var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"title\":\"Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"155-161\",\"websites\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399\",\"publisher\":\"CRC Press\",\"city\":\"Kiel\",\"id\":\"777fd18e-3d28-327b-806e-3fa6000db379\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.640Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:42:08.847Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.\",\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.\",\"editor\":\"Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo\",\"booktitle\":\"Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2016},\\n pages = {155-161},\\n websites = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399},\\n publisher = {CRC Press},\\n city = {Kiel},\\n id = {777fd18e-3d28-327b-806e-3fa6000db379},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.640Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.847Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.},\\n editor = {Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo},\\n booktitle = {Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Johnston,  I.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Wuttke,  F.\",\"Bauer,  S.\",\"Sanchez,  M.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy\",\"pages\":\"476-487\",\"volume\":\"154\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"f46b8cc9-fd74-39f4-8f71-6b1397f80810\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2020\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\",\"journal\":\"Renewable Energy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy},\\n pages = {476-487},\\n volume = {154},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {f46b8cc9-fd74-39f4-8f71-6b1397f80810},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\\n journal = {Renewable Energy}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy diaphragm walls\",\"Energy geo-structures\",\"Geothermal design\",\"Ground heat exchangers (GHEs)\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Shallow geothermal energy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":5,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures\",\"pages\":\"103399\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"id\":\"d999d2fd-6fc8-3656-b2b3-583e638c454a\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\",\"journal\":\"Computers and Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"September 2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures},\\n pages = {103399},\\n volume = {120},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\\n publisher = {Elsevier},\\n id = {d999d2fd-6fc8-3656-b2b3-583e638c454a},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {September 2019}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Johnston,  I., W.\",\"Zhong,  Y.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy walls\",\"Geothermal\",\"Ground heat exchangers (GHE)\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Soldier pile walls\",\"Underground structures\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Geothermal Energy in Loess\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"225-236\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"websites\":\"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025\",\"id\":\"94391de3-4f0d-3282-b05a-0c9dbf00fca3\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.868Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:42:08.963Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Bidarmaghz2016\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Perez, Magali E. Carro\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2016},\\n pages = {225-236},\\n volume = {4},\\n websites = {https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025},\\n id = {94391de3-4f0d-3282-b05a-0c9dbf00fca3},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.868Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.963Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2016},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Perez, Magali E. Carro},\\n journal = {Environmental Geotechnics},\\n number = {3}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Franco,  F.\",\"Perez,  M., E., C.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"keywords\":\"energy piles,finite elements,geothermal energy,machine learning,optimisation\",\"city\":\"Seoul\",\"id\":\"eda9577b-112f-381c-ac73-03fd0ba2703b\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.884Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:42:08.979Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Bidarmaghz, Asal\",\"booktitle\":\"19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2017},\\n keywords = {energy piles,finite elements,geothermal energy,machine learning,optimisation},\\n city = {Seoul},\\n id = {eda9577b-112f-381c-ac73-03fd0ba2703b},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.884Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.979Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\\n booktitle = {19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"energy piles\",\"finite elements\",\"geothermal energy\",\"machine learning\",\"optimisation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Stage 1\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"65\",\"city\":\"Melbourne\",\"institution\":\"The University of Melbourne\",\"id\":\"6428ab8d-5dcc-35ed-bfdd-ccf21d1be5b8\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"author\":\"Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi and Johnston, Ian William and Makasis, Nikolas\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{\\n title = {Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Stage 1},\\n type = {techreport},\\n year = {2016},\\n pages = {65},\\n city = {Melbourne},\\n institution = {The University of Melbourne},\\n id = {6428ab8d-5dcc-35ed-bfdd-ccf21d1be5b8},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {techreport},\\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi and Johnston, Ian William and Makasis, Nikolas}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Disfani,  M.\",\"Johnston,  I., W.\",\"Makasis,  N.