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\n  \n 2022\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Using VLF Transmitter Signals at LEO for Plasmasphere Model Validation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Usanova, M., E.; Reid, R., A.; Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; Starks, M., J.; and Wilson, G., R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127(4): e2022JA030345. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"UsingWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Using VLF Transmitter Signals at LEO for Plasmasphere Model Validation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n keywords = {GCPM,VLF transmitters,VPM,diffusive equilibrium,plasmaspheric models,ray tracing},\n pages = {e2022JA030345},\n volume = {127},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022JA030345},\n id = {66eae83f-5068-3ea1-b4a9-11243cba0962},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:23.444Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:23.444Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract This study presents analysis of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter signal measurements on the Very-Low-Frequency Propagation Mapper (VPM) CubeSat in low-Earth orbit. Six months of satellite operation provided good data coverage, used to build global statistical maps of VLF power distribution. The power distribution above four powerful transmitters is used as input for ray tracing to study signal propagation to the conjugate hemisphere in two plasmaspheric density models. The ray tracing results are further compared with VPM measurements to determine which model provides better agreement with observations. As ray propagation largely depends on the background plasma density distribution, this indirect method can be used for plasmaspheric density model validation as an alternative to multipoint in situ plasma measurements that may not be readily obtainable. In addition, it can be used to investigate Landau damping and ducted versus non-ducted propagation of VLF signals.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Usanova, M E and Reid, R A and Xu, W and Marshall, R A and Starks, M J and Wilson, G R},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030345},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {4}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract This study presents analysis of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter signal measurements on the Very-Low-Frequency Propagation Mapper (VPM) CubeSat in low-Earth orbit. Six months of satellite operation provided good data coverage, used to build global statistical maps of VLF power distribution. The power distribution above four powerful transmitters is used as input for ray tracing to study signal propagation to the conjugate hemisphere in two plasmaspheric density models. The ray tracing results are further compared with VPM measurements to determine which model provides better agreement with observations. As ray propagation largely depends on the background plasma density distribution, this indirect method can be used for plasmaspheric density model validation as an alternative to multipoint in situ plasma measurements that may not be readily obtainable. In addition, it can be used to investigate Landau damping and ducted versus non-ducted propagation of VLF signals.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Test of Energetic Particle Precipitation Models Using Simultaneous Incoherent Scatter Radar and Van Allen Probes Observations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanchez, E.; Ma, Q.; Xu, W.; Marshall, R.; Bortnik, J.; Reyes, P.; Varney, R.; and Kaeppler, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Earth and Space Science Open Archive,37. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {A Test of Energetic Particle Precipitation Models Using Simultaneous Incoherent Scatter Radar and Van Allen Probes Observations},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n pages = {37},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10509959.1},\n id = {13125923-fcbd-3b4b-aaf1-2aab3374e830},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:23.996Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:23.996Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Quantification of energetic electron precipitation caused by wave-particle interactions is fundamentally important to understand the cycle of particle energization and loss of the radiation belts. One important way to determine how well the wave-particle interaction models predict losses through pitch-angle scattering into the atmospheric loss cone is the direct comparison between the ionization altitude profiles expected in the atmosphere due to the precipitating fluxes and the ionization profiles actually measured with incoherent scatter radars. This paper reports such a comparison using a forward propagation of loss-cone electron fluxes, calculated with the electron pitch angle diffusion model applied to Van Allen Probes measurements, coupled with the Boulder Electron Radiation to Ionization (BERI) model, which propagates the fluxes into the atmosphere. The density profiles measured with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar operating in modes especially designed to optimize measurements in the D-region, show multiple instances of quantitative agreement with predicted density profiles from precipitation of electrons caused by wave-particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere. There are two several-minute long intervals of close prediction-observation approximation in the 65-93 km altitude range. These results indicate that the whistler wave-electron interactions models are realistic and produce precipitation fluxes of electrons with energies between 10 keV to &amp;gt;100 keV that are consistent with observations.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Sanchez, Ennio and Ma, Qianli and Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert and Bortnik, Jacob and Reyes, Pablo and Varney, Roger and Kaeppler, Stephen},\n doi = {10.1002/essoar.10509959.1},\n journal = {Earth and Space Science Open Archive}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Quantification of energetic electron precipitation caused by wave-particle interactions is fundamentally important to understand the cycle of particle energization and loss of the radiation belts. One important way to determine how well the wave-particle interaction models predict losses through pitch-angle scattering into the atmospheric loss cone is the direct comparison between the ionization altitude profiles expected in the atmosphere due to the precipitating fluxes and the ionization profiles actually measured with incoherent scatter radars. This paper reports such a comparison using a forward propagation of loss-cone electron fluxes, calculated with the electron pitch angle diffusion model applied to Van Allen Probes measurements, coupled with the Boulder Electron Radiation to Ionization (BERI) model, which propagates the fluxes into the atmosphere. The density profiles measured with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar operating in modes especially designed to optimize measurements in the D-region, show multiple instances of quantitative agreement with predicted density profiles from precipitation of electrons caused by wave-particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere. There are two several-minute long intervals of close prediction-observation approximation in the 65-93 km altitude range. These results indicate that the whistler wave-electron interactions models are realistic and produce precipitation fluxes of electrons with energies between 10 keV to &gt;100 keV that are consistent with observations.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modeling Low-Frequency Radio Emissions From Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Sources.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Berge, N.; Celestin, S.; Garnung, M., B.; Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; and Cummer, S., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(5): e2021JD036040. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ModelingWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Modeling Low-Frequency Radio Emissions From Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Sources},\n type = {article},\n year = {2022},\n keywords = {TGF,lightning,plasma modeling,radio emissions,slow LF pulse},\n pages = {e2021JD036040},\n volume = {127},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JD036040},\n id = {30495667-9580-3f52-883c-bb7491e1fe9e},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:24.563Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:24.563Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract Relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) occur when electrons in electric fields in air reach energies above which they gain more energy from the electric field than they lose to collisions with the surrounding atmosphere. RREAs are known to happen in the electric fields in thunderstorms, and are considered to be the mechanism responsible for producing Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs). As RREAs propagate, they leave a trail of low-energy electrons and positive and negative ions behind. These populations of charged particles will carry currents as they move in the thunderstorm electric field. In the present work, we model the charged species left behind by the propagating RREA, and the resulting radio emissions in the context of injection of thermal runaway seed electrons by a leader. We find that for certain initial conditions, these radio emissions match the slow low-frequency (LF) pulses that have previously been observed concurrently with TGFs. This confirms that the slow LF pulses are likely generated directly by the TGF source itself, as has been previously suggested using a different TGF production model. Slow LF pulses may therefore potentially be used to infer characteristic properties of TGF sources.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Berge, Nini and Celestin, Sebastien and Garnung, Matthieu B and Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A and Cummer, Steven A},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036040},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {5}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) occur when electrons in electric fields in air reach energies above which they gain more energy from the electric field than they lose to collisions with the surrounding atmosphere. RREAs are known to happen in the electric fields in thunderstorms, and are considered to be the mechanism responsible for producing Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs). As RREAs propagate, they leave a trail of low-energy electrons and positive and negative ions behind. These populations of charged particles will carry currents as they move in the thunderstorm electric field. In the present work, we model the charged species left behind by the propagating RREA, and the resulting radio emissions in the context of injection of thermal runaway seed electrons by a leader. We find that for certain initial conditions, these radio emissions match the slow low-frequency (LF) pulses that have previously been observed concurrently with TGFs. This confirms that the slow LF pulses are likely generated directly by the TGF source itself, as has been previously suggested using a different TGF production model. Slow LF pulses may therefore potentially be used to infer characteristic properties of TGF sources.\n
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\n
\n  \n 2021\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Micro-Broadband Receiver (μBBR) on the Very-Low-Frequency Propagation Mapper CubeSat.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Sousa, A.; Reid, R.; Wilson, G.; Starks, M.; Ramos, D.; Ballenthin, J.; Quigley, S.; Kay, R.; Patton, J.; Coombs, J.; Fennelly, J.; Linscott, I.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Earth and Space Science, 8(11): e2021EA001951. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TheWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {The Micro-Broadband Receiver (μBBR) on the Very-Low-Frequency Propagation Mapper CubeSat},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {CubeSat,instrumentation,plasmasphere,radiation belts,very low frequency},\n pages = {e2021EA001951},\n volume = {8},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021EA001951},\n id = {cc1b5db1-6a03-3ab4-86d1-867dddb1e144},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:16.937Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:16.937Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract The very low frequency (VLF) propagation mapper (VPM) is a 6U CubeSat designed to measure VLF radio waves in Low-Earth Orbit. The science goals of the VPM mission are to measure VLF signals broadcast by the DSX mission, and to study natural and anthropogenic signals (from lightning and VLF transmitters) in the near-Earth space environment. The primary payload consists of an electric field dipole antenna deployed to 2 meters in length, and a magnetic search coil deployed 50 cm from the spacecraft. Signals from these two sensors are conditioned by analog electronics, sampled, and then processed digitally into downloadable data products. The VPM mission was launched in January 2020; science operations began in March 2020 and continued through September, when contact with the spacecraft was lost. This paper describes the mission goals and instrument designs in detail, as well as some examples of the VPM data set.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Sousa, Austin and Reid, Riley and Wilson, Gordon and Starks, Michael and Ramos, Daniel and Ballenthin, John and Quigley, Steven and Kay, Ron and Patton, James and Coombs, Joseph and Fennelly, Judy and Linscott, Ivan and Inan, Umran S},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001951},\n journal = {Earth and Space Science},\n number = {11}\n}
