var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"title\":\"Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video\",\"pages\":\"1-14\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260\",\"id\":\"72b8ae62-cb26-352d-96bd-be86b3090395\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.254Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:12.791Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Dooley2020\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/educsci10100260\",\"journal\":\"Education Sciences\",\"number\":\"10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video},\\n pages = {1-14},\\n volume = {10},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260},\\n id = {72b8ae62-cb26-352d-96bd-be86b3090395},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.254Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.791Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Dooley2020},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas},\\n doi = {10.3390/educsci10100260},\\n journal = {Education Sciences},\\n number = {10}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Dooley,  L.\",\"Makasis,  N.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Data\",\"Flipped classroom\",\"Learning analytics\",\"Online\",\"Veterinary education\",\"Video\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"65\",\"city\":\"Melbourne\",\"institution\":\"The University of Melbourne\",\"id\":\"6c994efa-046e-3d27-98c5-003b1e39ca9f\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.305Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:09.880Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Narsilio2016a\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"author\":\"Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Makasis, Nikolas and Lu, Qi and Jensen-Page, Linden and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{\\n title = {Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville},\\n type = {techreport},\\n year = {2016},\\n pages = {65},\\n city = {Melbourne},\\n institution = {The University of Melbourne},\\n id = {6c994efa-046e-3d27-98c5-003b1e39ca9f},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.305Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:09.880Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Narsilio2016a},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {techreport},\\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Makasis, Nikolas and Lu, Qi and Jensen-Page, Linden and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Lu,  Q.\",\"Jensen-Page,  L.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Disfani,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"websites\":\"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578\",\"publisher\":\"IOS Press\",\"city\":\"Buenos Aires\",\"id\":\"f51d4f4e-c281-3dbb-9671-dbfa5ec8827a\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.351Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2021-06-16T10:06:40.533Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Narsilio2015\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Ferrero, Hugo and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Serrano, Carlos and Perez, Magali E. Carro and Makasis, Nikolas and Delacoste, Evelyn\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2015},\\n websites = {https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578},\\n publisher = {IOS Press},\\n city = {Buenos Aires},\\n id = {f51d4f4e-c281-3dbb-9671-dbfa5ec8827a},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.351Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.533Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Narsilio2015},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Ferrero, Hugo and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Serrano, Carlos and Perez, Magali E. Carro and Makasis, Nikolas and Delacoste, Evelyn},\\n booktitle = {Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Franco,  F.\",\"Ferrero,  H.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Serrano,  C.\",\"Perez,  M., E., C.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Delacoste,  E.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"155-161\",\"publisher\":\"CRC Press\",\"city\":\"Kiel\",\"id\":\"59f9f7bb-9bfb-32bf-a3c4-d21f560254fe\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.426Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:15.290Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2016\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.\",\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.\",\"editor\":\"Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo\",\"booktitle\":\"Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2016},\\n pages = {155-161},\\n publisher = {CRC Press},\\n city = {Kiel},\\n id = {59f9f7bb-9bfb-32bf-a3c4-d21f560254fe},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.426Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:15.290Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2016},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.},\\n editor = {Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo},\\n booktitle = {Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Johnston,  I.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Wuttke,  F.\",\"Bauer,  S.\",\"Sanchez,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy\",\"pages\":\"476-487\",\"volume\":\"154\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"d6915a27-3f56-35f1-a299-939cf580a8d0\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.450Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2021-06-16T09:58:18.257Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2020\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\",\"journal\":\"Renewable Energy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy},\\n pages = {476-487},\\n volume = {154},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {d6915a27-3f56-35f1-a299-939cf580a8d0},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.450Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T09:58:18.257Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\\n journal = {Renewable Energy}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy diaphragm walls\",\"Energy geo-structures\",\"Geothermal design\",\"Ground heat exchangers (GHEs)\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Shallow geothermal energy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":5,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis\",\"pages\":\"140-151\",\"volume\":\"104\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"id\":\"b638ccbf-6de6-3141-b6ec-b7bb70021b2f\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.491Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:09.311Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2018d\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\",\"journal\":\"Computers and Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"August\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2018},\\n keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis},\\n pages = {140-151},\\n volume = {104},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\\n publisher = {Elsevier},\\n id = {b638ccbf-6de6-3141-b6ec-b7bb70021b2f},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.491Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:09.311Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2018d},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {August}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy geo-structures\",\"Geothermal\",\"Ground heat exchangers (GHEs)\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Prediction modelling\",\"Sensitivity analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"43-50\",\"websites\":\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6\",\"publisher\":\"Springer, Cham\",\"city\":\"Lausanne\",\"id\":\"eb7b3d4d-cd14-3b9d-bca7-c4e15fff122a\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.528Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:07.177Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2018c\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William\",\"booktitle\":\"International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics 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Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. 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Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {August 2017}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Johnston,  I., W.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Geothermal\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Pipe separation\",\"Sensitivity analysis\",\"Shank spacing\",\"ground heat exchangers (GHE)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures\",\"pages\":\"103399\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"id\":\"52367b30-c55c-3141-b010-345260ca5f40\",\"created\":\"2020-11-03T10:03:46.825Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2021-06-16T09:58:18.263Z\",\"read\":\"true\",\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2020\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\",\"journal\":\"Computers and Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"September 2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures},\\n pages = {103399},\\n volume = {120},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\\n publisher = {Elsevier},\\n id = {52367b30-c55c-3141-b010-345260ca5f40},\\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.825Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T09:58:18.263Z},\\n read = {true},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {September 2019}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Johnston,  I., W.\",\"Zhong,  Y.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy walls\",\"Geothermal\",\"Ground heat exchangers (GHE)\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Soldier pile walls\",\"Underground structures\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Energy geo-structures,Energy walls,Ground-source heat pump systems,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,Soldier pile walls\",\"pages\":\"100242\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"93d7943d-901e-3bf9-941b-dac78a90aced\",\"created\":\"2021-04-17T13:28:46.098Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:12.191Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2022\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Energy geo-structures are a promising application of shallow geothermal energy technologies utilising underground structures primarily build for stability to also convert them to ground heat exchangers and make thermal energy provision their secondary function. One type of energy geo-structures that has received little attention is energy soldier pile walls. This work adopts advanced numerical modelling approaches to investigate the thermal performance of these energy walls and important parameters affecting this performance including the soldier pile depth, spacing, pipe length and thermal load. The results indicate that both the soldier pile depth and spacing can impact the thermal performance with higher values being desirable. Non-linear/logarithmic performance trendlines have been identified. The scenario of activating less piles overall to increase their (thermal) spacing is also investigated, showing a decrease in the thermal performance but noting that in certain cases this decrease could be acceptable compared to the capital cost savings of activating less piles. The pipe configuration is found to result in relatively insignificant returns after utilising more than about 3 U-loops connected in series, suggesting the potential suitability of an easy to adopt rule-of-thumb for these structures.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\",\"journal\":\"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment\",\"number\":\"June\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2022},\\n keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Energy walls,Ground-source heat pump systems,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,Soldier pile walls},\\n pages = {100242},\\n volume = {30},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {93d7943d-901e-3bf9-941b-dac78a90aced},\\n created = {2021-04-17T13:28:46.098Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.191Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2022},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures are a promising application of shallow geothermal energy technologies utilising underground structures primarily build for stability to also convert them to ground heat exchangers and make thermal energy provision their secondary function. One type of energy geo-structures that has received little attention is energy soldier pile walls. This work adopts advanced numerical modelling approaches to investigate the thermal performance of these energy walls and important parameters affecting this performance including the soldier pile depth, spacing, pipe length and thermal load. The results indicate that both the soldier pile depth and spacing can impact the thermal performance with higher values being desirable. Non-linear/logarithmic performance trendlines have been identified. The scenario of activating less piles overall to increase their (thermal) spacing is also investigated, showing a decrease in the thermal performance but noting that in certain cases this decrease could be acceptable compared to the capital cost savings of activating less piles. The pipe configuration is found to result in relatively insignificant returns after utilising more than about 3 U-loops connected in series, suggesting the potential suitability of an easy to adopt rule-of-thumb for these structures.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},\\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment},\\n number = {June}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy geo-structures\",\"Energy walls\",\"Ground-source heat pump systems\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Shallow geothermal energy\",\"Soldier pile walls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"finite-element modelling,numerical modelling,pavements,roads\",\"pages\":\"1-48\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296\",\"id\":\"6533090e-83bf-37f0-a09e-3c0af4a28e3b\",\"created\":\"2021-04-17T13:28:46.136Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:19.695Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Gu2021a\",\"folder_uuids\":\"dd273f9b-e645-45a6-b59d-c177ee58adf2\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Geothermal pavement systems are a novel type of energy geo-structures. They use sub-surface structures to exchange heat with the ground and therefore, provide thermal energy in addition to structural support. The thermo-activation of pavements has been largely overlooked in the literature. This research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model to explore the thermal performance of geothermal pavement systems. The 3D FE model developed was successfully validated with both data measured from a full-scale experiment undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia and other published data. The validated model is further employed to evaluate the long-term performance of a geothermal pavement system under both a traditional system configuration as well as for a hybrid system. Furthermore, a life cycle cost analysis is performed to explore the cost implication of such pavement systems. Results show that a geothermal pavement with total pipe length of 640 m, or a hybrid system (a geothermal pavement system with a pipe length of 320 m and an auxiliary system) can provide for sufficient space heating and cooling for a typical residential building in Australia. It is found that, compared with conventional heating and cooling systems, the geothermal pavement system is indeed a cost-effective solution. This research study indicates that this pavement technology can be successfully implemented in the field and accurately modelled using FE techniques.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Gu, Xiaoying and Makasis, Nikolas and Motamedi, Yaser and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun\",\"doi\":\"10.1680/jgeot.20.p.296\",\"journal\":\"Géotechnique\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n keywords = {finite-element modelling,numerical modelling,pavements,roads},\\n pages = {1-48},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296},\\n id = {6533090e-83bf-37f0-a09e-3c0af4a28e3b},\\n created = {2021-04-17T13:28:46.136Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:19.695Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Gu2021a},\\n folder_uuids = {dd273f9b-e645-45a6-b59d-c177ee58adf2},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Geothermal pavement systems are a novel type of energy geo-structures. They use sub-surface structures to exchange heat with the ground and therefore, provide thermal energy in addition to structural support. The thermo-activation of pavements has been largely overlooked in the literature. This research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model to explore the thermal performance of geothermal pavement systems. The 3D FE model developed was successfully validated with both data measured from a full-scale experiment undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia and other published data. The validated model is further employed to evaluate the long-term performance of a geothermal pavement system under both a traditional system configuration as well as for a hybrid system. Furthermore, a life cycle cost analysis is performed to explore the cost implication of such pavement systems. Results show that a geothermal pavement with total pipe length of 640 m, or a hybrid system (a geothermal pavement system with a pipe length of 320 m and an auxiliary system) can provide for sufficient space heating and cooling for a typical residential building in Australia. It is found that, compared with conventional heating and cooling systems, the geothermal pavement system is indeed a cost-effective solution. This research study indicates that this pavement technology can be successfully implemented in the field and accurately modelled using FE techniques.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Makasis, Nikolas and Motamedi, Yaser and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\\n doi = {10.1680/jgeot.20.p.296},\\n journal = {Géotechnique}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Gu,  X.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Motamedi,  Y.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Arulrajah,  A.\",\"Horpibulsuk,  S.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"finite-element modelling\",\"numerical modelling\",\"pavements\",\"roads\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"An efficient and sustainable approach for cooling underground substations\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations\",\"volume\":\"113\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"76a58664-48bc-3fc3-b7f2-3b6b9a97d9d4\",\"created\":\"2021-05-07T15:24:52.401Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:19.279Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Bidarmaghz2021\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986\",\"journal\":\"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {An efficient and sustainable approach for cooling underground substations},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n keywords = {Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations},\\n volume = {113},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {76a58664-48bc-3fc3-b7f2-3b6b9a97d9d4},\\n created = {2021-05-07T15:24:52.401Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:19.279Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2021},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986},\\n journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Fei,  W.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Cooling tunnels\",\"Heat exchangers\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Rail/road tunnel\",\"Underground substations\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Heat transfer,Large-scale numerical modelling,Modelling simplifications,Shallow geothermal energy,Subsurface urban heat island,Underground climate change,large-scale numerical modelling\",\"pages\":\"148236\",\"volume\":\"791\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier B.V.\",\"id\":\"7de23fbb-6e7b-3bdf-a219-2c00d2409a38\",\"created\":\"2021-06-16T09:57:42.841Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:16.202Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Makasis2021\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, N. and Kreitmair, M.J. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G.J. and Scheidegger, J.M. and Choudhary, R.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n keywords = {Heat transfer,Large-scale numerical modelling,Modelling simplifications,Shallow geothermal energy,Subsurface urban heat island,Underground climate change,large-scale numerical modelling},\\n pages = {148236},\\n volume = {791},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},\\n publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},\\n id = {7de23fbb-6e7b-3bdf-a219-2c00d2409a38},\\n created = {2021-06-16T09:57:42.841Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:16.202Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Makasis2021},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, N. and Kreitmair, M.J. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G.J. and Scheidegger, J.M. and Choudhary, R.},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},\\n journal = {Science of The Total Environment}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Kreitmair,  M.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Farr,  G.\",\"Scheidegger,  J.\",\"Choudhary,  R.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Heat transfer\",\"Large-scale numerical modelling\",\"Modelling simplifications\",\"Shallow geothermal energy\",\"Subsurface urban heat island\",\"Underground climate change\",\"large-scale numerical modelling\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Experimental and numerical studies on an energy piled wall: The effect of thermally activated pile spacing\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Energy geostructure,Ground heat exchangers,Ground source heat pump systems,Piled retaining wall,Thermal response test\",\"pages\":\"100276\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"86af45db-c990-358f-83f1-2198a20010f1\",\"created\":\"2022-02-07T17:55:25.531Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:41.417Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Zhong2022\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Over the last decades, converting foundation elements such as piles, retaining walls and tunnel linings into energy geo-structures has gained popularity around the world. These geo-structures form part of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems to constitute a clean, renewable, and economical solution for space heating and cooling. This work utilises experimental investigations in combination with numerical simulations to study the thermal performance of energy piled walls, specifically regarding the effect of thermo-active pile spacing. This knowledge can aid towards better design guidelines and the determination of the number of piles to be thermally activated in the wall system. The experimental results from a section of a pilot energy soldier piled wall in Melbourne (Australia) and the numerical results from a validated finite element model suggest that the thermal performance of piled walls can be significantly affected by close pile spacing. In addition, parametric analyses were performed to understand the role of some other key design parameters. The results indicate that the depth of the wall impacts the thermal performance of the GSHP system more significantly than the thermal conductivity of the ground. Considering a real-world scenario where a fixed number of piles are constructed for a typical building at relatively close spacings, one may increase the “thermal” pile spacing by activating less piles overall. It is found that activating every other pile (1/2 of the total number of piles) or every other second pile (1/3 of them) can still provide over 70% or 50%, respectively, of the maximum thermal energy compared to activating every pile.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Scott, Calum\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276\",\"journal\":\"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Experimental and numerical studies on an energy piled wall: The effect of thermally activated pile spacing},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2022},\\n keywords = {Energy geostructure,Ground heat exchangers,Ground source heat pump systems,Piled retaining wall,Thermal response test},\\n pages = {100276},\\n volume = {29},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {86af45db-c990-358f-83f1-2198a20010f1},\\n created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.531Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:41.417Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Zhong2022},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Over the last decades, converting foundation elements such as piles, retaining walls and tunnel linings into energy geo-structures has gained popularity around the world. These geo-structures form part of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems to constitute a clean, renewable, and economical solution for space heating and cooling. This work utilises experimental investigations in combination with numerical simulations to study the thermal performance of energy piled walls, specifically regarding the effect of thermo-active pile spacing. This knowledge can aid towards better design guidelines and the determination of the number of piles to be thermally activated in the wall system. The experimental results from a section of a pilot energy soldier piled wall in Melbourne (Australia) and the numerical results from a validated finite element model suggest that the thermal performance of piled walls can be significantly affected by close pile spacing. In addition, parametric analyses were performed to understand the role of some other key design parameters. The results indicate that the depth of the wall impacts the thermal performance of the GSHP system more significantly than the thermal conductivity of the ground. Considering a real-world scenario where a fixed number of piles are constructed for a typical building at relatively close spacings, one may increase the “thermal” pile spacing by activating less piles overall. It is found that activating every other pile (1/2 of the total number of piles) or every other second pile (1/3 of them) can still provide over 70% or 50%, respectively, of the maximum thermal energy compared to activating every pile.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Scott, Calum},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276},\\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhong,  Y.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Scott,  C.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy geostructure\",\"Ground heat exchangers\",\"Ground source heat pump systems\",\"Piled retaining wall\",\"Thermal response test\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Investigating the thermal behaviour of geothermal pavements using Thermal Response Test (TRT)\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Geothermal pavements,Ground thermal behaviour,Thermal conductivity,Thermal response test (TRT)\",\"pages\":\"100576\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"99bdb40e-853e-3783-867c-0d9d71362876\",\"created\":\"2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:39.069Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Motamedi2021\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Geothermal pavements represents a novel approach to shallow geothermal energy applications, in which horizontal ground heat exchangers are implemented within the pavement structure instead of traditional purpose-built trenches, thus decreasing capital costs. This study aims to better understand the feasibility and potential of these systems, by investigating the thermal response of the ground in a full scale geothermal pavements system, the first of its kind in Australasia. For this purpose, a fully instrumented geothermal pavements segment, measuring 20 m × 10 m, was constructed in the city of Adelaide, Australia. The geothermal pavement was subjected to Thermal Response Testing (TRT) and numerical modelling is adopted herein and validated using TRT data to further understand the ground response. In addition to providing insights on the capacity of energy provision for geothermal pavements, this work also introduces and discusses various methods of TRT data analysis for the geothermal pavement, specifically for obtaining the effective ground thermal conductivity, a key parameter in shallow geothermal design. The results indicate that from the considered methods, the conventional semi-log method can lead to overestimation of thermal conductivity, the guarded hot plate model tends to underestimate its value and detailed numerical modelling is most accurate, but computationally more expensive. The results also show that the radius of influence of the geothermal pavement in the examined case is close to 0.5 m and even though the geothermal pavement is considerably affected by the ambient temperature, it can be a viable solution for heating and cooling purposes, showing a heat exchange of 50.2 W/m2 and a rate per length of the pipe of 25 W/m in the case analysed here.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100576\",\"journal\":\"Transportation Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"May\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Investigating the thermal behaviour of geothermal pavements using Thermal Response Test (TRT)},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n keywords = {Geothermal pavements,Ground thermal behaviour,Thermal conductivity,Thermal response test (TRT)},\\n pages = {100576},\\n volume = {29},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {99bdb40e-853e-3783-867c-0d9d71362876},\\n created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:39.069Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Motamedi2021},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Geothermal pavements represents a novel approach to shallow geothermal energy applications, in which horizontal ground heat exchangers are implemented within the pavement structure instead of traditional purpose-built trenches, thus decreasing capital costs. This study aims to better understand the feasibility and potential of these systems, by investigating the thermal response of the ground in a full scale geothermal pavements system, the first of its kind in Australasia. For this purpose, a fully instrumented geothermal pavements segment, measuring 20 m × 10 m, was constructed in the city of Adelaide, Australia. The geothermal pavement was subjected to Thermal Response Testing (TRT) and numerical modelling is adopted herein and validated using TRT data to further understand the ground response. In addition to providing insights on the capacity of energy provision for geothermal pavements, this work also introduces and discusses various methods of TRT data analysis for the geothermal pavement, specifically for obtaining the effective ground thermal conductivity, a key parameter in shallow geothermal design. The results indicate that from the considered methods, the conventional semi-log method can lead to overestimation of thermal conductivity, the guarded hot plate model tends to underestimate its value and detailed numerical modelling is most accurate, but computationally more expensive. The results also show that the radius of influence of the geothermal pavement in the examined case is close to 0.5 m and even though the geothermal pavement is considerably affected by the ambient temperature, it can be a viable solution for heating and cooling purposes, showing a heat exchange of 50.2 W/m2 and a rate per length of the pipe of 25 W/m in the case analysed here.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100576},\\n journal = {Transportation Geotechnics},\\n number = {May}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Motamedi,  Y.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Gu,  X.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Arulrajah,  A.\",\"Horpibulsuk,  S.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-investigatingthethermalbehaviourofgeothermalpavementsusingthermalresponsetesttrt-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Geothermal pavements\",\"Ground thermal behaviour\",\"Thermal conductivity\",\"Thermal response test (TRT)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Ground-source heat pump systems: The effects of variable trench separations and pipe configurations in horizontal ground heat exchangers\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Finite element modelling,Ground-source heat pumps,Horizontal ground heat exchangers\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"id\":\"0d52ac25-958d-34b4-8934-676fd2c4bf5f\",\"created\":\"2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:41.796Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Zhou2021\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Ground-source heat pump systems are renewable and highly efficient HVAC systems that utilise the ground to exchange heat via ground heat exchangers (GHEs). This study developed a detailed 3D finite element model for horizontal GHEs by using COMSOL Multiphysics and vali-dated it against a fully instrumented system under the loading conditions of rural industries in NSW, Australia. First, the yearly performance evaluation of the horizontal straight GHEs showed an adequate initial design under the unique loads. This study then evaluated the effects of variable trench separations, GHE configurations, and effective thermal conductivity. Different trench separations that varied between 1.2 and 3.5 m were selected and analysed while considering three different horizontal loop configurations, i.e., the horizontal straight, slinky, and dense slinky loop con-figurations. These configurations had the same length of pipe in one trench, and the first two had the same trench length as well. The results revealed that when the trench separation became smaller, there was a minor increasing trend (0.5 °C) in the carrier fluid temperature. As for the configuration, the dense slinky loop showed an average that was 1.5 °C lower than those of the horizontal straight and slinky loop (which were about the same). This indicates that, when land is limited, compro-mises on the trench separation should be made first in lieu of changes in the loop configuration. Lastly, the results showed that although the effective thermal conductivity had an impact on the carrier fluid temperature, this impact was much lower compared to that for the GHE configurations and trench separations.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Zhou, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/en14133919\",\"journal\":\"Energies\",\"number\":\"13\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effects of variable trench separations and pipe configurations in horizontal ground heat exchangers},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n keywords = {Finite element modelling,Ground-source heat pumps,Horizontal ground heat exchangers},\\n volume = {14},\\n id = {0d52ac25-958d-34b4-8934-676fd2c4bf5f},\\n created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:41.796Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Zhou2021},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Ground-source heat pump systems are renewable and highly efficient HVAC systems that utilise the ground to exchange heat via ground heat exchangers (GHEs). This study developed a detailed 3D finite element model for horizontal GHEs by using COMSOL Multiphysics and vali-dated it against a fully instrumented system under the loading conditions of rural industries in NSW, Australia. First, the yearly performance evaluation of the horizontal straight GHEs showed an adequate initial design under the unique loads. This study then evaluated the effects of variable trench separations, GHE configurations, and effective thermal conductivity. Different trench separations that varied between 1.2 and 3.5 m were selected and analysed while considering three different horizontal loop configurations, i.e., the horizontal straight, slinky, and dense slinky loop con-figurations. These configurations had the same length of pipe in one trench, and the first two had the same trench length as well. The results revealed that when the trench separation became smaller, there was a minor increasing trend (0.5 °C) in the carrier fluid temperature. As for the configuration, the dense slinky loop showed an average that was 1.5 °C lower than those of the horizontal straight and slinky loop (which were about the same). This indicates that, when land is limited, compro-mises on the trench separation should be made first in lieu of changes in the loop configuration. Lastly, the results showed that although the effective thermal conductivity had an impact on the carrier fluid temperature, this impact was much lower compared to that for the GHE configurations and trench separations.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Zhou, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo},\\n doi = {10.3390/en14133919},\\n journal = {Energies},\\n number = {13}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhou,  Y.