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"In Press\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\",\"id\":\"3953d349-d991-3578-841d-a8b948747f19\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.915Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2021-02-23T10:34:53.913Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2020\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres\",\"journal\":\"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment\",\"number\":\"VSI:Energy Geomechanics\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n pages = {In Press},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},\\n id = {3953d349-d991-3578-841d-a8b948747f19},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.915Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2021-02-23T10:34:53.913Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},\\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment},\\n number = {VSI:Energy Geomechanics}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis\",\"pages\":\"140-151\",\"volume\":\"104\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"id\":\"28f85aa1-ef3f-3ebe-a356-4059181e8d6d\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\",\"journal\":\"Computers and Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"August\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2018},\\n keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis},\\n pages = {140-151},\\n volume = {104},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\\n publisher = {Elsevier},\\n id = {28f85aa1-ef3f-3ebe-a356-4059181e8d6d},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {August}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy geo-structures\",\"Geothermal\",\"Ground heat exchangers (GHEs)\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Prediction modelling\",\"Sensitivity analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video\",\"pages\":\"1-14\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"websites\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260\",\"id\":\"777e3edd-6ec7-34f4-8461-c3c397de05f2\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:37:20.033Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:42:09.013Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. 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Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/educsci10100260\",\"journal\":\"Education Sciences\",\"number\":\"10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video},\\n pages = {1-14},\\n volume = {10},\\n websites = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260},\\n id = {777e3edd-6ec7-34f4-8461-c3c397de05f2},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.033Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.013Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. 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Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. 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Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. 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W.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"65\",\"city\":\"Melbourne\",\"institution\":\"The University of 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Geo-Structures\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"energy geo-structures,numerical modelling,soldier pile walls\",\"pages\":\"2898-2905\",\"websites\":\"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges\",\"publisher\":\"IOS Press\",\"city\":\"Cancun\",\"id\":\"dd0754e9-ba3e-3877-8364-58773d05769d\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"group_id\":\"2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122\",\"last_modified\":\"2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Energy geo-structures implement shallow geothermal technologies in sub-surface structures, such as piles, retaining walls, slabs and tunnels, resulting in a dual-purpose use of these elements: structural stability and thermal energy provision. This approach to shallow geothermal energy can result in lower capital costs compared to traditional ground source heat pump systems where trenching or drilling is required, and thus have received significant attention recently. Most of the existing research has so far focused on energy piles, likely due to their geometrical similarities to the traditional vertical borehole ground heat exchangers, while less information exists on the relatively more complex energy retaining walls. This research focuses on the thermal performance and design of energy soldier pile retaining walls, utilising detailed finite element techniques. A case study is adopted, modelling an underground train station with conditions and requirements typical for Melbourne, Australia (temperate climate). The thermal provision potential for these structures is investigated, noting the importance of the thermal load on the design and suggesting that a close to balanced thermal load might be crucial for the design of a well performing system, even if its incorporation might introduce logistic complexities. Moreover, important design parameters that can affect the thermal performance (as well as costs) of the system are investigated, enabling recommendations to minimising costs without significantly impacting the thermal performance of the system.\",\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"editor\":\"López-Acosta, Norma Patricia and Martínez-Hernández, Eduardo and Espinosa-Santiago, Alejandra Liliana and Mendoza-Promotor, José Alfredo and López, Alexandra Ossa\",\"doi\":\"10.3233/STAL190363\",\"booktitle\":\"Geotechnical Engineering in the XXI Century: Lessons learned and future challenges\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Utilising Soldier Pile Retaining Walls as Energy Geo-Structures},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2019},\\n keywords = {energy geo-structures,numerical modelling,soldier pile walls},\\n pages = {2898-2905},\\n websites = {http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges},\\n publisher = {IOS Press},\\n city = {Cancun},\\n id = {dd0754e9-ba3e-3877-8364-58773d05769d},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures implement shallow geothermal technologies in sub-surface structures, such as piles, retaining walls, slabs and tunnels, resulting in a dual-purpose use of these elements: structural stability and thermal energy provision. This approach to shallow geothermal energy can result in lower capital costs compared to traditional ground source heat pump systems where trenching or drilling is required, and thus have received significant attention recently. Most of the existing research has so far focused on energy piles, likely due