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract The very low frequency (VLF) propagation mapper (VPM) is a 6U CubeSat designed to measure VLF radio waves in Low-Earth Orbit. The science goals of the VPM mission are to measure VLF signals broadcast by the DSX mission, and to study natural and anthropogenic signals (from lightning and VLF transmitters) in the near-Earth space environment. The primary payload consists of an electric field dipole antenna deployed to 2 meters in length, and a magnetic search coil deployed 50 cm from the spacecraft. Signals from these two sensors are conditioned by analog electronics, sampled, and then processed digitally into downloadable data products. The VPM mission was launched in January 2020; science operations began in March 2020 and continued through September, when contact with the spacecraft was lost. This paper describes the mission goals and instrument designs in detail, as well as some examples of the VPM data set.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Energetic Intracloud Lightning in the RELAMPAGO Field Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Sá, A., L.; Marshall, R.; and Deierling, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Earth and Space Science, 8(11): e2021EA001856. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EnergeticWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Energetic Intracloud Lightning in the RELAMPAGO Field Campaign},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {Compact Intra-Cloud Discharges (CID),Energetic In-Cloud Pulses (EIP),Low-Frequency,RELAMPAGO,energetic intracloud lightning,lightning classification},\n pages = {e2021EA001856},\n volume = {8},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021EA001856},\n id = {33c412dc-1401-3fb9-b567-5315c88b5c0d},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:17.482Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:17.482Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract A particular strength of lightning remote sensing is the variety of lightning types observed, each with a unique occurrence context and characteristically different emission. Distinct energetic intracloud (EIC) lightning discharges—compact intracloud lightning discharges (CIDs) and energetic intracloud pulses (EIPs)—produce intense RF radiation, suggesting large currents inside the cloud, and they also have different production mechanisms and occurrence contexts. A Low-Frequency (LF) lightning remote sensing instrument array was deployed during the RELAMPAGO field campaign in west central Argentina, designed to investigate convective storms that produce high-impact weather. LF data from the campaign can provide a valuable data set for researching the lightning context of EICs in a variety of subtropical convective storms. This paper describes the production of an LF-CID data set in RELAMPAGO and includes a preliminary analysis of CID prevalence. Geolocated lightning events and their corresponding observed waveforms from the RELAMPAGO LF data set are used in the classification of EICs. Height estimates based on skywave reflections are computed, where prefit residual data editing is used to improve robustness against outliers. Even if EIPs occurred within the network, given the low number of very high-peak current events and receiver saturation, automatic classification of EIPs may not be feasible using this data. The classification of CIDs, on the other hand, is straightforward and their properties, for both positive and negative polarity, are investigated. A few RELAMPAGO case studies are also presented, where high variability of CID prevalence in ordinary storms and high-altitude positive CIDs, possibly in overshooting tops, are observed.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {de Sá, A L and Marshall, R and Deierling, W},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001856},\n journal = {Earth and Space Science},\n number = {11}\n}
\n
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\n Abstract A particular strength of lightning remote sensing is the variety of lightning types observed, each with a unique occurrence context and characteristically different emission. Distinct energetic intracloud (EIC) lightning discharges—compact intracloud lightning discharges (CIDs) and energetic intracloud pulses (EIPs)—produce intense RF radiation, suggesting large currents inside the cloud, and they also have different production mechanisms and occurrence contexts. A Low-Frequency (LF) lightning remote sensing instrument array was deployed during the RELAMPAGO field campaign in west central Argentina, designed to investigate convective storms that produce high-impact weather. LF data from the campaign can provide a valuable data set for researching the lightning context of EICs in a variety of subtropical convective storms. This paper describes the production of an LF-CID data set in RELAMPAGO and includes a preliminary analysis of CID prevalence. Geolocated lightning events and their corresponding observed waveforms from the RELAMPAGO LF data set are used in the classification of EICs. Height estimates based on skywave reflections are computed, where prefit residual data editing is used to improve robustness against outliers. Even if EIPs occurred within the network, given the low number of very high-peak current events and receiver saturation, automatic classification of EIPs may not be feasible using this data. The classification of CIDs, on the other hand, is straightforward and their properties, for both positive and negative polarity, are investigated. A few RELAMPAGO case studies are also presented, where high variability of CID prevalence in ordinary storms and high-altitude positive CIDs, possibly in overshooting tops, are observed.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A storm safari in subtropical South America: Proyecto RELAMPAGO.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nesbitt, S., W.; Salio, P., V.; Ávila, E.; Bitzer, P.; Carey, L.; Chandrasekar, V.; Deierling, W.; Dominguez, F.; Dillon, M., E.; Garcia, C., M.; and others\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102(8): E1621–E1644. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {A storm safari in subtropical South America: Proyecto RELAMPAGO},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {E1621–E1644},\n volume = {102},\n id = {ee32c1a4-3cdb-32b0-8802-9c16ef538c69},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:18.033Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:18.033Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Nesbitt, Stephen W and Salio, Paola V and Ávila, Eldo and Bitzer, Phillip and Carey, Lawrence and Chandrasekar, V and Deierling, Wiebke and Dominguez, Francina and Dillon, Maria Eugenia and Garcia, C Marcelo and others, undefined},\n journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},\n number = {8}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An Electron Density Model of the D- and E-Region Ionosphere for Transionospheric VLF Propagation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; Bortnik, J.; and Bonnell, J., W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126(7): e2021JA029288. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AnWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {An Electron Density Model of the D- and E-Region Ionosphere for Transionospheric VLF Propagation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {D-region ionosphere,E-region ionosphere,Faraday International Reference of Ionosphere,VLF remote sensing,electron density,subionospheric VLF signals},\n pages = {e2021JA029288},\n volume = {126},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JA029288},\n id = {d912f025-e62b-318a-8736-7456da7a34a1},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:18.565Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:18.565Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract Terrestrial Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) energy from both lightning discharges and radio transmitters has a role in affecting the energetic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts, but quantification of these effects is particularly difficult, largely due to the collisional damping experienced in the highly variable electron density in the D- and E-region ionosphere. The Faraday International Reference Ionosphere (FIRI) model was specifically developed by combining lower-ionosphere chemistry modeling with in situ rocket measurements, and represents to date the most reliable source of electron density profiles for the lower ionosphere. As a full-resolution empirical model, FIRI is not well suited to D- and E-region ionosphere inversion, and its applicability in transionospheric VLF simulation and in remote sensing of the lower ionosphere is limited. Motivated by how subionospheric VLF remote sensing has been aided by the Wait and Spies (WS) profile (Wait & Spies, 1964), in this study, we parameterize the FIRI profiles and extend the WS profile to the E-region ionosphere by introducing two new parameters: the knee altitude hk and the sharpness parameter for the E-region ionosphere βE. Using this modified WS profile, we calculate the expected signals at different receiver locations from the NAA, NPM, and NWC transmitters under the full range of possible ionospheric conditions. We also describe and validate a method about how these results can be readily used to translate VLF measurements into estimates of the lower ionosphere electron density. Moreover, we use this method to evaluate the sensitivity of different ground receiver locations in lower-ionosphere remote sensing.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A and Bortnik, Jacob and Bonnell, John W},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029288},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {7}\n}
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\n Abstract Terrestrial Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) energy from both lightning discharges and radio transmitters has a role in affecting the energetic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts, but quantification of these effects is particularly difficult, largely due to the collisional damping experienced in the highly variable electron density in the D- and E-region ionosphere. The Faraday International Reference Ionosphere (FIRI) model was specifically developed by combining lower-ionosphere chemistry modeling with in situ rocket measurements, and represents to date the most reliable source of electron density profiles for the lower ionosphere. As a full-resolution empirical model, FIRI is not well suited to D- and E-region ionosphere inversion, and its applicability in transionospheric VLF simulation and in remote sensing of the lower ionosphere is limited. Motivated by how subionospheric VLF remote sensing has been aided by the Wait and Spies (WS) profile (Wait & Spies, 1964), in this study, we parameterize the FIRI profiles and extend the WS profile to the E-region ionosphere by introducing two new parameters: the knee altitude hk and the sharpness parameter for the E-region ionosphere βE. Using this modified WS profile, we calculate the expected signals at different receiver locations from the NAA, NPM, and NWC transmitters under the full range of possible ionospheric conditions. We also describe and validate a method about how these results can be readily used to translate VLF measurements into estimates of the lower ionosphere electron density. Moreover, we use this method to evaluate the sensitivity of different ground receiver locations in lower-ionosphere remote sensing.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Simulation-Derived Radar Cross Sections of a New Meteor Head Plasma Distribution Model.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sugar, G.; Marshall, R.; Oppenheim, M., M.; Dimant, Y., S.; and Close, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126(7): e2021JA029171. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Simulation-DerivedWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Simulation-Derived Radar Cross Sections of a New Meteor Head Plasma Distribution Model},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {fdtd simulation,meteor,meteor head echo,meteor plasma},\n pages = {e2021JA029171},\n volume = {126},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JA029171},\n id = {861a97bb-7df7-3bfc-a4c0-f86a567e86d1},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:19.109Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:19.109Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract We present results and analysis of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of electromagnetic waves scattering off meteor head plasma using an analytical model and a simulation-derived model of the head plasma distribution. The analytical model was developed by (Dimant & Oppenheim, 2017b, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023963) and the simulation-derived model is based on particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations presented in (Sugar et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026434). Both of these head plasma distribution models show the meteor head plasma is significantly different than the spherically symmetric distributions used in previous studies of meteor head plasma. We use the FDTD simulation results to fit a power law model that relates the meteoroid ablation rate to the head echo radar cross section (RCS), and show that the RCS of plasma distributions derived from the Dimant-Oppenheim analytical model and the PIC simulations agree to within 4 dBsm. The power law model yields more accurate meteoroid mass estimates than previous methods based on spherically symmetric plasma distributions.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Sugar, G and Marshall, R and Oppenheim, M M and Dimant, Y S and Close, S},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029171},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {7}\n}
