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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who is Li ZiQi ? \\textbar A famous Chinese food expert and vlogger.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n November 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_who_2018,\n\ttitle = {Who is {Li} {ZiQi} ? {\\textbar} {A} famous {Chinese} food expert and vlogger},\n\tshorttitle = {Who is {Li} {ZiQi} ?},\n\turl = {https://raknife.com/li-zi-qi/},\n\tabstract = {LI ZIQI, a modern Chinese fairy wearing a Hanfu and using the most traditional method, the most traditional tools, but a unique perspective to present Chinese traditional dishes.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2019-02-15},\n\tjournal = {Rong Ai},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n LI ZIQI, a modern Chinese fairy wearing a Hanfu and using the most traditional method, the most traditional tools, but a unique perspective to present Chinese traditional dishes.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n lectures: Oxford Deep NLP 2017 course.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n May 2018.\n
original-date: 2017-02-06T11:32:46Z\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_lectures:_2018,\n\ttitle = {lectures: {Oxford} {Deep} {NLP} 2017 course},\n\tshorttitle = {lectures},\n\turl = {https://github.com/oxford-cs-deepnlp-2017/lectures},\n\turldate = {2018-05-17},\n\tpublisher = {oxford-cs-deepnlp-2017},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {original-date: 2017-02-06T11:32:46Z},\n\tkeywords = {deep-learning, machine-learning, natural-language-processing, nlp, oxford},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Disciplinary repository.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_disciplinary_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disciplinary repository},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disciplinary_repository&oldid=832886521},\n\tabstract = {A disciplinary repository (or subject repository) is an online archive containing works or data associated with these works of scholars in a particular subject area. Disciplinary repositories can accept work from scholars from any institution. A disciplinary repository shares the roles of collecting, disseminating, and archiving work with other repositories, but is focused on a particular subject area. These collections can include academic and research papers.\nDisciplinary repositories can acquire their content in many ways. Many rely on author or organization submissions, such as SSRN. Others such as CiteSeerX crawl the web for scholar and researcher websites and download publicly available academic papers from those sites. AgEcon, established in 1995, grew as a result of active involvement of academia and societies.\nA disciplinary repository generally covers one broad based discipline, with contributors from many different institutions supported by a variety of funders; the repositories themselves are likely to be funded from one or more sources within the subject community. Deposit of material in a disciplinary repository is sometimes mandated by research funders.\nDisciplinary repositories can also act as stores of data related to a particular subject, allowing documents along with data associated with that work to be stored in the repository.\nWhat was believed to be the first public Workshop on Disciplinary Repositories was held on June 16 and 17, 2011, at the ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 832886521},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n A disciplinary repository (or subject repository) is an online archive containing works or data associated with these works of scholars in a particular subject area. Disciplinary repositories can accept work from scholars from any institution. A disciplinary repository shares the roles of collecting, disseminating, and archiving work with other repositories, but is focused on a particular subject area. These collections can include academic and research papers. Disciplinary repositories can acquire their content in many ways. Many rely on author or organization submissions, such as SSRN. Others such as CiteSeerX crawl the web for scholar and researcher websites and download publicly available academic papers from those sites. AgEcon, established in 1995, grew as a result of active involvement of academia and societies. A disciplinary repository generally covers one broad based discipline, with contributors from many different institutions supported by a variety of funders; the repositories themselves are likely to be funded from one or more sources within the subject community. Deposit of material in a disciplinary repository is sometimes mandated by research funders. Disciplinary repositories can also act as stores of data related to a particular subject, allowing documents along with data associated with that work to be stored in the repository. What was believed to be the first public Workshop on Disciplinary Repositories was held on June 16 and 17, 2011, at the ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n awesome-public-datasets: A topic-centric list of high-quality open datasets in public domains. By everyone, for everyone!.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2018.\n
original-date: 2014-11-20T06:20:50Z\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_awesome-public-datasets:_2018,\n\ttitle = {awesome-public-datasets: {A} topic-centric list of high-quality open datasets in public domains. {By} everyone, for everyone!},\n\tcopyright = {MIT},\n\tshorttitle = {awesome-public-datasets},\n\turl = {https://github.com/awesomedata/awesome-public-datasets},\n\turldate = {2018-03-31},\n\tpublisher = {AwesomeData},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {original-date: 2014-11-20T06:20:50Z},\n\tkeywords = {aaron-swartz, awesome-public-datasets, datasets, opendata},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n awesome-free-services: Awesome free online services for startups and freelancers!.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Le, H. Q.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2018.\n
original-date: 2015-09-22T09:54:34Z\n\n