to their geometrical similarities to the traditional vertical borehole ground heat exchangers, while less information exists on the relatively more complex energy retaining walls. This research focuses on the thermal performance and design of energy soldier pile retaining walls, utilising detailed finite element techniques. A case study is adopted, modelling an underground train station with conditions and requirements typical for Melbourne, Australia (temperate climate). The thermal provision potential for these structures is investigated, noting the importance of the thermal load on the design and suggesting that a close to balanced thermal load might be crucial for the design of a well performing system, even if its incorporation might introduce logistic complexities. Moreover, important design parameters that can affect the thermal performance (as well as costs) of the system are investigated, enabling recommendations to minimising costs without significantly impacting the thermal performance of the system.},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n editor = {López-Acosta, Norma Patricia and Martínez-Hernández, Eduardo and Espinosa-Santiago, Alejandra Liliana and Mendoza-Promotor, José Alfredo and López, Alexandra Ossa},\\n doi = {10.3233/STAL190363},\\n booktitle = {Geotechnical Engineering in the XXI Century: Lessons learned and future challenges}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"López-Acosta,  N., P.\",\"Martínez-Hernández,  E.\",\"Espinosa-Santiago,  A., L.\",\"Mendoza-Promotor,  J., A.\",\"López,  A., O.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"energy geo-structures\",\"numerical modelling\",\"soldier pile walls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"makasis,  n\",\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\n      ownerID: \"TruxmxpArwA5oTHJG\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; 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 title = {Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {155-161},
 websites = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399},
 publisher = {CRC Press},
 city = {Kiel},
 id = {777fd18e-3d28-327b-806e-3fa6000db379},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.640Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.847Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.},
 editor = {Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo},
 booktitle = {Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016}
}

@article{
 title = {Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy},
 pages = {476-487},
 volume = {154},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {f46b8cc9-fd74-39f4-8f71-6b1397f80810},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},
 journal = {Renewable Energy}
}

@article{
 title = {The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures},
 pages = {103399},
 volume = {120},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {d999d2fd-6fc8-3656-b2b3-583e638c454a},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {September 2019}
}

@article{
 title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {225-236},
 volume = {4},
 websites = {https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025},
 id = {94391de3-4f0d-3282-b05a-0c9dbf00fca3},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.868Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.963Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Perez, Magali E. Carro},
 journal = {Environmental Geotechnics},
 number = {3}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {energy piles,finite elements,geothermal energy,machine learning,optimisation},
 city = {Seoul},
 id = {eda9577b-112f-381c-ac73-03fd0ba2703b},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.884Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.979Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Bidarmaghz, Asal},
 booktitle = {19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy}
}

@techreport{
 title = {Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Stage 1},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {65},
 city = {Melbourne},
 institution = {The University of Melbourne},
 id = {6428ab8d-5dcc-35ed-bfdd-ccf21d1be5b8},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {techreport},
 author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi and Johnston, Ian William and Makasis, Nikolas}
}

@article{
 title = {Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 pages = {In Press},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},
 id = {3953d349-d991-3578-841d-a8b948747f19},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.915Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2021-02-23T10:34:53.913Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},
 journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment},
 number = {VSI:Energy Geomechanics}
}

@article{
 title = {A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis},
 pages = {140-151},
 volume = {104},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {28f85aa1-ef3f-3ebe-a356-4059181e8d6d},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {August}
}

@article{
 title = {Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video},
 pages = {1-14},
 volume = {10},
 websites = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260},
 id = {777e3edd-6ec7-34f4-8461-c3c397de05f2},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.033Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.013Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas},
 doi = {10.3390/educsci10100260},
 journal = {Education Sciences},
 number = {10}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2015},
 websites = {http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578},
 publisher = {IOS Press},
 city = {Buenos Aires},
 id = {07252ac7-0afb-32f9-a0e5-2e960f209fa3},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.055Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.073Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Narsilio2015},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Ferrero, Hugo and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Serrano, Carlos and Perez, Magali E. Carro and Makasis, Nikolas and Delacoste, Evelyn},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering}
}

@article{
 title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Geothermal,Numerical modelling,Pipe separation,Sensitivity analysis,Shank spacing,ground heat exchangers (GHE)},
