var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"title\":\"QCM Sensors Combining Highly Nanostructured Metal-Blacks Sublayers and Active Self-Assembled Monolayers [Poster]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"2314\",\"volume\":\"MA2020-01\",\"websites\":\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs\",\"month\":\"5\",\"publisher\":\"IOP Publishing\",\"day\":\"1\",\"id\":\"4bfb2e67-1b7f-377e-9f7a-eb011afe5996\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T10:07:20.932Z\",\"accessed\":\"2023-06-21\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-19T12:38:25.478Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\" Introduction  Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are characterized by many potential applications. They are being widely used as biosensors, in pharmacological applications, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, etc. [1]. Regardless the specific application, the recognition resolution of quartz chips is usually determined and restrained according to the Sauerbray equation (For example for 10 MHz QCM, the change of resonance frequency in 1 Hz corresponds to 4.4 ng/cm 2 of adsorbed mass per surface). This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor application where we need to detect concentration down to ppm or even ppb levels. However, there are some possibilities on how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area of QCM electrodes, and thus providing more bonding sites for the analyte [2]. In this contribution, we propose a novel method that uses nanostructured materials called metal-blacks as a sublayer for the increase of active sensor surface, in combination with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that serves as a receptor layer.  Metal-Blacks Metal-blacks – MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black colour, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into the pores and channels where it undergoes multiple reflections in cavities and where it is almost completely absorbed. Due to the very large surface area, MBs are ideal materials for enhancement of QCM gas sensors properties [3]. Experimental  The nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black palladium (BPd) were prepared by evaporation from a tungsten boat at an elevated pressure of 200 Pa. Prepared layers of MBs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) . The SAMs of zinc octacarboxylphthalocyanine ZnPc(COOH) 8 were prepared by two-step grafting method, where ZnPc(COOH) 8 is covalently bonded to the molecule of aminothiophenol, which serves as an surface anchor via its gold/palladium-sulfur bond. The preparation procedure was as follows. At first, the QCM electrodes with MB layers were degreased in a sonicated ethanol bath during a few minutes and then dried under a nitrogen flow. Second, the QCM samples were cleaned by UV-ozone treatment and immediately immersed into 10 -4 M solution of aminothiophenol in ethanol/DMF solvent for 24h. Third, after the 24h incubation time, the samples were moved into 10 -4 M solution of the macrocycles and left there for another 24h. In the end, the samples were carefully rinsed with the solvent to eliminate adsorbed molecular overlayers and subsequently washed with ethanol in order to remove solvent residues and dried under nitrogen flux.  Once prepared, QCM sensor impedance spectra were obtained by impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A . Responses towards different analytes (EtOH, CH 4 , H 2 O, NO 2 , toluene, acetaldehyde) were measured in a glass chamber that enables the measurement of up to 6 sensors at the same time. Sensors were measured at a constant gas flow and room temperature. The sensor resonant frequencies were measured by oscillattor circuits in connection with an NI PCI-6602 card used as a precise counter  Results and Conclusions  In this contribution, we have proved that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal-blacks), which have a large specific surface area, provide more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensors. As an example measurement, we present the response of QCMs with BAu towards ethanol vapours (Fig. 1). The curves illustrate that the response of the sensor with the BAu electrode is 10-times bigger than the one of the standard QCM (152Hz/15Hz). For the combined layer (BAu + ZnPc(COOH) 8 ), the response amplification is not so large but it is still significant. In this case, the response is 3-times bigger than the one from the QCM with ZnPc(COOH) 8 only (without BAu). However, in contrast with QCM with just bare BAu, the surface modification with SAMs layers influences the sensor selectivity. The combined layers of MBs and SAMs then result in a selective sensor with increased sensitivity. According to the presented results metal-blacks are promising materials that can significantly boost the sensitivity of QCM sensors and still preserve the selectivity of its active layers.  References  [1] Johannsmann, D. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Soft Matter Research: Fundamentals and Modeling ; Springer International Publishing, 2014.  [2] Chappanda, K. N.; Shekhah, O.; Yassine, O.; Patole, S. P.; Eddaoudi, M.; Salama, K. N. The Quest for Highly Sensitive QCM Humidity Sensors: The Coating of CNT/MOF Composite Sensing Films as Case Study. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2018 , 257 , 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2017.10.189.  [3] Novotný, M.; Fitl, P.; Sytchkova, A.; Bulíř, J.; Lanačok, J.; Pokorný, P.; Najdek, D.; Boan, J. Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009 , 7 (2), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-009-0027-7.     Figure 1\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Guerkboukha, Mohamed Amine and Gadenne, Virginie and Patrone, Lionel and Vrňata, Martin\",\"doi\":\"10.1149/MA2020-01312314MTGABS\",\"journal\":\"ECS Meeting Abstracts\",\"number\":\"31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {QCM Sensors Combining Highly Nanostructured Metal-Blacks Sublayers and Active Self-Assembled Monolayers [Poster]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2020},\\n pages = {2314},\\n volume = {MA2020-01},\\n websites = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs},\\n month = {5},\\n publisher = {IOP Publishing},\\n day = {1},\\n id = {4bfb2e67-1b7f-377e-9f7a-eb011afe5996},\\n created = {2023-10-19T10:07:20.932Z},\\n accessed = {2023-06-21},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-19T12:38:25.478Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = { Introduction  Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are characterized by many potential applications. They are being widely used as biosensors, in pharmacological applications, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, etc. [1]. Regardless the specific application, the recognition resolution of quartz chips is usually determined and restrained according to the Sauerbray equation (For example for 10 MHz QCM, the change of resonance frequency in 1 Hz corresponds to 4.4 ng/cm 2 of adsorbed mass per surface). This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor application where we need to detect concentration down to ppm or even ppb levels. However, there are some possibilities on how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area of QCM electrodes, and thus providing more bonding sites for the analyte [2]. In this contribution, we propose a novel method that uses nanostructured materials called metal-blacks as a sublayer for the increase of active sensor surface, in combination with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that serves as a receptor layer.  Metal-Blacks Metal-blacks – MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black colour, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into the pores and channels where it undergoes multiple reflections in cavities and where it is almost completely absorbed. Due to the very large surface area, MBs are ideal materials for enhancement of QCM gas sensors properties [3]. Experimental  The nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black palladium (BPd) were prepared by evaporation from a tungsten boat at an elevated pressure of 200 Pa. Prepared layers of MBs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) . The SAMs of zinc octacarboxylphthalocyanine ZnPc(COOH) 8 were prepared by two-step grafting method, where ZnPc(COOH) 8 is covalently bonded to the molecule of aminothiophenol, which serves as an surface anchor via its gold/palladium-sulfur bond. The preparation procedure was as follows. At first, the QCM electrodes with MB layers were degreased in a sonicated ethanol bath during a few minutes and then dried under a nitrogen flow. Second, the QCM samples were cleaned by UV-ozone treatment and immediately immersed into 10 -4 M solution of aminothiophenol in ethanol/DMF solvent for 24h. Third, after the 24h incubation time, the samples were moved into 10 -4 M solution of the macrocycles and left there for another 24h. In the end, the samples were carefully rinsed with the solvent to eliminate adsorbed molecular overlayers and subsequently washed with ethanol in order to remove solvent residues and dried under nitrogen flux.  Once prepared, QCM sensor impedance spectra were obtained by impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A . Responses towards different analytes (EtOH, CH 4 , H 2 O, NO 2 , toluene, acetaldehyde) were measured in a glass chamber that enables the measurement of up to 6 sensors at the same time. Sensors were measured at a constant gas flow and room temperature. The sensor resonant frequencies were measured by oscillattor circuits in connection with an NI PCI-6602 card used as a precise counter  Results and Conclusions  In this contribution, we have proved that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal-blacks), which have a large specific surface area, provide more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensors. As an example measurement, we present the response of QCMs with BAu towards ethanol vapours (Fig. 1). The curves illustrate that the response of the sensor with the BAu electrode is 10-times bigger than the one of the standard QCM (152Hz/15Hz). For the combined layer (BAu + ZnPc(COOH) 8 ), the response amplification is not so large but it is still significant. In this case, the response is 3-times bigger than the one from the QCM with ZnPc(COOH) 8 only (without BAu). However, in contrast with QCM with just bare BAu, the surface modification with SAMs layers influences the sensor selectivity. The combined layers of MBs and SAMs then result in a selective sensor with increased sensitivity. According to the presented results metal-blacks are promising materials that can significantly boost the sensitivity of QCM sensors and still preserve the selectivity of its active layers.  References  [1] Johannsmann, D. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Soft Matter Research: Fundamentals and Modeling ; Springer International Publishing, 2014.  [2] Chappanda, K. N.; Shekhah, O.; Yassine, O.; Patole, S. P.; Eddaoudi, M.; Salama, K. N. The Quest for Highly Sensitive QCM Humidity Sensors: The Coating of CNT/MOF Composite Sensing Films as Case Study. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2018 , 257 , 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2017.10.189.  [3] Novotný, M.; Fitl, P.; Sytchkova, A.; Bulíř, J.; Lanačok, J.; Pokorný, P.; Najdek, D.; Boan, J. Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009 , 7 (2), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-009-0027-7.     Figure 1},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Guerkboukha, Mohamed Amine and Gadenne, Virginie and Patrone, Lionel and Vrňata, Martin},\\n doi = {10.1149/MA2020-01312314MTGABS},\\n journal = {ECS Meeting Abstracts},\\n number = {31}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Tomeček,  D.\",\"Havlová,  Š.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Guerkboukha,  M., A.\",\"Gadenne,  V.\",\"Patrone,  L.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"urls\":{\"Website\":\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs\"},\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Nanostructured Metals as Active Layers for Gas Sensors [Talk]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"month\":\"9\",\"day\":\"24\",\"city\":\"Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain\",\"id\":\"84bffe45-eacf-38a8-9f02-08e8e38209f0\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T11:29:41.147Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:32:11.342Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Nanostructured and nanoporous metal layers (also called black metals) are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. Nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black silver (BAg) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert argon atmosphere at an elevated pressure of 100 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrates and glass chemiresistor substrates with gold electrodes. The prepared layers were subsequently annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy.  Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2. It was proven that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal blacks) provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of the QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 detection with promising results.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Novotný, Michal and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"ICPAM-13, International Conference on Physics of Advanced Materials, Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Nanostructured Metals as Active Layers for Gas Sensors [Talk]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2021},\\n month = {9},\\n day = {24},\\n city = {Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain},\\n id = {84bffe45-eacf-38a8-9f02-08e8e38209f0},\\n created = {2023-10-19T11:29:41.147Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:32:11.342Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Nanostructured and nanoporous metal layers (also called black metals) are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. Nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black silver (BAg) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert argon atmosphere at an elevated pressure of 100 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrates and glass chemiresistor substrates with gold electrodes. The prepared layers were subsequently annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy.  Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2. It was proven that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal blacks) provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of the QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 detection with promising results.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Novotný, Michal and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {ICPAM-13, International Conference on Physics of Advanced Materials, Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Havlová,  Š.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Vlček,  J.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-havlov-fitl-vlek-novotn-vrata-nanostructuredmetalsasactivelayersforgassensorstalk-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Photoregeneration and improvement of chemical sensors [Poster]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"month\":\"9\",\"city\":\"Prague\",\"id\":\"6bfef75d-8846-3c15-a688-88ea467bf571\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T12:10:44.680Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2023-10-19T13:46:26.784Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Photoregeneration is a soft and economic method for desorption of adsorbed analytes from thin gas sensor layers (= for sensor regeneration). It is based on the illumination of the sensor by specific light at a precise wavelength and intensity [1].\\nThis method of regeneration is appropriate especially for thin organic or inorganic layers that suffer from long recovery times and baseline shifts. Or there where temperature regeneration is undesirable due to possible morphological changes of the active layer.\\nThe main aim of our work is focused on the optimization of photoregeneration method for phthalocyanine chemiresistors and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors sensitive to NO2.