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhou-bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectsofvariabletrenchseparationsandpipeconfigurationsinhorizontalgroundheatexchangers-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Finite element modelling\",\"Ground-source heat pumps\",\"Horizontal ground heat exchangers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Numerical investigation of geothermal pavements: Design optimisation & boundary conditions\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Geothermal pavements,Optimisation,Parametric study,Surface boundary conditions,Thermal energy balance\",\"pages\":\"100843\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"6a0ee332-8e7a-3a46-b231-41decd8ce0bc\",\"created\":\"2022-11-01T18:35:07.871Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:46.258Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Motamedi2022\",\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Geothermal pavements comprise a newfound type of thermal geo-structures, an innovation in pavement construction contributing to ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, resulting in a better cost-efficiency compared to conventional GSHP systems. Ground heat exchangers are formed by embedding pipe into the pavement structure (e.g., base, sub-base or subgrades). Developing accurate models with appropriate boundary conditions is crucial to obtaining a deep understanding of the performance and function of geothermal pavement systems. This paper introduces an experimentally validated 3D finite element model (FEM) and compares the effect of surface boundary condition choices on the results of the simulation. The model uses two different approaches for boundary conditions: i) using ambient temperature and ii) implementing energy balance equations on the surface, as surface boundary conditions. The model is further utilised to perform a parametric study and the results are employed by a statistical tool (Minitab) to determine the optimum heat exchanger design for a geothermal pavement project in Adelaide, an Australian city subjected to temperate climate conditions and good solar irradiation throughout the year. Results show that the choice of both boundary conditions leads to similar fluid temperature trends, but with differences in values, particularly during the heating season, resulting in a reduced embedded pipe length of up to 30 % and up to a 10 % better annual average coefficient of performance (COP(when using the energy balance equations on the surface. The parametric study shows that the system annual COP increases with the length of the pipe and spacing between the pipes, whilst the pipe depth placement is inversely proportional to the annual average COP given the advantages obtained during the heating season over the cooling season. Finally, considering the interaction effect between various parameters, a pipe heat exchanger with 400 m length, 0.76 m pipe spacing and 0.45 burial depth is evaluated as the best design to maximise COP for the case study at hand.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843\",\"journal\":\"Transportation Geotechnics\",\"number\":\"August\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Numerical investigation of geothermal pavements: Design optimisation & boundary conditions},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2022},\\n keywords = {Geothermal pavements,Optimisation,Parametric study,Surface boundary conditions,Thermal energy balance},\\n pages = {100843},\\n volume = {37},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {6a0ee332-8e7a-3a46-b231-41decd8ce0bc},\\n created = {2022-11-01T18:35:07.871Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:46.258Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Motamedi2022},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Geothermal pavements comprise a newfound type of thermal geo-structures, an innovation in pavement construction contributing to ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, resulting in a better cost-efficiency compared to conventional GSHP systems. Ground heat exchangers are formed by embedding pipe into the pavement structure (e.g., base, sub-base or subgrades). Developing accurate models with appropriate boundary conditions is crucial to obtaining a deep understanding of the performance and function of geothermal pavement systems. This paper introduces an experimentally validated 3D finite element model (FEM) and compares the effect of surface boundary condition choices on the results of the simulation. The model uses two different approaches for boundary conditions: i) using ambient temperature and ii) implementing energy balance equations on the surface, as surface boundary conditions. The model is further utilised to perform a parametric study and the results are employed by a statistical tool (Minitab) to determine the optimum heat exchanger design for a geothermal pavement project in Adelaide, an Australian city subjected to temperate climate conditions and good solar irradiation throughout the year. Results show that the choice of both boundary conditions leads to similar fluid temperature trends, but with differences in values, particularly during the heating season, resulting in a reduced embedded pipe length of up to 30 % and up to a 10 % better annual average coefficient of performance (COP(when using the energy balance equations on the surface. The parametric study shows that the system annual COP increases with the length of the pipe and spacing between the pipes, whilst the pipe depth placement is inversely proportional to the annual average COP given the advantages obtained during the heating season over the cooling season. Finally, considering the interaction effect between various parameters, a pipe heat exchanger with 400 m length, 0.76 m pipe spacing and 0.45 burial depth is evaluated as the best design to maximise COP for the case study at hand.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843},\\n journal = {Transportation Geotechnics},\\n number = {August}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Motamedi,  Y.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Gu,  X.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Arulrajah,  A.\",\"Horpibulsuk,  S.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Geothermal pavements\",\"Optimisation\",\"Parametric study\",\"Surface boundary conditions\",\"Thermal energy balance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"593-600\",\"publisher\":\"Springer\",\"city\":\"Turin\",\"id\":\"c343b35a-92ea-3409-a77e-d73cb5871bbf\",\"created\":\"2022-11-01T18:35:07.973Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:12:22.308Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Bidarmaghz2023\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"editor\":\"Barla, Marco and Di Donna, Alice and Insana, Alessandra\",\"booktitle\":\"International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {593-600},\\n publisher = {Springer},\\n city = {Turin},\\n id = {c343b35a-92ea-3409-a77e-d73cb5871bbf},\\n created = {2022-11-01T18:35:07.973Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:22.308Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2023},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n editor = {Barla, Marco and Di Donna, Alice and Insana, Alessandra},\\n booktitle = {International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Fei,  W.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Barla,  M.\",\"Di Donna,  A.\",\"Insana,  A.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Bayesian parameter inference for shallow subsurface modelling using field data and impacts on geothermal planning\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"bayesian calibration,finite element methods,parameter inference,shallow geothermal energy,uncertainty\",\"pages\":\"e32\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"id\":\"0781d987-283a-3b09-a3bb-a4221060544e\",\"created\":\"2022-11-02T13:29:24.615Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:38.945Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Kreitmair2023d\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Kreitmair, M. J. and Makasis, N. and Menberg, K. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G. J. and Boon, D. and Choudhary, R.\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/dce.2022.32\",\"journal\":\"Data-Centric Engineering\",\"number\":\"November\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Bayesian parameter inference for shallow subsurface modelling using field data and impacts on geothermal planning},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n keywords = {bayesian calibration,finite element methods,parameter inference,shallow geothermal energy,uncertainty},\\n pages = {e32},\\n volume = {3},\\n id = {0781d987-283a-3b09-a3bb-a4221060544e},\\n created = {2022-11-02T13:29:24.615Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:38.945Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Kreitmair2023d},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Kreitmair, M. J. and Makasis, N. and Menberg, K. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G. J. and Boon, D. and Choudhary, R.},\\n doi = {10.1017/dce.2022.32},\\n journal = {Data-Centric Engineering},\\n number = {November}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Kreitmair,  M., J.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Menberg,  K.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Farr,  G., J.\",\"Boon,  D.\",\"Choudhary,  R.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kreitmair-makasis-menberg-bidarmaghz-farr-boon-choudhary-bayesianparameterinferenceforshallowsubsurfacemodellingusingfielddataandimpactsongeothermalplanning-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"bayesian calibration\",\"finite element methods\",\"parameter inference\",\"shallow geothermal energy\",\"uncertainty\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Energy driven piles in Australia: Design and construction lessons from a trial at Fishermans Bend\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"driven piles,energy foundations,geothermal energy,innovation in construction\",\"pages\":\"6\",\"issue\":\"03\",\"id\":\"83d3490b-fc3b-349d-9e7c-c606028db2f6\",\"created\":\"2022-11-11T11:33:20.114Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:44.229Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Price2020\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Price, C. and Narsilio, G. A. and Zhong, Y. and Makasis, N. and Motamedi, Y. and Smith, E. and Li, J. and Tonkin-Hill, A\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the AGS Victorian Chapter Symposium on Sustainable Geotechnics – Excellence in planning, design & construction\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Energy driven piles in Australia: Design and construction lessons from a trial at Fishermans Bend},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2020},\\n keywords = {driven piles,energy foundations,geothermal energy,innovation in construction},\\n pages = {6},\\n issue = {03},\\n id = {83d3490b-fc3b-349d-9e7c-c606028db2f6},\\n created = {2022-11-11T11:33:20.114Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:44.229Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Price2020},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Price, C. and Narsilio, G. A. and Zhong, Y. and Makasis, N. and Motamedi, Y. and Smith, E. and Li, J. and Tonkin-Hill, A},\\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the AGS Victorian Chapter Symposium on Sustainable Geotechnics – Excellence in planning, design & construction}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Price,  C.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Zhong,  Y.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Motamedi,  Y.\",\"Smith,  E.\",\"Li,  J.\",\"Tonkin-Hill,  A.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"price-narsilio-zhong-makasis-motamedi-smith-li-tonkinhill-energydrivenpilesinaustraliadesignandconstructionlessonsfromatrialatfishermansbend-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"driven piles\",\"energy foundations\",\"geothermal energy\",\"innovation in construction\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Thermo-hydraulic analysis in geothermal energy walls\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"104862\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"e3af3f64-8973-3750-8cd9-e75136a97c4d\",\"created\":\"2022-12-02T16:45:05.411Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:11:44.989Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"citation_key\":\"Zhong2023\",\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Zhong, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862\",\"journal\":\"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research\",\"number\":\"July 2022\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Thermo-hydraulic analysis in geothermal energy walls},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {104862},\\n volume = {132},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {e3af3f64-8973-3750-8cd9-e75136a97c4d},\\n created = {2022-12-02T16:45:05.411Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:44.989Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Zhong2023},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Zhong, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862},\\n journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research},\\n number = {July 2022}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhong,  Y.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"105314\",\"volume\":\"157\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier 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= {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:54.177Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Bandeira2023},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Bandeira, Luis A and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {February}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bandeira,  L., A.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  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interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {105314},\\n volume = {157},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {8e0e63bc-4262-3da0-8730-fb8e0d9e5c48},\\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.461Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.461Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n citation_key = {Bandeira2023},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Bandeira, Luis A and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\\n number = {February}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bandeira,  L., A.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Makasis,  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confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Kreitmair, M.J. and Makasis, N. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Menberg, K. and Choudhary, R. and Soga, K.},\\n journal = {Urban Climate}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Kreitmair,  M.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Menberg,  K.\",\"Choudhary,  R.\",\"Soga,  K.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Thermal Response of Energy Screw Piles Connected in Series\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"1-17\",\"volume\":\"149\",\"id\":\"f99ddd08-e8d2-3164-bd05-ce35a3e78bf4\",\"created\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"AbstractEnergy piles are a consolidated underground heat exchanger alternative to traditional boreholes in ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Previous works focused on assessing the difference...\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Bandeira Neto, Luis A. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Choudhary, Ruchi and Carden, Yale\",\"doi\":\"10.1061/jggefk.gteng-11082\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering\",\"number\":\"7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Thermal Response of Energy Screw Piles Connected in Series},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {1-17},\\n volume = {149},\\n id = {f99ddd08-e8d2-3164-bd05-ce35a3e78bf4},\\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {AbstractEnergy piles are a consolidated underground heat exchanger alternative to traditional boreholes in ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Previous works focused on assessing the difference...},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Bandeira Neto, Luis A. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Choudhary, Ruchi and Carden, Yale},\\n doi = {10.1061/jggefk.gteng-11082},\\n journal = {Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering},\\n number = {7}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bandeira Neto,  L., A.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Choudhary,  R.\",\"Carden,  Y.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bandeiraneto-narsilio-makasis-choudhary-carden-thermalresponseofenergyscrewpilesconnectedinseries-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, UK\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"City-scale modelling,Geothermal pavements,Heating and cooling city planning,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,geothermal pavements,shallow geothermal energy\",\"pages\":\"119248\",\"volume\":\"218\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"f05c7a2c-33ff-3a0c-9c59-eb4eb7792908\",\"created\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Geothermal pavements can be used with ground-source heat pump systems to sustainably provide energy for heating and cooling by incorporating ground heat exchanger elements underneath pavement surfaces. This work investigates the suitability of geothermal pavements at scale, adopting the city of Cardiff, UK, as a case-study. A two-scale modelling framework, combining detailed small-scale with holistic large-scale approaches, is presented, incorporating the accuracy of the former with the continuity of the latter. The results show that between 184 kWh and 345 kWh of thermal energy per metre length of pavement can be supplied annually, depending on soil profile. Moreover, geothermal operation can reduce anthropogenic heat flux into the ground from heated basements, and its associated negative impacts, by about 390 MWh/year. A city-scale analysis using population-consistent geographic areas called LSOAs, estimates that geothermal pavements can supply about 23% of the entire city residential heat demand, or up to 75% with heat sharing between LSOAs. The suitability of geothermal pavements for larger LSOAs is highlighted, supplying up to 100% of the annual domestic heat demand. Investigating the carbon emissions of heating and cooling technologies shows potential reductions of up to 75% when replacing gas boilers and resistance heating with geothermal pavement systems.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Kreitmair, Monika J. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Choudhary, Ruchi\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248\",\"journal\":\"Renewable Energy\",\"number\":\"September\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, UK},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n keywords = {City-scale modelling,Geothermal pavements,Heating and cooling city planning,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,geothermal pavements,shallow geothermal energy},\\n pages = {119248},\\n volume = {218},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {f05c7a2c-33ff-3a0c-9c59-eb4eb7792908},\\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Geothermal pavements can be used with ground-source heat pump systems to sustainably provide energy for heating and cooling by incorporating ground heat exchanger elements underneath pavement surfaces. This work investigates the suitability of geothermal pavements at scale, adopting the city of Cardiff, UK, as a case-study. A two-scale modelling framework, combining detailed small-scale with holistic large-scale approaches, is presented, incorporating the accuracy of the former with the continuity of the latter. The results show that between 184 kWh and 345 kWh of thermal energy per metre length of pavement can be supplied annually, depending on soil profile. Moreover, geothermal operation can reduce anthropogenic heat flux into the ground from heated basements, and its associated negative impacts, by about 390 MWh/year. A city-scale analysis using population-consistent geographic areas called LSOAs, estimates that geothermal pavements can supply about 23% of the entire city residential heat demand, or up to 75% with heat sharing between LSOAs. The suitability of geothermal pavements for larger LSOAs is highlighted, supplying up to 100% of the annual domestic heat demand. Investigating the carbon emissions of heating and cooling technologies shows potential reductions of up to 75% when replacing gas boilers and resistance heating with geothermal pavement systems.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Kreitmair, Monika J. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Choudhary, Ruchi},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},\\n journal = {Renewable Energy},\\n number = {September}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Gu,  X.\",\"Kreitmair,  M., J.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Choudhary,  R.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"City-scale modelling\",\"Geothermal pavements\",\"Heating and cooling city planning\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Shallow geothermal energy\",\"geothermal pavements\",\"shallow geothermal energy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Field investigation on a pilot energy piled retaining wall\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"1-45\",\"volume\":\"61\",\"id\":\"51cde93b-66dd-37ed-83b2-92064ba34159\",\"created\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"This article presents the thermal and thermo-mechanical responses of a pilot energy wall located in Melbourne, Australia, believed to be one of the first instrumented energy soldier piled walls in the world. The full-scale field thermal and thermo-mechanical conditions of the wall have been monitored during the period of a full-cycle thermal response test (TRT) conducted on a single soldier pile over two months. The monitored pile and ground temperature responses reveal the significance of the thermal condition in the excavated space on the thermal performance of such energy geostructures, which increases complexities in design and analysis. Furthermore, this study reports the profiles of axial strains and induced thermal stresses in the tested soldier pile, demonstrating how the applied thermal load from the TRT influenced the mechanical performance of the pile and wall and how the restrictive action of the support elements controlled the induced conditions. Here we show that soldier pile responds differently from energy piles or borehole heat exchangers, however residual axial strains were minimal and similar to those reported in energy piles foundations due to a thermo-elastic response to the imposed thermal loads and wall rigidity. Finally, the unique experimental dataset is made available for further studies.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo and Makasis, Nikolas and Villegas, Luis\",\"doi\":\"10.1139/cgj-2023-0054\",\"journal\":\"Canadian Geotechnical Journal\",\"number\":\"3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Field investigation on a pilot energy piled retaining wall},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {1-45},\\n volume = {61},\\n id = {51cde93b-66dd-37ed-83b2-92064ba34159},\\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {This article presents the thermal and thermo-mechanical responses of a pilot energy wall located in Melbourne, Australia, believed to be one of the first instrumented energy soldier piled walls in the world. The full-scale field thermal and thermo-mechanical conditions of the wall have been monitored during the period of a full-cycle thermal response test (TRT) conducted on a single soldier pile over two months. The monitored pile and ground temperature responses reveal the significance of the thermal condition in the excavated space on the thermal performance of such energy geostructures, which increases complexities in design and analysis. Furthermore, this study reports the profiles of axial strains and induced thermal stresses in the tested soldier pile, demonstrating how the applied thermal load from the TRT influenced the mechanical performance of the pile and wall and how the restrictive action of the support elements controlled the induced conditions. Here we show that soldier pile responds differently from energy piles or borehole heat exchangers, however residual axial strains were minimal and similar to those reported in energy piles foundations due to a thermo-elastic response to the imposed thermal loads and wall rigidity. Finally, the unique experimental dataset is made available for further studies.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo and Makasis, Nikolas and Villegas, Luis},\\n doi = {10.1139/cgj-2023-0054},\\n journal = {Canadian Geotechnical Journal},\\n number = {3}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhong,  Y.\",\"Narsilio,  G.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Villegas,  L.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhong-narsilio-makasis-villegas-fieldinvestigationonapilotenergypiledretainingwall-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Field investigation on geothermal pavements\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Energy geotechnics,Field testing and monitoring,Full-scale experimental data,Geothermal pavements,Pavement geotechnics,Thermal response test\",\"pages\":\"100475\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"websites\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"id\":\"36ec9275-547a-3ee9-8b26-b6e664b322b3\",\"created\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"This article investigates the thermal response of a geothermal pavements located in Adelaide, South Australia. This geothermal pavement field trial is believed to be the first full-scale instrumented system of its kind in the country, and one of the handful around the world to date providing a rare set of experimental data. The ground temperature and weather parameters were monitored for over two years, including during two thermal response tests (TRTs) undertaken under different weather conditions. The annual ground temperature profile under the pavement provides helpful information for geothermal pavements design and model validation. Results revealed the significant impact of weather conditions on the TRTs due to the shallow burial depth of the pipe heat exchanger. To minimise these effects, it is then recommended to perform TRT or thermal performance testing during mid-season. Comparison of test results showed that the effect of ambient temperature was more intensive in summer due to the presence of heat-absorbing asphalt at the surface. In addition, the high amount of absorbed heat at the surface reduced the pavement depth-temperature fluctuations in winter as well as the temperature difference between days and nights, leading to a better performance.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Düber, Stephan and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475\",\"journal\":\"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Field investigation on geothermal pavements},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n keywords = {Energy geotechnics,Field testing and monitoring,Full-scale experimental data,Geothermal pavements,Pavement geotechnics,Thermal response test},\\n pages = {100475},\\n volume = {35},\\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475},\\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n id = {36ec9275-547a-3ee9-8b26-b6e664b322b3},\\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {This article investigates the thermal response of a geothermal pavements located in Adelaide, South Australia. This geothermal pavement field trial is believed to be the first full-scale instrumented system of its kind in the country, and one of the handful around the world to date providing a rare set of experimental data. The ground temperature and weather parameters were monitored for over two years, including during two thermal response tests (TRTs) undertaken under different weather conditions. The annual ground temperature profile under the pavement provides helpful information for geothermal pavements design and model validation. Results revealed the significant impact of weather conditions on the TRTs due to the shallow burial depth of the pipe heat exchanger. To minimise these effects, it is then recommended to perform TRT or thermal performance testing during mid-season. Comparison of test results showed that the effect of ambient temperature was more intensive in summer due to the presence of heat-absorbing asphalt at the surface. In addition, the high amount of absorbed heat at the surface reduced the pavement depth-temperature fluctuations in winter as well as the temperature difference between days and nights, leading to a better performance.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Düber, Stephan and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\\n doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475},\\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Motamedi,  Y.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Düber,  S.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\",\"Arulrajah,  A.\",\"Horpibulsuk,  S.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Energy geotechnics\",\"Field testing and monitoring\",\"Full-scale 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pumps\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"5-6\",\"issue\":\"October\",\"city\":\"Delft\",\"id\":\"72a055a4-049d-3734-9c76-aeed1cd43e37\",\"created\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres\",\"booktitle\":\"Symposium of Energy Geotechnics\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Cooling underground substations worldwide using heat pumps},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {5-6},\\n issue = {October},\\n city = {Delft},\\n id = {72a055a4-049d-3734-9c76-aeed1cd43e37},\\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = 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UK\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"5-7\",\"issue\":\"October\",\"city\":\"Delft\",\"id\":\"c3f73add-5495-3427-ad91-cc3dc8e79c6a\",\"created\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Ward, Rebecca and Choudhary, Ruchi\",\"booktitle\":\"Symposium on Energy Geotechnics\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Finding common ground : identifying shallow geothermal potential for the city of Cambridge , UK},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {5-7},\\n issue = {October},\\n city = {Delft},\\n id = {c3f73add-5495-3427-ad91-cc3dc8e79c6a},\\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n 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GHEs\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"5-6\",\"issue\":\"October\",\"city\":\"Delft\",\"id\":\"4b248dd1-0eca-3db2-83f7-c0f9ab6875eb\",\"created\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Ward, Rebecca and Choudhary, Ruchi\",\"booktitle\":\"Symposium of Energy Geotechnics\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {The impact of heated basements on the performance of borehole GHEs},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {5-6},\\n issue = {October},\\n city = {Delft},\\n id = {4b248dd1-0eca-3db2-83f7-c0f9ab6875eb},\\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = 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pavements\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"10-11\",\"issue\":\"October\",\"city\":\"Delft\",\"id\":\"5ff42661-7b14-366a-ab1c-1f56de10913f\",\"created\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.980Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-16T10:17:45.980Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Gu, Xiaoying and Clarà Saracho, Alexandra and Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Narsilio, Guillermo and Haigh, Stuart\",\"booktitle\":\"Symposium of Energy Geotechnics\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {Thermo-mechanical behaviour of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) sand for geothermal pavements},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2023},\\n pages = {10-11},\\n issue = {October},\\n city = {Delft},\\n id = {5ff42661-7b14-366a-ab1c-1f56de10913f},\\n 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S.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-thermomechanicalbehaviourofmicrobiallyinducedcarbonateprecipitationmicpsandforgeothermalpavements-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations\",\"type\":\"book\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"source\":\"International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics\",\"keywords\":\"Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations\",\"pages\":\"593-600\",\"volume\":\"288 LNCE\",\"websites\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International 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However, their efficiency in cooling-dominated conditions has not been adequately studied. This paper tackles a key challenge regarding transport tunnels: sustainable cooling of underground substations by introducing a cooling system that integrates heat exchangers into tunnel lining. This system takes advantage of the tunnel air and the ground potential as sustainable heat sinks to which the heat from the substations is rejected and evaluates the efficiency of the proposed cooling system for different configurations of heat exchangers. The efficiency is evaluated by numerically investigating temperature changes in the ground, tunnel air, tunnel structure and carrier fluid circulating within the heat exchangers. Moreover, the cost of the proposed systems is compared with those of the conventional direct expansion (DX) systems. Results show that the proposed cooling system can effectively improve the efficiency of cooling underground substations by yielding a higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) and lower Net Present Cost (NPC) than the conventional DX systems, without imposing unsustainable practices on the ground, tunnel structure or tunnel air.\",\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"author\":\"Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{\\n title = {Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations},\\n type = {book},\\n year = {2023},\\n source = {International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics},\\n keywords = {Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations},\\n pages = {593-600},\\n volume = {288 LNCE},\\n websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70},\\n publisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n id = {c1952bf7-79c9-3415-93d7-11c18cedbfaf},\\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:46.074Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:46.074Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures have received rapid attention as part of the pursuit for renewable energy since they can exchange heat between the ground and under- or above-ground spaces, in addition to their primary structural functions. However, their efficiency in cooling-dominated conditions has not been adequately studied. This paper tackles a key challenge regarding transport tunnels: sustainable cooling of underground substations by introducing a cooling system that integrates heat exchangers into tunnel lining. This system takes advantage of the tunnel air and the ground potential as sustainable heat sinks to which the heat from the substations is rejected and evaluates the efficiency of the proposed cooling system for different configurations of heat exchangers. The efficiency is evaluated by numerically investigating temperature changes in the ground, tunnel air, tunnel structure and carrier fluid circulating within the heat exchangers. Moreover, the cost of the proposed systems is compared with those of the conventional direct expansion (DX) systems. Results show that the proposed cooling system can effectively improve the efficiency of cooling underground substations by yielding a higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) and lower Net Present Cost (NPC) than the conventional DX systems, without imposing unsustainable practices on the ground, tunnel structure or tunnel air.},\\n bibtype = {book},\\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Bidarmaghz,  A.\",\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Fei,  W.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"keyword\":[\"Cooling tunnels\",\"Heat exchangers\",\"Numerical modelling\",\"Rail/road tunnel\",\"Underground substations\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"A Case Study on the Application of Energy Tunnels in Sydney, Australia\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"1077-1084\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International Publishing\",\"city\":\"Torino\",\"id\":\"ec2c0f83-19dd-3d83-a566-bc94d9573129\",\"created\":\"2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":\"true\",\"confirmed\":\"true\",\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":\"Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.\",\"booktitle\":\"Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of IACMAG-Volume 2 16\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{\\n title = {A Case Study on the Application of Energy Tunnels in Sydney, Australia},\\n type = {inproceedings},\\n year = {2021},\\n pages = {1077-1084},\\n publisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n city = {Torino},\\n id = {ec2c0f83-19dd-3d83-a566-bc94d9573129},\\n created = {2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\\n last_modified = {2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {true},\\n confirmed = {true},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\\n booktitle = {Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of IACMAG-Volume 2 16}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Makasis,  N.\",\"Narsilio,  G., A.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makasis-narsilio-acasestudyontheapplicationofenergytunnelsinsydneyaustralia-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"makasis,  n\",\"authorlinks\":{\"makasis,  n\":\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\"}},\n      ownerID: \"TruxmxpArwA5oTHJG\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; 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 title = {Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video},
 pages = {1-14},
 volume = {10},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260},
 id = {72b8ae62-cb26-352d-96bd-be86b3090395},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.254Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.791Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Dooley2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas},
 doi = {10.3390/educsci10100260},
 journal = {Education Sciences},
 number = {10}
}