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@misc{le_awesome-free-services:_2018,\n\ttitle = {awesome-free-services: {Awesome} free online services for startups and freelancers!},\n\tshorttitle = {awesome-free-services},\n\turl = {https://github.com/hql287/awesome-free-services},\n\turldate = {2018-03-31},\n\tauthor = {Le, Hung Q.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {original-date: 2015-09-22T09:54:34Z},\n\tkeywords = {free, free-software, freelance},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ed Simon: When Books Read You.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_ed_2018,\n\ttitle = {Ed {Simon}: {When} {Books} {Read} {You}},\n\tshorttitle = {Ed {Simon}},\n\turl = {http://www.berfrois.com/2018/02/ed-simon-when-books-read-you/},\n\tabstract = {Towards the end of 1642, or possibly the beginning of 1643, but either way in the midst of a miserable winter of civil war, King Charles I found himself...},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2018-03-16},\n\tjournal = {Berfrois},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Towards the end of 1642, or possibly the beginning of 1643, but either way in the midst of a miserable winter of civil war, King Charles I found himself...\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intangible cultural heritage.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_intangible_2018,\n\ttitle = {Intangible cultural heritage},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intangible_cultural_heritage&oldid=818309864},\n\tabstract = {An Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, skills โ as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces that are considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by Member States of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey among States and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-03-11},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 818309864},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n An Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, skills โ as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces that are considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by Member States of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey among States and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Customisable coding font with alternates, ligatures and contextual positioning. Crazy crisp at 12px/9pt. http://larsenwork.com/monoid/.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Larsen, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2018.\n
original-date: 2015-04-02T18:02:59Z\n\n
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@misc{larsen_customisable_2018,\n\ttitle = {Customisable coding font with alternates, ligatures and contextual positioning. {Crazy} crisp at 12px/9pt. http://larsenwork.com/monoid/},\n\tshorttitle = {Customisable coding font with alternates, ligatures and contextual positioning. {Crazy} crisp at 12px/9pt. http},\n\turl = {https://github.com/larsenwork/monoid},\n\turldate = {2018-03-11},\n\tauthor = {Larsen, Andreas},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {original-date: 2015-04-02T18:02:59Z},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Coastline paradox.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_coastline_2018,\n\ttitle = {Coastline paradox},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastline_paradox&oldid=828641455},\n\tabstract = {The coastline paradox is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length. This results from the fractal-like properties of coastlines. The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson and it was expanded by Benoit Mandelbrot.\nThe measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it. Since a landmass has features at all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a millimeter and below, there is no obvious size of the smallest feature that should be measured around, and hence no single well-defined perimeter to the landmass. Various approximations exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 828641455},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n The coastline paradox is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length. This results from the fractal-like properties of coastlines. The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson and it was expanded by Benoit Mandelbrot. The measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it. Since a landmass has features at all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a millimeter and below, there is no obvious size of the smallest feature that should be measured around, and hence no single well-defined perimeter to the landmass. Various approximations exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Should satire be flagged on Facebook? A Snopes debunk sparks controversy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n March 2, D. F. ยท; and 2018\n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2018.\n
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@misc{march_2_should_2018,\n\ttitle = {Should satire be flagged on {Facebook}? {A} {Snopes} debunk sparks controversy},\n\tshorttitle = {Should satire be flagged on {Facebook}?},\n\turl = {https://www.poynter.org/news/should-satire-be-flagged-facebook-snopes-debunk-sparks-controversy},\n\tabstract = {A recent debunk from Snopes exposed a grey area for Facebookโs fact-checking tool.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-03-04},\n\tjournal = {Poynter},\n\tauthor = {March 2, Daniel Funke ยท and {2018}},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n A recent debunk from Snopes exposed a grey area for Facebookโs fact-checking tool.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Markov chain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_markov_2018,\n\ttitle = {Markov chain},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markov_chain&oldid=827711644},\n\tabstract = {A Markov chain is "a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event."\nIn probability theory and related fields, a Markov process, named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, is a stochastic process that satisfies the Markov property (sometimes characterized as "memorylessness"). Roughly speaking, a process satisfies the Markov property if one can make predictions for the future of the process based solely on its present state just as well as one could knowing the process's full history, hence independently from such history; i.e., conditional on the present state of the system, its future and past states are independent.