\\nPart of our work also focuses on the improvement of sensing properties of QCM sensors by the use of metal-blacks (MBs) MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials that have a large specific surface area. This large surface provides more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensor.\\nIn the future, we would like to combine these two principles together and prepare high-sensitive and simply regenerable QCM sensors sensitive to NO2 or other analytes depending on the used active layer.\\n\\nReferences\\n\\n[1] – Tomeček, D.; Hruška, M.; Fitl, P.; et al. Phthalocyanine Photoregeneration for Low Power Consumption Chemiresistors. ACS Sensors 2018, 3 (12), 2558–2565.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Havlová, Šárka and Fara, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Marešová, Eva and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"MultiComp Autumn Prague Meeting\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Photoregeneration and improvement of chemical sensors [Poster]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2019},\\n month = {9},\\n city = {Prague},\\n id = {6bfef75d-8846-3c15-a688-88ea467bf571},\\n created = {2023-10-19T12:10:44.680Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2023-10-19T13:46:26.784Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Photoregeneration is a soft and economic method for desorption of adsorbed analytes from thin gas sensor layers (= for sensor regeneration). It is based on the illumination of the sensor by specific light at a precise wavelength and intensity [1].\\nThis method of regeneration is appropriate especially for thin organic or inorganic layers that suffer from long recovery times and baseline shifts. Or there where temperature regeneration is undesirable due to possible morphological changes of the active layer.\\nThe main aim of our work is focused on the optimization of photoregeneration method for phthalocyanine chemiresistors and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors sensitive to NO2.\\nPart of our work also focuses on the improvement of sensing properties of QCM sensors by the use of metal-blacks (MBs) MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials that have a large specific surface area. This large surface provides more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensor.\\nIn the future, we would like to combine these two principles together and prepare high-sensitive and simply regenerable QCM sensors sensitive to NO2 or other analytes depending on the used active layer.\\n\\nReferences\\n\\n[1] – Tomeček, D.; Hruška, M.; Fitl, P.; et al. Phthalocyanine Photoregeneration for Low Power Consumption Chemiresistors. ACS Sensors 2018, 3 (12), 2558–2565.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Havlová, Šárka and Fara, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Marešová, Eva and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {MultiComp Autumn Prague Meeting}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Tomeček,  D.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Vlček,  J.\",\"Havlová,  Š.\",\"Fara,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Marešová,  E.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-tomeek-fitl-vlek-havlov-fara-otta-mareov-etal-photoregenerationandimprovementofchemicalsensorsposter-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Highly Porous Black Metals for Chemical Gas Sensor Applications [Talk]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"month\":\"9\",\"city\":\"Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan\",\"id\":\"ca1f20a0-a73a-362a-bf25-c8f235617094\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T12:10:47.310Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:30:55.894Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Black metals (BMs) are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into pores and channels, where it undergoes multiple reflections and is almost completely absorbed [1]. BMs are promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio, while the properties of BMs films (porosity, electrical resistance) can be controlled by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure) [2].\\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert atmosphere (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure (100 – 1000 Pa) on quartz crystal microbalance substrates (QCM) substrates and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission and thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) were used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that black metals can provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.\\n\\nReferences\\n[1] M. Novotny et al, Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009, 7 (2), 327–331.\\n[2] W. Becker et al, Optical and electrical properties of black gold layers in the far infrared, Infrared Phys. Technol., 1999, 40(6), 431–445.\\nAcknowledgement:\\nAuthors acknowledge support of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic project No. 8F21008, and project No. JP22420 from the International Visegrad Fund. This work was supported by JST SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC2108, Japan. This work was supported from the grant of Specific university research – grant No A2_FCHI_2022_010\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"IVC-22, The 22nd international vacuum congress, Sapporo, Japan\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Highly Porous Black Metals for Chemical Gas Sensor Applications [Talk]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2022},\\n month = {9},\\n city = {Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan},\\n id = {ca1f20a0-a73a-362a-bf25-c8f235617094},\\n created = {2023-10-19T12:10:47.310Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:55.894Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Black metals (BMs) are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into pores and channels, where it undergoes multiple reflections and is almost completely absorbed [1]. BMs are promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio, while the properties of BMs films (porosity, electrical resistance) can be controlled by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure) [2].\\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert atmosphere (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure (100 – 1000 Pa) on quartz crystal microbalance substrates (QCM) substrates and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission and thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) were used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that black metals can provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.\\n\\nReferences\\n[1] M. Novotny et al, Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009, 7 (2), 327–331.\\n[2] W. Becker et al, Optical and electrical properties of black gold layers in the far infrared, Infrared Phys. Technol., 1999, 40(6), 431–445.\\nAcknowledgement:\\nAuthors acknowledge support of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic project No. 8F21008, and project No. JP22420 from the International Visegrad Fund. This work was supported by JST SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC2108, Japan. This work was supported from the grant of Specific university research – grant No A2_FCHI_2022_010},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {IVC-22, The 22nd international vacuum congress, Sapporo, Japan}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"More-Chevalier,  J.\",\"Pokorný,  P.\",\"Lančok,  J.\",\"Kawamura,  M.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-highlyporousblackmetalsforchemicalgassensorapplicationstalk-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Utilization of nanostructured materials for gas sensor applications [Talk]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"month\":\"10\",\"city\":\"Dubrovnik, Croatia\",\"id\":\"ca3212c0-07e3-3349-a011-9411cb069576\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T12:10:50.104Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:30:32.562Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Nanostructured and nanoporous metal and metalloid films, also called black metals (BMs), are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio. A nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites for molecules of analytes, thus increasing the sensor response. BMs can be prepared by thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, and the properties of BMs films (electrical resistance, porosity, and layer thickness) can be tuned by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure), which is beneficial mainly for chemiresistors application.\\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an atmosphere of inert gas (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure of 100 – 1000 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various pores sizes. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission followed by thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) was used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that nanostructured metals and metalloids can provide more bonding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit higher electrical resistance than solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Chemiresistors with nanostructured layers were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"IMEKO TC11 & TC24 Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Utilization of nanostructured materials for gas sensor applications [Talk]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2022},\\n month = {10},\\n city = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},\\n id = {ca3212c0-07e3-3349-a011-9411cb069576},\\n created = {2023-10-19T12:10:50.104Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:32.562Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Nanostructured and nanoporous metal and metalloid films, also called black metals (BMs), are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio. A nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites for molecules of analytes, thus increasing the sensor response. BMs can be prepared by thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, and the properties of BMs films (electrical resistance, porosity, and layer thickness) can be tuned by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure), which is beneficial mainly for chemiresistors application.\\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an atmosphere of inert gas (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure of 100 – 1000 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various pores sizes. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission followed by thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) was used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that nanostructured metals and metalloids can provide more bonding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit higher electrical resistance than solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Chemiresistors with nanostructured layers were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {IMEKO TC11 & TC24 Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"More-Chevalier,  J.\",\"Pokorný,  P.\",\"Lančok,  J.\",\"Kawamura,  M.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-utilizationofnanostructuredmaterialsforgassensorapplicationstalk-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Nanoporous Black Gold for Hydrogen Sensing [Talk]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"month\":\"10\",\"city\":\"Funchal, Madeira, Portugal\",\"id\":\"d3c3a523-3321-311e-9506-e8d8ff7c6812\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T12:22:18.316Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:30:05.430Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"In the last few years, there has been a growing trend in the field of hydrogen gas detection regarding the green deal and the use of hydrogen as a next-generation energy source. The main reason for hydrogen detection is the fact that H2/air mixtures are explosive at concentrations above 4%.\\nOne approach for the simple room temperature detection of low hydrogen concentrations is the usage of highly nanoporous black metal chemiresistor films (BMs) prepared by thermal evaporation. The fractal structure and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the BMs is highly beneficial for gas sensing because the nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites and sites for the physical adsorption. Another advantage is the possibility to control the level of nanostructurization. This can be done either by controlling the working pressure during the deposition or subsequently by thermal annealing. By this procedure, it is possible to increase or decrease the sensitivity to a particular analyte.\\nNanostructured black gold (BAu) layers were prepared by thermal evaporation in an inert argon atmosphere on 2x2 mm wide alumina chips with platinum electrodes. The layers were characterised by SEM, AFM and UV-VIS spectroscopy. For further characterisation, defects and nanopores in black-metal films were studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Sensing properties of BAu films with different porosities were investigated at different H2 concentrations.\\nIt was proven that the nanoporous BAu is a suitable active chemiresistor layer for hydrogen sensing and that the sensitivity of the BAu toward hydrogen can be controlled by the nanostructurization of the prepared layer.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Čížek, Jakub and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Nanoporous Black Gold for Hydrogen Sensing [Talk]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n month = {10},\\n city = {Funchal, Madeira, Portugal},\\n id = {d3c3a523-3321-311e-9506-e8d8ff7c6812},\\n created = {2023-10-19T12:22:18.316Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:05.430Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {In the last few years, there has been a growing trend in the field of hydrogen gas detection regarding the green deal and the use of hydrogen as a next-generation energy source. The main reason for hydrogen detection is the fact that H2/air mixtures are explosive at concentrations above 4%.\\nOne approach for the simple room temperature detection of low hydrogen concentrations is the usage of highly nanoporous black metal chemiresistor films (BMs) prepared by thermal evaporation. The fractal structure and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the BMs is highly beneficial for gas sensing because the nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites and sites for the physical adsorption. Another advantage is the possibility to control the level of nanostructurization. This can be done either by controlling the working pressure during the deposition or subsequently by thermal annealing. By this procedure, it is possible to increase or decrease the sensitivity to a particular analyte.\\nNanostructured black gold (BAu) layers were prepared by thermal evaporation in an inert argon atmosphere on 2x2 mm wide alumina chips with platinum electrodes. The layers were characterised by SEM, AFM and UV-VIS spectroscopy. For further characterisation, defects and nanopores in black-metal films were studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Sensing properties of BAu films with different porosities were investigated at different H2 concentrations.\\nIt was proven that the nanoporous BAu is a suitable active chemiresistor layer for hydrogen sensing and that the sensitivity of the BAu toward hydrogen can be controlled by the nanostructurization of the prepared layer.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Čížek, Jakub and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"Čížek,  J.