolescenceadevelopmentalcascade-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: A developmental cascade},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Binge drinking,Cannabis use,Children and adolescents,Externalizing behaviors,Lead},\n volume = {178},\n month = {11},\n publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},\n day = {1},\n id = {4c0263fa-160a-3223-99f6-1b05ec108c3e},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:49:53.171Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:49:54.046Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach&#x27;s Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Desrochers-Couture, Mireille and Courtemanche, Yohann and Forget-Dubois, Nadine and Bélanger, Richard E. and Boucher, Olivier and Ayotte, Pierre and Cordier, Sylvaine and Jacobson, Joseph L. and Jacobson, Sandra W. and Muckle, Gina},\n doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108679},\n journal = {Environmental Research}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse neurological development. Most notably, it has been observed through externalizing behavior symptoms, as observed among Inuit children from northern Québec. Evidence for a persistent neurological impact of early Pb exposure later in life is however scarce. Pb exposure may initiate a developmental cascade that increases the risk of long-term behavior problems. Objectives: Testing for direct associations between childhood Pb concentrations and adolescent externalizing symptoms and substance use, as well as indirect associations through childhood behavior assessments. Methods: The study sample is a longitudinal cohort of Inuit children (n = 212) followed since birth. Blood Pb concentrations were measured during childhood (median age = 11.4 years) and adolescence (median age = 18.5 years). Externalizing/inattentive behavior were teacher-assessed through the Teacher Report Form and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale for children. At the adolescence follow-up, behavior problems were self-reported by filling Achenbach's Youth Self-Report, the Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale, and the Diagnostics Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescent substance use was also self-assessed through the DEP-ADO. Direct and indirect associations of child Pb concentrations with adolescent outcomes were tested through mediation models. Results: Child blood Pb concentrations were not directly associated with any adolescent outcomes. On the contrary, childhood Pb exposure was indirectly associated, through childhood externalizing behavior assessments, with adolescent externalizing behaviors, binge drinking, and cannabis use. These indirect associations held after controlling for adolescents’ concurrent Pb blood concentrations. Discussion: Our results highlight the indirect but lasting effects of child Pb exposure on adolescent behavior problems, and the importance of childhood externalizing behavior in this relationship. Adverse early-life environment put children on a riskier developmental trajectory, increasing their likelihood of lifelong psychological, social and health problems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/5912e4d0-aaac-d953-63fb-9856a008c688/2019_Grade_Review_of_lead_poisoning_from_ingestion_of_fishing_gear.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/5912e4d0-aaac-d953-63fb-9856a008c688/2019_Grade_Review_of_lead_poisoning_from_ingestion_of_fishing_gear.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Grade,  T.; Campbell,  P.; Cooley,  T.; Kneeland,  M.; Leslie,  E.; MacDonald,  B.; Melotti,  J.; Okoniewski,  J.; Parmley,  E., J.; Perry,  C.; Vogel,  H.;  and Pokras,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  9 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/5912e4d0-aaac-d953-63fb-9856a008c688/2019_Grade_Review_of_lead_poisoning_from_ingestion_of_fishing_gear.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/5912e4d0-aaac-d953-63fb-9856a008c688/2019_Grade_Review_of_lead_poisoning_from_ingestion_of_fishing_gear.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('grade-campbell-cooley-kneeland-leslie-macdonald-melotti-okoniewski-etal-leadpoisoningfromingestionoffishinggearareview-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{\n title = {Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review},\n type = {misc},\n year = {2019},\n source = {Ambio},\n keywords = {Jig,Loon,Lure,Sinker,Swan,Waterbird},\n pages = {1023-1038},\n volume = {48},\n issue = {9},\n month = {9},\n publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},\n day = {15},\n id = {9aae9c1a-4942-3fcf-a712-320cc386fe15},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:50:39.901Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:50:41.090Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Many publications have investigated the ingestion and toxicity of metallic lead from hunting and the shooting sports. However, there is limited literature on toxicity associated with the ingestion of lead fishing weights, despite our knowledge of damage caused to many species from entanglement in lines, nets, and fish-hooks. This paper surveys current knowledge of species poisoned by ingestion of lead fishing gear and the types of gear that have been implicated. We review the impacts of lead fishing tackle on wildlife species and human health and describe the efficacy of efforts to reduce the use of lead tackle through voluntary, educational, and regulatory approaches to encourage adoption of non-toxic fishing gear. The authors emphasize the need for further research and policy initiatives to deal with this serious problem.