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\n Abstract We present results and analysis of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of electromagnetic waves scattering off meteor head plasma using an analytical model and a simulation-derived model of the head plasma distribution. The analytical model was developed by (Dimant & Oppenheim, 2017b, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023963) and the simulation-derived model is based on particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations presented in (Sugar et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026434). Both of these head plasma distribution models show the meteor head plasma is significantly different than the spherically symmetric distributions used in previous studies of meteor head plasma. We use the FDTD simulation results to fit a power law model that relates the meteoroid ablation rate to the head echo radar cross section (RCS), and show that the RCS of plasma distributions derived from the Dimant-Oppenheim analytical model and the PIC simulations agree to within 4 dBsm. The power law model yields more accurate meteoroid mass estimates than previous methods based on spherically symmetric plasma distributions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A New Longwave Mode Propagator for the Earth–Ionosphere Waveguide.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gasdia, F.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69(12): 8675-8688. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {A New Longwave Mode Propagator for the Earth–Ionosphere Waveguide},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {8675-8688},\n volume = {69},\n id = {c5c63396-196f-3c0b-aea9-c9a842b7c9d4},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:19.663Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:19.663Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {ARTICLE},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Gasdia, Forrest and Marshall, Robert A},\n doi = {10.1109/TAP.2021.3083753},\n journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},\n number = {12}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 3-D FDTD Modeling of Long-Distance VLF Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Burns, S.; Gasdia, F.; Simpson, J., J.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69(11): 7743-7752. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {3-D FDTD Modeling of Long-Distance VLF Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {7743-7752},\n volume = {69},\n id = {e87e2c26-407a-35cd-957a-9f76389f6a91},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:20.219Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:20.219Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {ARTICLE},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Burns, Sean and Gasdia, Forrest and Simpson, Jamesina J and Marshall, Robert A},\n doi = {10.1109/TAP.2021.3070621},\n journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},\n number = {11}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lightning Geolocation and Flash Rates From LF Radio Observations During the RELAMPAGO Field Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Sá, A.; Marshall, R.; and Deierling, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Earth and Space Science, 8(10): e2021EA001813. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"LightningWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Lightning Geolocation and Flash Rates From LF Radio Observations During the RELAMPAGO Field Campaign},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {GLM,RELAMPAGO,VLF/LF,detection efficiency,lightning location system,thunderstorm research},\n pages = {e2021EA001813},\n volume = {8},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021EA001813},\n id = {2e6dfa2b-5831-3698-981d-1a3c83f73da0},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:20.770Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:20.770Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract The lightning data products generated by the low-frequency (LF) radio lightning locating system (LLS) deployed during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observation (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in Argentina provide a valuable data set to research the lightning evolution and characteristics of convective storms that produce high-impact weather. LF LLS data sets offer a practical range for mesoscale studies, allowing for the observation of lightning characteristics of storms such as mesoscale convective systems or large convective lines that travel longer distances which are not necessarily staying in range of regional VHF-based lightning detection systems throughout their lifetime. LF LLSs also provide different information than optical space-borne lightning detectors. Lightning measurements exclusive to LF systems include discharge peak current, lightning polarity, and lightning type classification based on the lightning-emitted radio waveform. Furthermore, these measurements can provide additional information on flash rates (e.g., positive cloud-to-ground flash rate) or narrow bipolar events which may often be associated with dynamically intense convection. In this article, the geolocation and data processing of the LF data set collected during RELAMPAGO is fully described and its performance characterized, with location accuracy better than 10 km. The detection efficiency (DE) of the data set is compared to that of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper, and spatiotemporal DE losses in the LF data set are discussed. Storm case studies on November 10, 2018, highlight the strengths of the data set, which include robust flash clustering and insightful flash rate and peak current measures, while illustrating how its limitations, including DE losses, can be managed.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {de Sá, A and Marshall, R and Deierling, W},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001813},\n journal = {Earth and Space Science},\n number = {10}\n}
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\n Abstract The lightning data products generated by the low-frequency (LF) radio lightning locating system (LLS) deployed during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observation (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in Argentina provide a valuable data set to research the lightning evolution and characteristics of convective storms that produce high-impact weather. LF LLS data sets offer a practical range for mesoscale studies, allowing for the observation of lightning characteristics of storms such as mesoscale convective systems or large convective lines that travel longer distances which are not necessarily staying in range of regional VHF-based lightning detection systems throughout their lifetime. LF LLSs also provide different information than optical space-borne lightning detectors. Lightning measurements exclusive to LF systems include discharge peak current, lightning polarity, and lightning type classification based on the lightning-emitted radio waveform. Furthermore, these measurements can provide additional information on flash rates (e.g., positive cloud-to-ground flash rate) or narrow bipolar events which may often be associated with dynamically intense convection. In this article, the geolocation and data processing of the LF data set collected during RELAMPAGO is fully described and its performance characterized, with location accuracy better than 10 km. The detection efficiency (DE) of the data set is compared to that of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper, and spatiotemporal DE losses in the LF data set are discussed. Storm case studies on November 10, 2018, highlight the strengths of the data set, which include robust flash clustering and insightful flash rate and peak current measures, while illustrating how its limitations, including DE losses, can be managed.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Chemical Response of the Upper Atmosphere Due to Lightning-Induced Electron Precipitation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; Kero, A.; and Sousa, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(17): e2021JD034914. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ChemicalWebsite\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Chemical Response of the Upper Atmosphere Due to Lightning-Induced Electron Precipitation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n keywords = {atmospheric chemistry,energetic electron precipitation,ionization production,lightning discharge,lightning-induced electron precipitation,ozone depletion},\n pages = {e2021JD034914},\n volume = {126},\n websites = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JD034914},\n id = {6758f4ff-500e-3b95-a4f0-84daa7420c99},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:21.299Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:21.299Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Abstract Terrestrial lightning frequently serves as a loss mechanism for energetic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts, leading to lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP). Regardless of the specific causes, energetic electron precipitation from the radiation belts in general has a significant influence on the ozone concentration in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The atmospheric chemical effects induced by LEP have been previously investigated using subionospheric VLF measurements at Faraday station, Antarctica (65.25°S, 64.27°W, L = 2.45). However, there exist large variations in the precipitation flux, ionization production, and occurrence rate of LEP events depending on the peak current of the parent lightning discharge, as well as the season, location, and intensity of the thunderstorm activity. These uncertainties motivate us to revisit the calculation of atmospheric chemical changes produced by LEP. In this study, we combine a well-validated LEP model and first-principles atmospheric chemical simulation, and investigate three intense storms in the year of 2013, 2015, and 2017 at the magnetic latitude of 50., 32., and 35., respectively. Modeling results show that the LEP events in these storms can cumulatively drive significant changes in the , , and concentration in the mesosphere. These changes are as high as , , and at 75–85 km altitude, respectively, and comparable to the effects typically induced by other types of radiation belt electron precipitation events. Considering the high occurrence rate of thunderstorms around the globe, the long-term global chemical effects produced by LEP events need to be properly quantified.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A and Kero, Antti and Sousa, Austin},\n doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034914},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {17}\n}