@techreport{
 title = {Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {65},
 city = {Melbourne},
 institution = {The University of Melbourne},
 id = {6c994efa-046e-3d27-98c5-003b1e39ca9f},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.305Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:09.880Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Narsilio2016a},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {techreport},
 author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Makasis, Nikolas and Lu, Qi and Jensen-Page, Linden and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2015},
 websites = {https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578},
 publisher = {IOS Press},
 city = {Buenos Aires},
 id = {f51d4f4e-c281-3dbb-9671-dbfa5ec8827a},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.351Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.533Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Narsilio2015},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Ferrero, Hugo and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Serrano, Carlos and Perez, Magali E. Carro and Makasis, Nikolas and Delacoste, Evelyn},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {155-161},
 publisher = {CRC Press},
 city = {Kiel},
 id = {59f9f7bb-9bfb-32bf-a3c4-d21f560254fe},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.426Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:15.290Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.},
 editor = {Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo},
 booktitle = {Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016}
}

@article{
 title = {Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy},
 pages = {476-487},
 volume = {154},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {d6915a27-3f56-35f1-a299-939cf580a8d0},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.450Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2021-06-16T09:58:18.257Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},
 journal = {Renewable Energy}
}

@article{
 title = {A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis},
 pages = {140-151},
 volume = {104},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {b638ccbf-6de6-3141-b6ec-b7bb70021b2f},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.491Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:09.311Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2018d},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {August}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {43-50},
 websites = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6},
 publisher = {Springer, Cham},
 city = {Lausanne},
 id = {eb7b3d4d-cd14-3b9d-bca7-c4e15fff122a},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.528Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:07.177Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2018c},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},
 booktitle = {International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics SEG-2018}
}

@article{
 title = {Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {1466-1470},
 volume = {18},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},
 publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
 id = {706b76ab-9492-3379-9058-771f4cd182e4},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.594Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:08.636Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2018b},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},
 doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},
 journal = {Data in Brief},
 number = {June}
}