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-ek-vrata-nanoporousblackgoldforhydrogensensingtalk-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Nanoporous Coatings: An Impedance Analysis Study [Poster]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"city\":\"Funchal, Madeira, Portugal\",\"id\":\"8f927c1e-408d-3eaf-ba69-b4e4449ab2e6\",\"created\":\"2023-10-19T12:22:24.270Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:29:50.816Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM) are characterized by many potential applications. They are widely used as biosensors, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, or gas sensors. Regardless of the specific application, the recognition resolution of QCMs is determined and restricted according to the Sauerbray equation. This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor applications where low concentrations need to be detected, and the mass of adsorbed analytes does not usually lead to a sufficient sensor response. Yet, there are some possibilities for how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area and thus providing more bonding sites for the analytes. One such approach is the use of highly nanoporous metal layers, namely black metals (BMs), due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. However, BMs also show lower rigidity and impaired viscoelastic properties with respect to QCM oscillations, and thus they can cause damping as shown by the lower quality factor. For these reasons, proper investigation of those processes is necessary to optimise the black metal preparation conditions and utilisation of black metal based QCM sensors. Herein we present a detailed study of QCM sensors with nanoporous black metal coatings using impedance analysis. The influence of the thickness of the black metal layer and the preparation method on the quality factor of the QCM is compared and discussed. Also, a novel impedance data fitting method for the Butterworth-van Dyke equivalent circuit model is presented.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Iino, Hiroumi and Kudo, Sodai and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Nanoporous Coatings: An Impedance Analysis Study [Poster]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2023},\\n city = {Funchal, Madeira, Portugal},\\n id = {8f927c1e-408d-3eaf-ba69-b4e4449ab2e6},\\n created = {2023-10-19T12:22:24.270Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:50.816Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM) are characterized by many potential applications. They are widely used as biosensors, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, or gas sensors. Regardless of the specific application, the recognition resolution of QCMs is determined and restricted according to the Sauerbray equation. This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor applications where low concentrations need to be detected, and the mass of adsorbed analytes does not usually lead to a sufficient sensor response. Yet, there are some possibilities for how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area and thus providing more bonding sites for the analytes. One such approach is the use of highly nanoporous metal layers, namely black metals (BMs), due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. However, BMs also show lower rigidity and impaired viscoelastic properties with respect to QCM oscillations, and thus they can cause damping as shown by the lower quality factor. For these reasons, proper investigation of those processes is necessary to optimise the black metal preparation conditions and utilisation of black metal based QCM sensors. Herein we present a detailed study of QCM sensors with nanoporous black metal coatings using impedance analysis. The influence of the thickness of the black metal layer and the preparation method on the quality factor of the QCM is compared and discussed. Also, a novel impedance data fitting method for the Butterworth-van Dyke equivalent circuit model is presented.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Iino, Hiroumi and Kudo, Sodai and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Iino,  H.\",\"Kudo,  S.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"Kiba,  T.\",\"Kawamura,  M.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-iino-kudo-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-etal-quartzcrystalmicrobalancesensorswithnanoporouscoatingsanimpedanceanalysisstudyposter-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"In-Situ QCM Impedance Analysis of Nanostructured Thin Film Growth [Poster]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"month\":\"7\",\"id\":\"369de86d-419e-3866-a01f-c4124dd08f23\",\"created\":\"2024-07-25T14:05:59.542Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:29:37.120Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"A comprehensive understanding of thin film growth is pivotal for enhancing the performance of thin film sensors, especially those composed of highly nanostructured materials where uniformity in density across the film thickness is often lacking. Investigating the growth of these films, particularly through in-situ methods during deposition processes such as thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, is thus of great benefit. In this study, we explore the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu) and black aluminum (BAl) prepared by thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering using an in-situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis (QCM-IA). By employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm [1] for real-time measurements, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation as well as their interactions with surrounding gaseous environment, by loading the vacuum apparatus with inert gases (He, N2, Ar), providing insights into subsequent sensor applications. Prepared films were characterized by SEM and AFM, confirming their nanostructured morphology. Additionally, these films were tested for their potential use as active layers for QCM sensors, showcasing their applicability in sensor technology. This approach not only provides a deeper understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques for the enhancement of sensor functionalities. Building upon our previous studies of black metals [2, 3], this work extends our knowledge on nanostructured film growth and possibly also introduces methodology for in-depth investigations.\\n[1]\\tMartin Hruska (2024). QCM_BvD_Fitting_Toolbox, MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved February 29, 2024. (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/136079-qcm_bvd_fitting_toolbox)\\n[2]\\tHruška, M., More-Chevalier, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Hruška, P., Prokop, D., Pokorný, P., Kejzlar, J., Gadenne, V., Patrone, L., Vrňata, M., Lančok, J., Nanomaterials MDPI, 12 (23), (2023) 4297\\n[3]\\tHruška, M., Kejzlar, J., Otta, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Čížek, J., Melikhova, O., Mičušík, M., Machata, P., Vrňata, M., Applied Surface Science, 647, (2024) 158618.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"ISSP2024, The 17th International Symposium on Sputtering & Plasma Processes, Kyoto, Japan\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {In-Situ QCM Impedance Analysis of Nanostructured Thin Film Growth [Poster]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2024},\\n month = {7},\\n id = {369de86d-419e-3866-a01f-c4124dd08f23},\\n created = {2024-07-25T14:05:59.542Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:37.120Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of thin film growth is pivotal for enhancing the performance of thin film sensors, especially those composed of highly nanostructured materials where uniformity in density across the film thickness is often lacking. Investigating the growth of these films, particularly through in-situ methods during deposition processes such as thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, is thus of great benefit. In this study, we explore the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu) and black aluminum (BAl) prepared by thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering using an in-situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis (QCM-IA). By employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm [1] for real-time measurements, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation as well as their interactions with surrounding gaseous environment, by loading the vacuum apparatus with inert gases (He, N2, Ar), providing insights into subsequent sensor applications. Prepared films were characterized by SEM and AFM, confirming their nanostructured morphology. Additionally, these films were tested for their potential use as active layers for QCM sensors, showcasing their applicability in sensor technology. This approach not only provides a deeper understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques for the enhancement of sensor functionalities. Building upon our previous studies of black metals [2, 3], this work extends our knowledge on nanostructured film growth and possibly also introduces methodology for in-depth investigations.\\n[1]\\tMartin Hruska (2024). QCM_BvD_Fitting_Toolbox, MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved February 29, 2024. (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/136079-qcm_bvd_fitting_toolbox)\\n[2]\\tHruška, M., More-Chevalier, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Hruška, P., Prokop, D., Pokorný, P., Kejzlar, J., Gadenne, V., Patrone, L., Vrňata, M., Lančok, J., Nanomaterials MDPI, 12 (23), (2023) 4297\\n[3]\\tHruška, M., Kejzlar, J., Otta, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Čížek, J., Melikhova, O., Mičušík, M., Machata, P., Vrňata, M., Applied Surface Science, 647, (2024) 158618.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {ISSP2024, The 17th International Symposium on Sputtering & Plasma Processes, Kyoto, Japan}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"Kiba,  T.\",\"Kawamura,  M.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmimpedanceanalysisofnanostructuredthinfilmgrowthposter-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"In-Situ Impedance Analysis of QCM Sensors during Black Metal Deposition Using an Advanced BVD Fitting Algorithm [Talk]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"month\":\"8\",\"day\":\"26\",\"id\":\"bb532abe-af67-3cfb-84e7-f48c218cd063\",\"created\":\"2024-08-31T14:42:13.225Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:29:01.110Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"Our study introduces a novel in-situ impedance spectroscopy method for QCM sensors during black metal film deposition, employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm. This approach significantly improves the accuracy of impedance measurements, thereby facilitating more accurate analysis of resonance frequencies and equivalent circuit parameters. The research highlights the critical role of gas molecule adsorption in affecting the damping effects, which varies with the working pressure and gas types. The advancements in QCM impedance analysis not only deepen our understanding of the interaction between black metal films and QCM sensors under various atmospheric conditions but also contribute to the improvement of chemical sensing technologies, enabling the development of sensors with enhanced accuracy and sensitivity.\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"IMEKO 2024 XXIV World Congress, Hamburg, Germany\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {In-Situ Impedance Analysis of QCM Sensors during Black Metal Deposition Using an Advanced BVD Fitting Algorithm [Talk]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2024},\\n month = {8},\\n day = {26},\\n id = {bb532abe-af67-3cfb-84e7-f48c218cd063},\\n created = {2024-08-31T14:42:13.225Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:01.110Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {Our study introduces a novel in-situ impedance spectroscopy method for QCM sensors during black metal film deposition, employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm. This approach significantly improves the accuracy of impedance measurements, thereby facilitating more accurate analysis of resonance frequencies and equivalent circuit parameters. The research highlights the critical role of gas molecule adsorption in affecting the damping effects, which varies with the working pressure and gas types. The advancements in QCM impedance analysis not only deepen our understanding of the interaction between black metal films and QCM sensors under various atmospheric conditions but also contribute to the improvement of chemical sensing technologies, enabling the development of sensors with enhanced accuracy and sensitivity.},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {IMEKO 2024 XXIV World Congress, Hamburg, Germany}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-vrata-insituimpedanceanalysisofqcmsensorsduringblackmetaldepositionusinganadvancedbvdfittingalgorithmtalk-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"In-Situ QCM Analysis of Nanostructured Black Gold Films for Advanced Gas Sensing Applications [Talk]\",\"type\":\"article\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"month\":\"10\",\"day\":\"13\",\"id\":\"f0e9e351-b9f3-3688-8707-f97e3c705f44\",\"created\":\"2024-10-21T16:26:37.070Z\",\"file_attached\":false,\"profile_id\":\"d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"group_id\":\"e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523\",\"last_modified\":\"2024-10-21T16:29:21.296Z\",\"read\":false,\"starred\":false,\"authored\":false,\"confirmed\":false,\"hidden\":false,\"private_publication\":false,\"abstract\":\"A comprehensive understanding of the growth of thin films and their interactions with surrounding molecules is crucial for improving the performance of chemical gas sensors, particularly those made from highly nanostructured materials. Studying the growth of these films, especially by in-situ methods during thermal evaporation, is therefore highly beneficial.\\nIn this study, we investigate the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu), prepared by thermal evaporation using an in-situ quartz crystal microbalance with impedance analysis (QCM-IA). By using an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm developed in MATLAB for real-time impedance spectrum analysis, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation and their interactions with the gaseous environment. Our in-situ QCM-IA analysis shows that damping results from the interaction of the nanoporous layer with gas molecules, with the layer remaining stable in a vacuum environment. An extended BVD viscoelastic model was proposed for the BMs-coated QCM.\\nOur results indicate that gas sensors based on QCMs with nanostructured coatings provide responses in both frequency and quality of oscillations, which could lead to the development of chemical gas sensors capable of sensing inert gases or discriminating analytes based on their interaction with the nanostructured layer. Additionally, the prepared BAu layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and XPS and compared with the bare QCM electrode, confirming their nanostructured morphology and large specific surface area, which enhances QCM sensitivity.\\nThis approach not only deepens understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques to enhance sensor functionalities. Building on our previous studies of black metals, this work extends our knowledge of nanostructured film growth and introduces advanced methodologies for gas sensor operation.\\nKeywords: Nanostructured Materials, Black Metals (BMs), Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Chemical Gas Sensors, Impedance Analysis\",\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Mičušík, Matej and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin\",\"journal\":\"VASSCAA-12, The 12th Vacuum and Surface Science Conference of Asia and Australia, Taipei, Taiwan\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{\\n title = {In-Situ QCM Analysis of Nanostructured Black Gold Films for Advanced Gas Sensing Applications [Talk]},\\n type = {article},\\n year = {2024},\\n month = {10},\\n day = {13},\\n id = {f0e9e351-b9f3-3688-8707-f97e3c705f44},\\n created = {2024-10-21T16:26:37.070Z},\\n file_attached = {false},\\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:21.296Z},\\n read = {false},\\n starred = {false},\\n authored = {false},\\n confirmed = {false},\\n hidden = {false},\\n private_publication = {false},\\n abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of the growth of thin films and their interactions with surrounding molecules is crucial for improving the performance of chemical gas sensors, particularly those made from highly nanostructured materials. Studying the growth of these films, especially by in-situ methods during thermal evaporation, is therefore highly beneficial.