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\n\n \n \n 2021\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Is Inequality of Opportunity Robust to the Measurement Approach?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ramos, X.; and Van de gaer, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 67(1): 18-36. 3 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Is Inequality of Opportunity Robust to the Measurement Approach?},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Literature,Method},\n pages = {18-36},\n volume = {67},\n month = {3},\n publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {87902939-d3eb-3722-b1f6-76c725d218e9},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.738Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.738Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Recent literature has suggested many ways of measuring equality of opportunity. We analyze in a systematic manner the various approaches put forth in the literature to show whether and to what extent different choices matter empirically. Drawing on data for most European countries for 2005 and 2011, we find that the choice between ex-ante and ex-post approaches is crucial and has a substantial influence on inequality of opportunity country orderings. Growth regressions also illustrate the potential relevance of conceptual choices.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ramos, Xavier and Van de gaer, Dirk},\n doi = {10.1111/roiw.12448},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {1}\n}\n\n Recent literature has suggested many ways of measuring equality of opportunity. We analyze in a systematic manner the various approaches put forth in the literature to show whether and to what extent different choices matter empirically. Drawing on data for most European countries for 2005 and 2011, we find that the choice between ex-ante and ex-post approaches is crucial and has a substantial influence on inequality of opportunity country orderings. Growth regressions also illustrate the potential relevance of conceptual choices.\n
\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2019\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brunori, P.; Palmisano, F.; and Peragine, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Economics, 51(60): 6428-6458. 12 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n![\"Inequality](\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t "\\"Website\\"\n\t")
Website\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {6428-6458},\n volume = {51},\n websites = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2019.1619018},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {Routledge},\n day = {26},\n id = {894a1d32-8509-3ef5-9c02-c099ea56743d},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.735Z},\n accessed = {2022-08-19},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.735Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Inequality of opportunity is defined as the difference in individuals’ outcome systematically correlated with morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as ethnicity, socio-economic background, area of birth. This definition has been extensively studied by economists on the assumption that, in addition to being normatively undesirable, it can be related to low potentials for growth. However, empirical estimations of inequality of opportunity require accessing rich data sources, rarely available in poorer countries. In this paper, we exploit 13 consumption household surveys to evaluate inequality of opportunity in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries. According to our results, the portion of total inequality that can be attributed to exogenous circumstances is between 40% and 56% for the generality of countries. Our estimates are significantly higher than what has been found by previous studies. We detect a positive association between total consumption inequality and inequality of opportunity, and we study the different sources of unequal opportunities. The place of birth and the education of the father appear to exert the most relevant role in shaping inequality of opportunity in the region.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Brunori, Paolo and Palmisano, Flaviana and Peragine, Vitorocco},\n doi = {10.1080/00036846.2019.1619018},\n journal = {Applied Economics},\n number = {60}\n}\n\n Inequality of opportunity is defined as the difference in individuals’ outcome systematically correlated with morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as ethnicity, socio-economic background, area of birth. This definition has been extensively studied by economists on the assumption that, in addition to being normatively undesirable, it can be related to low potentials for growth. However, empirical estimations of inequality of opportunity require accessing rich data sources, rarely available in poorer countries. In this paper, we exploit 13 consumption household surveys to evaluate inequality of opportunity in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries. According to our results, the portion of total inequality that can be attributed to exogenous circumstances is between 40% and 56% for the generality of countries. Our estimates are significantly higher than what has been found by previous studies. We detect a positive association between total consumption inequality and inequality of opportunity, and we study the different sources of unequal opportunities. The place of birth and the education of the father appear to exert the most relevant role in shaping inequality of opportunity in the region.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2018\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Credibly Indentifying Social Effects: Accounting for Network Formation and Measurement Error.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Advani, A.; and Malde, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(4): 1016-1044. 9 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n![\"Credibly](\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t "\\"Paper\\"\n\t")
Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Credibly Indentifying Social Effects: Accounting for Network Formation and Measurement Error},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Method,Social Networks},\n pages = {1016-1044},\n volume = {32},\n month = {9},\n publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {2abf23eb-471f-3f79-8a68-b2436aa3eae9},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.493Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:52.821Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Understanding whether and how connections between agents (networks) such as declared friendships in classrooms, transactions between firms, and extended family connections, influence their socio-economic outcomes has been a growing area of research within economics. Early methods developed to identify these social effects assumed that networks had formed exogenously, and were perfectly observed, both of which are unlikely to hold in practice. A more recent literature, both within economics and in other disciplines, develops methods that relax these assumptions. This paper reviews that literature. It starts by providing a general econometric framework for linear models of social effects, and illustrates how network endogeneity and missing data on the network complicate identification of social effects. Thereafter, it discusses methods for overcoming the problems caused by endogenous formation of networks. Finally, it outlines the stark consequences of missing data on measures of the network, and regression parameters, before describing potential solutions.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Advani, Arun and Malde, Bansi},\n doi = {10.1111/joes.12256},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Surveys},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n Understanding whether and how connections between agents (networks) such as declared friendships in classrooms, transactions between firms, and extended family connections, influence their socio-economic outcomes has been a growing area of research within economics. Early methods developed to identify these social effects assumed that networks had formed exogenously, and were perfectly observed, both of which are unlikely to hold in practice. A more recent literature, both within economics and in other disciplines, develops methods that relax these assumptions. This paper reviews that literature. It starts by providing a general econometric framework for linear models of social effects, and illustrates how network endogeneity and missing data on the network complicate identification of social effects. Thereafter, it discusses methods for overcoming the problems caused by endogenous formation of networks. Finally, it outlines the stark consequences of missing data on measures of the network, and regression parameters, before describing potential solutions.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Intergenerational Mobility in the United States: What We Have Learned from the PSID.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mazumder, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 680(1): 213-234. 11 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Intergenerational Mobility in the United States: What We Have Learned from the PSID},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Data,Literature},\n pages = {213-234},\n volume = {680},\n month = {11},\n publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc.},\n day = {1},\n id = {b29f161c-2ce8-3b6f-b447-1e014251cd84},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.739Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.739Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This article reviews the contributions of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to the study of intergenerational mobility. The PSID enables researchers to track individuals as they form new households and covers many dimensions of socioeconomic status over large portions of the life cycle, making the data ideal for studying intergenerational mobility. Studies have used PSID data to show that the United States is among the least economically mobile countries among advanced economies. The PSID has been instrumental to understanding various dimensions of intergenerational mobility, including occupation; wealth; education; consumption; health; and group differences by gender, race, and region. Studies using the PSID have also cast light on the mechanisms behind intergenerational persistence.