\nA Markov chain is a type of Markov process that has either discrete state space or discrete index set (often representing time), but the precise definition of a Markov chain varies. For example, it is common to define a Markov chain as a Markov process in either discrete or continuous time with a countable state space (thus regardless of the nature of time), but it is also common to define a Markov chain as having discrete time in either countable or continuous state space (thus regardless of the state space).\nMarkov studied Markov processes in the early 20th century, publishing his first paper on the topic in 1906. Random walks on integers and the gambler's ruin problem are examples of Markov processes. Some variations of these processes were studied hundreds of years earlier in the context of independent variables. Two important examples of Markov processes are the Wiener process, also known as the Brownian motion process, and the Poisson process, which are considered the most important and central stochastic processes in the theory of stochastic processes, and were discovered repeatedly and independently, both before and after 1906, in various settings. These two processes are Markov processes in continuous time, while random walks on the integers and the gambler's ruin problem are examples of Markov processes in discrete time.\nMarkov chains have many applications as statistical models of real-world processes, such as studying cruise control systems in motor vehicles, queues or lines of customers arriving at an airport, exchange rates of currencies, storage systems such as dams, and population growths of certain animal species. The algorithm known as PageRank, which was originally proposed for the internet search engine Google, is based on a Markov process. Furthermore, Markov processes are the basis for general stochastic simulation methods known as Gibbs sampling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo, are used for simulating random objects with specific probability distributions, and have found extensive application in Bayesian statistics.\nThe adjective Markovian is used to describe something that is related to a Markov process.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 827711644},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n A Markov chain is \"a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event.\" In probability theory and related fields, a Markov process, named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, is a stochastic process that satisfies the Markov property (sometimes characterized as \"memorylessness\"). Roughly speaking, a process satisfies the Markov property if one can make predictions for the future of the process based solely on its present state just as well as one could knowing the process's full history, hence independently from such history; i.e., conditional on the present state of the system, its future and past states are independent. A Markov chain is a type of Markov process that has either discrete state space or discrete index set (often representing time), but the precise definition of a Markov chain varies. For example, it is common to define a Markov chain as a Markov process in either discrete or continuous time with a countable state space (thus regardless of the nature of time), but it is also common to define a Markov chain as having discrete time in either countable or continuous state space (thus regardless of the state space). Markov studied Markov processes in the early 20th century, publishing his first paper on the topic in 1906. Random walks on integers and the gambler's ruin problem are examples of Markov processes. Some variations of these processes were studied hundreds of years earlier in the context of independent variables. Two important examples of Markov processes are the Wiener process, also known as the Brownian motion process, and the Poisson process, which are considered the most important and central stochastic processes in the theory of stochastic processes, and were discovered repeatedly and independently, both before and after 1906, in various settings. These two processes are Markov processes in continuous time, while random walks on the integers and the gambler's ruin problem are examples of Markov processes in discrete time. Markov chains have many applications as statistical models of real-world processes, such as studying cruise control systems in motor vehicles, queues or lines of customers arriving at an airport, exchange rates of currencies, storage systems such as dams, and population growths of certain animal species. The algorithm known as PageRank, which was originally proposed for the internet search engine Google, is based on a Markov process. Furthermore, Markov processes are the basis for general stochastic simulation methods known as Gibbs sampling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo, are used for simulating random objects with specific probability distributions, and have found extensive application in Bayesian statistics. The adjective Markovian is used to describe something that is related to a Markov process.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Separation of concerns.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_separation_2018,\n\ttitle = {Separation of concerns},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_concerns&oldid=823270905},\n\tabstract = {In computer science, separation of concerns (SoC) is a design principle for separating a computer program into distinct sections, such that each section addresses a separate concern. A concern is a set of information that affects the code of a computer program. A concern can be as general as the details of the hardware the code is being optimized for, or as specific as the name of a class to instantiate. A program that embodies SoC well is called a modular program. Modularity, and hence separation of concerns, is achieved by encapsulating information inside a section of code that has a well-defined interface. Encapsulation is a means of information hiding. Layered designs in information systems are another embodiment of separation of concerns (e.g., presentation layer, business logic layer, data access layer, persistence layer).\nThe value of separation of concerns is simplifying development and maintenance of computer programs. When concerns are well-separated, individual sections can be reused, as well as developed and updated independently. Of special value is the ability to later improve or modify one section of code without having to know the details of other sections, and without having to make corresponding changes to those sections.