 pages = {97-109},
 volume = {100},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {be5143a5-fc0c-3731-a0a7-f24af509e407},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.124Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.124Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use ground heat exchangers (GHEs) to transfer heat to and from the ground and efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes. Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {August 2017}
}

@article{
 title = {A machine learning approach to energy pile design},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Energy piles,Finite elements,Geothermal energy,Machine learning,Optimisation,Regression},
 pages = {189-203},
 volume = {97},
 websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {b1280c86-3256-33be-aaf6-347a172342da},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.139Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.139Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {September 2017}
}

@article{
 title = {Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {1466-1470},
 volume = {18},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},
 publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
 id = {c2cd9478-6523-385d-9e9e-788d623eddbd},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.175Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.175Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},
 doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},
 journal = {Data in Brief},
 number = {June}
}

@phdthesis{
 title = {Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques},
 type = {phdthesis},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {202},
 websites = {https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999},
 institution = {PhD Thesis, The University of Melbourne},
 department = {Department of Infrastructure Engineering},
 id = {072e535b-e512-3244-b761-fa795265d47b},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.236Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.080Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2019},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {phdthesis},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {43-50},
 websites = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6},
 publisher = {Springer, Cham},
 city = {Lausanne},
 id = {c051ced4-f678-3411-a602-2624bf9e09e8},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.267Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.091Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},
 booktitle = {International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics SEG-2018}
}

@techreport{
 title = {Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {65},
 city = {Melbourne},
 institution = {The University of Melbourne},
 id = {275a24ad-004d-33aa-94ad-0457be5649dd},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.319Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.319Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {techreport},
 author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Makasis, Nikolas and Lu, Qi and Jensen-Page, Linden and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Utilising Soldier Pile Retaining Walls as Energy Geo-Structures},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {energy geo-structures,numerical modelling,soldier pile walls},
 pages = {2898-2905},
 websites = {http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges},
 publisher = {IOS Press},
 city = {Cancun},
 id = {dd0754e9-ba3e-3877-8364-58773d05769d},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},
 last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures implement shallow geothermal technologies in sub-surface structures, such as piles, retaining walls, slabs and tunnels, resulting in a dual-purpose use of these elements: structural stability and thermal energy provision. This approach to shallow geothermal energy can result in lower capital costs compared to traditional ground source heat pump systems where trenching or drilling is required, and thus have received significant attention recently. Most of the existing research has so far focused on energy piles, likely due to their geometrical similarities to the traditional vertical borehole ground heat exchangers, while less information exists on the relatively more complex energy retaining walls. This research focuses on the thermal performance and design of energy soldier pile retaining walls, utilising detailed finite element techniques. A case study is adopted, modelling an underground train station with conditions and requirements typical for Melbourne, Australia (temperate climate). The thermal provision potential for these structures is investigated, noting the importance of the thermal load on the design and suggesting that a close to balanced thermal load might be crucial for the design of a well performing system, even if its incorporation might introduce logistic complexities. Moreover, important design parameters that can affect the thermal performance (as well as costs) of the system are investigated, enabling recommendations to minimising costs without significantly impacting the thermal performance of the system.},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 editor = {López-Acosta, Norma Patricia and Martínez-Hernández, Eduardo and Espinosa-Santiago, Alejandra Liliana and Mendoza-Promotor, José Alfredo and López, Alexandra Ossa},
 doi = {10.3233/STAL190363},
 booktitle = {Geotechnical Engineering in the XXI Century: Lessons learned and future challenges}