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\n Abstract Terrestrial lightning frequently serves as a loss mechanism for energetic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts, leading to lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP). Regardless of the specific causes, energetic electron precipitation from the radiation belts in general has a significant influence on the ozone concentration in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The atmospheric chemical effects induced by LEP have been previously investigated using subionospheric VLF measurements at Faraday station, Antarctica (65.25°S, 64.27°W, L = 2.45). However, there exist large variations in the precipitation flux, ionization production, and occurrence rate of LEP events depending on the peak current of the parent lightning discharge, as well as the season, location, and intensity of the thunderstorm activity. These uncertainties motivate us to revisit the calculation of atmospheric chemical changes produced by LEP. In this study, we combine a well-validated LEP model and first-principles atmospheric chemical simulation, and investigate three intense storms in the year of 2013, 2015, and 2017 at the magnetic latitude of 50., 32., and 35., respectively. Modeling results show that the LEP events in these storms can cumulatively drive significant changes in the , , and concentration in the mesosphere. These changes are as high as , , and at 75–85 km altitude, respectively, and comparable to the effects typically induced by other types of radiation belt electron precipitation events. Considering the high occurrence rate of thunderstorms around the globe, the long-term global chemical effects produced by LEP events need to be properly quantified.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Micro-Broadband Receiver (μBBR) on the Very-Low-Frequency Propagation Mapper CubeSat.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Sousa, A.; Reid, R.; Wilson, G.; Starks, M.; Ramos, D.; Ballenthin, J.; Quigley, S.; Kay, R.; Patton, J.; and others\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Earth and Space Science, 8(11): e2021EA001951. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {The Micro-Broadband Receiver (μBBR) on the Very-Low-Frequency Propagation Mapper CubeSat},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {e2021EA001951},\n volume = {8},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {889204bc-21db-33e2-b34a-e58c72bae304},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:21.830Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:21.830Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Sousa, Austin and Reid, Riley and Wilson, Gordon and Starks, Michael and Ramos, Daniel and Ballenthin, John and Quigley, Steven and Kay, Ron and Patton, James and others, undefined},\n journal = {Earth and Space Science},\n number = {11}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Active VLF transmission experiments between the DSX and VPM spacecraft.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Reid, R., A.; Marshall, R., A.; Starks, M., J.; Usanova, M., E.; Wilson, G., R.; Johnston, W., R.; Sanchez, J., C.; Su, Y.; Ginet, G., P.; Song, P.; and others\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,e2021JA030087. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Active VLF transmission experiments between the DSX and VPM spacecraft},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {e2021JA030087},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {ac1dc403-d194-3caf-8ab4-db5d2102e167},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:22.361Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:22.361Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Reid, Riley A and Marshall, Robert A and Starks, Michael J and Usanova, Maria E and Wilson, Gordon R and Johnston, W Robert and Sanchez, Jenny C and Su, Yi-Jiun and Ginet, Gregory P and Song, Paul and others, undefined},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Meteoroid Mass Estimation Based on Single-Frequency Radar Cross Section Measurements.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tarnecki, L., K.; Marshall, R., A.; Stober, G.; and Kero, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126(9): e2021JA029525. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Meteoroid Mass Estimation Based on Single-Frequency Radar Cross Section Measurements},\n type = {article},\n year = {2021},\n pages = {e2021JA029525},\n volume = {126},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {df3cc126-05d4-3a4f-9143-4be2f0a6beaf},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:41:22.902Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:41:22.902Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Tarnecki, Liane Kathryn and Marshall, Robert Andrew and Stober, Gunter and Kero, Johan},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {9}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lightning Distance Estimation Using LF Lightning Radio Signals via Analytical and Machine-Learned Models.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Sá, A., L., A.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Lightning Distance Estimation Using LF Lightning Radio Signals via Analytical and Machine-Learned Models},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {b9d4505d-3067-3bd5-967a-1d7b519929e0},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:44.412Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:44.412Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {de Sá, Andre L Antunes and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A technique for inferring lower thermospheric neutral density from meteoroid ablation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Limonta, L.; Close, S.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Planetary and Space Science, 180: 104735. 4 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n  \n \n 8 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {A technique for inferring lower thermospheric neutral density from meteoroid ablation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2020},\n pages = {104735},\n volume = {180},\n month = {4},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {674d5d08-4729-31e3-866b-d487e43b239e},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:45.027Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:45.027Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Limonta, Lorenzo and Close, Sigrid and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Planetary and Space Science}\n}
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\n  \n 2019\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Characteristics of Energetic Electron Precipitation Estimated from Simulated Bremsstrahlung X‐ray Distributions.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(4): 2831-2843. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n  \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Characteristics of Energetic Electron Precipitation Estimated from Simulated Bremsstrahlung X‐ray Distributions},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {2831-2843},\n volume = {124},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {4d7d0c50-2a14-3827-87f5-c55639ef4422},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:40.618Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:40.618Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {4}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n VLF Measurements and Modeling of the D-Region Response to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; Kero, A.; Turunen, E.; Drob, D.; Sojka, J.; and Rice, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57(10): 7613-7622. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {VLF Measurements and Modeling of the D-Region Response to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {7613-7622},\n volume = {57},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {0c584b90-5cf4-35d1-ad7f-323b36854cbb},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:41.187Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:41.187Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A and Kero, Antti and Turunen, Esa and Drob, Douglas and Sojka, Jan and Rice, Don},\n journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},\n number = {10}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Assimilating VLF Transmitter Observations With an LETKF for Spatial Estimates of the D -Region Ionosphere.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gasdia, F.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 58(5): 3526-3543. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Assimilating VLF Transmitter Observations With an LETKF for Spatial Estimates of the D -Region Ionosphere},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {3526-3543},\n volume = {58},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {0dd24bf4-62bc-3e32-af4d-d50bb6e15c4f},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:41.729Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:41.729Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Gasdia, Forrest and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},\n number = {5}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Relativistic Particle Beams as a Resource to Solve Outstanding Problems in Space Physics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanchez, E., R.; Powis, A., T.; Kaganovich, I., D.; Marshall, R.; Porazik, P.; Johnson, J.; Greklek-Mckeon, M.; Amin, K., S.; Shaw, D.; and Nicolls, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 6: 71. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Relativistic Particle Beams as a Resource to Solve Outstanding Problems in Space Physics},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {71},\n volume = {6},\n publisher = {Frontiers},\n id = {7051378a-58c0-30c7-9c0f-6958a27dc95c},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:42.299Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:42.299Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Sanchez, Ennio R and Powis, Andrew T and Kaganovich, Igor D and Marshall, Robert and Porazik, Peter and Johnson, Jay and Greklek-Mckeon, Michael and Amin, Kailas S and Shaw, David and Nicolls, Michael},\n journal = {Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Compton Scattering Effects on the Spectral and Temporal Properties of Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Celestin, S.; Pasko, V., P.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(8): 7220-7230. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Compton Scattering Effects on the Spectral and Temporal Properties of Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {7220-7230},\n volume = {124},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {42e477a6-28da-3199-83ee-71b552b2aa4a},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:42.812Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:42.812Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Celestin, Sebastien and Pasko, Victor P and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {8}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Atmospheric effects of a relativistic electron beam injected from above: chemistry, electrodynamics, and radio scattering.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Xu, W.; Kero, A.; Kabirzadeh, R.; and Sanchez, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 6: 6. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Atmospheric effects of a relativistic electron beam injected from above: chemistry, electrodynamics, and radio scattering},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {6},\n volume = {6},\n publisher = {Frontiers},\n id = {86d452fd-98d6-3db8-910b-d091d6fa3284},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:43.318Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:43.318Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Xu, Wei and Kero, Antti and Kabirzadeh, Rasoul and Sanchez, Ennio},\n journal = {Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n X‐ray Signatures of Lightning‐Induced Electron Precipitation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Xu, W.; Sousa, A.; McCarthy, M.; and Millan, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(12): 10230-10245. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {X‐ray Signatures of Lightning‐Induced Electron Precipitation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2019},\n pages = {10230-10245},\n volume = {124},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {9b2d5fd7-e83f-3bae-8d0a-136fbf40345f},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:43.840Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:43.840Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Xu, W and Sousa, A and McCarthy, M and Millan, R},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {12}\n}
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\n  \n 2018\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Conceptual design of an air-breathing electric thruster for CubeSat applications.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, S., W.; and Marshall, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 55(3): 632-639. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Conceptual design of an air-breathing electric thruster for CubeSat applications},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {632-639},\n volume = {55},\n publisher = {American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics},\n id = {a081a49e-52c5-3c57-94f1-6daeaf70b382},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:38.223Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:38.223Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Jackson, Stephen W and Marshall, Robert},\n journal = {Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets},\n number = {3}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n On the effects of bremsstrahlung radiation during energetic electron precipitation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; Fang, X.; Turunen, E.; and Kero, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 45(2): 1167-1176. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {On the effects of bremsstrahlung radiation during energetic electron precipitation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {1167-1176},\n volume = {45},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {0b000c84-9a65-361e-95b7-dfa69f5be395},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:38.753Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:38.753Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A and Fang, Xiaohua and Turunen, Esa and Kero, Antti},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {2}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The lower ionospheric VLF/LF response to the 2017 great American solar eclipse observed across the continent.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohen, M., B.; Gross, N., C.; Higginson‐Rollins, M., A.; Marshall, R., A.; Gołkowski, M.; Liles, W.; Rodriguez, D.; and Rockway, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 45(8): 3348-3355. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {The lower ionospheric VLF/LF response to the 2017 great American solar eclipse observed across the continent},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {3348-3355},\n volume = {45},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {8bf6a736-f150-33ca-915f-5bb2a47cc849},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:39.314Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:39.314Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Cohen, M B and Gross, N C and Higginson‐Rollins, M A and Marshall, R A and Gołkowski, M and Liles, W and Rodriguez, D and Rockway, J},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {8}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Pitch angle dependence of energetic electron precipitation: Energy deposition, backscatter, and the bounce loss cone.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; and Bortnik, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123(3): 2412-2423. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Pitch angle dependence of energetic electron precipitation: Energy deposition, backscatter, and the bounce loss cone},\n type = {article},\n year = {2018},\n pages = {2412-2423},\n volume = {123},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {25a5754c-ca19-3f50-a7ce-438558661f38},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:39.980Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:39.980Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Bortnik, J},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {3}\n}