@article{
 title = {A machine learning approach to energy pile design},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Energy piles,Finite elements,Geothermal energy,Machine learning,Optimisation,Regression},
 pages = {189-203},
 volume = {97},
 websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {de7f108a-b64c-3379-a455-df2478557d00},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.603Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:13.640Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2018a},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {September 2017}
}

@phdthesis{
 title = {Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques},
 type = {phdthesis},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {202},
 websites = {https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999},
 institution = {PhD Thesis, The University of Melbourne},
 department = {Department of Infrastructure Engineering},
 id = {6e3312ca-9529-32da-8b42-318d38cc1e22},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.642Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.466Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2019},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {phdthesis},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas}
}

@techreport{
 title = {Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Stage 1},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {65},
 city = {Melbourne},
 institution = {The University of Melbourne},
 id = {92e42125-4e61-373f-8b27-cd77dc903920},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.662Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:07.512Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Narsilio2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {techreport},
 author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi and Johnston, Ian William and Makasis, Nikolas}
}

@article{
 title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {225-236},
 volume = {4},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00025},
 id = {a7634a93-9f08-3df5-8e29-2a6e9f898916},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.736Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.428Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Perez, Magali E. Carro},
 journal = {Environmental Geotechnics},
 number = {3}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {energy piles,finite elements,geothermal energy,machine learning,optimisation},
 websites = {https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/optimising-the-design-of-energy-piles-using-machine-learning},
 city = {Seoul},
 id = {67f9dfb7-da56-3ffd-822d-02714a3cfbf0},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.745Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:14.647Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {true},
 citation_key = {Makasis2017},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Bidarmaghz, Asal},
 booktitle = {19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy}
}

@article{
 title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Geothermal,Numerical modelling,Pipe separation,Sensitivity analysis,Shank spacing,ground heat exchangers (GHE)},
 pages = {97-109},
 volume = {100},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {421f57bb-34c0-33e3-8d04-cf56b3f64e88},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.784Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.840Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2018},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use ground heat exchangers (GHEs) to transfer heat to and from the ground and efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes. Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {August 2017}
}

@article{
 title = {The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures},
 pages = {103399},
 volume = {120},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 id = {52367b30-c55c-3141-b010-345260ca5f40},
 created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.825Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2021-06-16T09:58:18.263Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {September 2019}
}

@article{
 title = {Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Energy walls,Ground-source heat pump systems,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,Soldier pile walls},
 pages = {100242},
 volume = {30},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {93d7943d-901e-3bf9-941b-dac78a90aced},
 created = {2021-04-17T13:28:46.098Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.191Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2022},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures are a promising application of shallow geothermal energy technologies utilising underground structures primarily build for stability to also convert them to ground heat exchangers and make thermal energy provision their secondary function. One type of energy geo-structures that has received little attention is energy soldier pile walls. This work adopts advanced numerical modelling approaches to investigate the thermal performance of these energy walls and important parameters affecting this performance including the soldier pile depth, spacing, pipe length and thermal load. The results indicate that both the soldier pile depth and spacing can impact the thermal performance with higher values being desirable. Non-linear/logarithmic performance trendlines have been identified. The scenario of activating less piles overall to increase their (thermal) spacing is also investigated, showing a decrease in the thermal performance but noting that in certain cases this decrease could be acceptable compared to the capital cost savings of activating less piles. The pipe configuration is found to result in relatively insignificant returns after utilising more than about 3 U-loops connected in series, suggesting the potential suitability of an easy to adopt rule-of-thumb for these structures.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},
 journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment},
 number = {June}
}

@article{
 title = {Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {finite-element modelling,numerical modelling,pavements,roads},
 pages = {1-48},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296},
 id = {6533090e-83bf-37f0-a09e-3c0af4a28e3b},
 created = {2021-04-17T13:28:46.136Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:19.695Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Gu2021a},
 folder_uuids = {dd273f9b-e645-45a6-b59d-c177ee58adf2},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Geothermal pavement systems are a novel type of energy geo-structures. They use sub-surface structures to exchange heat with the ground and therefore, provide thermal energy in addition to structural support. The thermo-activation of pavements has been largely overlooked in the literature. This research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model to explore the thermal performance of geothermal pavement systems. The 3D FE model developed was successfully validated with both data measured from a full-scale experiment undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia and other published data. The validated model is further employed to evaluate the long-term performance of a geothermal pavement system under both a traditional system configuration as well as for a hybrid system. Furthermore, a life cycle cost analysis is performed to explore the cost implication of such pavement systems. Results show that a geothermal pavement with total pipe length of 640 m, or a hybrid system (a geothermal pavement system with a pipe length of 320 m and an auxiliary system) can provide for sufficient space heating and cooling for a typical residential building in Australia. It is found that, compared with conventional heating and cooling systems, the geothermal pavement system is indeed a cost-effective solution. This research study indicates that this pavement technology can be successfully implemented in the field and accurately modelled using FE techniques.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Makasis, Nikolas and Motamedi, Yaser and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},
 doi = {10.1680/jgeot.20.p.296},
 journal = {Géotechnique}
}

@article{
 title = {An efficient and sustainable approach for cooling underground substations},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations},
 volume = {113},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {76a58664-48bc-3fc3-b7f2-3b6b9a97d9d4},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:24:52.401Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:19.279Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2021},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},
 doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986},
 journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research}
}

@article{
 title = {Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {Heat transfer,Large-scale numerical modelling,Modelling simplifications,Shallow geothermal energy,Subsurface urban heat island,Underground climate change,large-scale numerical modelling},
 pages = {148236},
 volume = {791},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},
 publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
 id = {7de23fbb-6e7b-3bdf-a219-2c00d2409a38},
 created = {2021-06-16T09:57:42.841Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:16.202Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Makasis2021},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, N. and Kreitmair, M.J. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G.J. and Scheidegger, J.M. and Choudhary, R.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},
 journal = {Science of The Total Environment}
}

@article{
 title = {Experimental and numerical studies on an energy piled wall: The effect of thermally activated pile spacing},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 keywords = {Energy geostructure,Ground heat exchangers,Ground source heat pump systems,Piled retaining wall,Thermal response test},
 pages = {100276},
 volume = {29},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {86af45db-c990-358f-83f1-2198a20010f1},
 created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.531Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:41.417Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zhong2022},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Over the last decades, converting foundation elements such as piles, retaining walls and tunnel linings into energy geo-structures has gained popularity around the world. These geo-structures form part of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems to constitute a clean, renewable, and economical solution for space heating and cooling. This work utilises experimental investigations in combination with numerical simulations to study the thermal performance of energy piled walls, specifically regarding the effect of thermo-active pile spacing. This knowledge can aid towards better design guidelines and the determination of the number of piles to be thermally activated in the wall system. The experimental results from a section of a pilot energy soldier piled wall in Melbourne (Australia) and the numerical results from a validated finite element model suggest that the thermal performance of piled walls can be significantly affected by close pile spacing. In addition, parametric analyses were performed to understand the role of some other key design parameters. The results indicate that the depth of the wall impacts the thermal performance of the GSHP system more significantly than the thermal conductivity of the ground. Considering a real-world scenario where a fixed number of piles are constructed for a typical building at relatively close spacings, one may increase the “thermal” pile spacing by activating less piles overall. It is found that activating every other pile (1/2 of the total number of piles) or every other second pile (1/3 of them) can still provide over 70% or 50%, respectively, of the maximum thermal energy compared to activating every pile.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Scott, Calum},
 doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276},
 journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment}
}

@article{
 title = {Investigating the thermal behaviour of geothermal pavements using Thermal Response Test (TRT)},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {Geothermal pavements,Ground thermal behaviour,Thermal conductivity,Thermal response test (TRT)},
 pages = {100576},
 volume = {29},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {99bdb40e-853e-3783-867c-0d9d71362876},
 created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:39.069Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Motamedi2021},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Geothermal pavements represents a novel approach to shallow geothermal energy applications, in which horizontal ground heat exchangers are implemented within the pavement structure instead of traditional purpose-built trenches, thus decreasing capital costs. This study aims to better understand the feasibility and potential of these systems, by investigating the thermal response of the ground in a full scale geothermal pavements system, the first of its kind in Australasia. For this purpose, a fully instrumented geothermal pavements segment, measuring 20 m × 10 m, was constructed in the city of Adelaide, Australia. The geothermal pavement was subjected to Thermal Response Testing (TRT) and numerical modelling is adopted herein and validated using TRT data to further understand the ground response. In addition to providing insights on the capacity of energy provision for geothermal pavements, this work also introduces and discusses various methods of TRT data analysis for the geothermal pavement, specifically for obtaining the effective ground thermal conductivity, a key parameter in shallow geothermal design. The results indicate that from the considered methods, the conventional semi-log method can lead to overestimation of thermal conductivity, the guarded hot plate model tends to underestimate its value and detailed numerical modelling is most accurate, but computationally more expensive. The results also show that the radius of influence of the geothermal pavement in the examined case is close to 0.5 m and even though the geothermal pavement is considerably affected by the ambient temperature, it can be a viable solution for heating and cooling purposes, showing a heat exchange of 50.2 W/m2 and a rate per length of the pipe of 25 W/m in the case analysed here.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},
 doi = {10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100576},
 journal = {Transportation Geotechnics},
 number = {May}
}

@article{
 title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effects of variable trench separations and pipe configurations in horizontal ground heat exchangers},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {Finite element modelling,Ground-source heat pumps,Horizontal ground heat exchangers},
 volume = {14},
 id = {0d52ac25-958d-34b4-8934-676fd2c4bf5f},
 created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:41.796Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zhou2021},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Ground-source heat pump systems are renewable and highly efficient HVAC systems that utilise the ground to exchange heat via ground heat exchangers (GHEs). This study developed a detailed 3D finite element model for horizontal GHEs by using COMSOL Multiphysics and vali-dated it against a fully instrumented system under the loading conditions of rural industries in NSW, Australia. First, the yearly performance evaluation of the horizontal straight GHEs showed an adequate initial design under the unique loads. This study then evaluated the effects of variable trench separations, GHE configurations, and effective thermal conductivity. Different trench separations that varied between 1.2 and 3.5 m were selected and analysed while considering three different horizontal loop configurations, i.e., the horizontal straight, slinky, and dense slinky loop con-figurations. These configurations had the same length of pipe in one trench, and the first two had the same trench length as well. The results revealed that when the trench separation became smaller, there was a minor increasing trend (0.5 °C) in the carrier fluid temperature. As for the configuration, the dense slinky loop showed an average that was 1.5 °C lower than those of the horizontal straight and slinky loop (which were about the same). This indicates that, when land is limited, compro-mises on the trench separation should be made first in lieu of changes in the loop configuration. Lastly, the results showed that although the effective thermal conductivity had an impact on the carrier fluid temperature, this impact was much lower compared to that for the GHE configurations and trench separations.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhou, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo},
 doi = {10.3390/en14133919},
 journal = {Energies},
 number = {13}
}

@article{
 title = {Numerical investigation of geothermal pavements: Design optimisation & boundary conditions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 keywords = {Geothermal pavements,Optimisation,Parametric study,Surface boundary conditions,Thermal energy balance},
 pages = {100843},
 volume = {37},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {6a0ee332-8e7a-3a46-b231-41decd8ce0bc},
 created = {2022-11-01T18:35:07.871Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:46.258Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Motamedi2022},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Geothermal pavements comprise a newfound type of thermal geo-structures, an innovation in pavement construction contributing to ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, resulting in a better cost-efficiency compared to conventional GSHP systems. Ground heat exchangers are formed by embedding pipe into the pavement structure (e.g., base, sub-base or subgrades). Developing accurate models with appropriate boundary conditions is crucial to obtaining a deep understanding of the performance and function of geothermal pavement systems. This paper introduces an experimentally validated 3D finite element model (FEM) and compares the effect of surface boundary condition choices on the results of the simulation. The model uses two different approaches for boundary conditions: i) using ambient temperature and ii) implementing energy balance equations on the surface, as surface boundary conditions. The model is further utilised to perform a parametric study and the results are employed by a statistical tool (Minitab) to determine the optimum heat exchanger design for a geothermal pavement project in Adelaide, an Australian city subjected to temperate climate conditions and good solar irradiation throughout the year. Results show that the choice of both boundary conditions leads to similar fluid temperature trends, but with differences in values, particularly during the heating season, resulting in a reduced embedded pipe length of up to 30 % and up to a 10 % better annual average coefficient of performance (COP(when using the energy balance equations on the surface. The parametric study shows that the system annual COP increases with the length of the pipe and spacing between the pipes, whilst the pipe depth placement is inversely proportional to the annual average COP given the advantages obtained during the heating season over the cooling season. Finally, considering the interaction effect between various parameters, a pipe heat exchanger with 400 m length, 0.76 m pipe spacing and 0.45 burial depth is evaluated as the best design to maximise COP for the case study at hand.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},
 doi = {10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843},
 journal = {Transportation Geotechnics},
 number = {August}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {593-600},
 publisher = {Springer},
 city = {Turin},
 id = {c343b35a-92ea-3409-a77e-d73cb5871bbf},
 created = {2022-11-01T18:35:07.973Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:22.308Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2023},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 editor = {Barla, Marco and Di Donna, Alice and Insana, Alessandra},
 booktitle = {International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics}
}

@article{
 title = {Bayesian parameter inference for shallow subsurface modelling using field data and impacts on geothermal planning},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {bayesian calibration,finite element methods,parameter inference,shallow geothermal energy,uncertainty},
 pages = {e32},
 volume = {3},
 id = {0781d987-283a-3b09-a3bb-a4221060544e},
 created = {2022-11-02T13:29:24.615Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:38.945Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kreitmair2023d},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kreitmair, M. J. and Makasis, N. and Menberg, K. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G. J. and Boon, D. and Choudhary, R.},
 doi = {10.1017/dce.2022.32},
 journal = {Data-Centric Engineering},
 number = {November}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Energy driven piles in Australia: Design and construction lessons from a trial at Fishermans Bend},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {driven piles,energy foundations,geothermal energy,innovation in construction},
 pages = {6},
 issue = {03},
 id = {83d3490b-fc3b-349d-9e7c-c606028db2f6},
 created = {2022-11-11T11:33:20.114Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:44.229Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Price2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Price, C. and Narsilio, G. A. and Zhong, Y. and Makasis, N. and Motamedi, Y. and Smith, E. and Li, J. and Tonkin-Hill, A},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the AGS Victorian Chapter Symposium on Sustainable Geotechnics – Excellence in planning, design & construction}
}

@article{
 title = {Thermo-hydraulic analysis in geothermal energy walls},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {104862},
 volume = {132},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {e3af3f64-8973-3750-8cd9-e75136a97c4d},
 created = {2022-12-02T16:45:05.411Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:44.989Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zhong2023},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhong, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},
 doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862},
 journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research},
 number = {July 2022}
}

@article{
 title = {Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {105314},
 volume = {157},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {c89f1b51-0b29-3e98-a0d5-b105a106c25d},
 created = {2023-02-28T13:09:08.625Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:54.177Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bandeira2023},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bandeira, Luis A and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {February}
}

@article{
 title = {Finding common ground: a methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {Conditionally Accepted},
 id = {ddcb3d40-4b0e-34fa-bcdf-2a18bad96def},
 created = {2023-04-17T09:27:39.918Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:51.931Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kreitmair2023a},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kreitmair, M.J. and Makasis, N. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Menberg, K. and Choudhary, R. and Soga, K.},
 journal = {Urban Climate}
}

@article{
 title = {Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {105314},
 volume = {157},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {8e0e63bc-4262-3da0-8730-fb8e0d9e5c48},
 created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.461Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.461Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bandeira2023},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bandeira, Luis A and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},
 doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},
 journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},
 number = {February}
}

@article{
 title = {Finding common ground: a methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {Conditionally Accepted},
 id = {8b034e4c-fec6-3dc4-8645-1d677e0fdb33},
 created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.463Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.463Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kreitmair, M.J. and Makasis, N. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Menberg, K. and Choudhary, R. and Soga, K.},
 journal = {Urban Climate}
}

@article{
 title = {Thermal Response of Energy Screw Piles Connected in Series},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {1-17},
 volume = {149},
 id = {f99ddd08-e8d2-3164-bd05-ce35a3e78bf4},
 created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {AbstractEnergy piles are a consolidated underground heat exchanger alternative to traditional boreholes in ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Previous works focused on assessing the difference...},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bandeira Neto, Luis A. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Choudhary, Ruchi and Carden, Yale},
 doi = {10.1061/jggefk.gteng-11082},
 journal = {Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering},
 number = {7}
}

@article{
 title = {Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, UK},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {City-scale modelling,Geothermal pavements,Heating and cooling city planning,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,geothermal pavements,shallow geothermal energy},
 pages = {119248},
 volume = {218},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {f05c7a2c-33ff-3a0c-9c59-eb4eb7792908},
 created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Geothermal pavements can be used with ground-source heat pump systems to sustainably provide energy for heating and cooling by incorporating ground heat exchanger elements underneath pavement surfaces. This work investigates the suitability of geothermal pavements at scale, adopting the city of Cardiff, UK, as a case-study. A two-scale modelling framework, combining detailed small-scale with holistic large-scale approaches, is presented, incorporating the accuracy of the former with the continuity of the latter. The results show that between 184 kWh and 345 kWh of thermal energy per metre length of pavement can be supplied annually, depending on soil profile. Moreover, geothermal operation can reduce anthropogenic heat flux into the ground from heated basements, and its associated negative impacts, by about 390 MWh/year. A city-scale analysis using population-consistent geographic areas called LSOAs, estimates that geothermal pavements can supply about 23% of the entire city residential heat demand, or up to 75% with heat sharing between LSOAs. The suitability of geothermal pavements for larger LSOAs is highlighted, supplying up to 100% of the annual domestic heat demand. Investigating the carbon emissions of heating and cooling technologies shows potential reductions of up to 75% when replacing gas boilers and resistance heating with geothermal pavement systems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Kreitmair, Monika J. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Choudhary, Ruchi},
 doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},
 journal = {Renewable Energy},
 number = {September}
}