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Mazumder, Bhashkar},\n doi = {10.1177/0002716218794129},\n journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},\n number = {1}\n}\n\n This article reviews the contributions of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to the study of intergenerational mobility. The PSID enables researchers to track individuals as they form new households and covers many dimensions of socioeconomic status over large portions of the life cycle, making the data ideal for studying intergenerational mobility. Studies have used PSID data to show that the United States is among the least economically mobile countries among advanced economies. The PSID has been instrumental to understanding various dimensions of intergenerational mobility, including occupation; wealth; education; consumption; health; and group differences by gender, race, and region. Studies using the PSID have also cast light on the mechanisms behind intergenerational persistence.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Growth: How Much Can Cross-Country Regressions Really Tell Us?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferreira, F., H.; Lakner, C.; Lugo, M., A.; and Özler, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 64(4): 800-827. 12 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Growth: How Much Can Cross-Country Regressions Really Tell Us?},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {800-827},\n volume = {64},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {922a1cb0-012c-3485-9946-e4b6345b0a9c},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.335Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.335Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Income differences arise from many sources. While some kinds of inequality, caused by differential rewards to effort, might be associated with faster economic growth, other kinds, arising from unequal opportunities for investment, might be detrimental to economic progress. This study uses two new datasets, consisting of 117 income and expenditure household surveys and 134 Demographic and Health Surveys, to revisit the relationship between total inequality and economic growth. In particular, we ask whether inequality of opportunity, driven by circumstances at birth, has a negative effect on subsequent growth. Using the income and expenditure micro dataset, we find that while both total income inequality and inequality of opportunity are negatively associated with growth, the coefficient estimates are insignificant. The evidence is similarly equivocal using the Demographic and Health Surveys data. On balance, the data do not provide support for the hypothesis that inequality of opportunity is bad for growth.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ferreira, Francisco H.G. and Lakner, Christoph and Lugo, Maria Ana and Özler, Berk},\n doi = {10.1111/roiw.12311},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n Income differences arise from many sources. While some kinds of inequality, caused by differential rewards to effort, might be associated with faster economic growth, other kinds, arising from unequal opportunities for investment, might be detrimental to economic progress. This study uses two new datasets, consisting of 117 income and expenditure household surveys and 134 Demographic and Health Surveys, to revisit the relationship between total inequality and economic growth. In particular, we ask whether inequality of opportunity, driven by circumstances at birth, has a negative effect on subsequent growth. Using the income and expenditure micro dataset, we find that while both total income inequality and inequality of opportunity are negatively associated with growth, the coefficient estimates are insignificant. The evidence is similarly equivocal using the Demographic and Health Surveys data. On balance, the data do not provide support for the hypothesis that inequality of opportunity is bad for growth.\n
\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2017\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ex post inequality of opportunity comparisons.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fleurbaey, M.; Peragine, V.; and Ramos, X.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Choice and Welfare, 49(3-4): 577-603. 12 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Ex post inequality of opportunity comparisons},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {577-603},\n volume = {49},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {Springer New York LLC},\n day = {1},\n id = {bd9c17b6-e115-3393-848d-98a80f612bf5},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.471Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.471Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {In this paper we propose different criteria to rank income distributions according to equality of opportunity. Different from existing ones, our criteria explicitly recognize the interplay between circumstances and effort. We characterize them axiomatically and we compare them with existing criteria; then we propose some scalar measures. We show that our ex post criteria are mostly obtained from “seemingly” ex ante properties. In the second part of the paper we apply our new criteria to measuring inequality of opportunity in Germany. We illustrate our ex-post inequality of opportunity approach based on classes by means of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the first decade of the 2000s.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Fleurbaey, Marc and Peragine, Vito and Ramos, Xavier},\n doi = {10.1007/s00355-017-1090-4},\n journal = {Social Choice and Welfare},\n number = {3-4}\n}\n\n In this paper we propose different criteria to rank income distributions according to equality of opportunity. Different from existing ones, our criteria explicitly recognize the interplay between circumstances and effort. We characterize them axiomatically and we compare them with existing criteria; then we propose some scalar measures. We show that our ex post criteria are mostly obtained from “seemingly” ex ante properties. In the second part of the paper we apply our new criteria to measuring inequality of opportunity in Germany. We illustrate our ex-post inequality of opportunity approach based on classes by means of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the first decade of the 2000s.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2016\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Approaches to Inequality of Opportunity: Principles, Measures and Evidence.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ramos, X.; and Van de gaer, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Surveys, 30(5): 855-883. 12 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Approaches to Inequality of Opportunity: Principles, Measures and Evidence},\n type = {article},\n year = {2016},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {855-883},\n volume = {30},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {87caa753-28bf-3844-8a30-e8d03bbae05c},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.269Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.269Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ramos, Xavier and Van de gaer, Dirk},\n doi = {10.1111/joes.12121},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Surveys},\n number = {5}\n}\n\n We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Shared Prosperity: Links to Growth, Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Narayan, A.; Saavedra-Chanduvi, J.; and Tiwari, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 10 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@unpublished{\n title = {Shared Prosperity: Links to Growth, Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity},\n type = {unpublished},\n year = {2016},\n source = {World Bank Working Paper},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {34},\n websites = {http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-6649},\n month = {10},\n publisher = {The World Bank},\n series = {Policy Research Working Papers},\n id = {25ce3eba-4003-38c0-8c0c-0f8f1ef9e318},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.706Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.706Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Focusing on the welfare of the less well off as a measure of real societal progress is the fundamental principle underlying the WBG indicator of "shared prosperity" , namely income growth of the bottom 40 percent in every country. This paper uses a database assembled by the World Bank Group to investigate some basic characteristics of shared prosperity, particularly its relationship with overall economic growth and inequality. Initial estimates using this dataset of 79 countries show that median income growth of the bottom 40 percent (circa 2005-2010) was 4.2 percent, a high number in comparison to the 3.1 percent per capita income growth of the overall population. In addition, the low and lower-middle income countries appear to be trailing the upper middle and high income countries in boosting shared prosperity. Establishing conceptual links between income growth of the bottom 40 percent, the overall growth rate and reviewing existing evidence on how these relate to inequality, the paper discusses two main ideas. First, shared prosperity is strongly correlated with overall prosperity implying that the whole host of policies that are important to generate and sustain growth remain relevant. Second, boosting shared prosperity will also require a concerted effort to strengthen the social contract, particularly in the area of promoting equality of opportunity. Growing evidence suggests that improving access for all and reducing inequality of opportunities -- particularly those related to human capital development of children -- are not only about "fairness" and building a "just society" , but also about realizing a society's aspirations of economic prosperity.},\n bibtype = {unpublished},\n author = {Narayan, Ambar and Saavedra-Chanduvi, Jaime and Tiwari, Sailesh},\n doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6649}\n}\n\n Focusing on the welfare of the less well off as a measure of real societal progress is the fundamental principle underlying the WBG indicator of \"shared prosperity\" , namely income growth of the bottom 40 percent in every country. This paper uses a database assembled by the World Bank Group to investigate some basic characteristics of shared prosperity, particularly its relationship with overall economic growth and inequality. Initial estimates using this dataset of 79 countries show that median income growth of the bottom 40 percent (circa 2005-2010) was 4.2 percent, a high number in comparison to the 3.1 percent per capita income growth of the overall population. In addition, the low and lower-middle income countries appear to be trailing the upper middle and high income countries in boosting shared prosperity. Establishing conceptual links between income growth of the bottom 40 percent, the overall growth rate and reviewing existing evidence on how these relate to inequality, the paper discusses two main ideas. First, shared prosperity is strongly correlated with overall prosperity implying that the whole host of policies that are important to generate and sustain growth remain relevant. Second, boosting shared prosperity will also require a concerted effort to strengthen the social contract, particularly in the area of promoting equality of opportunity. Growing evidence suggests that improving access for all and reducing inequality of opportunities -- particularly those related to human capital development of children -- are not only about \"fairness\" and building a \"just society\" , but also about realizing a society's aspirations of economic prosperity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kanbur, R.; and Wagstaff, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy, pages 131-150. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@inbook{\n type = {inbook},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {131-150},\n publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},\n id = {6a161bb2-c191-3b4c-ad23-0aa9d86f03b1},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.994Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.994Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The academic literature on equality of opportunity has burgeoned. The concepts and measures have begun to be used by policy institutions, including in specific sectors such as health and education. It is argued that one advantage of focusing on equality of opportunity is that policy makers are more responsive to that discourse than to equality of outcomes per se. This paper presents a critique of equality of opportunity in the policy context. Although the empirical analysis to which the literature has given rise is useful and is to be welcomed, current methods for quantifying and implementing the concept with a view to informing the policy discourse face a series of fundamental questions that remain unanswered. Without a full appreciation of these difficulties, the methods may prove to be misleading in the policy context.},\n bibtype = {inbook},\n author = {Kanbur, Ravi and Wagstaff, Adam},\n doi = {10.1057/9781137554543_4},\n chapter = {How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct?},\n title = {Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy}\n}\n\n The academic literature on equality of opportunity has burgeoned. The concepts and measures have begun to be used by policy institutions, including in specific sectors such as health and education. It is argued that one advantage of focusing on equality of opportunity is that policy makers are more responsive to that discourse than to equality of outcomes per se. This paper presents a critique of equality of opportunity in the policy context. Although the empirical analysis to which the literature has given rise is useful and is to be welcomed, current methods for quantifying and implementing the concept with a view to informing the policy discourse face a series of fundamental questions that remain unanswered. Without a full appreciation of these difficulties, the methods may prove to be misleading in the policy context.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brunori, P.; Palmisano, F.; and Peragine, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n \n Website\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@unpublished{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa},\n type = {unpublished},\n year = {2016},\n source = {World Bank Working Paper},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {44},\n websites = {http://econ.worldbank.org.},\n id = {a8fe2a5e-bbd2-3b60-bc2e-5383a430df4d},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.560Z},\n accessed = {2021-06-19},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:54.479Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract In the last decades, inequality of opportunity has been exten- sively studied by economists on the assumption that, in addition to being normatively undesirable, it can be related to low potential for growth. This paper evaluates inequality of opportunity and the different sources of unequal opportuni- ties in 11 Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The results indicate that the portion of total inequality that can be attributed to exogenous circumstances—that is, circumstances outside the control of individuals control—is between 30 percent and 40 percent in the countries considered. The results also indicate a positive association between total consumption inequality and inequality of opportunity. Finally, this paper addresses a number of methodological issues that typically arise when measuring inequality of opportunity with imperfect data, which is the typical case in developing countries.},\n bibtype = {unpublished},\n author = {Brunori, Paolo and Palmisano, Flaviana and Peragine, Vito}\n}\n\n Abstract In the last decades, inequality of opportunity has been exten- sively studied by economists on the assumption that, in addition to being normatively undesirable, it can be related to low potential for growth. This paper evaluates inequality of opportunity and the different sources of unequal opportuni- ties in 11 Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The results indicate that the portion of total inequality that can be attributed to exogenous circumstances—that is, circumstances outside the control of individuals control—is between 30 percent and 40 percent in the countries considered. The results also indicate a positive association between total consumption inequality and inequality of opportunity. Finally, this paper addresses a number of methodological issues that typically arise when measuring inequality of opportunity with imperfect data, which is the typical case in developing countries.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2015\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income is Determined by Where We Live?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Milanovic, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(2): 452-460. 5 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income is Determined by Where We Live?},\n type = {article},\n year = {2015},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {452-460},\n volume = {97},\n month = {5},\n publisher = {MIT Press Journals},\n day = {1},\n id = {1d07639d-eacd-3f9c-b968-e391bdb7371d},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.217Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:52.024Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Suppose that all people in the world are allocated only two characteristics over which they have (almost) no control: country of residence and income distribution within that country. Assume further that there is no migration. We show that more than one-half of variability in income of world population classified according to their household per capita in 1% income groups (by country) is accounted for by these two characteristics. The role of effort or luck cannot play a large role in explaining the global distribution of individual income.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Milanovic, Branko},\n doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00432},\n journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},\n number = {2}\n}\n\n Suppose that all people in the world are allocated only two characteristics over which they have (almost) no control: country of residence and income distribution within that country. Assume further that there is no migration. We show that more than one-half of variability in income of world population classified according to their household per capita in 1% income groups (by country) is accounted for by these two characteristics. The role of effort or luck cannot play a large role in explaining the global distribution of individual income.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2014\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferreira, F., H., G.; Lakner, C.; Lugo, M., A.; and Özler, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Policy Research Working PapersThe World Bank, 6 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@book{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis},\n type = {book},\n year = {2014},\n websites = {http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-6915},\n month = {6},\n publisher = {The World Bank},\n series = {Policy Research Working Papers},\n id = {c633e5d8-e08c-3b74-a9fe-a216d569e798},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.422Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.422Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {book},\n author = {Ferreira, Francisco H. G. and Lakner, Christoph and Lugo, Maria Ana and Özler, Berk},\n doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6915}\n}\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2013\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Circumstances and Efforts: How Important is Their Correlation for the Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity in Health?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jusot, F.; Tubeuf, S.; and Trannoy, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Economics (United Kingdom), 22(12): 1470-1495. 12 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Circumstances and Efforts: How Important is Their Correlation for the Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity in Health?},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n keywords = {Health,Literature},\n pages = {1470-1495},\n volume = {22},\n month = {12},\n id = {d9359d3e-9c59-3808-a719-c5a37bb0f369},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.217Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.217Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The way to treat the correlation between circumstances and effort is a central, yet largely neglected issue in the applied literature on inequality of opportunity. This paper adopts three alternative normative ways of treating this correlation championed by Roemer, Barry and Swift and assesses their empirical relevance using survey data. We combine regression analysis with the natural decomposition of the variance to compare the relative contributions of circumstances and efforts to overall health inequality according to the different normative principles. Our results suggest that, in practice, the normative principle on the way to treat the correlation between circumstances and effort makes little difference on the relative contributions of circumstances and efforts to explained health inequality.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Jusot, Florence and Tubeuf, Sandy and Trannoy, Alain},\n doi = {10.1002/hec.2896},\n journal = {Health Economics (United Kingdom)},\n number = {12}\n}\n\n The way to treat the correlation between circumstances and effort is a central, yet largely neglected issue in the applied literature on inequality of opportunity. This paper adopts three alternative normative ways of treating this correlation championed by Roemer, Barry and Swift and assesses their empirical relevance using survey data. We combine regression analysis with the natural decomposition of the variance to compare the relative contributions of circumstances and efforts to overall health inequality according to the different normative principles. Our results suggest that, in practice, the normative principle on the way to treat the correlation between circumstances and effort makes little difference on the relative contributions of circumstances and efforts to explained health inequality.