},\n bibtype = {misc},\n author = {Grade, Tiffany and Campbell, Pamela and Cooley, Thomas and Kneeland, Michelle and Leslie, Elaine and MacDonald, Brooke and Melotti, Julie and Okoniewski, Joseph and Parmley, Elizabeth Jane and Perry, Cyndi and Vogel, Harry and Pokras, Mark},\n doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01179-w}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many publications have investigated the ingestion and toxicity of metallic lead from hunting and the shooting sports. However, there is limited literature on toxicity associated with the ingestion of lead fishing weights, despite our knowledge of damage caused to many species from entanglement in lines, nets, and fish-hooks. This paper surveys current knowledge of species poisoned by ingestion of lead fishing gear and the types of gear that have been implicated. We review the impacts of lead fishing tackle on wildlife species and human health and describe the efficacy of efforts to reduce the use of lead tackle through voluntary, educational, and regulatory approaches to encourage adoption of non-toxic fishing gear. The authors emphasize the need for further research and policy initiatives to deal with this serious problem.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-1fd5-7347df991c14/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-1fd5-7347df991c14/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bosch,  A., C.; O'Neill,  B.; Sigge,  G., O.; Kerwath,  S., E.;  and Hoffman,  L., C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  1 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-1fd5-7347df991c14/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-1fd5-7347df991c14/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7360\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7360', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{\n title = {Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review},\n type = {misc},\n year = {2016},\n source = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},\n keywords = {Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI},\n pages = {32-48},\n volume = {96},\n issue = {1},\n month = {1},\n publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},\n day = {15},\n id = {a77a35e8-b726-3113-99b8-7081ff6a9a98},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:51:29.354Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:51:30.093Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.},\n bibtype = {misc},\n author = {Bosch, Adina C. and O&#x27;Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.},\n doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7360}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-5a07-1765e33d098c/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-5a07-1765e33d098c/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bosch,  A., C.; O'Neill,  B.; Sigge,  G., O.; Kerwath,  S., E.;  and Hoffman,  L., C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  1 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-5a07-1765e33d098c/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/1345847d-398c-bcbb-5a07-1765e33d098c/2015_Bosch_et_al_Heavy_metals_in_marine_fish_and_impact_on_human_health.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7360\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7360', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bosch-oneill-sigge-kerwath-hoffman-heavymetalsinmarinefishmeatandconsumerhealthareview-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{\n title = {Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: A review},\n type = {misc},\n year = {2016},\n source = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},\n keywords = {Consumer health,Fish muscle,Heavy metals,Maximum allowable limits,Metal speciation,PTWI},\n pages = {32-48},\n volume = {96},\n issue = {1},\n month = {1},\n publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},\n day = {15},\n id = {0fee5eaf-23d8-3840-a871-4d85a208672d},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:52:37.813Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:52:39.149Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.},\n bibtype = {misc},\n author = {Bosch, Adina C. and O&#x27;Neill, Bernadette and Sigge, Gunnar O. and Kerwath, Sven E. and Hoffman, Louwrens C.},\n doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7360}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The numerous health benefits provided by fish consumption may be compromised by the presence of toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, which can have harmful effects on the human body if consumed in toxic quantities. The monitoring of metal concentrations in fish meat is therefore important to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and consequent consumer protection. The toxicity of these metals may be dependent on their chemical forms, which requires metal speciation processes for direct measurement of toxic metal species or the identification of prediction models in order to determine toxic metal forms from measured total metal concentrations. This review addresses various shortcomings in current knowledge and research on the accumulation of metal contaminants in commercially consumed marine fish globally and particularly in South Africa, affecting both the fishing industry as well as fish consumers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-7efa-86571a8a9c2c/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-7efa-86571a8a9c2c/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ndilila,  W.; Callan,  A., C.; McGregor,  L., A.; Kalin,  R., M.;  and Hinwood,  A., L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health</i>, 217(1): 62-69. 