\\nIn this study, we investigate the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu), prepared by thermal evaporation using an in-situ quartz crystal microbalance with impedance analysis (QCM-IA). By using an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm developed in MATLAB for real-time impedance spectrum analysis, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation and their interactions with the gaseous environment. Our in-situ QCM-IA analysis shows that damping results from the interaction of the nanoporous layer with gas molecules, with the layer remaining stable in a vacuum environment. An extended BVD viscoelastic model was proposed for the BMs-coated QCM.\\nOur results indicate that gas sensors based on QCMs with nanostructured coatings provide responses in both frequency and quality of oscillations, which could lead to the development of chemical gas sensors capable of sensing inert gases or discriminating analytes based on their interaction with the nanostructured layer. Additionally, the prepared BAu layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and XPS and compared with the bare QCM electrode, confirming their nanostructured morphology and large specific surface area, which enhances QCM sensitivity.\\nThis approach not only deepens understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques to enhance sensor functionalities. Building on our previous studies of black metals, this work extends our knowledge of nanostructured film growth and introduces advanced methodologies for gas sensor operation.\\nKeywords: Nanostructured Materials, Black Metals (BMs), Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Chemical Gas Sensors, Impedance Analysis},\\n bibtype = {article},\\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Mičušík, Matej and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\\n journal = {VASSCAA-12, The 12th Vacuum and Surface Science Conference of Asia and Australia, Taipei, Taiwan}\\n}\",\"author_short\":[\"Hruška,  M.\",\"Kejzlar,  J.\",\"Otta,  J.\",\"Fitl,  P.\",\"Novotný,  M.\",\"Mičušík,  M.\",\"Kawamura,  M.\",\"Vrňata,  M.\"],\"biburl\":\"https://bibbase.org/service/mendeley/d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-miuk-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmanalysisofnanostructuredblackgoldfilmsforadvancedgassensingapplicationstalk-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"hruška,  m\",\"authorlinks\":{\"hruška,  m\":\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\"}},\n      ownerID: \"AoANJyRouaL4EYSuc\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"all.bib\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{
 title = {QCM Sensors Combining Highly Nanostructured Metal-Blacks Sublayers and Active Self-Assembled Monolayers [Poster]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {2314},
 volume = {MA2020-01},
 websites = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs},
 month = {5},
 publisher = {IOP Publishing},
 day = {1},
 id = {4bfb2e67-1b7f-377e-9f7a-eb011afe5996},
 created = {2023-10-19T10:07:20.932Z},
 accessed = {2023-06-21},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2023-10-19T12:38:25.478Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = { Introduction  Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are characterized by many potential applications. They are being widely used as biosensors, in pharmacological applications, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, etc. [1]. Regardless the specific application, the recognition resolution of quartz chips is usually determined and restrained according to the Sauerbray equation (For example for 10 MHz QCM, the change of resonance frequency in 1 Hz corresponds to 4.4 ng/cm 2 of adsorbed mass per surface). This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor application where we need to detect concentration down to ppm or even ppb levels. However, there are some possibilities on how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area of QCM electrodes, and thus providing more bonding sites for the analyte [2]. In this contribution, we propose a novel method that uses nanostructured materials called metal-blacks as a sublayer for the increase of active sensor surface, in combination with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that serves as a receptor layer.  Metal-Blacks Metal-blacks – MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black colour, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into the pores and channels where it undergoes multiple reflections in cavities and where it is almost completely absorbed. Due to the very large surface area, MBs are ideal materials for enhancement of QCM gas sensors properties [3]. Experimental  The nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black palladium (BPd) were prepared by evaporation from a tungsten boat at an elevated pressure of 200 Pa. Prepared layers of MBs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) . The SAMs of zinc octacarboxylphthalocyanine ZnPc(COOH) 8 were prepared by two-step grafting method, where ZnPc(COOH) 8 is covalently bonded to the molecule of aminothiophenol, which serves as an surface anchor via its gold/palladium-sulfur bond. The preparation procedure was as follows. At first, the QCM electrodes with MB layers were degreased in a sonicated ethanol bath during a few minutes and then dried under a nitrogen flow. Second, the QCM samples were cleaned by UV-ozone treatment and immediately immersed into 10 -4 M solution of aminothiophenol in ethanol/DMF solvent for 24h. Third, after the 24h incubation time, the samples were moved into 10 -4 M solution of the macrocycles and left there for another 24h. In the end, the samples were carefully rinsed with the solvent to eliminate adsorbed molecular overlayers and subsequently washed with ethanol in order to remove solvent residues and dried under nitrogen flux.  Once prepared, QCM sensor impedance spectra were obtained by impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A . Responses towards different analytes (EtOH, CH 4 , H 2 O, NO 2 , toluene, acetaldehyde) were measured in a glass chamber that enables the measurement of up to 6 sensors at the same time. Sensors were measured at a constant gas flow and room temperature. The sensor resonant frequencies were measured by oscillattor circuits in connection with an NI PCI-6602 card used as a precise counter  Results and Conclusions  In this contribution, we have proved that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal-blacks), which have a large specific surface area, provide more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensors. As an example measurement, we present the response of QCMs with BAu towards ethanol vapours (Fig. 1). The curves illustrate that the response of the sensor with the BAu electrode is 10-times bigger than the one of the standard QCM (152Hz/15Hz). For the combined layer (BAu + ZnPc(COOH) 8 ), the response amplification is not so large but it is still significant. In this case, the response is 3-times bigger than the one from the QCM with ZnPc(COOH) 8 only (without BAu). However, in contrast with QCM with just bare BAu, the surface modification with SAMs layers influences the sensor selectivity. The combined layers of MBs and SAMs then result in a selective sensor with increased sensitivity. According to the presented results metal-blacks are promising materials that can significantly boost the sensitivity of QCM sensors and still preserve the selectivity of its active layers.  References  [1] Johannsmann, D. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Soft Matter Research: Fundamentals and Modeling ; Springer International Publishing, 2014.  [2] Chappanda, K. N.; Shekhah, O.; Yassine, O.; Patole, S. P.; Eddaoudi, M.; Salama, K. N. The Quest for Highly Sensitive QCM Humidity Sensors: The Coating of CNT/MOF Composite Sensing Films as Case Study. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2018 , 257 , 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2017.10.189.  [3] Novotný, M.; Fitl, P.; Sytchkova, A.; Bulíř, J.; Lanačok, J.; Pokorný, P.; Najdek, D.; Boan, J. Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009 , 7 (2), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-009-0027-7.     Figure 1},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Guerkboukha, Mohamed Amine and Gadenne, Virginie and Patrone, Lionel and Vrňata, Martin},
 doi = {10.1149/MA2020-01312314MTGABS},
 journal = {ECS Meeting Abstracts},
 number = {31}
}

@article{
 title = {Nanostructured Metals as Active Layers for Gas Sensors [Talk]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 month = {9},
 day = {24},
 city = {Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain},
 id = {84bffe45-eacf-38a8-9f02-08e8e38209f0},
 created = {2023-10-19T11:29:41.147Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:32:11.342Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nanostructured and nanoporous metal layers (also called black metals) are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. Nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black silver (BAg) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert argon atmosphere at an elevated pressure of 100 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrates and glass chemiresistor substrates with gold electrodes. The prepared layers were subsequently annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy.  Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2. It was proven that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal blacks) provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of the QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 detection with promising results.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Novotný, Michal and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {ICPAM-13, International Conference on Physics of Advanced Materials, Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain}
}

@article{
 title = {Photoregeneration and improvement of chemical sensors [Poster]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 month = {9},
 city = {Prague},
 id = {6bfef75d-8846-3c15-a688-88ea467bf571},
 created = {2023-10-19T12:10:44.680Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2023-10-19T13:46:26.784Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Photoregeneration is a soft and economic method for desorption of adsorbed analytes from thin gas sensor layers (= for sensor regeneration). It is based on the illumination of the sensor by specific light at a precise wavelength and intensity [1].
This method of regeneration is appropriate especially for thin organic or inorganic layers that suffer from long recovery times and baseline shifts. Or there where temperature regeneration is undesirable due to possible morphological changes of the active layer.
The main aim of our work is focused on the optimization of photoregeneration method for phthalocyanine chemiresistors and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors sensitive to NO2.
Part of our work also focuses on the improvement of sensing properties of QCM sensors by the use of metal-blacks (MBs) MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials that have a large specific surface area. This large surface provides more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensor.
In the future, we would like to combine these two principles together and prepare high-sensitive and simply regenerable QCM sensors sensitive to NO2 or other analytes depending on the used active layer.

References

[1] – Tomeček, D.; Hruška, M.; Fitl, P.; et al. Phthalocyanine Photoregeneration for Low Power Consumption Chemiresistors. ACS Sensors 2018, 3 (12), 2558–2565.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Havlová, Šárka and Fara, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Marešová, Eva and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {MultiComp Autumn Prague Meeting}
}

@article{
 title = {Highly Porous Black Metals for Chemical Gas Sensor Applications [Talk]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 month = {9},
 city = {Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan},
 id = {ca1f20a0-a73a-362a-bf25-c8f235617094},
 created = {2023-10-19T12:10:47.310Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:55.894Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Black metals (BMs) are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into pores and channels, where it undergoes multiple reflections and is almost completely absorbed [1]. BMs are promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio, while the properties of BMs films (porosity, electrical resistance) can be controlled by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure) [2].
Nanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert atmosphere (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure (100 – 1000 Pa) on quartz crystal microbalance substrates (QCM) substrates and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission and thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) were used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that black metals can provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.

References
[1] M. Novotny et al, Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009, 7 (2), 327–331.
[2] W. Becker et al, Optical and electrical properties of black gold layers in the far infrared, Infrared Phys. Technol., 1999, 40(6), 431–445.
Acknowledgement:
Authors acknowledge support of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic project No. 8F21008, and project No. JP22420 from the International Visegrad Fund. This work was supported by JST SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC2108, Japan. This work was supported from the grant of Specific university research – grant No A2_FCHI_2022_010},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {IVC-22, The 22nd international vacuum congress, Sapporo, Japan}
}

@article{
 title = {Utilization of nanostructured materials for gas sensor applications [Talk]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 month = {10},
 city = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},
 id = {ca3212c0-07e3-3349-a011-9411cb069576},
 created = {2023-10-19T12:10:50.104Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:32.562Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nanostructured and nanoporous metal and metalloid films, also called black metals (BMs), are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio. A nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites for molecules of analytes, thus increasing the sensor response. BMs can be prepared by thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, and the properties of BMs films (electrical resistance, porosity, and layer thickness) can be tuned by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure), which is beneficial mainly for chemiresistors application.
Nanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an atmosphere of inert gas (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure of 100 – 1000 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various pores sizes. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission followed by thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) was used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that nanostructured metals and metalloids can provide more bonding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit higher electrical resistance than solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Chemiresistors with nanostructured layers were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {IMEKO TC11 & TC24 Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia}
}

@article{
 title = {Nanoporous Black Gold for Hydrogen Sensing [Talk]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 month = {10},
 city = {Funchal, Madeira, Portugal},
 id = {d3c3a523-3321-311e-9506-e8d8ff7c6812},
 created = {2023-10-19T12:22:18.316Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:05.430Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In the last few years, there has been a growing trend in the field of hydrogen gas detection regarding the green deal and the use of hydrogen as a next-generation energy source. The main reason for hydrogen detection is the fact that H2/air mixtures are explosive at concentrations above 4%.