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Corrigendum to Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bourguignon, F.; Ferreira, F., H.; and Menéndez, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 59(3): 551-555. 9 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Corrigendum to Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n keywords = {Limitations,Literature},\n pages = {551-555},\n volume = {59},\n month = {9},\n id = {d93082de-f254-338f-a05a-02916f93097b},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.469Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:50.053Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This note acknowledges and corrects a programming error in our paper "Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil" (Review of Income and Wealth, 53(4), 585-618, 2007). Once the error is corrected, our bounds approach to the identification of individual model parameters in the presence of omitted variable biases is much less useful than indicated in the original paper. In the specific context of the measurement of inequality of opportunity, this implies that the decomposition of overall inequality of opportunity into direct and indirect effects is not reliable. However, the parametric approach introduced in our paper remains useful for obtaining a lower-bound estimate of overall ex-ante inequality of opportunity, as proposed by Ferreira and Gignoux (2011).},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bourguignon, François and Ferreira, Francisco H.G. and Menéndez, Marta},\n doi = {10.1111/roiw.12045},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {3}\n}\n\n This note acknowledges and corrects a programming error in our paper \"Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil\" (Review of Income and Wealth, 53(4), 585-618, 2007). Once the error is corrected, our bounds approach to the identification of individual model parameters in the presence of omitted variable biases is much less useful than indicated in the original paper. In the specific context of the measurement of inequality of opportunity, this implies that the decomposition of overall inequality of opportunity into direct and indirect effects is not reliable. However, the parametric approach introduced in our paper remains useful for obtaining a lower-bound estimate of overall ex-ante inequality of opportunity, as proposed by Ferreira and Gignoux (2011).\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Corak, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3): 79-102. 6 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {79-102},\n volume = {27},\n month = {6},\n id = {79556d57-3b1d-334b-b376-81a190a01ca5},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.171Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:48.655Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The paper offers a descriptive, yet structured, discussion of the underlyingThe paper offers a descriptive, yet structured, discussion of the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and i intergenerational mobility ntergenerational mobility. The goal. The goal is to explain why America differs from is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher i inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Corak, Miles},\n doi = {10.1257/jep.27.3.79},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},\n number = {3}\n}\n\n The paper offers a descriptive, yet structured, discussion of the underlyingThe paper offers a descriptive, yet structured, discussion of the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and i intergenerational mobility ntergenerational mobility. The goal. The goal is to explain why America differs from is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher i inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Equality of Opportunity.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fleurbaey, M.; and Peragine, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Economica, 80(317): 118-130. 1 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Equality of Opportunity},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n pages = {118-130},\n volume = {80},\n month = {1},\n id = {d77319b1-83af-31f0-82e8-94e500cee25e},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.225Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.225Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {We study the difference between the ex post and ex ante perspectives in equality of opportunity. We show that the well documented conflicts between compensation and reward are but an aspect of a broader conflict between ex ante and ex post perspectives. The literature that takes the goal of providing equal opportunities as the guiding principle generally considers that this is implemented only when, ex post, all individuals with the same effort obtain equal success. It is easy to believe that ex ante compensation is another natural embodiment of the same idea. We show that this is not true. © 2012 The London School of Economics and Political Science.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Fleurbaey, Marc and Peragine, Vito},\n doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0335.2012.00941.x},\n journal = {Economica},\n number = {317}\n}\n\n We study the difference between the ex post and ex ante perspectives in equality of opportunity. We show that the well documented conflicts between compensation and reward are but an aspect of a broader conflict between ex ante and ex post perspectives. The literature that takes the goal of providing equal opportunities as the guiding principle generally considers that this is implemented only when, ex post, all individuals with the same effort obtain equal success. It is easy to believe that ex ante compensation is another natural embodiment of the same idea. We show that this is not true. © 2012 The London School of Economics and Political Science.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity in Earnings and Consumption Expenditure: The Case of Indian Men.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singh, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 58(1): 79-106. 3 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity in Earnings and Consumption Expenditure: The Case of Indian Men},\n type = {article},\n year = {2012},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {79-106},\n volume = {58},\n month = {3},\n id = {786adef5-7103-3ee5-af03-50d169dffd0d},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.738Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.738Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The paper associates inequality of opportunities with outcome differences that can be accounted by predetermined circumstances which lie beyond the control of an individual, such as parental education, parental occupation, caste, religion, and place of birth. The non-parametric estimates using parental education as a measure of circumstances reveal that the opportunity share of earnings inequality in 2004-05 was 11-19 percent for urban India and 5-8 percent for rural India. The same figures for consumption expenditure inequality are 10-19 percent for urban India and 5-9 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates (parametric) of earnings inequality due to circumstances, including caste, religion, region, parental education, and parental occupation, vary from 18 to 26 percent for urban India, and from 16 to 21 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates for consumption expenditure inequality are close to the earnings inequality figures for both urban and rural areas. The analysis further finds evidence that the parental education specific opportunity share of overall earnings (and consumption expenditure) inequality is largest in urban India, but caste and geographical region also play an equally important role when rural India is considered.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Singh, Ashish},\n doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00485.x},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {1}\n}\n\n The paper associates inequality of opportunities with outcome differences that can be accounted by predetermined circumstances which lie beyond the control of an individual, such as parental education, parental occupation, caste, religion, and place of birth. The non-parametric estimates using parental education as a measure of circumstances reveal that the opportunity share of earnings inequality in 2004-05 was 11-19 percent for urban India and 5-8 percent for rural India. The same figures for consumption expenditure inequality are 10-19 percent for urban India and 5-9 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates (parametric) of earnings inequality due to circumstances, including caste, religion, region, parental education, and parental occupation, vary from 18 to 26 percent for urban India, and from 16 to 21 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates for consumption expenditure inequality are close to the earnings inequality figures for both urban and rural areas. The analysis further finds evidence that the parental education specific opportunity share of overall earnings (and consumption expenditure) inequality is largest in urban India, but caste and geographical region also play an equally important role when rural India is considered.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity in Europe.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marrero, G., A.; and Rodríguez, J., G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 58(4): 597-621. 12 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity in Europe},\n type = {article},\n year = {2012},\n keywords = {Literature,Method,Theory},\n pages = {597-621},\n volume = {58},\n month = {12},\n id = {26301e1f-2a98-3506-8dd8-86e18fb4f669},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.400Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.400Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Using the EU-SILC database, we estimate and compare the Inequality of Opportunity (IO) of 23 European countries in 2005. IO is estimated as the between-type (ex-ante) inequality component following the parametric procedure of Ferreira and Gignoux (2011), which allows for the inclusion of the large set of circumstances in the database. We also measure the degree of correlation between IO estimates and a set of past and contemporaneous economic factors related to the degree of development, labor market performance, investment in human capital, and social protection spending.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marrero, Gustavo A. and Rodríguez, Juan Gabriel},\n doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4991.2012.00496.x},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n Using the EU-SILC database, we estimate and compare the Inequality of Opportunity (IO) of 23 European countries in 2005. IO is estimated as the between-type (ex-ante) inequality component following the parametric procedure of Ferreira and Gignoux (2011), which allows for the inclusion of the large set of circumstances in the database. We also measure the degree of correlation between IO estimates and a set of past and contemporaneous economic factors related to the degree of development, labor market performance, investment in human capital, and social protection spending.