}\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! Next you can\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newSiteFromTemplate%3Fbiburl=\"\n      >create a new website with this list</a>, or\n      embed it in an existing web page by copying &amp; pasting\n      any of the following snippets.\n\n      <div style=\"text-align: left; margin-top: 1em;\">\n        <strong>JavaScript</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment recommended\">(easiest)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;script src=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556/group/2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122?jsonp=1&amp;jsonp=1\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>PHP</strong>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;?php\n            $contents = file_get_contents(\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556/group/2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122?jsonp=1\");\n            print_r($contents);\n            ?&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>iFrame</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment\">(not recommended)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;iframe src=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556/group/2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122?jsonp=1\"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <p>\n          For more details see the <a href=\"//bibbase.org/help\">documention</a>.\n        </p>\n      </div>\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_preview\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      This is a preview! To use this list on your own web site\n      or create a new web site from it,\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newAccountWithFile%3FfileId=\"\n      >create a free account</a>. The file will be added\n      and you will be able to edit it in the File Manager.\n      We will show you instructions once you've created your account.\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-warning bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_mendeley1\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      <p>To the site owner:</p>\n\n      <p><strong>Action required!</strong> Mendeley is changing its\n        API. In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242', event);\">\n    Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment</i>, (VSI:Energy Geomechanics): In Press.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {In Press},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},\n id = {3953d349-d991-3578-841d-a8b948747f19},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.915Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2021-02-23T10:34:53.913Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment},\n number = {VSI:Energy Geomechanics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112', event);\">\n    Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Renewable Energy</i>, 154: 476-487.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>5 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy},\n pages = {476-487},\n volume = {154},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {f46b8cc9-fd74-39f4-8f71-6b1397f80810},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.787Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\n journal = {Renewable Energy}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399', event);\">\n    The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Johnston,  I., W.;  and Zhong,  Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 120(September 2019): 103399.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures},\n pages = {103399},\n volume = {120},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {d999d2fd-6fc8-3656-b2b3-583e638c454a},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.793Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {September 2019}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260', event);\">\n    Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dooley,  L.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Education Sciences</i>, 10(10): 1-14.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video},\n pages = {1-14},\n volume = {10},\n websites = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/10/260},\n id = {777e3edd-6ec7-34f4-8461-c3c397de05f2},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.033Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.013Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas},\n doi = {10.3390/educsci10100260},\n journal = {Education Sciences},\n number = {10}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019', 'http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges', event);\">\n    Utilising Soldier Pile Retaining Walls as Energy Geo-Structures.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In López-Acosta,  N., P.; Martínez-Hernández,  E.; Espinosa-Santiago,  A., L.; Mendoza-Promotor,  J., A.;  and López,  A., O., editor(s), <i>Geotechnical Engineering in the XXI Century: Lessons learned and future challenges</i>, pages 2898-2905,  2019. IOS Press\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019', 'http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Utilising Soldier Pile Retaining Walls as Energy Geo-Structures [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3233/STAL190363\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.3233/STAL190363', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-utilisingsoldierpileretainingwallsasenergygeostructures-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Utilising Soldier Pile Retaining Walls as Energy Geo-Structures},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {energy geo-structures,numerical modelling,soldier pile walls},\n pages = {2898-2905},\n websites = {http://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/geotechnical-engineering-in-the-xxi-century-lessons-learned-and-future-challenges},\n publisher = {IOS Press},\n city = {Cancun},\n id = {dd0754e9-ba3e-3877-8364-58773d05769d},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:51:33.524Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures implement shallow geothermal technologies in sub-surface structures, such as piles, retaining walls, slabs and tunnels, resulting in a dual-purpose use of these elements: structural stability and thermal energy provision. This approach to shallow geothermal energy can result in lower capital costs compared to traditional ground source heat pump systems where trenching or drilling is required, and thus have received significant attention recently. Most of the existing research has so far focused on energy piles, likely due to their geometrical similarities to the traditional vertical borehole ground heat exchangers, while less information exists on the relatively more complex energy retaining walls. This research focuses on the thermal performance and design of energy soldier pile retaining walls, utilising detailed finite element techniques. A case study is adopted, modelling an underground train station with conditions and requirements typical for Melbourne, Australia (temperate climate). The thermal provision potential for these structures is investigated, noting the importance of the thermal load on the design and suggesting that a close to balanced thermal load might be crucial for the design of a well performing system, even if its incorporation might introduce logistic complexities. Moreover, important design parameters that can affect the thermal performance (as well as costs) of the system are investigated, enabling recommendations to minimising costs without significantly impacting the thermal performance of the system.