@article{
 title = {Field investigation on a pilot energy piled retaining wall},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {1-45},
 volume = {61},
 id = {51cde93b-66dd-37ed-83b2-92064ba34159},
 created = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This article presents the thermal and thermo-mechanical responses of a pilot energy wall located in Melbourne, Australia, believed to be one of the first instrumented energy soldier piled walls in the world. The full-scale field thermal and thermo-mechanical conditions of the wall have been monitored during the period of a full-cycle thermal response test (TRT) conducted on a single soldier pile over two months. The monitored pile and ground temperature responses reveal the significance of the thermal condition in the excavated space on the thermal performance of such energy geostructures, which increases complexities in design and analysis. Furthermore, this study reports the profiles of axial strains and induced thermal stresses in the tested soldier pile, demonstrating how the applied thermal load from the TRT influenced the mechanical performance of the pile and wall and how the restrictive action of the support elements controlled the induced conditions. Here we show that soldier pile responds differently from energy piles or borehole heat exchangers, however residual axial strains were minimal and similar to those reported in energy piles foundations due to a thermo-elastic response to the imposed thermal loads and wall rigidity. Finally, the unique experimental dataset is made available for further studies.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo and Makasis, Nikolas and Villegas, Luis},
 doi = {10.1139/cgj-2023-0054},
 journal = {Canadian Geotechnical Journal},
 number = {3}
}

@article{
 title = {Field investigation on geothermal pavements},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {Energy geotechnics,Field testing and monitoring,Full-scale experimental data,Geothermal pavements,Pavement geotechnics,Thermal response test},
 pages = {100475},
 volume = {35},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {36ec9275-547a-3ee9-8b26-b6e664b322b3},
 created = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This article investigates the thermal response of a geothermal pavements located in Adelaide, South Australia. This geothermal pavement field trial is believed to be the first full-scale instrumented system of its kind in the country, and one of the handful around the world to date providing a rare set of experimental data. The ground temperature and weather parameters were monitored for over two years, including during two thermal response tests (TRTs) undertaken under different weather conditions. The annual ground temperature profile under the pavement provides helpful information for geothermal pavements design and model validation. Results revealed the significant impact of weather conditions on the TRTs due to the shallow burial depth of the pipe heat exchanger. To minimise these effects, it is then recommended to perform TRT or thermal performance testing during mid-season. Comparison of test results showed that the effect of ambient temperature was more intensive in summer due to the presence of heat-absorbing asphalt at the surface. In addition, the high amount of absorbed heat at the surface reduced the pavement depth-temperature fluctuations in winter as well as the temperature difference between days and nights, leading to a better performance.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Düber, Stephan and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},
 doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475},
 journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {A case study on district-scale geothermal system potential for the city of Cambridge , UK},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {district-scale,ground-source heat pump systems,heating,shallow geothermal energy,subsurface modelling,underground climate},
 pages = {215-224},
 city = {Chania},
 id = {b0b7e8d6-d27c-36e5-88de-add0692567ef},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.657Z},
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 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
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 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Kreitmair, M J and Makasis, N and Ward, R and Choudhary, R},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the ISSMGE TC215 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {A novel sensor for in-situ thermo-mechanical testing and application to MICP-treated soils},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {finite,ground improvement,micp,sands,thermal conductivity,transient thermal probes},
 pages = {87-96},
 volume = {5},
 city = {Chania},
 id = {5f26056f-1c8b-3599-82aa-877b6a2589a0},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.769Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.769Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Clarà Saracho, Alexandra and Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Narsilio, Guillermo and Haigh, Stuart Kenneth},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the ISSMGE TC215 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Cooling underground substations worldwide using heat pumps},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {5-6},
 issue = {October},
 city = {Delft},
 id = {72a055a4-049d-3734-9c76-aeed1cd43e37},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},
 booktitle = {Symposium of Energy Geotechnics}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Finding common ground : identifying shallow geothermal potential for the city of Cambridge , UK},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {5-7},
 issue = {October},
 city = {Delft},
 id = {c3f73add-5495-3427-ad91-cc3dc8e79c6a},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Ward, Rebecca and Choudhary, Ruchi},
 booktitle = {Symposium on Energy Geotechnics}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {The impact of heated basements on the performance of borehole GHEs},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {5-6},
 issue = {October},
 city = {Delft},
 id = {4b248dd1-0eca-3db2-83f7-c0f9ab6875eb},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Ward, Rebecca and Choudhary, Ruchi},
 booktitle = {Symposium of Energy Geotechnics}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Thermo-mechanical behaviour of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) sand for geothermal pavements},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {10-11},
 issue = {October},
 city = {Delft},
 id = {5ff42661-7b14-366a-ab1c-1f56de10913f},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.980Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.980Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Clarà Saracho, Alexandra and Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Narsilio, Guillermo and Haigh, Stuart},
 booktitle = {Symposium of Energy Geotechnics}
}