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity: Theory and an Application to Latin America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferreira, F., H.; and Gignoux, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 57(4): 622-657. 12 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nWebsite\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity: Theory and an Application to Latin America},\n type = {article},\n year = {2011},\n keywords = {Limitations,Literature,Method,Theory},\n pages = {622-657},\n volume = {57},\n websites = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00467.x},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {afd7c27e-f9af-3187-a25c-ed44930697be},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.450Z},\n accessed = {2022-08-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.450Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Building on the existing literature, this paper constructs a simple scalar measure of inequality of opportunity and applies it to six Latin American countries. The measure-which captures between-group inequality when groups are defined exclusively on the basis of predetermined circumstances-is shown to yield a lower-bound estimate of true inequality of opportunity. Absolute and relative versions of the index are defined, and alternative parametric and non-parametric methods are employed to generate robust estimates. In the application to Latin America, we find inequality of opportunity shares ranging from one quarter to one half of total consumption inequality. An opportunity-deprivation profile that identifies the worst-off types in each society is also formally defined, and described for the same six countries. In three of them, 100 percent of the opportunity-deprived were found to be indigenous or Afro-descendants.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ferreira, Francisco H.G. and Gignoux, Jérémie},\n doi = {10.1111/J.1475-4991.2011.00467.X},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n Building on the existing literature, this paper constructs a simple scalar measure of inequality of opportunity and applies it to six Latin American countries. The measure-which captures between-group inequality when groups are defined exclusively on the basis of predetermined circumstances-is shown to yield a lower-bound estimate of true inequality of opportunity. Absolute and relative versions of the index are defined, and alternative parametric and non-parametric methods are employed to generate robust estimates. In the application to Latin America, we find inequality of opportunity shares ranging from one quarter to one half of total consumption inequality. An opportunity-deprivation profile that identifies the worst-off types in each society is also formally defined, and described for the same six countries. In three of them, 100 percent of the opportunity-deprived were found to be indigenous or Afro-descendants.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Measuring Inequality of Opportunity with Imperfect Data: The Case of Turkey.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferreira, F., H.; Gignoux, J.; and Aran, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(4): 651-680. 12 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Measuring Inequality of Opportunity with Imperfect Data: The Case of Turkey},\n type = {article},\n year = {2011},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {651-680},\n volume = {9},\n month = {12},\n id = {cf16c7d5-0fdd-3b68-85fe-da537eba82d4},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.988Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.988Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {The measurement of inequality of opportunity has hitherto not been attempted in a number of countries because of data limitations. This paper proposes two alternative approaches to circumventing the missing data problems in countries where a demographic and health survey (DHS) and an ancillary household expenditure survey are available. One method relies only on the DHS, and constructs a wealth index as a measure of economic advantage. The alternative method imputes consumption from the ancillary survey into the DHS. In both cases, we compute a lower bound estimator of the share of (ex-ante) inequality of opportunity in total inequality. Parametric and non-parametric estimates are calculated for each method, and the parametric approach is shown to yield preferable lower-bound measures. In an application to the sample of ever-married women aged 30-49 in Turkey, inequality of opportunity accounts for at least 26% (31%) of overall inequality in imputed consumption (the wealth index).},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ferreira, Francisco H.G. and Gignoux, Jérémie and Aran, Meltem},\n doi = {10.1007/s10888-011-9169-0},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Inequality},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n The measurement of inequality of opportunity has hitherto not been attempted in a number of countries because of data limitations. This paper proposes two alternative approaches to circumventing the missing data problems in countries where a demographic and health survey (DHS) and an ancillary household expenditure survey are available. One method relies only on the DHS, and constructs a wealth index as a measure of economic advantage. The alternative method imputes consumption from the ancillary survey into the DHS. In both cases, we compute a lower bound estimator of the share of (ex-ante) inequality of opportunity in total inequality. Parametric and non-parametric estimates are calculated for each method, and the parametric approach is shown to yield preferable lower-bound measures. In an application to the sample of ever-married women aged 30-49 in Turkey, inequality of opportunity accounts for at least 26% (31%) of overall inequality in imputed consumption (the wealth index).\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Marc Fleurbaey, Fairness, Responsibility, and Welfare.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roemer, J., E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(1): 129-135. 3 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Marc Fleurbaey, Fairness, Responsibility, and Welfare},\n type = {article},\n year = {2011},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {129-135},\n volume = {9},\n month = {3},\n publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},\n id = {52a4c789-8885-3101-8b80-d57f50145407},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.831Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.831Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {I have focused here on the resource allocation rules which Fleurbaey has discovered, and which he proposes as solutions to what we may call Dworkin’s problem. But there is much more in this book of a philosophical nature which deserves study.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Roemer, John E.},\n doi = {10.1007/s10888-011-9170-7},\n journal = {The Journal of Economic Inequality},\n number = {1}\n}\n\n I have focused here on the resource allocation rules which Fleurbaey has discovered, and which he proposes as solutions to what we may call Dworkin’s problem. But there is much more in this book of a philosophical nature which deserves study.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity and Income Inequality in Nine Chinese Provinces, 1989-2006.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhang, Y.; and Eriksson, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n China Economic Review, 21(4): 607-616. 12 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity and Income Inequality in Nine Chinese Provinces, 1989-2006},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {607-616},\n volume = {21},\n month = {12},\n id = {1aa05b20-fad8-34f6-a985-238ebbf217f4},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.218Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.218Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {While there is a large and growing body of research describing and analyzing changes in the Chinese income distribution, researchers have paid considerable less attention to inequality of opportunity. The aim of this paper is to contribute to filling this gap in the literature. The two main questions addressed empirically for the first time in a Chinese context are: to what extent are individuals' incomes and individual income differences due to factors beyond the individual's control (in Roemer's terminology "circumstances") and to what extent are they due to outcomes of the individual's own choices ("effort"). What is the relationship between income inequality and inequality of opportunity?For this purpose we use data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey collected from nine provinces during the period 1989 to 2006. The CHNS has detailed information about incomes and other factors enabling us to construct a host of circumstance and effort variables for the offspring. We find that China has a substantial degree of inequality of opportunity. Parental income and parents' type of employer explain about two thirds of the total inequality of opportunity. Notably, parental education plays only a minor role implying that parental connections remain important. The results show that the increase in income inequality during the period under study largely mirrors the increase in inequality of opportunity. Thus, increased income inequality does not reflect changes in effort variables, or expressed differently, increased income inequality has not been accompanied by a decrease in inequality of opportunity.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Zhang, Yingqiang and Eriksson, Tor},\n doi = {10.1016/j.chieco.2010.06.008},\n journal = {China Economic Review},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n While there is a large and growing body of research describing and analyzing changes in the Chinese income distribution, researchers have paid considerable less attention to inequality of opportunity. The aim of this paper is to contribute to filling this gap in the literature. The two main questions addressed empirically for the first time in a Chinese context are: to what extent are individuals' incomes and individual income differences due to factors beyond the individual's control (in Roemer's terminology \"circumstances\") and to what extent are they due to outcomes of the individual's own choices (\"effort\"). What is the relationship between income inequality and inequality of opportunity?For this purpose we use data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey collected from nine provinces during the period 1989 to 2006. The CHNS has detailed information about incomes and other factors enabling us to construct a host of circumstance and effort variables for the offspring. We find that China has a substantial degree of inequality of opportunity. Parental income and parents' type of employer explain about two thirds of the total inequality of opportunity. Notably, parental education plays only a minor role implying that parental connections remain important. The results show that the increase in income inequality during the period under study largely mirrors the increase in inequality of opportunity. Thus, increased income inequality does not reflect changes in effort variables, or expressed differently, increased income inequality has not been accompanied by a decrease in inequality of opportunity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity in Italy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Checchi, D.; and Peragine, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(4): 429-450. 