One approach for the simple room temperature detection of low hydrogen concentrations is the usage of highly nanoporous black metal chemiresistor films (BMs) prepared by thermal evaporation. The fractal structure and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the BMs is highly beneficial for gas sensing because the nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites and sites for the physical adsorption. Another advantage is the possibility to control the level of nanostructurization. This can be done either by controlling the working pressure during the deposition or subsequently by thermal annealing. By this procedure, it is possible to increase or decrease the sensitivity to a particular analyte.
Nanostructured black gold (BAu) layers were prepared by thermal evaporation in an inert argon atmosphere on 2x2 mm wide alumina chips with platinum electrodes. The layers were characterised by SEM, AFM and UV-VIS spectroscopy. For further characterisation, defects and nanopores in black-metal films were studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Sensing properties of BAu films with different porosities were investigated at different H2 concentrations.
It was proven that the nanoporous BAu is a suitable active chemiresistor layer for hydrogen sensing and that the sensitivity of the BAu toward hydrogen can be controlled by the nanostructurization of the prepared layer.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Čížek, Jakub and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira}
}

@article{
 title = {Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Nanoporous Coatings: An Impedance Analysis Study [Poster]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 city = {Funchal, Madeira, Portugal},
 id = {8f927c1e-408d-3eaf-ba69-b4e4449ab2e6},
 created = {2023-10-19T12:22:24.270Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:50.816Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM) are characterized by many potential applications. They are widely used as biosensors, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, or gas sensors. Regardless of the specific application, the recognition resolution of QCMs is determined and restricted according to the Sauerbray equation. This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor applications where low concentrations need to be detected, and the mass of adsorbed analytes does not usually lead to a sufficient sensor response. Yet, there are some possibilities for how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area and thus providing more bonding sites for the analytes. One such approach is the use of highly nanoporous metal layers, namely black metals (BMs), due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. However, BMs also show lower rigidity and impaired viscoelastic properties with respect to QCM oscillations, and thus they can cause damping as shown by the lower quality factor. For these reasons, proper investigation of those processes is necessary to optimise the black metal preparation conditions and utilisation of black metal based QCM sensors. Herein we present a detailed study of QCM sensors with nanoporous black metal coatings using impedance analysis. The influence of the thickness of the black metal layer and the preparation method on the quality factor of the QCM is compared and discussed. Also, a novel impedance data fitting method for the Butterworth-van Dyke equivalent circuit model is presented.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Iino, Hiroumi and Kudo, Sodai and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira}
}

@article{
 title = {In-Situ QCM Impedance Analysis of Nanostructured Thin Film Growth [Poster]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2024},
 month = {7},
 id = {369de86d-419e-3866-a01f-c4124dd08f23},
 created = {2024-07-25T14:05:59.542Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:37.120Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of thin film growth is pivotal for enhancing the performance of thin film sensors, especially those composed of highly nanostructured materials where uniformity in density across the film thickness is often lacking. Investigating the growth of these films, particularly through in-situ methods during deposition processes such as thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, is thus of great benefit. In this study, we explore the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu) and black aluminum (BAl) prepared by thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering using an in-situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis (QCM-IA). By employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm [1] for real-time measurements, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation as well as their interactions with surrounding gaseous environment, by loading the vacuum apparatus with inert gases (He, N2, Ar), providing insights into subsequent sensor applications. Prepared films were characterized by SEM and AFM, confirming their nanostructured morphology. Additionally, these films were tested for their potential use as active layers for QCM sensors, showcasing their applicability in sensor technology. This approach not only provides a deeper understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques for the enhancement of sensor functionalities. Building upon our previous studies of black metals [2, 3], this work extends our knowledge on nanostructured film growth and possibly also introduces methodology for in-depth investigations.
[1]	Martin Hruska (2024). QCM_BvD_Fitting_Toolbox, MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved February 29, 2024. (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/136079-qcm_bvd_fitting_toolbox)
[2]	Hruška, M., More-Chevalier, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Hruška, P., Prokop, D., Pokorný, P., Kejzlar, J., Gadenne, V., Patrone, L., Vrňata, M., Lančok, J., Nanomaterials MDPI, 12 (23), (2023) 4297
[3]	Hruška, M., Kejzlar, J., Otta, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Čížek, J., Melikhova, O., Mičušík, M., Machata, P., Vrňata, M., Applied Surface Science, 647, (2024) 158618.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {ISSP2024, The 17th International Symposium on Sputtering & Plasma Processes, Kyoto, Japan}
}

@article{
 title = {In-Situ Impedance Analysis of QCM Sensors during Black Metal Deposition Using an Advanced BVD Fitting Algorithm [Talk]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2024},
 month = {8},
 day = {26},
 id = {bb532abe-af67-3cfb-84e7-f48c218cd063},
 created = {2024-08-31T14:42:13.225Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:01.110Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Our study introduces a novel in-situ impedance spectroscopy method for QCM sensors during black metal film deposition, employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm. This approach significantly improves the accuracy of impedance measurements, thereby facilitating more accurate analysis of resonance frequencies and equivalent circuit parameters. The research highlights the critical role of gas molecule adsorption in affecting the damping effects, which varies with the working pressure and gas types. The advancements in QCM impedance analysis not only deepen our understanding of the interaction between black metal films and QCM sensors under various atmospheric conditions but also contribute to the improvement of chemical sensing technologies, enabling the development of sensors with enhanced accuracy and sensitivity.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {IMEKO 2024 XXIV World Congress, Hamburg, Germany}
}

@article{
 title = {In-Situ QCM Analysis of Nanostructured Black Gold Films for Advanced Gas Sensing Applications [Talk]},
 type = {article},
 year = {2024},
 month = {10},
 day = {13},
 id = {f0e9e351-b9f3-3688-8707-f97e3c705f44},
 created = {2024-10-21T16:26:37.070Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},
 group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},
 last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:21.296Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of the growth of thin films and their interactions with surrounding molecules is crucial for improving the performance of chemical gas sensors, particularly those made from highly nanostructured materials. Studying the growth of these films, especially by in-situ methods during thermal evaporation, is therefore highly beneficial.
In this study, we investigate the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu), prepared by thermal evaporation using an in-situ quartz crystal microbalance with impedance analysis (QCM-IA). By using an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm developed in MATLAB for real-time impedance spectrum analysis, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation and their interactions with the gaseous environment. Our in-situ QCM-IA analysis shows that damping results from the interaction of the nanoporous layer with gas molecules, with the layer remaining stable in a vacuum environment. An extended BVD viscoelastic model was proposed for the BMs-coated QCM.
Our results indicate that gas sensors based on QCMs with nanostructured coatings provide responses in both frequency and quality of oscillations, which could lead to the development of chemical gas sensors capable of sensing inert gases or discriminating analytes based on their interaction with the nanostructured layer. Additionally, the prepared BAu layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and XPS and compared with the bare QCM electrode, confirming their nanostructured morphology and large specific surface area, which enhances QCM sensitivity.
This approach not only deepens understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques to enhance sensor functionalities. Building on our previous studies of black metals, this work extends our knowledge of nanostructured film growth and introduces advanced methodologies for gas sensor operation.
Keywords: Nanostructured Materials, Black Metals (BMs), Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Chemical Gas Sensors, Impedance Analysis},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Mičušík, Matej and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},
 journal = {VASSCAA-12, The 12th Vacuum and Surface Science Conference of Asia and Australia, Taipei, Taiwan}
}\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! 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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmimpedanceanalysisofnanostructuredthinfilmgrowthposter-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In-Situ QCM Impedance Analysis of Nanostructured Thin Film Growth [Poster].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.; Novotný,  M.; Kiba,  T.; Kawamura,  M.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ISSP2024, The 17th International Symposium on Sputtering & Plasma Processes, Kyoto, Japan</i>. 7 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmimpedanceanalysisofnanostructuredthinfilmgrowthposter-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmimpedanceanalysisofnanostructuredthinfilmgrowthposter-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {In-Situ QCM Impedance Analysis of Nanostructured Thin Film Growth [Poster]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2024},\n month = {7},\n id = {369de86d-419e-3866-a01f-c4124dd08f23},\n created = {2024-07-25T14:05:59.542Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:37.120Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of thin film growth is pivotal for enhancing the performance of thin film sensors, especially those composed of highly nanostructured materials where uniformity in density across the film thickness is often lacking. Investigating the growth of these films, particularly through in-situ methods during deposition processes such as thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, is thus of great benefit. In this study, we explore the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu) and black aluminum (BAl) prepared by thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering using an in-situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis (QCM-IA). By employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm [1] for real-time measurements, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation as well as their interactions with surrounding gaseous environment, by loading the vacuum apparatus with inert gases (He, N2, Ar), providing insights into subsequent sensor applications. Prepared films were characterized by SEM and AFM, confirming their nanostructured morphology. Additionally, these films were tested for their potential use as active layers for QCM sensors, showcasing their applicability in sensor technology. This approach not only provides a deeper understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques for the enhancement of sensor functionalities. Building upon our previous studies of black metals [2, 3], this work extends our knowledge on nanostructured film growth and possibly also introduces methodology for in-depth investigations.\n[1]\tMartin Hruska (2024). QCM_BvD_Fitting_Toolbox, MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved February 29, 2024. (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/136079-qcm_bvd_fitting_toolbox)\n[2]\tHruška, M., More-Chevalier, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Hruška, P., Prokop, D., Pokorný, P., Kejzlar, J., Gadenne, V., Patrone, L., Vrňata, M., Lančok, J., Nanomaterials MDPI, 12 (23), (2023) 4297\n[3]\tHruška, M., Kejzlar, J., Otta, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Čížek, J., Melikhova, O., Mičušík, M., Machata, P., Vrňata, M., Applied Surface Science, 647, (2024) 158618.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {ISSP2024, The 17th International Symposium on Sputtering &amp; Plasma Processes, Kyoto, Japan}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A comprehensive understanding of thin film growth is pivotal for enhancing the performance of thin film sensors, especially those composed of highly nanostructured materials where uniformity in density across the film thickness is often lacking. Investigating the growth of these films, particularly through in-situ methods during deposition processes such as thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, is thus of great benefit. In this study, we explore the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu) and black aluminum (BAl) prepared by thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering using an in-situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis (QCM-IA). By employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm [1] for real-time measurements, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation as well as their interactions with surrounding gaseous environment, by loading the vacuum apparatus with inert gases (He, N2, Ar), providing insights into subsequent sensor applications. Prepared films were characterized by SEM and AFM, confirming their nanostructured morphology. Additionally, these films were tested for their potential use as active layers for QCM sensors, showcasing their applicability in sensor technology. This approach not only provides a deeper understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques for the enhancement of sensor functionalities. Building upon our previous studies of black metals [2, 3], this work extends our knowledge on nanostructured film growth and possibly also introduces methodology for in-depth investigations.