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\n  \n 2017\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A novel type of transient luminous event produced by terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Celestin, S.; Pasko, V., P.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 44(5): 2571-2578. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {A novel type of transient luminous event produced by terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {2571-2578},\n volume = {44},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {4675feb5-abb5-352f-8861-7c369fbb9def},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:33.473Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:33.473Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Celestin, Sebastien and Pasko, Victor P and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {5}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Radar detectability studies of slow and small zodiacal dust cloud particles. III. The role of sodium and the head echo size on the probability of detection.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Janches, D.; Swarnalingam, N.; Carrillo-Sanchez, J., D.; Gomez-Martin, J., C.; Marshall, R.; Nesvorný, D.; Plane, J., M., C.; Feng, W.; and Pokorný, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Astrophysical Journal, 843(1): 1. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Radar detectability studies of slow and small zodiacal dust cloud particles. III. The role of sodium and the head echo size on the probability of detection},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {1},\n volume = {843},\n publisher = {IOP Publishing},\n id = {a4bd4d37-fb6d-36d0-b9cc-1d58f3532304},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:34.065Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:34.065Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Janches, D and Swarnalingam, N and Carrillo-Sanchez, J D and Gomez-Martin, J C and Marshall, R and Nesvorný, D and Plane, J M C and Feng, W and Pokorný, P},\n journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},\n number = {1}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Early/fast VLF events produced by the quiescent heating of the lower ionosphere by thunderstorms.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kabirzadeh, R.; Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(12): 6217-6230. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Early/fast VLF events produced by the quiescent heating of the lower ionosphere by thunderstorms},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {6217-6230},\n volume = {122},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {b93595f4-44e0-3337-ab43-6eb5c8d11eba},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:34.604Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:34.604Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Kabirzadeh, R and Marshall, R A and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {12}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Modeling of X‐ray Images and Energy Spectra Produced by Stepping Lightning Leaders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, W.; Marshall, R., A.; Celestin, S.; and Pasko, V., P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(21): 11-776. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Modeling of X‐ray Images and Energy Spectra Produced by Stepping Lightning Leaders},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {11-776},\n volume = {122},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {8dc3a6a1-2ed8-3e31-8665-aeeba1978274},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:35.168Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:35.168Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Xu, Wei and Marshall, Robert A and Celestin, Sebastien and Pasko, Victor P},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {21}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Finite-difference modeling of very-low-frequency propagation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Wallace, T.; and Turbe, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 65(12): 7185-7197. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Finite-difference modeling of very-low-frequency propagation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {7185-7197},\n volume = {65},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {65a2f7d2-20ba-3a4b-a2ed-f6068dceeb2e},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:35.726Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:35.726Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Wallace, Tom and Turbe, Michael},\n journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},\n number = {12}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Experimental setup for the laboratory investigation of micrometeoroid ablation using a dust accelerator.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thomas, E.; Simolka, J.; DeLuca, M.; Horányi, M.; Janches, D.; Marshall, R., A.; Munsat, T.; Plane, J., M., C.; and Sternovsky, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Scientific Instruments, 88(3): 34501. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Experimental setup for the laboratory investigation of micrometeoroid ablation using a dust accelerator},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {34501},\n volume = {88},\n publisher = {AIP Publishing LLC},\n id = {6550afc7-563b-374a-8d8a-9daa841ff904},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:36.390Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:36.390Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Thomas, Evan and Simolka, Jonas and DeLuca, Michael and Horányi, Mihály and Janches, Diego and Marshall, Robert A and Munsat, Tobin and Plane, John M C and Sternovsky, Zoltan},\n journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},\n number = {3}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Plasma distributions in meteor head echoes and implications for radar cross section interpretation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Brown, P.; and Close, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Planetary and Space Science, 143: 203-208. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Plasma distributions in meteor head echoes and implications for radar cross section interpretation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {203-208},\n volume = {143},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {281815d6-f91f-3f02-8090-eb498602f677},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:36.972Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:36.972Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Brown, Peter and Close, Sigrid},\n journal = {Planetary and Space Science}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Atmospheric Signatures and Effects of Space-based Relativistic Electron Beam Injection.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Sanchez, E., R.; Kero, A.; Turunen, E., S.; and Marsh, D., R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AGUFM, 2017: SM11G-02. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Atmospheric Signatures and Effects of Space-based Relativistic Electron Beam Injection},\n type = {article},\n year = {2017},\n pages = {SM11G-02},\n volume = {2017},\n id = {bbf9e40f-4365-30d6-a260-984fcc440254},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:37.662Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:37.662Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert Andrew and Sanchez, Ennio R and Kero, Antti and Turunen, Esa S and Marsh, Daniel Robert},\n journal = {AGUFM}\n}
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\n  \n 2016\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Global occurrence rate of elves and ionospheric heating due to cloud‐to‐ground lightning.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Blaes, P., R.; Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(1): 699-712. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Global occurrence rate of elves and ionospheric heating due to cloud‐to‐ground lightning},\n type = {article},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {699-712},\n volume = {121},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {32f6ddb4-3b22-397e-8d12-add96122ada9},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:32.318Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:32.318Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Blaes, P R and Marshall, R A and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {1}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Multichannel tunable imager architecture for hyperspectral imaging in relevant spectral domains.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goenka, C.; Semeter, J.; Noto, J.; Baumgardner, J.; Riccobono, J.; Migliozzi, M.; Dahlgren, H.; Marshall, R.; Kapali, S.; and Hirsch, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied Optics, 55(12): 3149-3157. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Multichannel tunable imager architecture for hyperspectral imaging in relevant spectral domains},\n type = {article},\n year = {2016},\n pages = {3149-3157},\n volume = {55},\n publisher = {Optical Society of America},\n id = {89631217-0475-355f-9298-c4e1783fd8c8},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:32.907Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:32.907Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Goenka, Chhavi and Semeter, Joshua and Noto, John and Baumgardner, Jeffrey and Riccobono, Juanita and Migliozzi, Mike and Dahlgren, Hanna and Marshall, Robert and Kapali, Sudha and Hirsch, Michael},\n journal = {Applied Optics},\n number = {12}\n}
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\n  \n 2015\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n An FDTD model of scattering from meteor head plasma.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; and Close, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics, 120(7): 5931-5942. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {An FDTD model of scattering from meteor head plasma},\n type = {article},\n year = {2015},\n keywords = {FDTD,meteor,radar,scattering},\n pages = {5931-5942},\n volume = {120},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {497462a2-bde2-3ba5-bb17-be1302f58da2},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:30.548Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:30.548Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {We have developed a three-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) model of scattering of radar waves from meteor head plasma. The model treats the meteor head plasma as a cold, collisional, and magnetized plasma, and solves Maxwell's equations and the Langevin equation simultaneously and self-consistently in and around the plasma. We use this model to investigate scattering of radar waves from a meteor head (the "head echo") under a range of plasma densities, meteor scale sizes, and wave frequencies. In this way we relate the radar cross section (RCS) to these variable parameters. We find that computed RCS disagrees with previous analytical theory at certain meteor sizes and densities, in some cases by over an order of magnitude. We find that the calculated meteor head RCS is monotonically related to the "overdense area" of the meteor, defined as the cross-section area of the part of the meteor where the plasma frequency exceeds the wave frequency. These results provides a physical measure of the meteor size and density that can be inferred from measured RCS values from ground-based radars. Meteoroid mass can then be inferred from the meteor plasma distribution using established methods.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Close, S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics},\n number = {7}\n}