4 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity in Italy},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {429-450},\n volume = {8},\n month = {4},\n id = {22ce80b6-bf07-3cd2-8dcd-2768d9ea1c1f},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.083Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.083Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {In this paper we provide a methodology to measure opportunity inequality and to decompose overall income inequality in an "ethically offensive" and an "ethically acceptable" part. Moreover, we analyze inequality of opportunity in Italy. According to our results, inequality of opportunity accounts for about 20% of overall income inequality in Italy. Moreover, the regions in the South are characterized by a higher degree of opportunity inequality than the regions in the North, especially when considering population subgroups by gender.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Checchi, Daniele and Peragine, Vito},\n doi = {10.1007/s10888-009-9118-3},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Inequality},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n In this paper we provide a methodology to measure opportunity inequality and to decompose overall income inequality in an \"ethically offensive\" and an \"ethically acceptable\" part. Moreover, we analyze inequality of opportunity in Italy. According to our results, inequality of opportunity accounts for about 20% of overall income inequality in Italy. Moreover, the regions in the South are characterized by a higher degree of opportunity inequality than the regions in the North, especially when considering population subgroups by gender.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cunha, F.; and Heckman, J., J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(2-3): 320-364. 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development},\n type = {article},\n year = {2009},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {320-364},\n volume = {7},\n publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},\n id = {14634f6e-148b-34c1-ad2d-a66ac96b8d31},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.220Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.220Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Recent research on the economics of human development deepens understanding of the origins of inequality and excellence. It draws on and contributes to personality psychology and the psychology of human development. Inequalities in family environments and investments in children are substantial.They causally affect the development of capabilities.Both cognitive and noncognitive capabilities determine success in life but to varying degrees for different out comes. An empirically determined technology of capability formation reveals that capabilities are selfproductive and cross-fertilizing and can be enhanced by investment. Investments in capabilities are relatively more productive at some stages of a child's life cycle than others. Optimal child investment strategies differ depending on target outcomes of interest and on the nature of adversity in a child's early years. For some configurations of early disadvantage and for some desired outcomes, it is efficient to invest relatively more in the later years of childhood than in the early years.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Cunha, Flavio and Heckman, James J.},\n doi = {10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.320},\n journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},\n number = {2-3}\n}\n\n Recent research on the economics of human development deepens understanding of the origins of inequality and excellence. It draws on and contributes to personality psychology and the psychology of human development. Inequalities in family environments and investments in children are substantial.They causally affect the development of capabilities.Both cognitive and noncognitive capabilities determine success in life but to varying degrees for different out comes. An empirically determined technology of capability formation reveals that capabilities are selfproductive and cross-fertilizing and can be enhanced by investment. Investments in capabilities are relatively more productive at some stages of a child's life cycle than others. Optimal child investment strategies differ depending on target outcomes of interest and on the nature of adversity in a child's early years. For some configurations of early disadvantage and for some desired outcomes, it is efficient to invest relatively more in the later years of childhood than in the early years.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lee, C., I.; and Solon, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4): 766-772. 11 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility},\n type = {article},\n year = {2009},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {766-772},\n volume = {91},\n month = {11},\n id = {be22d884-36f3-3a3a-8f12-51ed043cf5a6},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.433Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:49.401Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Previous studies of recent U.S. trends in intergenerational income mobility have produced widely varying results, partly because of large sampling errors. By making more efficient use of the available information in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we generate more reliable estimates of the recent time series variation in intergenerational mobility. Our results, which pertain to the cohorts born between 1952 and 1975, do not reveal major changes in intergenerational mobility.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Lee, Chul In and Solon, Gary},\n doi = {10.1162/rest.91.4.766},\n journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n Previous studies of recent U.S. trends in intergenerational income mobility have produced widely varying results, partly because of large sampling errors. By making more efficient use of the available information in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we generate more reliable estimates of the recent time series variation in intergenerational mobility. Our results, which pertain to the cohorts born between 1952 and 1975, do not reveal major changes in intergenerational mobility.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2008\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunities vs. Inequality of Outcomes: Are Western Societies All Alike?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lefranc, A.; Pistolesi, N.; and Trannoy, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 54(4): 513-546. 12 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunities vs. Inequality of Outcomes: Are Western Societies All Alike?},\n type = {article},\n year = {2008},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {513-546},\n volume = {54},\n month = {12},\n id = {766d0e95-47df-3107-86fe-d8bd2406827c},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.445Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.445Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This paper analyzes the relationship between income inequality and inequality of opportunities for income acquisition in nine developed countries during the 1990s. Equality of opportunity is defined as the situation where income distributions conditional on social origin cannot be ranked according to stochastic dominance criteria. We measure social origin by parental education and occupation and use the database built by Roemer et al. (2003). Stochastic dominance is assessed using nonparametric statistical tests. Our results indicate strong disparities in the degree of equality of opportunity across countries and a strong correlation between inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity. The U.S. and Italy show up as the most unequal countries in terms of both outcome and opportunity. At the opposite extreme, income distributions conditional on social origin are almost the same in Scandinavian countries even before any redistributive policy. We complement the ordinal comparison by resorting to an original scalar "Gini" index of opportunities, which can be decomposed into a risk and a return component. In our sample, inequality of opportunity is mostly driven by differences in mean income conditional on social origin, and differences in risk compensate the return element in most countries.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Lefranc, Arnaud and Pistolesi, Nicolas and Trannoy, Alain},\n doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00289.x},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n This paper analyzes the relationship between income inequality and inequality of opportunities for income acquisition in nine developed countries during the 1990s. Equality of opportunity is defined as the situation where income distributions conditional on social origin cannot be ranked according to stochastic dominance criteria. We measure social origin by parental education and occupation and use the database built by Roemer et al. (2003). Stochastic dominance is assessed using nonparametric statistical tests. Our results indicate strong disparities in the degree of equality of opportunity across countries and a strong correlation between inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity. The U.S. and Italy show up as the most unequal countries in terms of both outcome and opportunity. At the opposite extreme, income distributions conditional on social origin are almost the same in Scandinavian countries even before any redistributive policy. We complement the ordinal comparison by resorting to an original scalar \"Gini\" index of opportunities, which can be decomposed into a risk and a return component. In our sample, inequality of opportunity is mostly driven by differences in mean income conditional on social origin, and differences in risk compensate the return element in most countries.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Equity, Efficiency and Inequality Traps: A Research Agenda.