\n[1]\tMartin Hruska (2024). QCM_BvD_Fitting_Toolbox, MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved February 29, 2024. (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/136079-qcm_bvd_fitting_toolbox)\n[2]\tHruška, M., More-Chevalier, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Hruška, P., Prokop, D., Pokorný, P., Kejzlar, J., Gadenne, V., Patrone, L., Vrňata, M., Lančok, J., Nanomaterials MDPI, 12 (23), (2023) 4297\n[3]\tHruška, M., Kejzlar, J., Otta, J., Fitl, P., Novotný, M., Čížek, J., Melikhova, O., Mičušík, M., Machata, P., Vrňata, M., Applied Surface Science, 647, (2024) 158618.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-vrata-insituimpedanceanalysisofqcmsensorsduringblackmetaldepositionusinganadvancedbvdfittingalgorithmtalk-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In-Situ Impedance Analysis of QCM Sensors during Black Metal Deposition Using an Advanced BVD Fitting Algorithm [Talk].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IMEKO 2024 XXIV World Congress, Hamburg, Germany</i>. 8 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-vrata-insituimpedanceanalysisofqcmsensorsduringblackmetaldepositionusinganadvancedbvdfittingalgorithmtalk-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-vrata-insituimpedanceanalysisofqcmsensorsduringblackmetaldepositionusinganadvancedbvdfittingalgorithmtalk-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {In-Situ Impedance Analysis of QCM Sensors during Black Metal Deposition Using an Advanced BVD Fitting Algorithm [Talk]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2024},\n month = {8},\n day = {26},\n id = {bb532abe-af67-3cfb-84e7-f48c218cd063},\n created = {2024-08-31T14:42:13.225Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:01.110Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Our study introduces a novel in-situ impedance spectroscopy method for QCM sensors during black metal film deposition, employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm. This approach significantly improves the accuracy of impedance measurements, thereby facilitating more accurate analysis of resonance frequencies and equivalent circuit parameters. The research highlights the critical role of gas molecule adsorption in affecting the damping effects, which varies with the working pressure and gas types. The advancements in QCM impedance analysis not only deepen our understanding of the interaction between black metal films and QCM sensors under various atmospheric conditions but also contribute to the improvement of chemical sensing technologies, enabling the development of sensors with enhanced accuracy and sensitivity.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {IMEKO 2024 XXIV World Congress, Hamburg, Germany}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Our study introduces a novel in-situ impedance spectroscopy method for QCM sensors during black metal film deposition, employing an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm. This approach significantly improves the accuracy of impedance measurements, thereby facilitating more accurate analysis of resonance frequencies and equivalent circuit parameters. The research highlights the critical role of gas molecule adsorption in affecting the damping effects, which varies with the working pressure and gas types. The advancements in QCM impedance analysis not only deepen our understanding of the interaction between black metal films and QCM sensors under various atmospheric conditions but also contribute to the improvement of chemical sensing technologies, enabling the development of sensors with enhanced accuracy and sensitivity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-miuk-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmanalysisofnanostructuredblackgoldfilmsforadvancedgassensingapplicationstalk-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In-Situ QCM Analysis of Nanostructured Black Gold Films for Advanced Gas Sensing Applications [Talk].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.; Novotný,  M.; Mičušík,  M.; Kawamura,  M.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>VASSCAA-12, The 12th Vacuum and Surface Science Conference of Asia and Australia, Taipei, Taiwan</i>. 10 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-miuk-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmanalysisofnanostructuredblackgoldfilmsforadvancedgassensingapplicationstalk-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-miuk-kawamura-vrata-insituqcmanalysisofnanostructuredblackgoldfilmsforadvancedgassensingapplicationstalk-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {In-Situ QCM Analysis of Nanostructured Black Gold Films for Advanced Gas Sensing Applications [Talk]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2024},\n month = {10},\n day = {13},\n id = {f0e9e351-b9f3-3688-8707-f97e3c705f44},\n created = {2024-10-21T16:26:37.070Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:21.296Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of the growth of thin films and their interactions with surrounding molecules is crucial for improving the performance of chemical gas sensors, particularly those made from highly nanostructured materials. Studying the growth of these films, especially by in-situ methods during thermal evaporation, is therefore highly beneficial.\nIn this study, we investigate the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu), prepared by thermal evaporation using an in-situ quartz crystal microbalance with impedance analysis (QCM-IA). By using an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm developed in MATLAB for real-time impedance spectrum analysis, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation and their interactions with the gaseous environment. Our in-situ QCM-IA analysis shows that damping results from the interaction of the nanoporous layer with gas molecules, with the layer remaining stable in a vacuum environment. An extended BVD viscoelastic model was proposed for the BMs-coated QCM.\nOur results indicate that gas sensors based on QCMs with nanostructured coatings provide responses in both frequency and quality of oscillations, which could lead to the development of chemical gas sensors capable of sensing inert gases or discriminating analytes based on their interaction with the nanostructured layer. Additionally, the prepared BAu layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and XPS and compared with the bare QCM electrode, confirming their nanostructured morphology and large specific surface area, which enhances QCM sensitivity.\nThis approach not only deepens understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques to enhance sensor functionalities. Building on our previous studies of black metals, this work extends our knowledge of nanostructured film growth and introduces advanced methodologies for gas sensor operation.\nKeywords: Nanostructured Materials, Black Metals (BMs), Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Chemical Gas Sensors, Impedance Analysis},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Mičušík, Matej and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {VASSCAA-12, The 12th Vacuum and Surface Science Conference of Asia and Australia, Taipei, Taiwan}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A comprehensive understanding of the growth of thin films and their interactions with surrounding molecules is crucial for improving the performance of chemical gas sensors, particularly those made from highly nanostructured materials. Studying the growth of these films, especially by in-situ methods during thermal evaporation, is therefore highly beneficial.\nIn this study, we investigate the growth mechanisms of highly nanostructured black metals (BMs), particularly black gold (BAu), prepared by thermal evaporation using an in-situ quartz crystal microbalance with impedance analysis (QCM-IA). By using an advanced Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) fitting algorithm developed in MATLAB for real-time impedance spectrum analysis, we provide new insights into the complex processes that control thin film formation and their interactions with the gaseous environment. Our in-situ QCM-IA analysis shows that damping results from the interaction of the nanoporous layer with gas molecules, with the layer remaining stable in a vacuum environment. An extended BVD viscoelastic model was proposed for the BMs-coated QCM.\nOur results indicate that gas sensors based on QCMs with nanostructured coatings provide responses in both frequency and quality of oscillations, which could lead to the development of chemical gas sensors capable of sensing inert gases or discriminating analytes based on their interaction with the nanostructured layer. Additionally, the prepared BAu layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and XPS and compared with the bare QCM electrode, confirming their nanostructured morphology and large specific surface area, which enhances QCM sensitivity.\nThis approach not only deepens understanding of the nanostructured film growth process but also emphasizes the integration of advanced characterization techniques to enhance sensor functionalities. Building on our previous studies of black metals, this work extends our knowledge of nanostructured film growth and introduces advanced methodologies for gas sensor operation.\nKeywords: Nanostructured Materials, Black Metals (BMs), Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Chemical Gas Sensors, Impedance Analysis\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-ek-vrata-nanoporousblackgoldforhydrogensensingtalk-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Nanoporous Black Gold for Hydrogen Sensing [Talk].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.; Novotný,  M.; Čížek,  J.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira</i>. 10 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-ek-vrata-nanoporousblackgoldforhydrogensensingtalk-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-ek-vrata-nanoporousblackgoldforhydrogensensingtalk-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Nanoporous Black Gold for Hydrogen Sensing [Talk]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n month = {10},\n city = {Funchal, Madeira, Portugal},\n id = {d3c3a523-3321-311e-9506-e8d8ff7c6812},\n created = {2023-10-19T12:22:18.316Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:05.430Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {In the last few years, there has been a growing trend in the field of hydrogen gas detection regarding the green deal and the use of hydrogen as a next-generation energy source. The main reason for hydrogen detection is the fact that H2/air mixtures are explosive at concentrations above 4%.\nOne approach for the simple room temperature detection of low hydrogen concentrations is the usage of highly nanoporous black metal chemiresistor films (BMs) prepared by thermal evaporation. The fractal structure and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the BMs is highly beneficial for gas sensing because the nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites and sites for the physical adsorption. Another advantage is the possibility to control the level of nanostructurization. This can be done either by controlling the working pressure during the deposition or subsequently by thermal annealing. By this procedure, it is possible to increase or decrease the sensitivity to a particular analyte.\nNanostructured black gold (BAu) layers were prepared by thermal evaporation in an inert argon atmosphere on 2x2 mm wide alumina chips with platinum electrodes. The layers were characterised by SEM, AFM and UV-VIS spectroscopy. For further characterisation, defects and nanopores in black-metal films were studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Sensing properties of BAu films with different porosities were investigated at different H2 concentrations.\nIt was proven that the nanoporous BAu is a suitable active chemiresistor layer for hydrogen sensing and that the sensitivity of the BAu toward hydrogen can be controlled by the nanostructurization of the prepared layer.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Čížek, Jakub and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the last few years, there has been a growing trend in the field of hydrogen gas detection regarding the green deal and the use of hydrogen as a next-generation energy source. The main reason for hydrogen detection is the fact that H2/air mixtures are explosive at concentrations above 4%.\nOne approach for the simple room temperature detection of low hydrogen concentrations is the usage of highly nanoporous black metal chemiresistor films (BMs) prepared by thermal evaporation. The fractal structure and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the BMs is highly beneficial for gas sensing because the nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites and sites for the physical adsorption. Another advantage is the possibility to control the level of nanostructurization. This can be done either by controlling the working pressure during the deposition or subsequently by thermal annealing. By this procedure, it is possible to increase or decrease the sensitivity to a particular analyte.\nNanostructured black gold (BAu) layers were prepared by thermal evaporation in an inert argon atmosphere on 2x2 mm wide alumina chips with platinum electrodes. The layers were characterised by SEM, AFM and UV-VIS spectroscopy. For further characterisation, defects and nanopores in black-metal films were studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Sensing properties of BAu films with different porosities were investigated at different H2 concentrations.\nIt was proven that the nanoporous BAu is a suitable active chemiresistor layer for hydrogen sensing and that the sensitivity of the BAu toward hydrogen can be controlled by the nanostructurization of the prepared layer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-iino-kudo-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-etal-quartzcrystalmicrobalancesensorswithnanoporouscoatingsanimpedanceanalysisstudyposter-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Nanoporous Coatings: An Impedance Analysis Study [Poster].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Iino,  H.; Kudo,  S.; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.; Novotný,  M.; Kiba,  T.; Kawamura,  M.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira</i>.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-iino-kudo-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-etal-quartzcrystalmicrobalancesensorswithnanoporouscoatingsanimpedanceanalysisstudyposter-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-iino-kudo-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-kiba-etal-quartzcrystalmicrobalancesensorswithnanoporouscoatingsanimpedanceanalysisstudyposter-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Nanoporous Coatings: An Impedance Analysis Study [Poster]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2023},\n city = {Funchal, Madeira, Portugal},\n id = {8f927c1e-408d-3eaf-ba69-b4e4449ab2e6},\n created = {2023-10-19T12:22:24.270Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:29:50.816Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM) are characterized by many potential applications. They are widely used as biosensors, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, or gas sensors. Regardless of the specific application, the recognition resolution of QCMs is determined and restricted according to the Sauerbray equation. This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor applications where low concentrations need to be detected, and the mass of adsorbed analytes does not usually lead to a sufficient sensor response. Yet, there are some possibilities for how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area and thus providing more bonding sites for the analytes. One such approach is the use of highly nanoporous metal layers, namely black metals (BMs), due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. However, BMs also show lower rigidity and impaired viscoelastic properties with respect to QCM oscillations, and thus they can cause damping as shown by the lower quality factor. For these reasons, proper investigation of those processes is necessary to optimise the black metal preparation conditions and utilisation of black metal based QCM sensors. Herein we present a detailed study of QCM sensors with nanoporous black metal coatings using impedance analysis. The influence of the thickness of the black metal layer and the preparation method on the quality factor of the QCM is compared and discussed. Also, a novel impedance data fitting method for the Butterworth-van Dyke equivalent circuit model is presented.