},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n editor = {López-Acosta, Norma Patricia and Martínez-Hernández, Eduardo and Espinosa-Santiago, Alejandra Liliana and Mendoza-Promotor, José Alfredo and López, Alexandra Ossa},\n doi = {10.3233/STAL190363},\n booktitle = {Geotechnical Engineering in the XXI Century: Lessons learned and future challenges}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures implement shallow geothermal technologies in sub-surface structures, such as piles, retaining walls, slabs and tunnels, resulting in a dual-purpose use of these elements: structural stability and thermal energy provision. This approach to shallow geothermal energy can result in lower capital costs compared to traditional ground source heat pump systems where trenching or drilling is required, and thus have received significant attention recently. Most of the existing research has so far focused on energy piles, likely due to their geometrical similarities to the traditional vertical borehole ground heat exchangers, while less information exists on the relatively more complex energy retaining walls. This research focuses on the thermal performance and design of energy soldier pile retaining walls, utilising detailed finite element techniques. A case study is adopted, modelling an underground train station with conditions and requirements typical for Melbourne, Australia (temperate climate). The thermal provision potential for these structures is investigated, noting the importance of the thermal load on the design and suggesting that a close to balanced thermal load might be crucial for the design of a well performing system, even if its incorporation might introduce logistic complexities. Moreover, important design parameters that can affect the thermal performance (as well as costs) of the system are investigated, enabling recommendations to minimising costs without significantly impacting the thermal performance of the system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012', event);\">\n    A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Bidarmaghz,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 104(August): 140-151.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis},\n pages = {140-151},\n volume = {104},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {28f85aa1-ef3f-3ebe-a356-4059181e8d6d},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.990Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {August}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010', event);\">\n    Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I., W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 100(August 2017): 97-109.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Geothermal,Numerical modelling,Pipe separation,Sensitivity analysis,Shank spacing,ground heat exchangers (GHE)},\n pages = {97-109},\n volume = {100},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {be5143a5-fc0c-3731-a0a7-f24af509e407},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.124Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.124Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use ground heat exchangers (GHEs) to transfer heat to and from the ground and efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes. Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {August 2017}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use ground heat exchangers (GHEs) to transfer heat to and from the ground and efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes. Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211', event);\">\n    A machine learning approach to energy pile design.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Bidarmaghz,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 97(September 2017): 189-203.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A machine learning approach to energy pile design [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {A machine learning approach to energy pile design},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Energy piles,Finite elements,Geothermal energy,Machine learning,Optimisation,Regression},\n pages = {189-203},\n volume = {97},\n websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {b1280c86-3256-33be-aaf6-347a172342da},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.139Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.139Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {September 2017}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005', event);\">\n    Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I., W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Data in Brief</i>, 18(June): 1466-1470.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {1466-1470},\n volume = {18},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},\n publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},\n id = {c2cd9478-6523-385d-9e9e-788d623eddbd},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.175Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.175Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},\n doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},\n journal = {Data in Brief},\n number = {June}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018', 'https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999', event);\">\n    Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis,  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018', 'https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{\n title = {Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques},\n type = {phdthesis},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {202},\n websites = {https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999},\n institution = {PhD Thesis, The University of Melbourne},\n department = {Department of Infrastructure Engineering},\n id = {072e535b-e512-3244-b761-fa795265d47b},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.236Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.080Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2019},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {phdthesis},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018', 