@book{
 title = {Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations},
 type = {book},
 year = {2023},
 source = {International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics},
 keywords = {Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations},
 pages = {593-600},
 volume = {288 LNCE},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70},
 publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
 id = {c1952bf7-79c9-3415-93d7-11c18cedbfaf},
 created = {2023-10-16T10:17:46.074Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:46.074Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Energy geo-structures have received rapid attention as part of the pursuit for renewable energy since they can exchange heat between the ground and under- or above-ground spaces, in addition to their primary structural functions. However, their efficiency in cooling-dominated conditions has not been adequately studied. This paper tackles a key challenge regarding transport tunnels: sustainable cooling of underground substations by introducing a cooling system that integrates heat exchangers into tunnel lining. This system takes advantage of the tunnel air and the ground potential as sustainable heat sinks to which the heat from the substations is rejected and evaluates the efficiency of the proposed cooling system for different configurations of heat exchangers. The efficiency is evaluated by numerically investigating temperature changes in the ground, tunnel air, tunnel structure and carrier fluid circulating within the heat exchangers. Moreover, the cost of the proposed systems is compared with those of the conventional direct expansion (DX) systems. Results show that the proposed cooling system can effectively improve the efficiency of cooling underground substations by yielding a higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) and lower Net Present Cost (NPC) than the conventional DX systems, without imposing unsustainable practices on the ground, tunnel structure or tunnel air.},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {A Case Study on the Application of Energy Tunnels in Sydney, Australia},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2021},
 pages = {1077-1084},
 publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
 city = {Torino},
 id = {ec2c0f83-19dd-3d83-a566-bc94d9573129},
 created = {2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},
 last_modified = {2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},
 booktitle = {Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of IACMAG-Volume 2 16}
}\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! Next you can\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newSiteFromTemplate%3Fbiburl=\"\n      >create a new website with this list</a>, or\n      embed it in an existing web page by copying &amp; pasting\n      any of the following snippets.\n\n      <div style=\"text-align: left; margin-top: 1em;\">\n        <strong>JavaScript</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment recommended\">(easiest)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;script src=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556?jsonp=1&amp;jsonp=1\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>PHP</strong>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;?php\n            $contents = file_get_contents(\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556?jsonp=1\");\n            print_r($contents);\n            ?&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>iFrame</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment\">(not recommended)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;iframe src=\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556?jsonp=1\"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <p>\n          For more details see the <a href=\"//bibbase.org/help\">documention</a>.\n        </p>\n      </div>\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_preview\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      This is a preview! To use this list on your own web site\n      or create a new web site from it,\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newAccountWithFile%3FfileId=\"\n      >create a free account</a>. The file will be added\n      and you will be able to edit it in the File Manager.\n      We will show you instructions once you've created your account.\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-warning bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_mendeley1\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      <p>To the site owner:</p>\n\n      <p><strong>Action required!</strong> Mendeley is changing its\n        API. In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (18)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bidarmaghz,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Fei,  W.;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Barla,  M.; Di Donna,  A.;  and Insana,  A., editor(s), <i>International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics</i>, pages 593-600,  2023. Springer\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {593-600},\n publisher = {Springer},\n city = {Turin},\n id = {c343b35a-92ea-3409-a77e-d73cb5871bbf},\n created = {2022-11-01T18:35:07.973Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:22.308Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2023},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n editor = {Barla, Marco and Di Donna, Alice and Insana, Alessandra},\n booktitle = {International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kreitmair-makasis-menberg-bidarmaghz-farr-boon-choudhary-bayesianparameterinferenceforshallowsubsurfacemodellingusingfielddataandimpactsongeothermalplanning-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Bayesian parameter inference for shallow subsurface modelling using field data and impacts on geothermal planning.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kreitmair,  M., J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Menberg,  K.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Farr,  G., J.; Boon,  D.;  and Choudhary,  R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Data-Centric Engineering</i>, 3(November): e32.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/dce.2022.32\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kreitmair-makasis-menberg-bidarmaghz-farr-boon-choudhary-bayesianparameterinferenceforshallowsubsurfacemodellingusingfielddataandimpactsongeothermalplanning-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/dce.2022.32', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kreitmair-makasis-menberg-bidarmaghz-farr-boon-choudhary-bayesianparameterinferenceforshallowsubsurfacemodellingusingfielddataandimpactsongeothermalplanning-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kreitmair-makasis-menberg-bidarmaghz-farr-boon-choudhary-bayesianparameterinferenceforshallowsubsurfacemodellingusingfielddataandimpactsongeothermalplanning-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Bayesian parameter inference for shallow subsurface modelling using field data and impacts on geothermal planning},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n keywords = {bayesian calibration,finite element methods,parameter inference,shallow geothermal energy,uncertainty},\n pages = {e32},\n volume = {3},\n id = {0781d987-283a-3b09-a3bb-a4221060544e},\n created = {2022-11-02T13:29:24.615Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:38.945Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Kreitmair2023d},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Kreitmair, M. J. and Makasis, N. and Menberg, K. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G. J. and Boon, D. and Choudhary, R.},\n doi = {10.1017/dce.2022.32},\n journal = {Data-Centric Engineering},\n number = {November}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862', event);\">\n    Thermo-hydraulic analysis in geothermal energy walls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhong,  Y.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research</i>, 132(July 2022): 104862.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermo-hydraulic analysis in geothermal energy walls [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhong-bidarmaghz-narsilio-makasis-thermohydraulicanalysisingeothermalenergywalls-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Thermo-hydraulic analysis in geothermal energy walls},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {104862},\n volume = {132},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {e3af3f64-8973-3750-8cd9-e75136a97c4d},\n created = {2022-12-02T16:45:05.411Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:44.989Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Zhong2023},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhong, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},\n doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2022.104862},\n journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research},\n number = {July 2022}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314', event);\">\n    Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bandeira,  L., A.; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 157(February): 105314.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {105314},\n volume = {157},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {c89f1b51-0b29-3e98-a0d5-b105a106c25d},\n created = {2023-02-28T13:09:08.625Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:54.177Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Bandeira2023},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bandeira, Luis A and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {February}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Finding common ground: a methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kreitmair,  M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Menberg,  K.; Choudhary,  R.;  and Soga,  K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Urban Climate</i>,Conditionally Accepted.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Finding common ground: a methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {Conditionally Accepted},\n id = {ddcb3d40-4b0e-34fa-bcdf-2a18bad96def},\n created = {2023-04-17T09:27:39.918Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:51.931Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Kreitmair2023a},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Kreitmair, M.J. and Makasis, N. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Menberg, K. and Choudhary, R. and Soga, K.},\n journal = {Urban Climate}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314', event);\">\n    Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bandeira,  L., A.; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 157(February): 105314.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bandeira-narsilio-makasis-analyticalinterpretationandnumericalanalysisofmultipleenergypilethermalresponsetests-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Analytical interpretation and numerical analysis of multiple energy pile thermal response tests},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {105314},\n volume = {157},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {8e0e63bc-4262-3da0-8730-fb8e0d9e5c48},\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.461Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.461Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Bandeira2023},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bandeira, Luis A and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Makasis, Nikolas},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105314},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {February}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Finding common ground: a methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kreitmair,  M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Menberg,  K.; Choudhary,  R.;  and Soga,  K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Urban Climate</i>,Conditionally Accepted.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kreitmair-makasis-bidarmaghz-menberg-choudhary-soga-findingcommongroundamethodologyforcityscalesubsurfacethermalmodelling-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Finding common ground: a methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {Conditionally Accepted},\n id = {8b034e4c-fec6-3dc4-8645-1d677e0fdb33},\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.463Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.463Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Kreitmair, M.J. and Makasis, N. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Menberg, K. and Choudhary, R. and Soga, K.},\n journal = {Urban Climate}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bandeiraneto-narsilio-makasis-choudhary-carden-thermalresponseofenergyscrewpilesconnectedinseries-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Thermal Response of Energy Screw Piles Connected in Series.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bandeira Neto,  L., A.; Narsilio,  G., A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Choudhary,  R.;  and Carden,  Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering</i>, 149(7): 1-17.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1061/jggefk.gteng-11082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bandeiraneto-narsilio-makasis-choudhary-carden-thermalresponseofenergyscrewpilesconnectedinseries-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1061/jggefk.gteng-11082', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bandeiraneto-narsilio-makasis-choudhary-carden-thermalresponseofenergyscrewpilesconnectedinseries-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bandeiraneto-narsilio-makasis-choudhary-carden-thermalresponseofenergyscrewpilesconnectedinseries-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Thermal Response of Energy Screw Piles Connected in Series},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {1-17},\n volume = {149},\n id = {f99ddd08-e8d2-3164-bd05-ce35a3e78bf4},\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.587Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {AbstractEnergy piles are a consolidated underground heat exchanger alternative to traditional boreholes in ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Previous works focused on assessing the difference...},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bandeira Neto, Luis A. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Choudhary, Ruchi and Carden, Yale},\n doi = {10.1061/jggefk.gteng-11082},\n journal = {Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering},\n number = {7}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  AbstractEnergy piles are a consolidated underground heat exchanger alternative to traditional boreholes in ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Previous works focused on assessing the difference...\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248', event);\">\n    Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, UK.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Gu,  X.; Kreitmair,  M., J.; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Choudhary,  R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Renewable Energy</i>, 218(September): 119248.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, UK [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-gu-kreitmair-narsilio-choudhary-geothermalpavementsacityscaleinvestigationonprovidingsustainableheatingforthecityofcardiffuk-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, UK},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n keywords = {City-scale modelling,Geothermal pavements,Heating and cooling city planning,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,geothermal pavements,shallow geothermal energy},\n pages = {119248},\n volume = {218},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {f05c7a2c-33ff-3a0c-9c59-eb4eb7792908},\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:31.599Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Geothermal pavements can be used with ground-source heat pump systems to sustainably provide energy for heating and cooling by incorporating ground heat exchanger elements underneath pavement surfaces. This work investigates the suitability of geothermal pavements at scale, adopting the city of Cardiff, UK, as a case-study. A two-scale modelling framework, combining detailed small-scale with holistic large-scale approaches, is presented, incorporating the accuracy of the former with the continuity of the latter. The results show that between 184 kWh and 345 kWh of thermal energy per metre length of pavement can be supplied annually, depending on soil profile. Moreover, geothermal operation can reduce anthropogenic heat flux into the ground from heated basements, and its associated negative impacts, by about 390 MWh/year. A city-scale analysis using population-consistent geographic areas called LSOAs, estimates that geothermal pavements can supply about 23% of the entire city residential heat demand, or up to 75% with heat sharing between LSOAs. The suitability of geothermal pavements for larger LSOAs is highlighted, supplying up to 100% of the annual domestic heat demand. Investigating the carbon emissions of heating and cooling technologies shows potential reductions of up to 75% when replacing gas boilers and resistance heating with geothermal pavement systems.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Kreitmair, Monika J. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Choudhary, Ruchi},\n doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},\n journal = {Renewable Energy},\n number = {September}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Geothermal pavements can be used with ground-source heat pump systems to sustainably provide energy for heating and cooling by incorporating ground heat exchanger elements underneath pavement surfaces. This work investigates the suitability of geothermal pavements at scale, adopting the city of Cardiff, UK, as a case-study. A two-scale modelling framework, combining detailed small-scale with holistic large-scale approaches, is presented, incorporating the accuracy of the former with the continuity of the latter. The results show that between 184 kWh and 345 kWh of thermal energy per metre length of pavement can be supplied annually, depending on soil profile. Moreover, geothermal operation can reduce anthropogenic heat flux into the ground from heated basements, and its associated negative impacts, by about 390 MWh/year. A city-scale analysis using population-consistent geographic areas called LSOAs, estimates that geothermal pavements can supply about 23% of the entire city residential heat demand, or up to 75% with heat sharing between LSOAs. The suitability of geothermal pavements for larger LSOAs is highlighted, supplying up to 100% of the annual domestic heat demand. Investigating the carbon emissions of heating and cooling technologies shows potential reductions of up to 75% when replacing gas boilers and resistance heating with geothermal pavement systems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhong-narsilio-makasis-villegas-fieldinvestigationonapilotenergypiledretainingwall-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Field investigation on a pilot energy piled retaining wall.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhong,  Y.; Narsilio,  G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Villegas,  L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Canadian Geotechnical Journal</i>, 61(3): 1-45.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2023-0054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhong-narsilio-makasis-villegas-fieldinvestigationonapilotenergypiledretainingwall-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2023-0054', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhong-narsilio-makasis-villegas-fieldinvestigationonapilotenergypiledretainingwall-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhong-narsilio-makasis-villegas-fieldinvestigationonapilotenergypiledretainingwall-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Field investigation on a pilot energy piled retaining wall},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {1-45},\n volume = {61},\n id = {51cde93b-66dd-37ed-83b2-92064ba34159},\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.021Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This article presents the thermal and thermo-mechanical responses of a pilot energy wall located in Melbourne, Australia, believed to be one of the first instrumented energy soldier piled walls in the world. The full-scale field thermal and thermo-mechanical conditions of the wall have been monitored during the period of a full-cycle thermal response test (TRT) conducted on a single soldier pile over two months. The monitored pile and ground temperature responses reveal the significance of the thermal condition in the excavated space on the thermal performance of such energy geostructures, which increases complexities in design and analysis. Furthermore, this study reports the profiles of axial strains and induced thermal stresses in the tested soldier pile, demonstrating how the applied thermal load from the TRT influenced the mechanical performance of the pile and wall and how the restrictive action of the support elements controlled the induced conditions. Here we show that soldier pile responds differently from energy piles or borehole heat exchangers, however residual axial strains were minimal and similar to those reported in energy piles foundations due to a thermo-elastic response to the imposed thermal loads and wall rigidity. Finally, the unique experimental dataset is made available for further studies.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo and Makasis, Nikolas and Villegas, Luis},\n doi = {10.1139/cgj-2023-0054},\n journal = {Canadian Geotechnical Journal},\n number = {3}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article presents the thermal and thermo-mechanical responses of a pilot energy wall located in Melbourne, Australia, believed to be one of the first instrumented energy soldier piled walls in the world. The full-scale field thermal and thermo-mechanical conditions of the wall have been monitored during the period of a full-cycle thermal response test (TRT) conducted on a single soldier pile over two months. The monitored pile and ground temperature responses reveal the significance of the thermal condition in the excavated space on the thermal performance of such energy geostructures, which increases complexities in design and analysis. Furthermore, this study reports the profiles of axial strains and induced thermal stresses in the tested soldier pile, demonstrating how the applied thermal load from the TRT influenced the mechanical performance of the pile and wall and how the restrictive action of the support elements controlled the induced conditions. Here we show that soldier pile responds differently from energy piles or borehole heat exchangers, however residual axial strains were minimal and similar to those reported in energy piles foundations due to a thermo-elastic response to the imposed thermal loads and wall rigidity. Finally, the unique experimental dataset is made available for further studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475', event);\">\n    Field investigation on geothermal pavements.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Motamedi,  Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Düber,  S.; Narsilio,  G., A.; Arulrajah,  A.;  and Horpibulsuk,  S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment</i>, 35: 100475.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Field investigation on geothermal pavements [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('motamedi-makasis-dber-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-fieldinvestigationongeothermalpavements-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Field investigation on geothermal pavements},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n keywords = {Energy geotechnics,Field testing and monitoring,Full-scale experimental data,Geothermal pavements,Pavement geotechnics,Thermal response test},\n pages = {100475},\n volume = {35},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {36ec9275-547a-3ee9-8b26-b6e664b322b3},\n created = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:26:32.056Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This article investigates the thermal response of a geothermal pavements located in Adelaide, South Australia. This geothermal pavement field trial is believed to be the first full-scale instrumented system of its kind in the country, and one of the handful around the world to date providing a rare set of experimental data. The ground temperature and weather parameters were monitored for over two years, including during two thermal response tests (TRTs) undertaken under different weather conditions. The annual ground temperature profile under the pavement provides helpful information for geothermal pavements design and model validation. Results revealed the significant impact of weather conditions on the TRTs due to the shallow burial depth of the pipe heat exchanger. To minimise these effects, it is then recommended to perform TRT or thermal performance testing during mid-season. Comparison of test results showed that the effect of ambient temperature was more intensive in summer due to the presence of heat-absorbing asphalt at the surface. In addition, the high amount of absorbed heat at the surface reduced the pavement depth-temperature fluctuations in winter as well as the temperature difference between days and nights, leading to a better performance.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Düber, Stephan and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\n doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2023.100475},\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article investigates the thermal response of a geothermal pavements located in Adelaide, South Australia. This geothermal pavement field trial is believed to be the first full-scale instrumented system of its kind in the country, and one of the handful around the world to date providing a rare set of experimental data. The ground temperature and weather parameters were monitored for over two years, including during two thermal response tests (TRTs) undertaken under different weather conditions. The annual ground temperature profile under the pavement provides helpful information for geothermal pavements design and model validation. Results revealed the significant impact of weather conditions on the TRTs due to the shallow burial depth of the pipe heat exchanger. To minimise these effects, it is then recommended to perform TRT or thermal performance testing during mid-season. Comparison of test results showed that the effect of ambient temperature was more intensive in summer due to the presence of heat-absorbing asphalt at the surface. In addition, the high amount of absorbed heat at the surface reduced the pavement depth-temperature fluctuations in winter as well as the temperature difference between days and nights, leading to a better performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kreitmair-makasis-ward-choudhary-acasestudyondistrictscalegeothermalsystempotentialforthecityofcambridgeuk-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A case study on district-scale geothermal system potential for the city of Cambridge , UK.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kreitmair,  M., J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Ward,  R.;  and Choudhary,  R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the ISSMGE TC215 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics</i>, pages 215-224,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kreitmair-makasis-ward-choudhary-acasestudyondistrictscalegeothermalsystempotentialforthecityofcambridgeuk-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kreitmair-makasis-ward-choudhary-acasestudyondistrictscalegeothermalsystempotentialforthecityofcambridgeuk-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {A case study on district-scale geothermal system potential for the city of Cambridge , UK},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n keywords = {district-scale,ground-source heat pump systems,heating,shallow geothermal energy,subsurface modelling,underground climate},\n pages = {215-224},\n city = {Chania},\n id = {b0b7e8d6-d27c-36e5-88de-add0692567ef},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.657Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.657Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Kreitmair, M J and Makasis, N and Ward, R and Choudhary, R},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the ISSMGE TC215 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-anovelsensorforinsituthermomechanicaltestingandapplicationtomicptreatedsoils-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A novel sensor for in-situ thermo-mechanical testing and application to MICP-treated soils.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gu,  X.; Clarà Saracho,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Kreitmair,  M., J.; Narsilio,  G.;  and Haigh,  S., K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the ISSMGE TC215 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics</i>, volume 5, pages 87-96,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-anovelsensorforinsituthermomechanicaltestingandapplicationtomicptreatedsoils-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-anovelsensorforinsituthermomechanicaltestingandapplicationtomicptreatedsoils-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {A novel sensor for in-situ thermo-mechanical testing and application to MICP-treated soils},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n keywords = {finite,ground improvement,micp,sands,thermal conductivity,transient thermal probes},\n pages = {87-96},\n volume = {5},\n city = {Chania},\n id = {5f26056f-1c8b-3599-82aa-877b6a2589a0},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.769Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.769Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Clarà Saracho, Alexandra and Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Narsilio, Guillermo and Haigh, Stuart Kenneth},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the ISSMGE TC215 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-bidarmaghz-fei-narsilio-coolingundergroundsubstationsworldwideusingheatpumps-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cooling underground substations worldwide using heat pumps.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Fei,  W.;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Symposium of Energy Geotechnics</i>, pages 5-6,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-bidarmaghz-fei-narsilio-coolingundergroundsubstationsworldwideusingheatpumps-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-bidarmaghz-fei-narsilio-coolingundergroundsubstationsworldwideusingheatpumps-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Cooling underground substations worldwide using heat pumps},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {5-6},\n issue = {October},\n city = {Delft},\n id = {72a055a4-049d-3734-9c76-aeed1cd43e37},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.860Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},\n booktitle = {Symposium of Energy Geotechnics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-kreitmair-ward-choudhary-findingcommongroundidentifyingshallowgeothermalpotentialforthecityofcambridgeuk-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Finding common ground : identifying shallow geothermal potential for the city of Cambridge , UK.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Kreitmair,  M., J.; Ward,  R.;  and Choudhary,  R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Symposium on Energy Geotechnics</i>, pages 5-7,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-kreitmair-ward-choudhary-findingcommongroundidentifyingshallowgeothermalpotentialforthecityofcambridgeuk-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-kreitmair-ward-choudhary-findingcommongroundidentifyingshallowgeothermalpotentialforthecityofcambridgeuk-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Finding common ground : identifying shallow geothermal potential for the city of Cambridge , UK},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {5-7},\n issue = {October},\n city = {Delft},\n id = {c3f73add-5495-3427-ad91-cc3dc8e79c6a},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.894Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Ward, Rebecca and Choudhary, Ruchi},\n booktitle = {Symposium on Energy Geotechnics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-kreitmair-ward-choudhary-theimpactofheatedbasementsontheperformanceofboreholeghes-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The impact of heated basements on the performance of borehole GHEs.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Kreitmair,  M., J.; Ward,  R.;  and Choudhary,  R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Symposium of Energy Geotechnics</i>, pages 5-6,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-kreitmair-ward-choudhary-theimpactofheatedbasementsontheperformanceofboreholeghes-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-kreitmair-ward-choudhary-theimpactofheatedbasementsontheperformanceofboreholeghes-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {The impact of heated basements on the performance of borehole GHEs},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {5-6},\n issue = {October},\n city = {Delft},\n id = {4b248dd1-0eca-3db2-83f7-c0f9ab6875eb},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.973Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Ward, Rebecca and Choudhary, Ruchi},\n booktitle = {Symposium of Energy Geotechnics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-thermomechanicalbehaviourofmicrobiallyinducedcarbonateprecipitationmicpsandforgeothermalpavements-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Thermo-mechanical behaviour of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) sand for geothermal pavements.