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Iino, Hiroumi and Kudo, Sodai and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and Kiba, Takayuki and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {IMEKO TC8, TC11 and TC24 Conference, Funchal, Madeira}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM) are characterized by many potential applications. They are widely used as biosensors, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, or gas sensors. Regardless of the specific application, the recognition resolution of QCMs is determined and restricted according to the Sauerbray equation. This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor applications where low concentrations need to be detected, and the mass of adsorbed analytes does not usually lead to a sufficient sensor response. Yet, there are some possibilities for how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area and thus providing more bonding sites for the analytes. One such approach is the use of highly nanoporous metal layers, namely black metals (BMs), due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. However, BMs also show lower rigidity and impaired viscoelastic properties with respect to QCM oscillations, and thus they can cause damping as shown by the lower quality factor. For these reasons, proper investigation of those processes is necessary to optimise the black metal preparation conditions and utilisation of black metal based QCM sensors. Herein we present a detailed study of QCM sensors with nanoporous black metal coatings using impedance analysis. The influence of the thickness of the black metal layer and the preparation method on the quality factor of the QCM is compared and discussed. Also, a novel impedance data fitting method for the Butterworth-van Dyke equivalent circuit model is presented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-highlyporousblackmetalsforchemicalgassensorapplicationstalk-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Highly Porous Black Metals for Chemical Gas Sensor Applications [Talk].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.; Novotný,  M.; More-Chevalier,  J.; Pokorný,  P.; Lančok,  J.; Kawamura,  M.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IVC-22, The 22nd international vacuum congress, Sapporo, Japan</i>. 9 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-highlyporousblackmetalsforchemicalgassensorapplicationstalk-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-highlyporousblackmetalsforchemicalgassensorapplicationstalk-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Highly Porous Black Metals for Chemical Gas Sensor Applications [Talk]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n month = {9},\n city = {Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan},\n id = {ca1f20a0-a73a-362a-bf25-c8f235617094},\n created = {2023-10-19T12:10:47.310Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:55.894Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Black metals (BMs) are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into pores and channels, where it undergoes multiple reflections and is almost completely absorbed [1]. BMs are promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio, while the properties of BMs films (porosity, electrical resistance) can be controlled by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure) [2].\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert atmosphere (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure (100 – 1000 Pa) on quartz crystal microbalance substrates (QCM) substrates and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission and thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) were used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that black metals can provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.\n\nReferences\n[1] M. Novotny et al, Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009, 7 (2), 327–331.\n[2] W. Becker et al, Optical and electrical properties of black gold layers in the far infrared, Infrared Phys. Technol., 1999, 40(6), 431–445.\nAcknowledgement:\nAuthors acknowledge support of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic project No. 8F21008, and project No. JP22420 from the International Visegrad Fund. This work was supported by JST SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC2108, Japan. This work was supported from the grant of Specific university research – grant No A2_FCHI_2022_010},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {IVC-22, The 22nd international vacuum congress, Sapporo, Japan}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Black metals (BMs) are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into pores and channels, where it undergoes multiple reflections and is almost completely absorbed [1]. BMs are promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio, while the properties of BMs films (porosity, electrical resistance) can be controlled by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure) [2].\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert atmosphere (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure (100 – 1000 Pa) on quartz crystal microbalance substrates (QCM) substrates and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission and thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) were used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that black metals can provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.\n\nReferences\n[1] M. Novotny et al, Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009, 7 (2), 327–331.\n[2] W. Becker et al, Optical and electrical properties of black gold layers in the far infrared, Infrared Phys. Technol., 1999, 40(6), 431–445.\nAcknowledgement:\nAuthors acknowledge support of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic project No. 8F21008, and project No. JP22420 from the International Visegrad Fund. This work was supported by JST SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC2108, Japan. This work was supported from the grant of Specific university research – grant No A2_FCHI_2022_010\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-utilizationofnanostructuredmaterialsforgassensorapplicationstalk-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Utilization of nanostructured materials for gas sensor applications [Talk].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Fitl,  P.; Novotný,  M.; More-Chevalier,  J.; Pokorný,  P.; Lančok,  J.; Kawamura,  M.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IMEKO TC11 & TC24 Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia</i>. 10 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-utilizationofnanostructuredmaterialsforgassensorapplicationstalk-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-fitl-novotn-morechevalier-pokorn-lanok-etal-utilizationofnanostructuredmaterialsforgassensorapplicationstalk-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Utilization of nanostructured materials for gas sensor applications [Talk]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n month = {10},\n city = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},\n id = {ca3212c0-07e3-3349-a011-9411cb069576},\n created = {2023-10-19T12:10:50.104Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:30:32.562Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Nanostructured and nanoporous metal and metalloid films, also called black metals (BMs), are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio. A nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites for molecules of analytes, thus increasing the sensor response. BMs can be prepared by thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, and the properties of BMs films (electrical resistance, porosity, and layer thickness) can be tuned by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure), which is beneficial mainly for chemiresistors application.\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an atmosphere of inert gas (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure of 100 – 1000 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various pores sizes. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission followed by thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) was used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that nanostructured metals and metalloids can provide more bonding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit higher electrical resistance than solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Chemiresistors with nanostructured layers were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Fitl, Přemysl and Novotný, Michal and More-Chevalier, Joris and Pokorný, Petr and Lančok, Ján and Kawamura, Midori and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {IMEKO TC11 &amp; TC24 Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Nanostructured and nanoporous metal and metalloid films, also called black metals (BMs), are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface structure and high surface-to-volume ratio. A nanostructured surface can provide more bonding sites for molecules of analytes, thus increasing the sensor response. BMs can be prepared by thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering, and the properties of BMs films (electrical resistance, porosity, and layer thickness) can be tuned by deposition conditions (used inert gas, deposition pressure), which is beneficial mainly for chemiresistors application.\nNanostructured black metal layers (BAu, BAg, BSb) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an atmosphere of inert gas (He, Ar, N2) at an elevated pressure of 100 – 1000 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and chemiresistor substrates. The prepared layers were subsequently thermally and laser annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various pores sizes. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. For further characterization, thermal and optical stimulated exo-electron emission followed by thermal stimulated desorption (OSEE, TSEE, TSD) was used. Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2 and VOCs. It was proven that nanostructured metals and metalloids can provide more bonding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit higher electrical resistance than solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Chemiresistors with nanostructured layers were tested for NO2 and VOCs detection with promising results.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-kejzlar-otta-havlov-fitl-vlek-novotn-vrata-nanostructuredmetalsasactivelayersforgassensorstalk-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Nanostructured Metals as Active Layers for Gas Sensors [Talk].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Kejzlar,  J.; Otta,  J.; Havlová,  Š.; Fitl,  P.; Vlček,  J.; Novotný,  M.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ICPAM-13, International Conference on Physics of Advanced Materials, Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain</i>. 9 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-kejzlar-otta-havlov-fitl-vlek-novotn-vrata-nanostructuredmetalsasactivelayersforgassensorstalk-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-kejzlar-otta-havlov-fitl-vlek-novotn-vrata-nanostructuredmetalsasactivelayersforgassensorstalk-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Nanostructured Metals as Active Layers for Gas Sensors [Talk]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n month = {9},\n day = {24},\n city = {Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain},\n id = {84bffe45-eacf-38a8-9f02-08e8e38209f0},\n created = {2023-10-19T11:29:41.147Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2024-10-21T16:32:11.342Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Nanostructured and nanoporous metal layers (also called black metals) are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. Nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black silver (BAg) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert argon atmosphere at an elevated pressure of 100 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrates and glass chemiresistor substrates with gold electrodes. The prepared layers were subsequently annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy.  Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2. It was proven that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal blacks) provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of the QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 detection with promising results.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Kejzlar, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Novotný, Michal and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {ICPAM-13, International Conference on Physics of Advanced Materials, Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Nanostructured and nanoporous metal layers (also called black metals) are highly promising materials for chemical gas sensor applications due to their fractal surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. Nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black silver (BAg) were deposited by thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in an inert argon atmosphere at an elevated pressure of 100 Pa on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrates and glass chemiresistor substrates with gold electrodes. The prepared layers were subsequently annealed to obtain different morphological structures with various sizes of pores. The layers were characterized by SEM, AFM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy.  Prepared sensors were tested for several gas analytes, including NO2. It was proven that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal blacks) provide more binding sites for analytes and hence increase the response of the QCM sensors. It was also observed that nanostructured metal layers exhibit electrical resistance higher than that of solid films and are therefore suitable as active layers for chemiresistors. Black gold and silver-based chemiresistors were tested for NO2 detection with promising results.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020', 'https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs', event);\">\n    QCM Sensors Combining Highly Nanostructured Metal-Blacks Sublayers and Active Self-Assembled Monolayers [Poster].\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Tomeček,  D.; Havlová,  Š.; Fitl,  P.; Guerkboukha,  M., A.; Gadenne,  V.; Patrone,  L.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ECS Meeting Abstracts</i>, MA2020-01(31): 2314. 