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\n We have developed a three-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) model of scattering of radar waves from meteor head plasma. The model treats the meteor head plasma as a cold, collisional, and magnetized plasma, and solves Maxwell's equations and the Langevin equation simultaneously and self-consistently in and around the plasma. We use this model to investigate scattering of radar waves from a meteor head (the \"head echo\") under a range of plasma densities, meteor scale sizes, and wave frequencies. In this way we relate the radar cross section (RCS) to these variable parameters. We find that computed RCS disagrees with previous analytical theory at certain meteor sizes and densities, in some cases by over an order of magnitude. We find that the calculated meteor head RCS is monotonically related to the \"overdense area\" of the meteor, defined as the cross-section area of the part of the meteor where the plasma frequency exceeds the wave frequency. These results provides a physical measure of the meteor size and density that can be inferred from measured RCS values from ground-based radars. Meteoroid mass can then be inferred from the meteor plasma distribution using established methods.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Numerical simulation of an elve modulated by a gravity wave.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Yue, J.; and Lyons, W., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 42(14): 6120-6127. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Numerical simulation of an elve modulated by a gravity wave},\n type = {article},\n year = {2015},\n pages = {6120-6127},\n volume = {42},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {fc37b9df-57f3-326e-9d2f-e508636a2576},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:31.090Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:31.090Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Yue, Jia and Lyons, Walter A},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {14}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n LiCHI–Liquid Crystal Hyperspectral Imager for simultaneous multispectral imaging in aeronomy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goenka, C.; Semeter, J.; Noto, J.; Baumgardner, J.; Riccobono, J.; Migliozzi, M.; Dahlgren, H.; Marshall, R.; Kapali, S.; and Hirsch, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Optics express, 23(14): 17772-17782. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {LiCHI–Liquid Crystal Hyperspectral Imager for simultaneous multispectral imaging in aeronomy},\n type = {article},\n year = {2015},\n pages = {17772-17782},\n volume = {23},\n publisher = {Optical Society of America},\n id = {e67048a9-659c-3b01-b2d8-7eb9e5c1f982},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:31.713Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:31.713Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Goenka, Chhavi and Semeter, Joshua and Noto, John and Baumgardner, Jeffrey and Riccobono, Juanita and Migliozzi, Michael and Dahlgren, Hanna and Marshall, Robert and Kapali, Sudha and Hirsch, Michael},\n journal = {Optics express},\n number = {14}\n}
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\n  \n 2014\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Finding leaves in the forest: the dual-wavelength Echidna lidar.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Douglas, E., S.; Martel, J.; Li, Z.; Howe, G.; Hewawasam, K.; Marshall, R., A.; Schaaf, C., L.; Cook, T., A.; Newnham, G., J.; and Strahler, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 12(4): 776-780. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Finding leaves in the forest: the dual-wavelength Echidna lidar},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n pages = {776-780},\n volume = {12},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {6ed3aa53-528b-3aae-8169-3a6813b5b662},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:27.161Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:27.161Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Douglas, Ewan S and Martel, Jason and Li, Zhan and Howe, Glenn and Hewawasam, Kuravi and Marshall, Robert A and Schaaf, Crystal L and Cook, Timothy A and Newnham, Glenn J and Strahler, Alan},\n journal = {IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters},\n number = {4}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Rare examples of early VLF events observed in association with ISUAL-detected gigantic jets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Adachi, T.; Hsu, R.; and Chen, A., B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Radio Science, 49(1): 36-43. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Rare examples of early VLF events observed in association with ISUAL-detected gigantic jets},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n pages = {36-43},\n volume = {49},\n publisher = {AGU},\n id = {cdc0b35a-44e9-3c7f-b59c-7169ab0c52bd},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:27.710Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:27.710Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Adachi, T and Hsu, R-R and Chen, A B},\n journal = {Radio Science},\n number = {1}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Return stroke speed of cloud‐to‐ground lightning estimated from elve hole radii.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Blaes, P., R.; Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 41(24): 9182-9187. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Return stroke speed of cloud‐to‐ground lightning estimated from elve hole radii},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n pages = {9182-9187},\n volume = {41},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {8b544cf5-2f0b-3810-b83b-80f09c7a6dee},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:28.317Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:28.317Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Blaes, P R and Marshall, R A and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {24}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of self‐absorption on attenuation of lightning and transmitter signals in the lower ionosphere.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119(5): 4062-4076. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Effect of self‐absorption on attenuation of lightning and transmitter signals in the lower ionosphere},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n pages = {4062-4076},\n volume = {119},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {45b4e47d-3b47-3e00-a367-c01cecdff9b3},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:28.890Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:28.890Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {5}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Very low frequency subionospheric remote sensing of thunderstorm‐driven acoustic waves in the lower ionosphere.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; and Snively, J., B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119(9): 5037-5045. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Very low frequency subionospheric remote sensing of thunderstorm‐driven acoustic waves in the lower ionosphere},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n pages = {5037-5045},\n volume = {119},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {88f6e10e-c585-3375-9cdb-0a58c925211f},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:29.462Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:29.462Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Snively, J B},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {9}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Differing current and optical return stroke speeds in lightning.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liang, C.; Carlson, B.; Lehtinen, N.; Cohen, M.; Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7): 2561-2567. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Differing current and optical return stroke speeds in lightning},\n type = {article},\n year = {2014},\n pages = {2561-2567},\n volume = {41},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {97f485a3-ba86-36fb-992c-c09e7a186424},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:29.984Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:29.984Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Liang, C and Carlson, B and Lehtinen, N and Cohen, M and Marshall, R A and Inan, U},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {7}\n}
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\n  \n 2013\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Production of small‐scale Alfvén waves by ionospheric depletion, nonlinear magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and phase mixing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Russell, A., J., B.; Wright, A., N.; and Streltsov, A., V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118(4): 1450-1460. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Production of small‐scale Alfvén waves by ionospheric depletion, nonlinear magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and phase mixing},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n pages = {1450-1460},\n volume = {118},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {37b94c35-41f3-3f39-8b99-7d4448e1cf85},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:24.974Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:24.974Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Russell, Alexander J B and Wright, Andrew N and Streltsov, A V},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {4}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Extended lateral heating of the nighttime ionosphere by ground‒based VLF transmitters.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Graf, K., L.; Spasojevic, M.; Marshall, R., A.; Lehtinen, N., G.; Foust, F., R.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118(12): 7783-7797. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Extended lateral heating of the nighttime ionosphere by ground‒based VLF transmitters},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n pages = {7783-7797},\n volume = {118},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {99040d2d-4955-3340-a545-c296ff752b14},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:25.484Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:25.484Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Graf, K L and Spasojevic, M and Marshall, R A and Lehtinen, N G and Foust, F R and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {12}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The optical manifestation of dispersive field‐aligned bursts in auroral breakup arcs.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dahlgren, H.; Semeter, J., L.; Marshall, R., A.; and Zettergren, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118(7): 4572-4582. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {The optical manifestation of dispersive field‐aligned bursts in auroral breakup arcs},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n pages = {4572-4582},\n volume = {118},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {73aa8502-0ddb-34ac-bf35-fa7bdcecdad2},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:26.010Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:26.010Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Dahlgren, H and Semeter, J L and Marshall, R A and Zettergren, M},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {7}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Tunable filters for multispectral imaging of aeronomical features.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goenka, C.; Semeter, J., L.; Noto, J.; Dahlgren, H.; Marshall, R.; Baumgardner, J.; Riccobono, J.; and Migliozzi, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Space Research, 52(7): 1366-1377. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Tunable filters for multispectral imaging of aeronomical features},\n type = {article},\n year = {2013},\n pages = {1366-1377},\n volume = {52},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {71b84c68-16e5-3f66-a865-7e82890bff29},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:26.576Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:26.576Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Goenka, C and Semeter, J L and Noto, J and Dahlgren, H and Marshall, R and Baumgardner, J and Riccobono, J and Migliozzi, M},\n journal = {Advances in Space Research},\n number = {7}\n}