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bourguignon, F.; Ferreira, F., H.; and Walton, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Economic Inequality, 5(2): 235-256. 12 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nWebsite\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Website\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Equity, Efficiency and Inequality Traps: A Research Agenda},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {235-256},\n volume = {5},\n websites = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10888-006-9042-8},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {Springer},\n day = {7},\n id = {ab549f06-c3cf-3354-8fe9-85af738bc649},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.384Z},\n accessed = {2022-08-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.384Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This paper discusses a research agenda that arises from unanswered questions and unresolved issues considered in the World Bank’s World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. After formalizing the key concepts of equity; equality of opportunity; and efficiency, and proposing a definition for an equitable development policy, the paper discusses the concept of inequality traps, around which the research agenda is structured. Four broad groups of research questions are highlighted: those revolving around the measurement of inequality of opportunity and the diagnostics for the existence of an inequality trap; those dealing with the causes of inequality traps; the quantification of their efficiency costs; and those related to how institutions (including governments) evolve to overcome inequality traps.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bourguignon, François and Ferreira, Francisco H.G. and Walton, Michael},\n doi = {10.1007/S10888-006-9042-8},\n journal = {The Journal of Economic Inequality},\n number = {2}\n}\n\n This paper discusses a research agenda that arises from unanswered questions and unresolved issues considered in the World Bank’s World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. After formalizing the key concepts of equity; equality of opportunity; and efficiency, and proposing a definition for an equitable development policy, the paper discusses the concept of inequality traps, around which the research agenda is structured. Four broad groups of research questions are highlighted: those revolving around the measurement of inequality of opportunity and the diagnostics for the existence of an inequality trap; those dealing with the causes of inequality traps; the quantification of their efficiency costs; and those related to how institutions (including governments) evolve to overcome inequality traps.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Estimating Wage Differentials Without Logarithms.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Blackburn, M., L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Labour Economics, 14(1): 73-98. 1 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Estimating Wage Differentials Without Logarithms},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n keywords = {Literature,Method},\n pages = {73-98},\n volume = {14},\n month = {1},\n id = {c946154c-1140-321a-beca-6b17a6f732b2},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.468Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.468Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Regression models of wage determination are typically estimated by ordinary least squares using the logarithm of the wage as the dependent variable. These models provide consistent estimates of the proportional impact of wage determinants only under the assumption that the distribution of the error term is independent of the regressors - an assumption that can be violated by the presence of heteroskedasticity, for example. Failure of this assumption is particularly relevant in the estimation of the impact of union status on wages. Alternative wage-equation estimators based on the use of quasi-maximum-likelihood methods are consistent under weaker assumptions about the dependence between the error term and the regressors. They also provide the ability to check the specification of the underlying wage model. Applying this approach to a standard data set, I find that the impact of unions on wages is overstated by a magnitude of 20-30 percent when estimates from log-wage regressions are used for inference.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Blackburn, McKinley L.},\n doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2005.04.005},\n journal = {Labour Economics},\n number = {1}\n}\n\n Regression models of wage determination are typically estimated by ordinary least squares using the logarithm of the wage as the dependent variable. These models provide consistent estimates of the proportional impact of wage determinants only under the assumption that the distribution of the error term is independent of the regressors - an assumption that can be violated by the presence of heteroskedasticity, for example. Failure of this assumption is particularly relevant in the estimation of the impact of union status on wages. Alternative wage-equation estimators based on the use of quasi-maximum-likelihood methods are consistent under weaker assumptions about the dependence between the error term and the regressors. They also provide the ability to check the specification of the underlying wage model. Applying this approach to a standard data set, I find that the impact of unions on wages is overstated by a magnitude of 20-30 percent when estimates from log-wage regressions are used for inference.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bourguignon, F.; Ferreira, F., H.; and Menéndez, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Income and Wealth, 53(4): 585-618. 12 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n keywords = {Literature,Theory},\n pages = {585-618},\n volume = {53},\n month = {12},\n id = {bebce865-45b7-3c8d-a328-7ee35ba2517f},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.848Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.848Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This paper proposes a measure of the contribution of unequal opportunities to earnings inequality. Drawing on the distinction between " circumstance" and "effort" variables in John Roemer's work on equality of opportunity, we associate inequality of opportunities with five observed circumstances which lie beyond the control of the individual - father's and mother's education; father's occupation; race; and region of birth. The paper provides a range of estimates of the importance of these opportunity-forming circumstances in accounting for earnings inequality in one of the world's most unequal countries. We also decompose the effect of opportunities into a direct effect on earnings and an indirect component, which works through the "effort" variables. The decomposition is applied to the distribution of male earnings in urban Brazil, in 1996. The five observed circumstances are found to account for between 10 and 37 percent of the Theil index, depending on cohort and allowing for the possibility of biased coefficient estimates due to unobserved correlates. On average, 60 percent of this impact operates through the direct effect on earnings. Parental education is the most important circumstance affecting earnings, but the occupation of the father and race also play a role.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Bourguignon, François and Ferreira, Francisco H.G. and Menéndez, Marta},\n doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4991.2007.00247.x},\n journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},\n number = {4}\n}\n\n This paper proposes a measure of the contribution of unequal opportunities to earnings inequality. Drawing on the distinction between \" circumstance\" and \"effort\" variables in John Roemer's work on equality of opportunity, we associate inequality of opportunities with five observed circumstances which lie beyond the control of the individual - father's and mother's education; father's occupation; race; and region of birth. The paper provides a range of estimates of the importance of these opportunity-forming circumstances in accounting for earnings inequality in one of the world's most unequal countries. We also decompose the effect of opportunities into a direct effect on earnings and an indirect component, which works through the \"effort\" variables. The decomposition is applied to the distribution of male earnings in urban Brazil, in 1996. The five observed circumstances are found to account for between 10 and 37 percent of the Theil index, depending on cohort and allowing for the possibility of biased coefficient estimates due to unobserved correlates. On average, 60 percent of this impact operates through the direct effect on earnings. Parental education is the most important circumstance affecting earnings, but the occupation of the father and race also play a role.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Equality of Opportunity Versus Equality of Opportunity Sets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ooghe, E.; Schokkaert, E.; and Van De Gaer, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Choice and Welfare, 28(2): 209-230. 2 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Equality of Opportunity Versus Equality of Opportunity Sets},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {209-230},\n volume = {28},\n month = {2},\n id = {f6bbbd31-d8df-3581-9e6b-e19f80c2c6cf},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.938Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.938Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {We characterize two different approaches to the idea of equality of opportunity. Roemer's social ordering is motivated by a concern to compensate for the effects of certain (non-responsibility) factors on outcomes. Van de gaer's social ordering is concerned with the equalization of the opportunity sets to which people have access. We show how different invariance axioms open the possibility to go beyond the simple additive specification implied by both rules. This offers scope for a broader interpretation of responsibility- sensitive egalitarianism.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ooghe, Erwin and Schokkaert, Erik and Van De Gaer, Dirk},\n doi = {10.1007/s00355-006-0165-4},\n journal = {Social Choice and Welfare},\n number = {2}\n}\n\n We characterize two different approaches to the idea of equality of opportunity. Roemer's social ordering is motivated by a concern to compensate for the effects of certain (non-responsibility) factors on outcomes. Van de gaer's social ordering is concerned with the equalization of the opportunity sets to which people have access. We show how different invariance axioms open the possibility to go beyond the simple additive specification implied by both rules. This offers scope for a broader interpretation of responsibility- sensitive egalitarianism.