1 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-7efa-86571a8a9c2c/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-7efa-86571a8a9c2c/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n keywords = {Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails},\n pages = {62-69},\n volume = {217},\n month = {1},\n id = {3a7d009f-8936-3ff2-a93f-bb3c9438f1c2},\n created = {2026-03-25T14:32:41.388Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T14:32:45.152Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011},\n journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},\n number = {1}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-1d5d-31ee0c6d0d10/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-1d5d-31ee0c6d0d10/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ndilila,  W.; Callan,  A., C.; McGregor,  L., A.; Kalin,  R., M.;  and Hinwood,  A., L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health</i>, 217(1): 62-69. 1 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-1d5d-31ee0c6d0d10/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/4fe11d86-0bfa-70af-1d5d-31ee0c6d0d10/2014_Environmental_and_human_toenail_metals_concentration_Zambia.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ndilila-callan-mcgregor-kalin-hinwood-environmentalandtoenailmetalsconcentrationsincopperminingandnonminingcommunitiesinzambia-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n keywords = {Environment,Metals,Mining,Personal exposure,Toenails},\n pages = {62-69},\n volume = {217},\n month = {1},\n id = {468bf3d2-3ca1-350b-9fec-145f8cafe9a5},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:52:38.535Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:52:39.892Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ndilila, Wesu and Callan, Anna Carita and McGregor, Laura A. and Kalin, Robert M. and Hinwood, Andrea L.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.011},\n journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},\n number = {1}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Copper mining contributes to increased concentrations of metals in the environment, thereby increasing the risk of metals exposure to populations living in and around mining areas. This study investigated environmental and toenail metals concentrations of non-occupational human exposure to metals in 39 copper-mining town residents and 47 non-mining town residents in Zambia. Elevated environmental concentrations were found in samples collected from the mining town residents. Toenail concentrations of cobalt (GM 1.39. mg/kg), copper (GM 132. mg/kg), lead (21.41. mg/kg) selenium (GM 0.38. mg/kg) and zinc (GM 113. mg/kg) were significantly higher in the mining area and these metals have previously been associated with copper mining. Residence in the mining area, drinking water, dust and soil metals concentrations were the most important contributors to toenail metals concentrations. Further work is required to establish the specific pathways of exposure and the health risks of elevated metals concentrations in the copper mining area. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2012\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2012</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huyser-metalconcentrationsinvicinityofacementfactorynwprovince-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/50d24f94-f853-30c1-2a4d-96cb658d47a8/2012_Huyser_Metal_concentrations_in_vicinity_of_a_cement_factory_NW_province.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huyser-metalconcentrationsinvicinityofacementfactorynwprovince-2012', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/50d24f94-f853-30c1-2a4d-96cb658d47a8/2012_Huyser_Metal_concentrations_in_vicinity_of_a_cement_factory_NW_province.pdf.pdf', event);\">\n    Metal concentrations in vicinity of a cement factory NW province.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huyser\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  .  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/50d24f94-f853-30c1-2a4d-96cb658d47a8/2012_Huyser_Metal_concentrations_in_vicinity_of_a_cement_factory_NW_province.pdf.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huyser-metalconcentrationsinvicinityofacementfactorynwprovince-2012', 'https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5/file/50d24f94-f853-30c1-2a4d-96cb658d47a8/2012_Huyser_Metal_concentrations_in_vicinity_of_a_cement_factory_NW_province.pdf.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metal concentrations in vicinity of a cement factory NW province [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huyser-metalconcentrationsinvicinityofacementfactorynwprovince-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huyser-metalconcentrationsinvicinityofacementfactorynwprovince-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Metal concentrations in vicinity of a cement factory NW province},\n type = {article},\n year = {2012},\n id = {c7081a6c-443a-3c13-bee8-208b1fd880f8},\n created = {2026-03-25T15:53:16.939Z},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {888a38c0-e491-33b5-8ffc-688923d88fd5},\n group_id = {0a5c3ab6-50e3-330c-82e5-ddf0d649fd77},\n last_modified = {2026-03-25T15:53:17.977Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Huyser, undefined}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);