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\n  \n 2012\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n An improved model of the lightning electromagnetic field interaction with the D‐region ionosphere.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 117(A3). 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {An improved model of the lightning electromagnetic field interaction with the D‐region ionosphere},\n type = {article},\n year = {2012},\n volume = {117},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {937586ba-a246-3ce6-beb3-be015cc1a810},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:23.221Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:23.221Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A3}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n DWEL: A dual-wavelength echidna lidar for ground-based forest scanning.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Douglas, E., S.; Strahler, A.; Martel, J.; Cook, T.; Mendillo, C.; Marshall, R.; Chakrabarti, S.; Schaaf, C.; Woodcock, C.; and Li, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pages 4998-5001, 2012. IEEE\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@inproceedings{\n title = {DWEL: A dual-wavelength echidna lidar for ground-based forest scanning},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2012},\n pages = {4998-5001},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {0a870cce-da3e-3c28-bb1f-7e23600d3086},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:23.817Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:23.817Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {inproceedings},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Douglas, Ewan S and Strahler, Alan and Martel, Jason and Cook, Timothy and Mendillo, Christopher and Marshall, Robert and Chakrabarti, Supriya and Schaaf, Crystal and Woodcock, Curtis and Li, Zhan},\n booktitle = {2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n ELF/VLF recordings during the 11 March 2011 Japanese Tohoku earthquake.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohen, M., B.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical research letters, 39(11). 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {ELF/VLF recordings during the 11 March 2011 Japanese Tohoku earthquake},\n type = {article},\n year = {2012},\n volume = {39},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {16a9eb25-7bea-38be-82a6-2b871fcd75ec},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:24.409Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:24.409Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Cohen, Morris B and Marshall, R A},\n journal = {Geophysical research letters},\n number = {11}\n}
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\n  \n 2011\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Continuous ground‐based multiwavelength airglow measurements.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Smith, S.; Baumgardner, J.; and Chakrabarti, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 116(A11). 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Continuous ground‐based multiwavelength airglow measurements},\n type = {article},\n year = {2011},\n volume = {116},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {f448efec-e3aa-35a6-9c84-55237047d831},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:22.111Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:22.111Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, R A and Smith, S and Baumgardner, J and Chakrabarti, S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A11}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Optical signatures of lightning‐induced electron precipitation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Bortnik, J.; Lehtinen, N.; and Chakrabarti, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 116(A8). 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Optical signatures of lightning‐induced electron precipitation},\n type = {article},\n year = {2011},\n volume = {116},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {ac52edfd-ddd0-3726-a3ea-d8fa340909b6},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:22.666Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:22.666Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Bortnik, Jacob and Lehtinen, Nikolai and Chakrabarti, S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A8}\n}
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\n  \n 2010\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A survey of ELF and VLF research on lightning‐ionosphere interactions and causative discharges.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Inan, U., S.; Cummer, S., A.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A6). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {A survey of ELF and VLF research on lightning‐ionosphere interactions and causative discharges},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n volume = {115},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {cc8f75c6-9134-3b2f-9208-74857d5233a3},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:18.629Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:18.629Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Inan, Umran S and Cummer, Steven A and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A6}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Full‐wave modeling of “early” VLF perturbations caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lehtinen, N., G.; Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A7). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Full‐wave modeling of “early” VLF perturbations caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n volume = {115},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {150e5a98-f4e3-38cc-a3e3-19ba07202393},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:19.199Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:19.199Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Lehtinen, Nikolai G and Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A7}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Elves and associated electron density changes due to cloud‐to‐ground and in‐cloud lightning discharges.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Inan, U., S.; and Glukhov, V., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A4). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Elves and associated electron density changes due to cloud‐to‐ground and in‐cloud lightning discharges},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n volume = {115},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {5972486a-57d5-3f6d-896c-8f9acf1f38ed},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:19.796Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:19.796Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S and Glukhov, V S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A4}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Two‐dimensional frequency domain modeling of lightning EMP‐induced perturbations to VLF transmitter signals.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A6). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Two‐dimensional frequency domain modeling of lightning EMP‐induced perturbations to VLF transmitter signals},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n volume = {115},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {5ccc2cd2-8aa1-3b9d-b960-32e54b7a0c54},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:20.413Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:20.413Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A6}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Decameter structure in heater‐induced airglow at the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program facility.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kendall, E.; Marshall, R.; Parris, R., T.; Bhatt, A.; Coster, A.; Pedersen, T.; Bernhardt, P.; and Selcher, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A8). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Decameter structure in heater‐induced airglow at the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program facility},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n volume = {115},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {0bf451f6-ef60-38ea-a4b8-8e64df4c076f},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:21.042Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:21.042Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Kendall, Elizabeth and Marshall, Robert and Parris, Richard Todd and Bhatt, Asti and Coster, Anthea and Pedersen, Todd and Bernhardt, Paul and Selcher, Craig},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A8}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Optical signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by ground‐based VLF transmitters.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Newsome, R., T.; Lehtinen, N., G.; Lavassar, N.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A8). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Optical signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by ground‐based VLF transmitters},\n type = {article},\n year = {2010},\n volume = {115},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {6070514e-e773-3d40-847e-709a42f471b0},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:21.574Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:21.574Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Newsome, R T and Lehtinen, N G and Lavassar, N and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A8}\n}
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\n  \n 2009\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n On remote sensing of transient luminous events' parent lightning discharges by ELF/VLF wave measurements on board a satellite.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lefeuvre, F.; Marshall, R.; Pinçon, J.; Inan, U., S.; Lagoutte, D.; Parrot, M.; and Berthelier, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 114(A9). 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {On remote sensing of transient luminous events' parent lightning discharges by ELF/VLF wave measurements on board a satellite},\n type = {article},\n year = {2009},\n volume = {114},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {12342c41-d30c-3dee-80bf-cfe8ffadfe7e},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:18.053Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:18.053Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Lefeuvre, François and Marshall, R and Pinçon, Jean-Louis and Inan, U S and Lagoutte, Dominique and Parrot, Michel and Berthelier, Jean-Jacques},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A9}\n}
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\n  \n 2008\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Fast photometric imaging using orthogonal linear arrays.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R.; Newsome, R.; and Inan, U.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 46(11): 3885-3893. 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Fast photometric imaging using orthogonal linear arrays},\n type = {article},\n year = {2008},\n pages = {3885-3893},\n volume = {46},\n publisher = {IEEE},\n id = {df5ebbfb-50a2-3ae7-97b0-8c5351e2e6da},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:16.396Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:16.396Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert and Newsome, Robert and Inan, Umran},\n journal = {IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing},\n number = {11}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Observations of artificial and natural optical emissions at the HAARP facility.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pedersen, T.; Esposito, R.; Kendall, E.; Sentman, D.; Kosch, M.; Mishin, E.; and Marshall, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Annales Geophysicae, volume 26, pages 1089-1099, 2008. \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@inproceedings{\n title = {Observations of artificial and natural optical emissions at the HAARP facility},\n type = {inproceedings},\n year = {2008},\n pages = {1089-1099},\n volume = {26},\n issue = {5},\n id = {3b8d1647-c544-39d7-840d-09b82d1b376d},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:16.946Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:16.946Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {inproceedings},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {inproceedings},\n author = {Pedersen, T and Esposito, R and Kendall, E and Sentman, D and Kosch, M and Mishin, E and Marshall, R},\n booktitle = {Annales Geophysicae}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Early VLF perturbations caused by lightning EMP‐driven dissociative attachment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Inan, U., S.; and Chevalier, T., W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical Research Letters, 35(21). 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Early VLF perturbations caused by lightning EMP‐driven dissociative attachment},\n type = {article},\n year = {2008},\n volume = {35},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {c1d9a9e1-29fa-3c05-820c-5e4a96cc03fd},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:17.486Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:17.486Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S and Chevalier, T W},\n journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},\n number = {21}\n}