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gu,  X.; Clarà Saracho,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Kreitmair,  M., J.; Narsilio,  G.;  and Haigh,  S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Symposium of Energy Geotechnics</i>, pages 10-11,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-thermomechanicalbehaviourofmicrobiallyinducedcarbonateprecipitationmicpsandforgeothermalpavements-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gu-clarsaracho-makasis-kreitmair-narsilio-haigh-thermomechanicalbehaviourofmicrobiallyinducedcarbonateprecipitationmicpsandforgeothermalpavements-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Thermo-mechanical behaviour of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) sand for geothermal pavements},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2023},\n pages = {10-11},\n issue = {October},\n city = {Delft},\n id = {5ff42661-7b14-366a-ab1c-1f56de10913f},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.980Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:45.980Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Clarà Saracho, Alexandra and Makasis, Nikolas and Kreitmair, Monika Johanna and Narsilio, Guillermo and Haigh, Stuart},\n booktitle = {Symposium of Energy Geotechnics}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70', event);\">\n    Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bidarmaghz,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Fei,  W.;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 288 LNCE Springer International Publishing,  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-investigatingtheeffectivenessofenergytunnelsincoolingundergroundsubstations-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{\n title = {Investigating the Effectiveness of Energy Tunnels in Cooling Underground Substations},\n type = {book},\n year = {2023},\n source = {International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics},\n keywords = {Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations},\n pages = {593-600},\n volume = {288 LNCE},\n websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70},\n publisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n id = {c1952bf7-79c9-3415-93d7-11c18cedbfaf},\n created = {2023-10-16T10:17:46.074Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-16T10:17:46.074Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures have received rapid attention as part of the pursuit for renewable energy since they can exchange heat between the ground and under- or above-ground spaces, in addition to their primary structural functions. However, their efficiency in cooling-dominated conditions has not been adequately studied. This paper tackles a key challenge regarding transport tunnels: sustainable cooling of underground substations by introducing a cooling system that integrates heat exchangers into tunnel lining. This system takes advantage of the tunnel air and the ground potential as sustainable heat sinks to which the heat from the substations is rejected and evaluates the efficiency of the proposed cooling system for different configurations of heat exchangers. The efficiency is evaluated by numerically investigating temperature changes in the ground, tunnel air, tunnel structure and carrier fluid circulating within the heat exchangers. Moreover, the cost of the proposed systems is compared with those of the conventional direct expansion (DX) systems. Results show that the proposed cooling system can effectively improve the efficiency of cooling underground substations by yielding a higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) and lower Net Present Cost (NPC) than the conventional DX systems, without imposing unsustainable practices on the ground, tunnel structure or tunnel air.},\n bibtype = {book},\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-12851-6_70}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures have received rapid attention as part of the pursuit for renewable energy since they can exchange heat between the ground and under- or above-ground spaces, in addition to their primary structural functions. However, their efficiency in cooling-dominated conditions has not been adequately studied. This paper tackles a key challenge regarding transport tunnels: sustainable cooling of underground substations by introducing a cooling system that integrates heat exchangers into tunnel lining. This system takes advantage of the tunnel air and the ground potential as sustainable heat sinks to which the heat from the substations is rejected and evaluates the efficiency of the proposed cooling system for different configurations of heat exchangers. The efficiency is evaluated by numerically investigating temperature changes in the ground, tunnel air, tunnel structure and carrier fluid circulating within the heat exchangers. Moreover, the cost of the proposed systems is compared with those of the conventional direct expansion (DX) systems. Results show that the proposed cooling system can effectively improve the efficiency of cooling underground substations by yielding a higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) and lower Net Present Cost (NPC) than the conventional DX systems, without imposing unsustainable practices on the ground, tunnel structure or tunnel air.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242', event);\">\n    Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment</i>, 30(June): 100242.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-investigatingthethermalperformanceofenergysoldierpilewalls-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Investigating the thermal performance of energy soldier pile walls},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Energy walls,Ground-source heat pump systems,Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy,Soldier pile walls},\n pages = {100242},\n volume = {30},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {93d7943d-901e-3bf9-941b-dac78a90aced},\n created = {2021-04-17T13:28:46.098Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.191Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2022},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures are a promising application of shallow geothermal energy technologies utilising underground structures primarily build for stability to also convert them to ground heat exchangers and make thermal energy provision their secondary function. One type of energy geo-structures that has received little attention is energy soldier pile walls. This work adopts advanced numerical modelling approaches to investigate the thermal performance of these energy walls and important parameters affecting this performance including the soldier pile depth, spacing, pipe length and thermal load. The results indicate that both the soldier pile depth and spacing can impact the thermal performance with higher values being desirable. Non-linear/logarithmic performance trendlines have been identified. The scenario of activating less piles overall to increase their (thermal) spacing is also investigated, showing a decrease in the thermal performance but noting that in certain cases this decrease could be acceptable compared to the capital cost savings of activating less piles. The pipe configuration is found to result in relatively insignificant returns after utilising more than about 3 U-loops connected in series, suggesting the potential suitability of an easy to adopt rule-of-thumb for these structures.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2021.100242},\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment},\n number = {June}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures are a promising application of shallow geothermal energy technologies utilising underground structures primarily build for stability to also convert them to ground heat exchangers and make thermal energy provision their secondary function. One type of energy geo-structures that has received little attention is energy soldier pile walls. This work adopts advanced numerical modelling approaches to investigate the thermal performance of these energy walls and important parameters affecting this performance including the soldier pile depth, spacing, pipe length and thermal load. The results indicate that both the soldier pile depth and spacing can impact the thermal performance with higher values being desirable. Non-linear/logarithmic performance trendlines have been identified. The scenario of activating less piles overall to increase their (thermal) spacing is also investigated, showing a decrease in the thermal performance but noting that in certain cases this decrease could be acceptable compared to the capital cost savings of activating less piles. The pipe configuration is found to result in relatively insignificant returns after utilising more than about 3 U-loops connected in series, suggesting the potential suitability of an easy to adopt rule-of-thumb for these structures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276', event);\">\n    Experimental and numerical studies on an energy piled wall: The effect of thermally activated pile spacing.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhong,  Y.; Narsilio,  G., A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Scott,  C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment</i>, 29: 100276.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Experimental and numerical studies on an energy piled wall: The effect of thermally activated pile spacing [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhong-narsilio-makasis-scott-experimentalandnumericalstudiesonanenergypiledwalltheeffectofthermallyactivatedpilespacing-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Experimental and numerical studies on an energy piled wall: The effect of thermally activated pile spacing},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n keywords = {Energy geostructure,Ground heat exchangers,Ground source heat pump systems,Piled retaining wall,Thermal response test},\n pages = {100276},\n volume = {29},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {86af45db-c990-358f-83f1-2198a20010f1},\n created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.531Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:41.417Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Zhong2022},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Over the last decades, converting foundation elements such as piles, retaining walls and tunnel linings into energy geo-structures has gained popularity around the world. These geo-structures form part of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems to constitute a clean, renewable, and economical solution for space heating and cooling. This work utilises experimental investigations in combination with numerical simulations to study the thermal performance of energy piled walls, specifically regarding the effect of thermo-active pile spacing. This knowledge can aid towards better design guidelines and the determination of the number of piles to be thermally activated in the wall system. The experimental results from a section of a pilot energy soldier piled wall in Melbourne (Australia) and the numerical results from a validated finite element model suggest that the thermal performance of piled walls can be significantly affected by close pile spacing. In addition, parametric analyses were performed to understand the role of some other key design parameters. The results indicate that the depth of the wall impacts the thermal performance of the GSHP system more significantly than the thermal conductivity of the ground. Considering a real-world scenario where a fixed number of piles are constructed for a typical building at relatively close spacings, one may increase the “thermal” pile spacing by activating less piles overall. It is found that activating every other pile (1/2 of the total number of piles) or every other second pile (1/3 of them) can still provide over 70% or 50%, respectively, of the maximum thermal energy compared to activating every pile.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhong, Yu and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Makasis, Nikolas and Scott, Calum},\n doi = {10.1016/j.gete.2021.100276},\n journal = {Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Over the last decades, converting foundation elements such as piles, retaining walls and tunnel linings into energy geo-structures has gained popularity around the world. These geo-structures form part of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems to constitute a clean, renewable, and economical solution for space heating and cooling. This work utilises experimental investigations in combination with numerical simulations to study the thermal performance of energy piled walls, specifically regarding the effect of thermo-active pile spacing. This knowledge can aid towards better design guidelines and the determination of the number of piles to be thermally activated in the wall system. The experimental results from a section of a pilot energy soldier piled wall in Melbourne (Australia) and the numerical results from a validated finite element model suggest that the thermal performance of piled walls can be significantly affected by close pile spacing. In addition, parametric analyses were performed to understand the role of some other key design parameters. The results indicate that the depth of the wall impacts the thermal performance of the GSHP system more significantly than the thermal conductivity of the ground. Considering a real-world scenario where a fixed number of piles are constructed for a typical building at relatively close spacings, one may increase the “thermal” pile spacing by activating less piles overall. It is found that activating every other pile (1/2 of the total number of piles) or every other second pile (1/3 of them) can still provide over 70% or 50%, respectively, of the maximum thermal energy compared to activating every pile.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843', event);\">\n    Numerical investigation of geothermal pavements: Design optimisation & boundary conditions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Motamedi,  Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Gu,  X.; Narsilio,  G., A.; Arulrajah,  A.;  and Horpibulsuk,  S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Transportation Geotechnics</i>, 37(August): 100843.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Numerical investigation of geothermal pavements: Design optimisation &amp; boundary conditions [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-numericalinvestigationofgeothermalpavementsdesignoptimisationboundaryconditions-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Numerical investigation of geothermal pavements: Design optimisation &amp; boundary conditions},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n keywords = {Geothermal pavements,Optimisation,Parametric study,Surface boundary conditions,Thermal energy balance},\n pages = {100843},\n volume = {37},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {6a0ee332-8e7a-3a46-b231-41decd8ce0bc},\n created = {2022-11-01T18:35:07.871Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:46.258Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Motamedi2022},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Geothermal pavements comprise a newfound type of thermal geo-structures, an innovation in pavement construction contributing to ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, resulting in a better cost-efficiency compared to conventional GSHP systems. Ground heat exchangers are formed by embedding pipe into the pavement structure (e.g., base, sub-base or subgrades). Developing accurate models with appropriate boundary conditions is crucial to obtaining a deep understanding of the performance and function of geothermal pavement systems. This paper introduces an experimentally validated 3D finite element model (FEM) and compares the effect of surface boundary condition choices on the results of the simulation. The model uses two different approaches for boundary conditions: i) using ambient temperature and ii) implementing energy balance equations on the surface, as surface boundary conditions. The model is further utilised to perform a parametric study and the results are employed by a statistical tool (Minitab) to determine the optimum heat exchanger design for a geothermal pavement project in Adelaide, an Australian city subjected to temperate climate conditions and good solar irradiation throughout the year. Results show that the choice of both boundary conditions leads to similar fluid temperature trends, but with differences in values, particularly during the heating season, resulting in a reduced embedded pipe length of up to 30 % and up to a 10 % better annual average coefficient of performance (COP(when using the energy balance equations on the surface. The parametric study shows that the system annual COP increases with the length of the pipe and spacing between the pipes, whilst the pipe depth placement is inversely proportional to the annual average COP given the advantages obtained during the heating season over the cooling season. Finally, considering the interaction effect between various parameters, a pipe heat exchanger with 400 m length, 0.76 m pipe spacing and 0.45 burial depth is evaluated as the best design to maximise COP for the case study at hand.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\n doi = {10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100843},\n journal = {Transportation Geotechnics},\n number = {August}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Geothermal pavements comprise a newfound type of thermal geo-structures, an innovation in pavement construction contributing to ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, resulting in a better cost-efficiency compared to conventional GSHP systems. Ground heat exchangers are formed by embedding pipe into the pavement structure (e.g., base, sub-base or subgrades). Developing accurate models with appropriate boundary conditions is crucial to obtaining a deep understanding of the performance and function of geothermal pavement systems. This paper introduces an experimentally validated 3D finite element model (FEM) and compares the effect of surface boundary condition choices on the results of the simulation. The model uses two different approaches for boundary conditions: i) using ambient temperature and ii) implementing energy balance equations on the surface, as surface boundary conditions. The model is further utilised to perform a parametric study and the results are employed by a statistical tool (Minitab) to determine the optimum heat exchanger design for a geothermal pavement project in Adelaide, an Australian city subjected to temperate climate conditions and good solar irradiation throughout the year. Results show that the choice of both boundary conditions leads to similar fluid temperature trends, but with differences in values, particularly during the heating season, resulting in a reduced embedded pipe length of up to 30 % and up to a 10 % better annual average coefficient of performance (COP(when using the energy balance equations on the surface. The parametric study shows that the system annual COP increases with the length of the pipe and spacing between the pipes, whilst the pipe depth placement is inversely proportional to the annual average COP given the advantages obtained during the heating season over the cooling season. Finally, considering the interaction effect between various parameters, a pipe heat exchanger with 400 m length, 0.76 m pipe spacing and 0.45 burial depth is evaluated as the best design to maximise COP for the case study at hand.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296', event);\">\n    Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gu,  X.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Motamedi,  Y.; Narsilio,  G., A.; Arulrajah,  A.;  and Horpibulsuk,  S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Géotechnique</i>,1-48.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.p.296\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.p.296', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gu-makasis-motamedi-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-geothermalpavementsfieldobservationsnumericalmodellingandlongtermperformance-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Geothermal pavements: field observations, numerical modelling and long-term performance},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {finite-element modelling,numerical modelling,pavements,roads},\n pages = {1-48},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.296},\n id = {6533090e-83bf-37f0-a09e-3c0af4a28e3b},\n created = {2021-04-17T13:28:46.136Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:19.695Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Gu2021a},\n folder_uuids = {dd273f9b-e645-45a6-b59d-c177ee58adf2},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Geothermal pavement systems are a novel type of energy geo-structures. They use sub-surface structures to exchange heat with the ground and therefore, provide thermal energy in addition to structural support. The thermo-activation of pavements has been largely overlooked in the literature. This research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model to explore the thermal performance of geothermal pavement systems. The 3D FE model developed was successfully validated with both data measured from a full-scale experiment undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia and other published data. The validated model is further employed to evaluate the long-term performance of a geothermal pavement system under both a traditional system configuration as well as for a hybrid system. Furthermore, a life cycle cost analysis is performed to explore the cost implication of such pavement systems. Results show that a geothermal pavement with total pipe length of 640 m, or a hybrid system (a geothermal pavement system with a pipe length of 320 m and an auxiliary system) can provide for sufficient space heating and cooling for a typical residential building in Australia. It is found that, compared with conventional heating and cooling systems, the geothermal pavement system is indeed a cost-effective solution. This research study indicates that this pavement technology can be successfully implemented in the field and accurately modelled using FE techniques.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Gu, Xiaoying and Makasis, Nikolas and Motamedi, Yaser and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\n doi = {10.1680/jgeot.20.p.296},\n journal = {Géotechnique}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Geothermal pavement systems are a novel type of energy geo-structures. They use sub-surface structures to exchange heat with the ground and therefore, provide thermal energy in addition to structural support. The thermo-activation of pavements has been largely overlooked in the literature. This research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model to explore the thermal performance of geothermal pavement systems. The 3D FE model developed was successfully validated with both data measured from a full-scale experiment undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia and other published data. The validated model is further employed to evaluate the long-term performance of a geothermal pavement system under both a traditional system configuration as well as for a hybrid system. Furthermore, a life cycle cost analysis is performed to explore the cost implication of such pavement systems. Results show that a geothermal pavement with total pipe length of 640 m, or a hybrid system (a geothermal pavement system with a pipe length of 320 m and an auxiliary system) can provide for sufficient space heating and cooling for a typical residential building in Australia. It is found that, compared with conventional heating and cooling systems, the geothermal pavement system is indeed a cost-effective solution. This research study indicates that this pavement technology can be successfully implemented in the field and accurately modelled using FE techniques.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986', event);\">\n    An efficient and sustainable approach for cooling underground substations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bidarmaghz,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Fei,  W.;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research</i>, 113.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An efficient and sustainable approach for cooling underground substations [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bidarmaghz-makasis-fei-narsilio-anefficientandsustainableapproachforcoolingundergroundsubstations-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {An efficient and sustainable approach for cooling underground substations},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Cooling tunnels,Heat exchangers,Numerical modelling,Rail/road tunnel,Underground substations},\n volume = {113},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {76a58664-48bc-3fc3-b7f2-3b6b9a97d9d4},\n created = {2021-05-07T15:24:52.401Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:19.279Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2021},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Fei, Wenbin and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres},\n doi = {10.1016/j.tust.2021.103986},\n journal = {Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236', event);\">\n    Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Kreitmair,  M.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Farr,  G.; Scheidegger,  J.;  and Choudhary,  R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 791: 148236.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-kreitmair-bidarmaghz-farr-scheidegger-choudhary-impactofsimplificationsonnumericalmodellingoftheshallowsubsurfaceatcityscaleandimplicationsforshallowgeothermalpotential-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Heat transfer,Large-scale numerical modelling,Modelling simplifications,Shallow geothermal energy,Subsurface urban heat island,Underground climate change,large-scale numerical modelling},\n pages = {148236},\n volume = {791},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},\n publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},\n id = {7de23fbb-6e7b-3bdf-a219-2c00d2409a38},\n created = {2021-06-16T09:57:42.841Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:16.202Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2021},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, N. and Kreitmair, M.J. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G.J. and Scheidegger, J.M. and Choudhary, R.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},\n journal = {Science of The Total Environment}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-investigatingthethermalbehaviourofgeothermalpavementsusingthermalresponsetesttrt-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Investigating the thermal behaviour of geothermal pavements using Thermal Response Test (TRT).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Motamedi,  Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Gu,  X.; Narsilio,  G., A.; Arulrajah,  A.;  and Horpibulsuk,  S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Transportation Geotechnics</i>, 29(May): 100576.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100576\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-investigatingthethermalbehaviourofgeothermalpavementsusingthermalresponsetesttrt-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100576', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-investigatingthethermalbehaviourofgeothermalpavementsusingthermalresponsetesttrt-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('motamedi-makasis-gu-narsilio-arulrajah-horpibulsuk-investigatingthethermalbehaviourofgeothermalpavementsusingthermalresponsetesttrt-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Investigating the thermal behaviour of geothermal pavements using Thermal Response Test (TRT)},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Geothermal pavements,Ground thermal behaviour,Thermal conductivity,Thermal response test (TRT)},\n pages = {100576},\n volume = {29},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {99bdb40e-853e-3783-867c-0d9d71362876},\n created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:39.069Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Motamedi2021},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Geothermal pavements represents a novel approach to shallow geothermal energy applications, in which horizontal ground heat exchangers are implemented within the pavement structure instead of traditional purpose-built trenches, thus decreasing capital costs. This study aims to better understand the feasibility and potential of these systems, by investigating the thermal response of the ground in a full scale geothermal pavements system, the first of its kind in Australasia. For this purpose, a fully instrumented geothermal pavements segment, measuring 20 m × 10 m, was constructed in the city of Adelaide, Australia. The geothermal pavement was subjected to Thermal Response Testing (TRT) and numerical modelling is adopted herein and validated using TRT data to further understand the ground response. In addition to providing insights on the capacity of energy provision for geothermal pavements, this work also introduces and discusses various methods of TRT data analysis for the geothermal pavement, specifically for obtaining the effective ground thermal conductivity, a key parameter in shallow geothermal design. The results indicate that from the considered methods, the conventional semi-log method can lead to overestimation of thermal conductivity, the guarded hot plate model tends to underestimate its value and detailed numerical modelling is most accurate, but computationally more expensive. The results also show that the radius of influence of the geothermal pavement in the examined case is close to 0.5 m and even though the geothermal pavement is considerably affected by the ambient temperature, it can be a viable solution for heating and cooling purposes, showing a heat exchange of 50.2 W/m2 and a rate per length of the pipe of 25 W/m in the case analysed here.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Motamedi, Yaser and Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Arulrajah, Arul and Horpibulsuk, Suksun},\n doi = {10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100576},\n journal = {Transportation Geotechnics},\n number = {May}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Geothermal pavements represents a novel approach to shallow geothermal energy applications, in which horizontal ground heat exchangers are implemented within the pavement structure instead of traditional purpose-built trenches, thus decreasing capital costs. This study aims to better understand the feasibility and potential of these systems, by investigating the thermal response of the ground in a full scale geothermal pavements system, the first of its kind in Australasia. For this purpose, a fully instrumented geothermal pavements segment, measuring 20 m × 10 m, was constructed in the city of Adelaide, Australia. The geothermal pavement was subjected to Thermal Response Testing (TRT) and numerical modelling is adopted herein and validated using TRT data to further understand the ground response. In addition to providing insights on the capacity of energy provision for geothermal pavements, this work also introduces and discusses various methods of TRT data analysis for the geothermal pavement, specifically for obtaining the effective ground thermal conductivity, a key parameter in shallow geothermal design. The results indicate that from the considered methods, the conventional semi-log method can lead to overestimation of thermal conductivity, the guarded hot plate model tends to underestimate its value and detailed numerical modelling is most accurate, but computationally more expensive. The results also show that the radius of influence of the geothermal pavement in the examined case is close to 0.5 m and even though the geothermal pavement is considerably affected by the ambient temperature, it can be a viable solution for heating and cooling purposes, showing a heat exchange of 50.2 W/m2 and a rate per length of the pipe of 25 W/m in the case analysed here.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhou-bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectsofvariabletrenchseparationsandpipeconfigurationsinhorizontalgroundheatexchangers-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Ground-source heat pump systems: The effects of variable trench separations and pipe configurations in horizontal ground heat exchangers.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhou,  Y.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Energies</i>, 14(13).  