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 823270905},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n In computer science, separation of concerns (SoC) is a design principle for separating a computer program into distinct sections, such that each section addresses a separate concern. A concern is a set of information that affects the code of a computer program. A concern can be as general as the details of the hardware the code is being optimized for, or as specific as the name of a class to instantiate. A program that embodies SoC well is called a modular program. Modularity, and hence separation of concerns, is achieved by encapsulating information inside a section of code that has a well-defined interface. Encapsulation is a means of information hiding. Layered designs in information systems are another embodiment of separation of concerns (e.g., presentation layer, business logic layer, data access layer, persistence layer). The value of separation of concerns is simplifying development and maintenance of computer programs. When concerns are well-separated, individual sections can be reused, as well as developed and updated independently. Of special value is the ability to later improve or modify one section of code without having to know the details of other sections, and without having to make corresponding changes to those sections.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n New Math.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_new_2018,\n\ttitle = {New {Math}},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Math&oldid=826090472},\n\tabstract = {New Mathematics or New Math was a brief, dramatic change in the way mathematics was taught in American grade schools, and to a lesser extent in European countries, during the 1960s. The change involved new curriculum topics and teaching practices introduced in the U.S. shortly after the Sputnik crisis, in order to boost science education and mathematical skill in the population, so that the technological threat of Soviet engineers, reputedly highly skilled mathematicians, could be met.\nThe phrase is often used now to describe any short-lived fad which quickly became highly discredited.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 826090472},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n New Mathematics or New Math was a brief, dramatic change in the way mathematics was taught in American grade schools, and to a lesser extent in European countries, during the 1960s. The change involved new curriculum topics and teaching practices introduced in the U.S. shortly after the Sputnik crisis, in order to boost science education and mathematical skill in the population, so that the technological threat of Soviet engineers, reputedly highly skilled mathematicians, could be met. The phrase is often used now to describe any short-lived fad which quickly became highly discredited.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Free energy principle.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_free_2018,\n\ttitle = {Free energy principle},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_energy_principle&oldid=822470548},\n\tabstract = {The free energy principle tries to explain how (biological) systems maintain their order (non-equilibrium steady-state) by restricting themselves to a limited number of states. It says that biological systems minimise a free energy functional of their internal states, which entail beliefs about hidden states in their environment. The implicit minimisation of variational free energy is formally related to variational Bayesian methods and was originally introduced by Karl Friston as an explanation for embodied perception in neuroscience, where it is also known as active inference.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 822470548},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n The free energy principle tries to explain how (biological) systems maintain their order (non-equilibrium steady-state) by restricting themselves to a limited number of states. It says that biological systems minimise a free energy functional of their internal states, which entail beliefs about hidden states in their environment. The implicit minimisation of variational free energy is formally related to variational Bayesian methods and was originally introduced by Karl Friston as an explanation for embodied perception in neuroscience, where it is also known as active inference.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Creative coding.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_creative_2018,\n\ttitle = {Creative coding},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_coding&oldid=818076229},\n\tabstract = {Creative coding is a type of computer programming in which the goal is to create something expressive instead of something functional. It is used to create live visuals and for VJing, as well as creating visual art and design, art installations, projections and projection mapping, sound art, advertising, product prototypes, and much more.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 818076229},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Creative coding is a type of computer programming in which the goal is to create something expressive instead of something functional. It is used to create live visuals and for VJing, as well as creating visual art and design, art installations, projections and projection mapping, sound art, advertising, product prototypes, and much more.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Grammatical mood.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_grammatical_2018,\n\ttitle = {Grammatical mood},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&oldid=819263896},\n\tabstract = {In linguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (e.g. a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). The term is also used more broadly to describe the syntactic expression of modality, that is, the use of verb phrases that do not involve inflexion of the verb itself.\nMood is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although the same word patterns are used for expressing more than one of these meanings at the same time in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages. (See tenseโaspectโmood for a discussion of this.)