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\n  \n 2007\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Separator reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause under generic northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dorelli, J., C.; Bhattacharjee, A.; and Raeder, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 112(A2). 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Separator reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause under generic northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n volume = {112},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {71eb6f3b-21ed-32e0-8454-a2ad3b717a30},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:14.572Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:14.572Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Dorelli, John C and Bhattacharjee, Amitava and Raeder, Joachim},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A2}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Possible direct cloud‐to‐ionosphere current evidenced by sprite‐initiated secondary TLEs.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geophysical research letters, 34(5). 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Possible direct cloud‐to‐ionosphere current evidenced by sprite‐initiated secondary TLEs},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n volume = {34},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {25ba27b4-4dc1-36e1-a59c-f7f839f98432},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:15.126Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:15.126Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S},\n journal = {Geophysical research letters},\n number = {5}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Very low frequency sferic bursts, sprites, and their association with lightning activity.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Inan, U., S.; and Lyons, W., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112(D22). 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {Very low frequency sferic bursts, sprites, and their association with lightning activity},\n type = {article},\n year = {2007},\n volume = {112},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {72fd04b7-152f-3511-bfc1-b7b7dd93716b},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:15.825Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:15.825Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S and Lyons, W A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {D22}\n}
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\n  \n 2006\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n High-speed measurements of small-scale features in sprites: Sizes and lifetimes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Radio science, 41(06): 1-8. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {High-speed measurements of small-scale features in sprites: Sizes and lifetimes},\n type = {article},\n year = {2006},\n pages = {1-8},\n volume = {41},\n publisher = {AGU},\n id = {644fb1ef-d3a3-39bd-a63e-69bce677c601},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:12.819Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:12.819Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S},\n journal = {Radio science},\n number = {06}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n On the association of early/fast very low frequency perturbations with sprites and rare examples of VLF backscatter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Inan, U., S.; and Lyons, W., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D19). 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{\n title = {On the association of early/fast very low frequency perturbations with sprites and rare examples of VLF backscatter},\n type = {article},\n year = {2006},\n volume = {111},\n publisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n id = {d55e3257-ef2a-340f-9d96-b959ffd66cbf},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:13.339Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:13.339Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S and Lyons, W A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},\n number = {D19}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Early VLF perturbations observed in association with elves.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mika, A.; Haldoupis, C.; Neubert, T.; Su, H.; Hsu, R.; Steiner, R., J.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Early VLF perturbations observed in association with elves},\n type = {article},\n year = {2006},\n id = {afa233c0-dc80-34cc-842a-f423e8397fa1},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:13.998Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:13.998Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Mika, A and Haldoupis, C and Neubert, Torsten and Su, Han-Tzong and Hsu, Rue-Ron and Steiner, R J and Marshall, R A}\n}
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\n  \n 2005\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Optical observations geomagnetically conjugate to sprite-producing lightning discharges.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marshall, R., A.; Inan, U., S.; Neubert, T.; Hughes, A.; Satori, G.; Bor, J.; Collier, A.; and Allin, T., H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Optical observations geomagnetically conjugate to sprite-producing lightning discharges},\n type = {article},\n year = {2005},\n id = {f5cd3123-5ea1-31e5-b447-c891ef85bcb4},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:10.650Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:10.650Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Marshall, Robert A and Inan, Umran S and Neubert, Torsten and Hughes, Arthur and Satori, Gabriella and Bor, Joseph and Collier, Andrew and Allin, Thomas Højgaard}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Artificial optical emissions at HAARP for pump frequencies near the third and second electron gyro-harmonic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kosch, M., J.; Pedersen, T.; Hughes, J.; Marshall, R.; Gerken, E.; Senior, A.; Sentman, D.; McCarrick, M.; and Djuth, F., T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Artificial optical emissions at HAARP for pump frequencies near the third and second electron gyro-harmonic},\n type = {article},\n year = {2005},\n id = {d110de7d-b48f-3777-bbfa-4c3d2a9193d1},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:11.151Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:11.151Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Kosch, M J and Pedersen, T and Hughes, J and Marshall, R and Gerken, E and Senior, A and Sentman, D and McCarrick, M and Djuth, F T}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Co-ordinated observations of transient luminous events during the EuroSprite2003 campaign.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Neubert, T.; Allin, T., H.; Blanc, E.; Farges, T.; Haldoupis, C.; Mika, A.; Soula, S.; Knutsson, L.; der Velde, O.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 67(8-9): 807-820. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Co-ordinated observations of transient luminous events during the EuroSprite2003 campaign},\n type = {article},\n year = {2005},\n pages = {807-820},\n volume = {67},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {e289be0e-5016-3e4b-a3b2-2b5a6eaab1ef},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:11.697Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:11.697Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Neubert, Torsten and Allin, Thomas H and Blanc, Elisabeth and Farges, Thomas and Haldoupis, Christos and Mika, Agnes and Soula, Serge and Knutsson, Lars and der Velde, Oscar and Marshall, Robert A},\n journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},\n number = {8-9}\n}
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Subionospheric VLF signatures and their association with sprites observed during EuroSprite-2003.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mika, A.; Haldoupis, C.; Marshall, R., A.; Neubert, T.; and Inan, U., S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of atmospheric and solar-terrestrial physics, 67(16): 1580-1597. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Subionospheric VLF signatures and their association with sprites observed during EuroSprite-2003},\n type = {article},\n year = {2005},\n pages = {1580-1597},\n volume = {67},\n publisher = {Elsevier},\n id = {f479f194-d54e-3671-a237-d6b5a6050db5},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:12.242Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:12.242Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Mika, A and Haldoupis, C and Marshall, R A and Neubert, Torsten and Inan, U S},\n journal = {Journal of atmospheric and solar-terrestrial physics},\n number = {16}\n}
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\n  \n 2004\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Subionospheric early VLF signal perturbations observed in one-to-one association with sprites.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Haldoupis, C.; Neubert, T.; Inan, U., S.; Mika, A.; Allin, T., H.; and Marshall, R., A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 109(A10): A110303. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{\n title = {Subionospheric early VLF signal perturbations observed in one-to-one association with sprites},\n type = {article},\n year = {2004},\n keywords = {Early/fast VLF events,Early/slow VLF events,Lightning discharges,Sprites and VLF perturbations,VLF sprites},\n pages = {A110303},\n volume = {109},\n id = {35192d0f-3a99-3b44-aebc-d0875f128461},\n created = {2022-04-08T17:11:10.102Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {eb96de50-298f-3351-9a45-ea97ce1570da},\n group_id = {bc89a6fb-e69b-35d5-9cbf-a5a6ac4091d0},\n last_modified = {2022-04-08T17:11:10.102Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Observations on the night of 21 July 2003 of the ionospheric effects of a thunderstorm in central France are reported. From 0200 to 0315 UT, a camera system in the Pyrenees Mountains captured 28 sprites, triggered by +CG lightning as observed by the French METEORAGE lightning detection system. A narrowband VLF receiver located on Crete, at ∼2200 km southeast of the storm, observed subionospheric VLF signals from six ground-based transmitters. The amplitude of one of the VLF signals, originating at a transmitter located ∼150 km west of the storm and passing through the storm region, exhibited rapid onset perturbations occurring in a nearly one-to-one relationship with the optical sprites. These "early" VLF events are consistent with a process of narrow-angle forward scattering from a volume of enhanced ionization above the storm with lateral sizes larger than the VLF radio wavelength. The many +CG and -CG discharges that did not produce sprites were also found to not be associated with detectable VLF amplitude perturbations, even though some of these discharges reached relatively large peak currents. The rapid onsets of several of the sprite-related VLF perturbations were followed by relatively long onset durations, ranging from ∼0.5 to 2.5 s, indicating that these events were early but not "fast." These "early/slow" events may suggest a slow process of ionization build-up in the lower ionosphere, following intense lightning discharges that also lead to sprites. A limited number of early VLF perturbation events were also associated with whistler-induced electron precipitation events, or classic Trimpi perturbations, undoubtedly produced by the precipitation of electrons due to whistlermode waves injected into the magnetosphere by the same lightning flash that led to the production of the sprite. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Haldoupis, C and Neubert, T and Inan, U S and Mika, A and Allin, T H and Marshall, R A},\n journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},\n number = {A10}\n}
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\n Observations on the night of 21 July 2003 of the ionospheric effects of a thunderstorm in central France are reported. From 0200 to 0315 UT, a camera system in the Pyrenees Mountains captured 28 sprites, triggered by +CG lightning as observed by the French METEORAGE lightning detection system. A narrowband VLF receiver located on Crete, at ∼2200 km southeast of the storm, observed subionospheric VLF signals from six ground-based transmitters. The amplitude of one of the VLF signals, originating at a transmitter located ∼150 km west of the storm and passing through the storm region, exhibited rapid onset perturbations occurring in a nearly one-to-one relationship with the optical sprites. These \"early\" VLF events are consistent with a process of narrow-angle forward scattering from a volume of enhanced ionization above the storm with lateral sizes larger than the VLF radio wavelength. The many +CG and -CG discharges that did not produce sprites were also found to not be associated with detectable VLF amplitude perturbations, even though some of these discharges reached relatively large peak currents. The rapid onsets of several of the sprite-related VLF perturbations were followed by relatively long onset durations, ranging from ∼0.5 to 2.5 s, indicating that these events were early but not \"fast.\" These \"early/slow\" events may suggest a slow process of ionization build-up in the lower ionosphere, following intense lightning discharges that also lead to sprites. A limited number of early VLF perturbation events were also associated with whistler-induced electron precipitation events, or classic Trimpi perturbations, undoubtedly produced by the precipitation of electrons due to whistlermode waves injected into the magnetosphere by the same lightning flash that led to the production of the sprite. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.\n
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