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality Of Opportunity And Economic Development.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferreira, F., H., G.; and Walton, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Policy Research Working PapersThe World Bank, 1 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@book{\n title = {Inequality Of Opportunity And Economic Development},\n type = {book},\n year = {2006},\n websites = {http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-3816},\n month = {1},\n publisher = {The World Bank},\n series = {Policy Research Working Papers},\n id = {d5d6307e-681a-3d4e-9b6a-5326217dca85},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.097Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.097Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {book},\n author = {Ferreira, Francisco H. G. and Walton, Michael},\n doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-3816}\n}\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Development.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferreira, F., H.; and Walton, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Equity and Development, pages 11 - 28. Kochendorfer-Lucius, G.; and Pleskovic, B., editor(s). The World Bank, 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@inbook{\n type = {inbook},\n year = {2006},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {11 - 28},\n websites = {http://econ.worldbank.org.},\n publisher = {The World Bank},\n id = {98b3b92c-6f44-3d80-80ad-decb69b83c85},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.445Z},\n accessed = {2022-08-19},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:53.613Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Just as equality of opportunity becomes an increasingly prominent concept in normative economics, we argue that it is also a relevant concept for positive models of the links between distribution and aggregate efficiency. Persuasive microeconomic evidence suggests that inequalities in wealth, power and status have efficiency costs. These variables capture different aspects of people's opportunity sets, for which observed income may be a poor proxy. One implication is that the crosscountry literature on income inequality and growth may have been barking up the wrong tree, and that alternative measures of the relevant distributions are needed. This paper reviews some of the detailed microeconomic evidence, and then suggests three research areas where further work is needed.},\n bibtype = {inbook},\n author = {Ferreira, Francisco HG and Walton, Michael},\n editor = {Kochendorfer-Lucius, Gudrun and Pleskovic, Boris},\n chapter = {Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Development},\n title = {Equity and Development}\n}\n\n Just as equality of opportunity becomes an increasingly prominent concept in normative economics, we argue that it is also a relevant concept for positive models of the links between distribution and aggregate efficiency. Persuasive microeconomic evidence suggests that inequalities in wealth, power and status have efficiency costs. These variables capture different aspects of people's opportunity sets, for which observed income may be a poor proxy. One implication is that the crosscountry literature on income inequality and growth may have been barking up the wrong tree, and that alternative measures of the relevant distributions are needed. This paper reviews some of the detailed microeconomic evidence, and then suggests three research areas where further work is needed.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2003\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Outcomes and Inequality of Opportunities in Brazil.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bourguignon, F.; Ferreira, F., H.; and Menéndez, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@unpublished{\n title = {Inequality of Outcomes and Inequality of Opportunities in Brazil},\n type = {unpublished},\n year = {2003},\n source = {The William Davidson Institute Working Paper Series},\n pages = {45},\n id = {2aff51c4-fc71-3831-8f23-887673bf37cb},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.994Z},\n accessed = {2019-12-02},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:51.270Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This paper departs from John Roemer's theory of equality of opportunities. We seek to determine what part of observed outcome inequality may be attributed to differences in observed 'circumstances', including family background, and what part is due to 'personal efforts'. We use a micro-econometric technique to simulate what the distribution of outcomes would look like if 'circumstances' were the same for everybody. This technique is applied to Brazilian data from the 1996 household survey, both for earnings and for household incomes. It is shown that observed circumstances are a major source of outcome inequality in Brazil, probably more so than in other countries for which information is available. Nevertheless, the level of inequality after observed circumstances are equalized remains very high in Brazil.},\n bibtype = {unpublished},\n author = {Bourguignon, François and Ferreira, Francisco HG and Menéndez, Marta}\n}\n\n This paper departs from John Roemer's theory of equality of opportunities. We seek to determine what part of observed outcome inequality may be attributed to differences in observed 'circumstances', including family background, and what part is due to 'personal efforts'. We use a micro-econometric technique to simulate what the distribution of outcomes would look like if 'circumstances' were the same for everybody. This technique is applied to Brazilian data from the 1996 household survey, both for earnings and for household incomes. It is shown that observed circumstances are a major source of outcome inequality in Brazil, probably more so than in other countries for which information is available. Nevertheless, the level of inequality after observed circumstances are equalized remains very high in Brazil.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2000\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Path Independent Inequality Measures.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Foster, J., E.; and Shneyerov, A., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Theory, 91(2): 199-222. 4 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Path Independent Inequality Measures},\n type = {article},\n year = {2000},\n keywords = {Literature,Method},\n pages = {199-222},\n volume = {91},\n month = {4},\n publisher = {Academic Press},\n day = {1},\n id = {fdc6fd19-011a-35ce-a65b-88e31ba294b5},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.617Z},\n accessed = {2022-08-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.617Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {This paper explores a natural decomposition property motivated by Shorrocks (1980, Econometrica48, 613-625) and Anand (1983, "Inequality and poverty in Malaysia," Oxford University Press) that we call path independent decomposability. Between-group inequality is found by applying the inequality measure to the smoothed distribution, which replaces each income in a subgroup with its representative income. Within-group inequality is the measure applied to the standardized distribution, which rescales subgroup distributions to a common representative income level. Path independence requires overall inequality to be the sum of these two terms. We derive the associated class of relative inequality measures - a single parameter family containing both the second Theil measure (the mean logarithmic deviation) and the variance of logarithms.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Foster, James E. and Shneyerov, Artyom A.},\n doi = {10.1006/JETH.1999.2565},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},\n number = {2}\n}\n\n This paper explores a natural decomposition property motivated by Shorrocks (1980, Econometrica48, 613-625) and Anand (1983, \"Inequality and poverty in Malaysia,\" Oxford University Press) that we call path independent decomposability. Between-group inequality is found by applying the inequality measure to the smoothed distribution, which replaces each income in a subgroup with its representative income. Within-group inequality is the measure applied to the standardized distribution, which rescales subgroup distributions to a common representative income level. Path independence requires overall inequality to be the sum of these two terms. We derive the associated class of relative inequality measures - a single parameter family containing both the second Theil measure (the mean logarithmic deviation) and the variance of logarithms.\n
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\n\n \n \n 1995\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Three Solutions for the Compensation Problem.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fleurbaey, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Economic Theory, 65(2): 505-521. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{\n title = {Three Solutions for the Compensation Problem},\n type = {article},\n year = {1995},\n keywords = {Literature},\n pages = {505-521},\n volume = {65},\n id = {c6770058-6a9b-33a3-bc92-90b9b8a39334},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.042Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:44.042Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {A model of fair division in which differential claims are grounded in talents and handicaps is studied, and a characterization of three solutions is provided. The first two solutions, conditional equality and egalitarian-equivalence, display dual properties. The consistency axiom is shown to have strong consequences in one-good models.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Fleurbaey, Marc},\n doi = {10.1006/jeth.1995.1018},\n journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},\n number = {2}\n}\n\n A model of fair division in which differential claims are grounded in talents and handicaps is studied, and a characterization of three solutions is provided. The first two solutions, conditional equality and egalitarian-equivalence, display dual properties. The consistency axiom is shown to have strong consequences in one-good models.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inequality of Opportunity Reference Library - Ian Haberman.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@misc{\n title = {Inequality of Opportunity Reference Library - Ian Haberman},\n type = {misc},\n websites = {https://www.ianhaberman.org/2019/11/15/inequality-of-opportunity-reference-library/#},\n id = {6661f76f-207d-3dd1-b6dc-8ca6a5493234},\n created = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.208Z},\n accessed = {2021-03-15},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {c5c01eee-cfc7-3137-abb2-73f22c1caf62},\n group_id = {cdb03839-0bc1-3c79-89b0-f23c2ce0cdfd},\n last_modified = {2022-08-27T18:03:45.208Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {misc},\n author = {}\n}\n