\nSome examples of moods are indicative, interrogatory, imperative, subjunctive, injunctive, optative, and potential. These are all finite forms of the verb. Infinitives, gerunds, and participles, which are non-finite forms of the verb, are not considered to be examples of moods.\nSome Uralic Samoyedic languages have more than ten moods; Nenets has as many as sixteen. The original Indo-European inventory of moods consisted of indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. Not every Indo-European language has all of these moods, but the most conservative ones such as Avestan, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit have them all. English has indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods; other moods, such as the conditional, do not appear as morphologically distinct forms.\nNot all of the moods listed below are clearly conceptually distinct. Individual terminology varies from language to language, and the coverage of (e.g.) the "conditional" mood in one language may largely overlap with that of the "hypothetical" or "potential" mood in another. Even when two different moods exist in the same language, their respective usages may blur, or may be defined by syntactic rather than semantic criteria. For example, the subjunctive and optative moods in Ancient Greek alternate syntactically in many subordinate clauses, depending on the tense of the main verb. The usage of the indicative, subjunctive, and jussive moods in Classical Arabic is almost completely controlled by syntactic context. The only possible alternation in the same context is between indicative and jussive following the negative particle lฤ.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 819263896},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n In linguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (e.g. a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). The term is also used more broadly to describe the syntactic expression of modality, that is, the use of verb phrases that do not involve inflexion of the verb itself. Mood is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although the same word patterns are used for expressing more than one of these meanings at the same time in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages. (See tenseโaspectโmood for a discussion of this.) Some examples of moods are indicative, interrogatory, imperative, subjunctive, injunctive, optative, and potential. These are all finite forms of the verb. Infinitives, gerunds, and participles, which are non-finite forms of the verb, are not considered to be examples of moods. Some Uralic Samoyedic languages have more than ten moods; Nenets has as many as sixteen. The original Indo-European inventory of moods consisted of indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. Not every Indo-European language has all of these moods, but the most conservative ones such as Avestan, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit have them all. English has indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods; other moods, such as the conditional, do not appear as morphologically distinct forms. Not all of the moods listed below are clearly conceptually distinct. Individual terminology varies from language to language, and the coverage of (e.g.) the \"conditional\" mood in one language may largely overlap with that of the \"hypothetical\" or \"potential\" mood in another. Even when two different moods exist in the same language, their respective usages may blur, or may be defined by syntactic rather than semantic criteria. For example, the subjunctive and optative moods in Ancient Greek alternate syntactically in many subordinate clauses, depending on the tense of the main verb. The usage of the indicative, subjunctive, and jussive moods in Classical Arabic is almost completely controlled by syntactic context. The only possible alternation in the same context is between indicative and jussive following the negative particle lฤ.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Skepticism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_skepticism_2018,\n\ttitle = {Skepticism},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skepticism&oldid=824559692},\n\tabstract = {Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English) is generally any questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief. It is often directed at domains, such as the supernatural, morality (moral skepticism), religion (skepticism about the existence of God), or knowledge (skepticism about the possibility of knowledge, or of certainty). Formally, skepticism as a topic occurs in the context of philosophy, particularly epistemology, although it can be applied to any topic such as politics, religion, and pseudoscience.\nPhilosophical skepticism comes in various forms. Radical forms of skepticism deny that knowledge or rational belief is possible and urge us to suspend judgment on many or all controversial matters. More moderate forms of skepticism claim only that nothing can be known with certainty, or that we can know little or nothing about the "big questions" in life, such as whether God exists or whether there is an afterlife. Religious skepticism is "doubt concerning basic religious principles (such as immortality, providence, and revelation)". Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 824559692},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English) is generally any questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief. It is often directed at domains, such as the supernatural, morality (moral skepticism), religion (skepticism about the existence of God), or knowledge (skepticism about the possibility of knowledge, or of certainty). Formally, skepticism as a topic occurs in the context of philosophy, particularly epistemology, although it can be applied to any topic such as politics, religion, and pseudoscience. Philosophical skepticism comes in various forms. Radical forms of skepticism deny that knowledge or rational belief is possible and urge us to suspend judgment on many or all controversial matters. More moderate forms of skepticism claim only that nothing can be known with certainty, or that we can know little or nothing about the \"big questions\" in life, such as whether God exists or whether there is an afterlife. Religious skepticism is \"doubt concerning basic religious principles (such as immortality, providence, and revelation)\". Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Relativism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_relativism_2018,\n\ttitle = {Relativism},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relativism&oldid=826946553},\n\tabstract = {Relativism is the idea that views are relative to differences in perception and consideration. There is no universal, objective truth according to relativism; rather each point of view has its own truth.\nThe major categories of relativism vary in their degree of scope and controversy. Moral relativism encompasses the differences in moral judgments among people and cultures. Truth relativism is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism). Descriptive relativism, as the name implies, seeks to describe the differences among cultures and people without evaluation, while normative relativism evaluates the morality or truthfulness of views within a given framework.\n\n"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." - Hamlet: Act 2, Scene 2.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 826946553},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Relativism is the idea that views are relative to differences in perception and consideration. There is no universal, objective truth according to relativism; rather each point of view has its own truth. The major categories of relativism vary in their degree of scope and controversy. Moral relativism encompasses the differences in moral judgments among people and cultures. Truth relativism is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism). Descriptive relativism, as the name implies, seeks to describe the differences among cultures and people without evaluation, while normative relativism evaluates the morality or truthfulness of views within a given framework. \"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.\" - Hamlet: Act 2, Scene 2.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Postmodern philosophy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_postmodern_2018,\n\ttitle = {Postmodern philosophy},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_philosophy&oldid=827790762},\n\tabstract = {Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Enlightenment. Postmodernist thinkers developed concepts like difference, repetition, trace, and hyperreality to subvert "grand narratives," univocity of being, and epistemic certainty. Postmodern philosophy questions the importance of power relationships, personalization, and discourse in the "construction" of truth and world views. Many postmodernists appear to deny that an objective reality exists, and appear to deny that there are objective moral values.\nLyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Condition, writing "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives," where what he means by metanarrative is something like a unified, complete, universal, and epistemically certain story about everything that is. Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the concept of truth that metanarratives presuppose. Postmodernist philosophers in general argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being complete and certain.\nPostmodern philosophy is often particularly skeptical about simple binary oppositions characteristic of structuralism, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher cleanly distinguishing knowledge from ignorance, social progress from reversion, dominance from submission, good from bad, and presence from absence. But, for the same reasons, postmodern philosophy should often be particularly skeptical about the complex spectral characteristics of things, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher again cleanly distinguishing concepts, for a concept must be understood in the context of its opposite, such as existence and nothingness, normality and abnormality, speech and writing, and the like.\nPostmodern philosophy also has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 827790762},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Enlightenment. Postmodernist thinkers developed concepts like difference, repetition, trace, and hyperreality to subvert \"grand narratives,\" univocity of being, and epistemic certainty. Postmodern philosophy questions the importance of power relationships, personalization, and discourse in the \"construction\" of truth and world views. Many postmodernists appear to deny that an objective reality exists, and appear to deny that there are objective moral values. Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Condition, writing \"Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives,\" where what he means by metanarrative is something like a unified, complete, universal, and epistemically certain story about everything that is. Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the concept of truth that metanarratives presuppose. Postmodernist philosophers in general argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal and that truth is always partial and \"at issue\" rather than being complete and certain. Postmodern philosophy is often particularly skeptical about simple binary oppositions characteristic of structuralism, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher cleanly distinguishing knowledge from ignorance, social progress from reversion, dominance from submission, good from bad, and presence from absence. But, for the same reasons, postmodern philosophy should often be particularly skeptical about the complex spectral characteristics of things, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher again cleanly distinguishing concepts, for a concept must be understood in the context of its opposite, such as existence and nothingness, normality and abnormality, speech and writing, and the like. Postmodern philosophy also has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nominalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_nominalism_2018,\n\ttitle = {Nominalism},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nominalism&oldid=827759884},\n\tabstract = {In metaphysics, nominalism is a philosophical view which denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals โ things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version specifically denies the existence of abstract objects โ objects that do not exist in space and time.