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/en14133919\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectsofvariabletrenchseparationsandpipeconfigurationsinhorizontalgroundheatexchangers-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/en14133919', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhou-bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectsofvariabletrenchseparationsandpipeconfigurationsinhorizontalgroundheatexchangers-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhou-bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectsofvariabletrenchseparationsandpipeconfigurationsinhorizontalgroundheatexchangers-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effects of variable trench separations and pipe configurations in horizontal ground heat exchangers},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Finite element modelling,Ground-source heat pumps,Horizontal ground heat exchangers},\n volume = {14},\n id = {0d52ac25-958d-34b4-8934-676fd2c4bf5f},\n created = {2022-02-07T17:55:25.532Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:41.796Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Zhou2021},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Ground-source heat pump systems are renewable and highly efficient HVAC systems that utilise the ground to exchange heat via ground heat exchangers (GHEs). This study developed a detailed 3D finite element model for horizontal GHEs by using COMSOL Multiphysics and vali-dated it against a fully instrumented system under the loading conditions of rural industries in NSW, Australia. First, the yearly performance evaluation of the horizontal straight GHEs showed an adequate initial design under the unique loads. This study then evaluated the effects of variable trench separations, GHE configurations, and effective thermal conductivity. Different trench separations that varied between 1.2 and 3.5 m were selected and analysed while considering three different horizontal loop configurations, i.e., the horizontal straight, slinky, and dense slinky loop con-figurations. These configurations had the same length of pipe in one trench, and the first two had the same trench length as well. The results revealed that when the trench separation became smaller, there was a minor increasing trend (0.5 °C) in the carrier fluid temperature. As for the configuration, the dense slinky loop showed an average that was 1.5 °C lower than those of the horizontal straight and slinky loop (which were about the same). This indicates that, when land is limited, compro-mises on the trench separation should be made first in lieu of changes in the loop configuration. Lastly, the results showed that although the effective thermal conductivity had an impact on the carrier fluid temperature, this impact was much lower compared to that for the GHE configurations and trench separations.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhou, Yu and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo},\n doi = {10.3390/en14133919},\n journal = {Energies},\n number = {13}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ground-source heat pump systems are renewable and highly efficient HVAC systems that utilise the ground to exchange heat via ground heat exchangers (GHEs). This study developed a detailed 3D finite element model for horizontal GHEs by using COMSOL Multiphysics and vali-dated it against a fully instrumented system under the loading conditions of rural industries in NSW, Australia. First, the yearly performance evaluation of the horizontal straight GHEs showed an adequate initial design under the unique loads. This study then evaluated the effects of variable trench separations, GHE configurations, and effective thermal conductivity. Different trench separations that varied between 1.2 and 3.5 m were selected and analysed while considering three different horizontal loop configurations, i.e., the horizontal straight, slinky, and dense slinky loop con-figurations. These configurations had the same length of pipe in one trench, and the first two had the same trench length as well. The results revealed that when the trench separation became smaller, there was a minor increasing trend (0.5 °C) in the carrier fluid temperature. As for the configuration, the dense slinky loop showed an average that was 1.5 °C lower than those of the horizontal straight and slinky loop (which were about the same). This indicates that, when land is limited, compro-mises on the trench separation should be made first in lieu of changes in the loop configuration. Lastly, the results showed that although the effective thermal conductivity had an impact on the carrier fluid temperature, this impact was much lower compared to that for the GHE configurations and trench separations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-acasestudyontheapplicationofenergytunnelsinsydneyaustralia-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A Case Study on the Application of Energy Tunnels in Sydney, Australia.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of IACMAG-Volume 2 16</i>, pages 1077-1084,  2021. Springer International Publishing\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-acasestudyontheapplicationofenergytunnelsinsydneyaustralia-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-acasestudyontheapplicationofenergytunnelsinsydneyaustralia-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {A Case Study on the Application of Energy Tunnels in Sydney, Australia},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {1077-1084},\n publisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n city = {Torino},\n id = {ec2c0f83-19dd-3d83-a566-bc94d9573129},\n created = {2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-12-07T12:17:38.955Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n booktitle = {Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of IACMAG-Volume 2 16}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260', event);\">\n    Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dooley,  L.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Education Sciences</i>, 10(10): 1-14.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dooley-makasis-understandingstudentbehaviorinaflippedclassroominterpretinglearninganalyticsdataintheveterinarypreclinicalsciences-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Understanding student behavior in a flipped classroom: Interpreting learning analytics data in the veterinary pre-clinical sciences},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Data,Flipped classroom,Learning analytics,Online,Veterinary education,Video},\n pages = {1-14},\n volume = {10},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100260},\n id = {72b8ae62-cb26-352d-96bd-be86b3090395},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.254Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.791Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Dooley2020},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Dooley, Laura and Makasis, Nikolas},\n doi = {10.3390/educsci10100260},\n journal = {Education Sciences},\n number = {10}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The flipped classroom has been increasingly employed as a pedagogical strategy in the higher education classroom. This approach commonly involves pre-class learning activities that are delivered online through learning management systems that collect learning analytics data on student access patterns. This study sought to utilize learning analytics data to understand student learning behavior in a flipped classroom. The data analyzed three key parameters; the number of online study sessions for each individual student, the size of the sessions (number of topics covered), and the first time they accessed their materials relative to the relevant class date. The relationship between these parameters and academic performance was also explored. The study revealed patterns of student access changed throughout the course period, and most students did access their study materials before the relevant classroom session. Using k-means clustering as the algorithm, consistent early access to learning materials was associated with improved academic performance in this context. Insights derived from this study informed iterative improvements to the learning design of the course. Similar analyses could be applied to other higher education learning contexts as a feedback tool for educators seeking to improve the online learning experience of their students.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112', event);\">\n    Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Narsilio,  G., A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Renewable Energy</i>, 154: 476-487.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>5 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-energydiaphragmwallthermaldesigntheeffectsofpipeconfigurationandspacing-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Energy diaphragm walls,Energy geo-structures,Geothermal design,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Shallow geothermal energy},\n pages = {476-487},\n volume = {154},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\n publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n id = {d6915a27-3f56-35f1-a299-939cf580a8d0},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.450Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T09:58:18.257Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.112},\n journal = {Renewable Energy}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures utilise underground structures primarily designed for structural and geo-mechanical stability to also provide renewable geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Piping is incorporated in the structures to exchange heat with the ground via a carrier (water) and connected to a ground-coupled heat pump on the building side. This work focuses on energy diaphragm walls, expanding on the limited available knowledge and undertaking a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical modelling. Focus is put on the wall pipe configuration and spacing, which are parameters the geothermal design can directly control, however, the effects of ground thermal conductivity and wall depth are also considered. The wall depth is shown as a critical factor to the thermal performance and low thermal conductivity material sites might require deep energy walls for a cost-effective design. Larger pipe spacing (≥500 mm) appears preferable, despite less piping being placed, since small spacing leads to increased costs but insignificant thermal performance gains. Comparing the horizontal and vertical pipe configurations, relatively small temperature differences of less than 1 °C are found. Moreover, the former can be less expensive for multiple-section deeper walls, while the latter for shorter walls or when construction delays are non-critical.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399', event);\">\n    The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Johnston,  I., W.;  and Zhong,  Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 120(September 2019): 103399.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-zhong-theimportanceofboundaryconditionsonthemodellingofenergyretainingwalls-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {The importance of boundary conditions on the modelling of energy retaining walls},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {Energy walls,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHE),Numerical modelling,Soldier pile walls,Underground structures},\n pages = {103399},\n volume = {120},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {52367b30-c55c-3141-b010-345260ca5f40},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.825Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T09:58:18.263Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2020},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W. and Zhong, Yu},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103399},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {September 2019}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Shallow geothermal technologies have proven to efficiently provide renewable energy for space heating and cooling. Recently, significant attention has been given to utilising sub-surface structures, primarily designed for stability, to also exchange heat with the ground, converting them into energy geo-structures. This research includes investigations into the feasibility of applying this technology to retaining walls, focusing on the usually neglected interaction between the energy retaining wall and the air inside the underground space it contains (e.g., a building basement, a metro station). Even though soldier pile walls are adopted for the study, the results are applicable for any retaining wall type. Two commonly adopted boundary conditions on the surfaces of the underground structure (thermal insulation and a defined temperature) are used as well as the computationally expensive approach of fully modelling the air inside the underground space. The results show that if these boundaries are not carefully considered, a significant amount of heat can flow into/out of the underground space (up to about 75% in this study). Importantly, adopting inappropriate boundary conditions for these surfaces can result in erroneous and misleading results, a potentially under-designed heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and subsequently thermal discomfort within these spaces.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"price-narsilio-zhong-makasis-motamedi-smith-li-tonkinhill-energydrivenpilesinaustraliadesignandconstructionlessonsfromatrialatfishermansbend-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Energy driven piles in Australia: Design and construction lessons from a trial at Fishermans Bend.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Price,  C.; Narsilio,  G., A.; Zhong,  Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Motamedi,  Y.; Smith,  E.; Li,  J.;  and Tonkin-Hill,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the AGS Victorian Chapter Symposium on Sustainable Geotechnics – Excellence in planning, design & construction</i>, pages 6,  2020. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/price-narsilio-zhong-makasis-motamedi-smith-li-tonkinhill-energydrivenpilesinaustraliadesignandconstructionlessonsfromatrialatfishermansbend-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('price-narsilio-zhong-makasis-motamedi-smith-li-tonkinhill-energydrivenpilesinaustraliadesignandconstructionlessonsfromatrialatfishermansbend-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Energy driven piles in Australia: Design and construction lessons from a trial at Fishermans Bend},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2020},\n keywords = {driven piles,energy foundations,geothermal energy,innovation in construction},\n pages = {6},\n issue = {03},\n id = {83d3490b-fc3b-349d-9e7c-c606028db2f6},\n created = {2022-11-11T11:33:20.114Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:11:44.229Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Price2020},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Price, C. and Narsilio, G. A. and Zhong, Y. and Makasis, N. and Motamedi, Y. and Smith, E. and Li, J. and Tonkin-Hill, A},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the AGS Victorian Chapter Symposium on Sustainable Geotechnics – Excellence in planning, design &amp; construction}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012', event);\">\n    A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Bidarmaghz,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 104(August): 140-151.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-arobustpredictionmodelapproachtoenergygeostructuredesign-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {A robust prediction model approach to energy geo-structure design},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Energy geo-structures,Geothermal,Ground heat exchangers (GHEs),Numerical modelling,Prediction modelling,Sensitivity analysis},\n pages = {140-151},\n volume = {104},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {b638ccbf-6de6-3141-b6ec-b7bb70021b2f},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.491Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:09.311Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2018d},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.012},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {August}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Energy geo-structures, such as piles or retaining walls, provide geothermal space heating and cooling, in addition to their structural purposes. The thermal design of these structures is undertaken on a case by case basis, commonly using costly finite element simulations, especially for complex geometries. This work introduces a simple but robust prediction methodology that can be used alongside such simulations to significantly reduce computational time and resources for the analysis of any energy geo-structure. An evaluation is presented and exemplified with energy diaphragm walls, for a range of geometrical and material conditions, showing insignificant prediction errors and vast computational savings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018', 'https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6', event);\">\n    The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I., W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics SEG-2018</i>, pages 43-50,  2018. Springer, Cham\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018', 'https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-theapplicationofretainingwallsandslabsasenergystructuresinundergroundtrainstations-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {The application of retaining walls and slabs as energy structures in underground train stations},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {43-50},\n websites = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99670-7_6},\n publisher = {Springer, Cham},\n city = {Lausanne},\n id = {eb7b3d4d-cd14-3b9d-bca7-c4e15fff122a},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.528Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:07.177Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2018c},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},\n booktitle = {International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics SEG-2018}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005', event);\">\n    Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I., W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Data in Brief</i>, 18(June): 1466-1470.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-carrierfluidtemperaturedatainverticalgroundheatexchangerswithavaryingpipeseparation-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Carrier fluid temperature data in vertical ground heat exchangers with a varying pipe separation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {1466-1470},\n volume = {18},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},\n publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},\n id = {706b76ab-9492-3379-9058-771f4cd182e4},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.594Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:08.636Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2018b},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian William},\n doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.005},\n journal = {Data in Brief},\n number = {June}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211', event);\">\n    A machine learning approach to energy pile design.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Bidarmaghz,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 97(September 2017): 189-203.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A machine learning approach to energy pile design [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-amachinelearningapproachtoenergypiledesign-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {A machine learning approach to energy pile design},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Energy piles,Finite elements,Geothermal energy,Machine learning,Optimisation,Regression},\n pages = {189-203},\n volume = {97},\n websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X18300211},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {de7f108a-b64c-3379-a455-df2478557d00},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.603Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:13.640Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2018a},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.011},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {September 2017}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018', 'https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999', event);\">\n    Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis,  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018', 'https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-furtherunderstandinggroundsourceheatpumpsystemdesignusingfiniteelementmethodsandmachinelearningtechniques-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{\n title = {Further understanding ground-source heat pump system design using finite element methods and machine learning techniques},\n type = {phdthesis},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {202},\n websites = {https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/220999},\n institution = {PhD Thesis, The University of Melbourne},\n department = {Department of Infrastructure Engineering},\n id = {6e3312ca-9529-32da-8b42-318d38cc1e22},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.642Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.466Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2019},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {phdthesis},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010', event);\">\n    Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I., W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Computers and Geotechnics</i>, 100(August 2017): 97-109.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-groundsourceheatpumpsystemstheeffectofvariablepipeseparationingroundheatexchangers-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Ground-source heat pump systems: The effect of variable pipe separation in ground heat exchangers},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Geothermal,Numerical modelling,Pipe separation,Sensitivity analysis,Shank spacing,ground heat exchangers (GHE)},\n pages = {97-109},\n volume = {100},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {421f57bb-34c0-33e3-8d04-cf56b3f64e88},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.784Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:12.840Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2018},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use ground heat exchangers (GHEs) to transfer heat to and from the ground and efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes. Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Johnston, Ian W.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.010},\n journal = {Computers and Geotechnics},\n number = {August 2017}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use ground heat exchangers (GHEs) to transfer heat to and from the ground and efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes. Vertical GHEs contain pipes with circulating fluid (loops), which transfer thermal energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, these loops remain evenly separated along the length of the GHE, something that due to the nature of construction is rarely true. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for in the design, leading to a potential negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference, using detailed numerical simulations to compare different geometries, modelling fixed and variable pipe separations. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to identify some of the most influential design parameters and the potential consequences on running and capital costs. Amongst the key findings of this study is the importance of the borehole filling material, as a highly thermally conductive material can minimise these negative effects from the thermal interference by up to 60%. Moreover, potential increases in drilling (capital) costs of up to 24% are shown, while the potential increases in running costs due to the reduced efficiency were found to be relatively minor.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/optimising-the-design-of-energy-piles-using-machine-learning\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017', 'https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/optimising-the-design-of-energy-piles-using-machine-learning', event);\">\n    Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.;  and Bidarmaghz,  A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy</i>,  2017. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/optimising-the-design-of-energy-piles-using-machine-learning\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017', 'https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/optimising-the-design-of-energy-piles-using-machine-learning', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-optimisingthedesignofenergypilesusingmachinelearning-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Optimising the design of energy piles using machine learning},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2017},\n keywords = {energy piles,finite elements,geothermal energy,machine learning,optimisation},\n websites = {https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/optimising-the-design-of-energy-piles-using-machine-learning},\n city = {Seoul},\n id = {67f9dfb7-da56-3ffd-822d-02714a3cfbf0},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.745Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:14.647Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {true},\n citation_key = {Makasis2017},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Bidarmaghz, Asal},\n booktitle = {19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Energy}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Narsilio,  G., A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Lu,  Q.; Jensen-Page,  L.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Disfani,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report The University of Melbourne,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('narsilio-makasis-lu-jensenpage-bidarmaghz-disfani-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystudy2parkville-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{\n title = {Shallow geothermal (&#x27;Geoexchange&#x27;) feasibility study - Study 2: Parkville},\n type = {techreport},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {65},\n city = {Melbourne},\n institution = {The University of Melbourne},\n id = {6c994efa-046e-3d27-98c5-003b1e39ca9f},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.305Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:09.880Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Narsilio2016a},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {techreport},\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Makasis, Nikolas and Lu, Qi and Jensen-Page, Linden and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G.; Bidarmaghz,  A.;  and Johnston,  I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Wuttke,  F.; Bauer,  S.;  and Sanchez,  M., editor(s), <i>Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016</i>, pages 155-161,  2016. CRC Press\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makasis-narsilio-bidarmaghz-johnston-effectsofgroundheatexchangervariablepipeseparationingroundsourceheatpumpsystems-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Effects of ground heat exchanger variable pipe separation in ground-source heat pump systems},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {155-161},\n publisher = {CRC Press},\n city = {Kiel},\n id = {59f9f7bb-9bfb-32bf-a3c4-d21f560254fe},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.426Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:15.290Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Makasis2016},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {? 2016 Taylor &amp; Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Makasis, N. and Narsilio, G.A. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Johnston, I.W.},\n editor = {Wuttke, Frank and Bauer, Sebastian and Sanchez, Marcelo},\n booktitle = {Energy Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ? 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Closed loop ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can efficiently provide clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling purposes using direct geothermal energy. These systems use Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) to transfer heat to and from the ground. Vertical GHEs contain loops, pipes with circulating fluid, which transfer energy between the ground and the fluid. One very common assumption made in designing GSHP systems is that, when installed, the loops containing the circulating fluid remain straight and evenly separated along the length of the GHE. However, this is rarely true, as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can flex within the GHE before being grouted into position. This can result in thermal interference not accounted for accurately in the design, with the worst case scenario represented by direct contact between the inlet and outlet pipes, leading to a negative impact on the performance of the system. This paper investigates the effect of this interference and the implications of ignoring it in design.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Shallow geothermal ('Geoexchange') feasibility study - Stage 1.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Narsilio,  G., A.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Disfani,  M.; Johnston,  I., W.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report The University of Melbourne,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('narsilio-bidarmaghz-disfani-johnston-makasis-shallowgeothermalgeoexchangefeasibilitystudystage1-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{\n title = {Shallow geothermal (&#x27;Geoexchange&#x27;) feasibility study - Stage 1},\n type = {techreport},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {65},\n city = {Melbourne},\n institution = {The University of Melbourne},\n id = {92e42125-4e61-373f-8b27-cd77dc903920},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.662Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2023-10-15T12:12:07.512Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Narsilio2016},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {techreport},\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo Andres and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Disfani, Mahdi and Johnston, Ian William and Makasis, Nikolas}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00025\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016', 'https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00025', event);\">\n    Geothermal Energy in Loess.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bidarmaghz,  A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>; Narsilio,  G., A.; Franco,  F.;  and Perez,  M., E., C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Geotechnics</i>, 4(3): 225-236.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016', 'https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00025', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geothermal Energy in Loess [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bidarmaghz-makasis-narsilio-franco-perez-geothermalenergyinloess-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess},\n type = {article},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {225-236},\n volume = {4},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.15.00025},\n id = {a7634a93-9f08-3df5-8e29-2a6e9f898916},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.736Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.428Z},\n read = {true},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Bidarmaghz2016},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bidarmaghz, Asal and Makasis, Nikolas and Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Perez, Magali E. Carro},\n journal = {Environmental Geotechnics},\n number = {3}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015', 'https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578', event);\">\n    Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Narsilio,  G., A.; Franco,  F.; Ferrero,  H.; Bidarmaghz,  A.; Serrano,  C.; Perez,  M., E., C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://eeci.github.io/home/docs/people/nick/\">Makasis,  N.</a>;  and Delacoste,  E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering</i>,  2015. IOS Press\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015', 'https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('narsilio-franco-ferrero-bidarmaghz-serrano-perez-makasis-delacoste-geothermalenergyinloessadetailednumericalcasestudyforcordoba-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{\n title = {Geothermal Energy in Loess: A Detailed Numerical Case Study for Cordoba},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2015},\n websites = {https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/41578},\n publisher = {IOS Press},\n city = {Buenos Aires},\n id = {f51d4f4e-c281-3dbb-9671-dbfa5ec8827a},\n created = {2020-11-03T10:03:46.351Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {b56898ae-be91-3709-b6b9-d4db3e000556},\n last_modified = {2021-06-16T10:06:40.533Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Narsilio2015},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Narsilio, Guillermo A and Franco, Francisca and Ferrero, Hugo and Bidarmaghz, Asal and Serrano, Carlos and Perez, Magali E. Carro and Makasis, Nikolas and Delacoste, Evelyn},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of XV Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);