5 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020', 'https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"QCM Sensors Combining Highly Nanostructured Metal-Blacks Sublayers and Active Self-Assembled Monolayers [Poster] [link]\"\n       title=\"Website\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Website</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1149/MA2020-01312314MTGABS\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1149/MA2020-01312314MTGABS', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-tomeek-havlov-fitl-guerkboukha-gadenne-patrone-vrata-qcmsensorscombininghighlynanostructuredmetalblackssublayersandactiveselfassembledmonolayersposter-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {QCM Sensors Combining Highly Nanostructured Metal-Blacks Sublayers and Active Self-Assembled Monolayers [Poster]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n pages = {2314},\n volume = {MA2020-01},\n websites = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2020-01312314mtgabs},\n month = {5},\n publisher = {IOP Publishing},\n day = {1},\n id = {4bfb2e67-1b7f-377e-9f7a-eb011afe5996},\n created = {2023-10-19T10:07:20.932Z},\n accessed = {2023-06-21},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2023-10-19T12:38:25.478Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = { Introduction  Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are characterized by many potential applications. They are being widely used as biosensors, in pharmacological applications, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, etc. [1]. Regardless the specific application, the recognition resolution of quartz chips is usually determined and restrained according to the Sauerbray equation (For example for 10 MHz QCM, the change of resonance frequency in 1 Hz corresponds to 4.4 ng/cm 2 of adsorbed mass per surface). This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor application where we need to detect concentration down to ppm or even ppb levels. However, there are some possibilities on how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area of QCM electrodes, and thus providing more bonding sites for the analyte [2]. In this contribution, we propose a novel method that uses nanostructured materials called metal-blacks as a sublayer for the increase of active sensor surface, in combination with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that serves as a receptor layer.  Metal-Blacks Metal-blacks – MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black colour, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into the pores and channels where it undergoes multiple reflections in cavities and where it is almost completely absorbed. Due to the very large surface area, MBs are ideal materials for enhancement of QCM gas sensors properties [3]. Experimental  The nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black palladium (BPd) were prepared by evaporation from a tungsten boat at an elevated pressure of 200 Pa. Prepared layers of MBs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) . The SAMs of zinc octacarboxylphthalocyanine ZnPc(COOH) 8 were prepared by two-step grafting method, where ZnPc(COOH) 8 is covalently bonded to the molecule of aminothiophenol, which serves as an surface anchor via its gold/palladium-sulfur bond. The preparation procedure was as follows. At first, the QCM electrodes with MB layers were degreased in a sonicated ethanol bath during a few minutes and then dried under a nitrogen flow. Second, the QCM samples were cleaned by UV-ozone treatment and immediately immersed into 10 -4 M solution of aminothiophenol in ethanol/DMF solvent for 24h. Third, after the 24h incubation time, the samples were moved into 10 -4 M solution of the macrocycles and left there for another 24h. In the end, the samples were carefully rinsed with the solvent to eliminate adsorbed molecular overlayers and subsequently washed with ethanol in order to remove solvent residues and dried under nitrogen flux.  Once prepared, QCM sensor impedance spectra were obtained by impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A . Responses towards different analytes (EtOH, CH 4 , H 2 O, NO 2 , toluene, acetaldehyde) were measured in a glass chamber that enables the measurement of up to 6 sensors at the same time. Sensors were measured at a constant gas flow and room temperature. The sensor resonant frequencies were measured by oscillattor circuits in connection with an NI PCI-6602 card used as a precise counter  Results and Conclusions  In this contribution, we have proved that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal-blacks), which have a large specific surface area, provide more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensors. As an example measurement, we present the response of QCMs with BAu towards ethanol vapours (Fig. 1). The curves illustrate that the response of the sensor with the BAu electrode is 10-times bigger than the one of the standard QCM (152Hz/15Hz). For the combined layer (BAu + ZnPc(COOH) 8 ), the response amplification is not so large but it is still significant. In this case, the response is 3-times bigger than the one from the QCM with ZnPc(COOH) 8 only (without BAu). However, in contrast with QCM with just bare BAu, the surface modification with SAMs layers influences the sensor selectivity. The combined layers of MBs and SAMs then result in a selective sensor with increased sensitivity. According to the presented results metal-blacks are promising materials that can significantly boost the sensitivity of QCM sensors and still preserve the selectivity of its active layers.  References  [1] Johannsmann, D. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Soft Matter Research: Fundamentals and Modeling ; Springer International Publishing, 2014.  [2] Chappanda, K. N.; Shekhah, O.; Yassine, O.; Patole, S. P.; Eddaoudi, M.; Salama, K. N. The Quest for Highly Sensitive QCM Humidity Sensors: The Coating of CNT/MOF Composite Sensing Films as Case Study. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2018 , 257 , 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2017.10.189.  [3] Novotný, M.; Fitl, P.; Sytchkova, A.; Bulíř, J.; Lanačok, J.; Pokorný, P.; Najdek, D.; Boan, J. Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009 , 7 (2), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-009-0027-7.     Figure 1},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Havlová, Šárka and Fitl, Přemysl and Guerkboukha, Mohamed Amine and Gadenne, Virginie and Patrone, Lionel and Vrňata, Martin},\n doi = {10.1149/MA2020-01312314MTGABS},\n journal = {ECS Meeting Abstracts},\n number = {31}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n   Introduction  Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are characterized by many potential applications. They are being widely used as biosensors, in pharmacological applications, for combustion control, environmental pollution monitoring, etc. [1]. Regardless the specific application, the recognition resolution of quartz chips is usually determined and restrained according to the Sauerbray equation (For example for 10 MHz QCM, the change of resonance frequency in 1 Hz corresponds to 4.4 ng/cm 2 of adsorbed mass per surface). This fact is crucial mainly for gas sensor application where we need to detect concentration down to ppm or even ppb levels. However, there are some possibilities on how to enhance the QCM sensor properties and amplify their sensitivity, for instance by increasing the specific surface area of QCM electrodes, and thus providing more bonding sites for the analyte [2]. In this contribution, we propose a novel method that uses nanostructured materials called metal-blacks as a sublayer for the increase of active sensor surface, in combination with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that serves as a receptor layer.  Metal-Blacks Metal-blacks – MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials with a large surface area. Their name originates in black colour, caused by the absorption of incident light on their surface. The incident light penetrates into the pores and channels where it undergoes multiple reflections in cavities and where it is almost completely absorbed. Due to the very large surface area, MBs are ideal materials for enhancement of QCM gas sensors properties [3]. Experimental  The nanostructured layers of black gold (BAu) and black palladium (BPd) were prepared by evaporation from a tungsten boat at an elevated pressure of 200 Pa. Prepared layers of MBs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) . The SAMs of zinc octacarboxylphthalocyanine ZnPc(COOH) 8 were prepared by two-step grafting method, where ZnPc(COOH) 8 is covalently bonded to the molecule of aminothiophenol, which serves as an surface anchor via its gold/palladium-sulfur bond. The preparation procedure was as follows. At first, the QCM electrodes with MB layers were degreased in a sonicated ethanol bath during a few minutes and then dried under a nitrogen flow. Second, the QCM samples were cleaned by UV-ozone treatment and immediately immersed into 10 -4 M solution of aminothiophenol in ethanol/DMF solvent for 24h. Third, after the 24h incubation time, the samples were moved into 10 -4 M solution of the macrocycles and left there for another 24h. In the end, the samples were carefully rinsed with the solvent to eliminate adsorbed molecular overlayers and subsequently washed with ethanol in order to remove solvent residues and dried under nitrogen flux.  Once prepared, QCM sensor impedance spectra were obtained by impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A . Responses towards different analytes (EtOH, CH 4 , H 2 O, NO 2 , toluene, acetaldehyde) were measured in a glass chamber that enables the measurement of up to 6 sensors at the same time. Sensors were measured at a constant gas flow and room temperature. The sensor resonant frequencies were measured by oscillattor circuits in connection with an NI PCI-6602 card used as a precise counter  Results and Conclusions  In this contribution, we have proved that highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials (such as metal-blacks), which have a large specific surface area, provide more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensors. As an example measurement, we present the response of QCMs with BAu towards ethanol vapours (Fig. 1). The curves illustrate that the response of the sensor with the BAu electrode is 10-times bigger than the one of the standard QCM (152Hz/15Hz). For the combined layer (BAu + ZnPc(COOH) 8 ), the response amplification is not so large but it is still significant. In this case, the response is 3-times bigger than the one from the QCM with ZnPc(COOH) 8 only (without BAu). However, in contrast with QCM with just bare BAu, the surface modification with SAMs layers influences the sensor selectivity. The combined layers of MBs and SAMs then result in a selective sensor with increased sensitivity. According to the presented results metal-blacks are promising materials that can significantly boost the sensitivity of QCM sensors and still preserve the selectivity of its active layers.  References  [1] Johannsmann, D. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Soft Matter Research: Fundamentals and Modeling ; Springer International Publishing, 2014.  [2] Chappanda, K. N.; Shekhah, O.; Yassine, O.; Patole, S. P.; Eddaoudi, M.; Salama, K. N. The Quest for Highly Sensitive QCM Humidity Sensors: The Coating of CNT/MOF Composite Sensing Films as Case Study. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2018 , 257 , 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2017.10.189.  [3] Novotný, M.; Fitl, P.; Sytchkova, A.; Bulíř, J.; Lanačok, J.; Pokorný, P.; Najdek, D.; Boan, J. Pulsed Laser Treatment of Gold and Black Gold Thin Films Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation. Open Phys. 2009 , 7 (2), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-009-0027-7.     Figure 1\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hruka-tomeek-fitl-vlek-havlov-fara-otta-mareov-etal-photoregenerationandimprovementofchemicalsensorsposter-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Photoregeneration and improvement of chemical sensors [Poster].\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://web.vscht.cz/~hruskaa/posters/\">Hruška,  M.</a>; Tomeček,  D.; Fitl,  P.; Vlček,  J.; Havlová,  Š.; Fara,  J.; Otta,  J.; Marešová,  E.;  and Vrňata,  M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>MultiComp Autumn Prague Meeting</i>. 9 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hruka-tomeek-fitl-vlek-havlov-fara-otta-mareov-etal-photoregenerationandimprovementofchemicalsensorsposter-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hruka-tomeek-fitl-vlek-havlov-fara-otta-mareov-etal-photoregenerationandimprovementofchemicalsensorsposter-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{\n title = {Photoregeneration and improvement of chemical sensors [Poster]},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n month = {9},\n city = {Prague},\n id = {6bfef75d-8846-3c15-a688-88ea467bf571},\n created = {2023-10-19T12:10:44.680Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {d93fd8e4-0fb0-3e3d-a377-1ecd109e9ef5},\n group_id = {e9629b2a-1603-3bcc-815b-4367bc90b523},\n last_modified = {2023-10-19T13:46:26.784Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Photoregeneration is a soft and economic method for desorption of adsorbed analytes from thin gas sensor layers (= for sensor regeneration). It is based on the illumination of the sensor by specific light at a precise wavelength and intensity [1].\nThis method of regeneration is appropriate especially for thin organic or inorganic layers that suffer from long recovery times and baseline shifts. Or there where temperature regeneration is undesirable due to possible morphological changes of the active layer.\nThe main aim of our work is focused on the optimization of photoregeneration method for phthalocyanine chemiresistors and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors sensitive to NO2.\nPart of our work also focuses on the improvement of sensing properties of QCM sensors by the use of metal-blacks (MBs) MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials that have a large specific surface area. This large surface provides more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensor.\nIn the future, we would like to combine these two principles together and prepare high-sensitive and simply regenerable QCM sensors sensitive to NO2 or other analytes depending on the used active layer.\n\nReferences\n\n[1] – Tomeček, D.; Hruška, M.; Fitl, P.; et al. Phthalocyanine Photoregeneration for Low Power Consumption Chemiresistors. ACS Sensors 2018, 3 (12), 2558–2565.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Hruška, Martin and Tomeček, David and Fitl, Přemysl and Vlček, Jan and Havlová, Šárka and Fara, Jan and Otta, Jaroslav and Marešová, Eva and Vrňata, Martin},\n journal = {MultiComp Autumn Prague Meeting}\n}</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Photoregeneration is a soft and economic method for desorption of adsorbed analytes from thin gas sensor layers (= for sensor regeneration). It is based on the illumination of the sensor by specific light at a precise wavelength and intensity [1].\nThis method of regeneration is appropriate especially for thin organic or inorganic layers that suffer from long recovery times and baseline shifts. Or there where temperature regeneration is undesirable due to possible morphological changes of the active layer.\nThe main aim of our work is focused on the optimization of photoregeneration method for phthalocyanine chemiresistors and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors sensitive to NO2.\nPart of our work also focuses on the improvement of sensing properties of QCM sensors by the use of metal-blacks (MBs) MBs are highly nanoporous and nanostructured materials that have a large specific surface area. This large surface provides more binding sites for analytes and, hence, increase the response of the QCM sensor.\nIn the future, we would like to combine these two principles together and prepare high-sensitive and simply regenerable QCM sensors sensitive to NO2 or other analytes depending on the used active layer.\n\nReferences\n\n[1] – Tomeček, D.; Hruška, M.; Fitl, P.; et al. Phthalocyanine Photoregeneration for Low Power Consumption Chemiresistors. ACS Sensors 2018, 3 (12), 2558–2565.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);