\nMost nominalists have held that only physical particulars in space and time are real, and that universals exist only post res, that is, subsequent to particular things. However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g., numbers), while others are concrete entities โ entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, bananas).\nNominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals, which dates back at least to Plato, and is opposed to realist philosophies, such as Platonic realism, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars. However, the name "nominalism" emerged from debates in medieval philosophy with Roscellinus.\nThe term 'nominalism' stems from the Latin nomen, "name". For example, John Stuart Mill once wrote, that "there is nothing general except names". In philosophy of law, nominalism finds its application in what is called constitutional nominalism.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 827759884},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n In metaphysics, nominalism is a philosophical view which denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals โ things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version specifically denies the existence of abstract objects โ objects that do not exist in space and time. Most nominalists have held that only physical particulars in space and time are real, and that universals exist only post res, that is, subsequent to particular things. However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g., numbers), while others are concrete entities โ entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, bananas). Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals, which dates back at least to Plato, and is opposed to realist philosophies, such as Platonic realism, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars. However, the name \"nominalism\" emerged from debates in medieval philosophy with Roscellinus. The term 'nominalism' stems from the Latin nomen, \"name\". For example, John Stuart Mill once wrote, that \"there is nothing general except names\". In philosophy of law, nominalism finds its application in what is called constitutional nominalism.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Belief.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_belief_2018,\n\ttitle = {Belief},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belief&oldid=823867450},\n\tabstract = {Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: pistis and doxa. Simplified, we may say that pistis refers to "trust" and "confidence", while doxa refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The English word "orthodoxy" derives from doxa. Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth.\nIn epistemology, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to personal attitudes associated with true or false ideas and concepts. However, "belief" does not require active introspection and circumspection. For example, we never ponder whether or not the sun will rise. We simply assume the sun will rise. Since "belief" is an important aspect of mundane life, according to Eric Schwitzgebel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a related question asks: "how a physical organism can have beliefs?"},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 823867450},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: pistis and doxa. Simplified, we may say that pistis refers to \"trust\" and \"confidence\", while doxa refers to \"opinion\" and \"acceptance\". The English word \"orthodoxy\" derives from doxa. Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth. In epistemology, philosophers use the term \"belief\" to refer to personal attitudes associated with true or false ideas and concepts. However, \"belief\" does not require active introspection and circumspection. For example, we never ponder whether or not the sun will rise. We simply assume the sun will rise. Since \"belief\" is an important aspect of mundane life, according to Eric Schwitzgebel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a related question asks: \"how a physical organism can have beliefs?\"\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Foundationalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_foundationalism_2018,\n\ttitle = {Foundationalism},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&oldid=818276833},\n\tabstract = {Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises. Its main rival is coherentism, whereby a body of knowledge, not requiring a secure foundation, can be established by the interlocking strength of its components, like a puzzle solved without prior certainty that each small region was solved correctly.\nIdentifying the alternatives as either circular reasoning or infinite regress, and thus exhibiting the regress problem, Aristotle made foundationalism his own clear choice, positing basic beliefs underpinning others. Descartes, the most famed foundationalist, discovered a foundation in the fact of his own existence and in the "clear and distinct" ideas of reason, whereas Locke found a foundation in experience. Differing foundations may reflect differing epistemological emphasesโempiricists emphasizing experience, rationalists emphasizing reasonโbut may blend both.\nIn the 1930s, debate over foundationalism revived. Whereas Schlick viewed scientific knowledge like a pyramid where a special class of statements does not require verification through other beliefs and serves as a foundation, Neurath argued that scientific knowledge lacks an ultimate foundation and acts like a raft. In the 1950s, foundationalism fell into decline โ largely due to the influence of Quine, whose ontological relativity found any belief networked to one's beliefs on all of reality, while auxiliary beliefs somewhere in the vast network are readily modified to protect desired beliefs.\nClassically, foundationalism had posited infallibility of basic beliefs and deductive reasoning between beliefsโa strong foundationalism. About 1975 weak foundationalism emerged. Thus recent foundationalists have variously allowed fallible basic beliefs, and inductive reasoning between them, either by enumerative induction or by inference to the best explanation. And whereas internalists require cognitive access to justificatory means, externalists find justification without such access.