'https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6', event);\">\n    The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I., W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics SEG-2018</i>, pages 43-50,  2018. Springer, Cham\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018', 'https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {43-50},\n websites = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6},\n publisher = {Springer, Cham},\n city = {Lausanne},\n id = {c051ced4-f678-3411-a602-2624bf9e09e8},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.267Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.091Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},\n booktitle = {International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics SEG-2018}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Bidarmaghz,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy</i>,  2017. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2017},\n keywords = {energy piles,finite elements,geothermal energy,machine learning,optimisation},\n city = {Seoul},\n id = {eda9577b-112f-381c-ac73-03fd0ba2703b},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.884Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.979Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\n booktitle = {19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399', event);\">\n    Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Wuttke,  F.; Bauer,  S.;  and Sanchez,  M., editor(s), <i>Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016</i>, pages 155-161,  2016. CRC Press\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {155-161},\n websites = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X18300399},\n publisher = {CRC Press},\n city = {Kiel},\n id = {777fd18e-3d28-327b-806e-3fa6000db379},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.640Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.847Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {? 2016 Taylor &amp; Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.},\n editor = {Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo},\n booktitle = {Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016', 'https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025', event);\">\n    Geothermal Energy in Loess.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bidarmaghz,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Franco,  F.;  and Perez,  M., E., C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Geotechnics</i>, 4(3): 225-236.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016', 'https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geothermal Energy in Loess [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess},\n type = {article},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {225-236},\n volume = {4},\n websites = {https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jenge.15.00025},\n id = {94391de3-4f0d-3282-b05a-0c9dbf00fca3},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.868Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:08.963Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2016},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Perez, Magali E. Carro},\n journal = {Environmental Geotechnics},\n number = {3}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Stage 1.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Disfani,  M.; Johnston,  I., W.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report The University of Melbourne,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{\n title = {Shallow geothermal (&#x27;Geoexchange&#x27;) feasibility study - Stage 1},\n type = {techreport},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {65},\n city = {Melbourne},\n institution = {The University of Melbourne},\n id = {6428ab8d-5dcc-35ed-bfdd-ccf21d1be5b8},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:19.894Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {techreport},\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi and Johnston, Ian William and Makasis, Nikolas}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Narsilio,  G., A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Lu,  Q.; Jensen-Page,  L.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Disfani,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report The University of Melbourne,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{\n title = {Shallow geothermal (&#x27;Geoexchange&#x27;) feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville},\n type = {techreport},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {65},\n city = {Melbourne},\n institution = {The University of Melbourne},\n id = {275a24ad-004d-33aa-94ad-0457be5649dd},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.319Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.319Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {techreport},\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Makasis, Nikolas and Lu, Qi and Jensen-Page, Linden and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015', 'http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578', event);\">\n    Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Narsilio,  G., A.; Franco,  F.; Ferrero,  H.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Serrano,  C.; Perez,  M., E., C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Delacoste,  E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering</i>,  2015. IOS Press\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015', 'http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2015},\n websites = {http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578},\n publisher = {IOS Press},\n city = {Buenos Aires},\n id = {07252ac7-0afb-32f9-a0e5-2e960f209fa3},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:37:20.055Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n group_id = {2d190681-313a-3771-9232-53f98498c122},\n last_modified = {2020-11-03T10:42:09.073Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Narsilio2015},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Ferrero, Hugo and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Serrano, Carlos and Perez, Magali E. Carro and Makasis, Nikolas and Delacoste, Evelyn},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);