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 818276833},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises. Its main rival is coherentism, whereby a body of knowledge, not requiring a secure foundation, can be established by the interlocking strength of its components, like a puzzle solved without prior certainty that each small region was solved correctly. Identifying the alternatives as either circular reasoning or infinite regress, and thus exhibiting the regress problem, Aristotle made foundationalism his own clear choice, positing basic beliefs underpinning others. Descartes, the most famed foundationalist, discovered a foundation in the fact of his own existence and in the \"clear and distinct\" ideas of reason, whereas Locke found a foundation in experience. Differing foundations may reflect differing epistemological emphasesโempiricists emphasizing experience, rationalists emphasizing reasonโbut may blend both. In the 1930s, debate over foundationalism revived. Whereas Schlick viewed scientific knowledge like a pyramid where a special class of statements does not require verification through other beliefs and serves as a foundation, Neurath argued that scientific knowledge lacks an ultimate foundation and acts like a raft. In the 1950s, foundationalism fell into decline โ largely due to the influence of Quine, whose ontological relativity found any belief networked to one's beliefs on all of reality, while auxiliary beliefs somewhere in the vast network are readily modified to protect desired beliefs. Classically, foundationalism had posited infallibility of basic beliefs and deductive reasoning between beliefsโa strong foundationalism. About 1975 weak foundationalism emerged. Thus recent foundationalists have variously allowed fallible basic beliefs, and inductive reasoning between them, either by enumerative induction or by inference to the best explanation. And whereas internalists require cognitive access to justificatory means, externalists find justification without such access.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Systems theory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n February 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_systems_2018,\n\ttitle = {Systems theory},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},\n\turl = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_theory&oldid=827525424},\n\tabstract = {Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems. A system is a cohesive conglomeration of interrelated and interdependent parts that is either natural or man-made. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose or nature and expressed in its functioning. In terms of its effects, a system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses synergy or emergent behavior. Changing one part of the system usually affects other parts and the whole system, with predictable patterns of behavior. For systems that are self-learning and self-adapting, the positive growth and adaptation depend upon how well the system is adjusted with its environment. Some systems function mainly to support other systems by aiding in the maintenance of the other system to prevent failure. The goal of systems theory is systematically discovering a system's dynamics, constraints, conditions and elucidating principles (purpose, measure, methods, tools, etc.) that can be discerned and applied to systems at every level of nesting, and in every field for achieving optimized equifinality.\nGeneral systems theory is about broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles applicable to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems. Active systems are activity structures or components that interact in behaviours and processes. Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed. E.g. a program is passive when it is a disc file and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to systems thinking and systems engineering.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Wikipedia},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Page Version ID: 827525424},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems. A system is a cohesive conglomeration of interrelated and interdependent parts that is either natural or man-made. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose or nature and expressed in its functioning. In terms of its effects, a system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses synergy or emergent behavior. Changing one part of the system usually affects other parts and the whole system, with predictable patterns of behavior. For systems that are self-learning and self-adapting, the positive growth and adaptation depend upon how well the system is adjusted with its environment. Some systems function mainly to support other systems by aiding in the maintenance of the other system to prevent failure. The goal of systems theory is systematically discovering a system's dynamics, constraints, conditions and elucidating principles (purpose, measure, methods, tools, etc.) that can be discerned and applied to systems at every level of nesting, and in every field for achieving optimized equifinality. General systems theory is about broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles applicable to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems. Active systems are activity structures or components that interact in behaviours and processes. Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed. E.g. a program is passive when it is a disc file and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to systems thinking and systems engineering.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Internet Is Filling Up Because Indians Are Sending Millions of โGโฆ.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2018.\n
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@misc{noauthor_internet_2018,\n\ttitle = {The {Internet} {Is} {Filling} {Up} {Because} {Indians} {Are} {Sending} {Millions} of โ{G}โฆ},\n\turl = {http://archive.is/nxSEU},\n\tabstract = {The country, newly online, has become obsessed with sending cheery greetings from smartphones, causing head scratching in Silicon Valley.},\n\turldate = {2018-01-24},\n\tjournal = {archive.is},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n The country, newly online, has become obsessed with sending cheery greetings from smartphones, causing head scratching in Silicon Valley.\n
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