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\n \n 2020\n \n \n (11)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Peptidergic Systems in the Pond Snail Lymnaea: From Genes to Hormones and Behavior.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Benjamin, P. R.; and Kemenes, I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Invertebrate (Neuro)Endocrinology,213–254. feb 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Peptidergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00396,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} the Pond Snail Lymnaea: From Genes to Hormones and Behavior PAUL R. BENJAMIN and ILDIK{\\'{O}} KEMENES Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK 7.1 INTRODUCTION The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)(Pulmonata {\\ldots}},\naddress = {Includes bibliographical references and indexes. | Contents: Volume 1. Phyla other than arthropoda.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Benjamin, Paul R. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}}},\ndoi = {10.1201/9781003029854-7},\njournal = {Advances in Invertebrate (Neuro)Endocrinology},\nmonth = {feb},\npages = {213--254},\npublisher = {Apple Academic Press},\ntitle = {{Peptidergic Systems in the Pond Snail Lymnaea: From Genes to Hormones and Behavior}},\nurl = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\\&}lr={\\&}id=Gu{\\_}kDwAAQBAJ{\\&}oi=fnd{\\&}pg=PA213{\\&}dq={\\%}22lymnaea+stagnalis{\\%}22+{\\%}22neuroscience{\\%}22{\\&}ots=el6q88kort{\\&}sig=c2m7{\\_}Fs4v7XQvRCo6Mqy9jfZCyU https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000047394/chapters/10.1201/9781003029854-7},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gastropod Feeding Systems: Evolution of Neural Circuits that Generate Diverse Behaviors.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Benjamin, P.; and Crossley, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. jan 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Gastropod$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00969,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience {\\ldots} Paul Benjamin and Michael Crossley. Subject: Motor Systems, Sensory Systems, Invertebrate Neuroscience Online Publication Date: Jan 2020 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.285. Read More {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Benjamin, Paul and Crossley, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.285},\njournal = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\npublisher = {Oxford University Press},\ntitle = {{Gastropod Feeding Systems: Evolution of Neural Circuits that Generate Diverse Behaviors}},\nurl = {https://oxfordre.com/neuroscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264086-e-285},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ion channel profiling of the Lymnaea stagnalis ganglia via transcriptome analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dong, N; Bandura, J; Zhang, Z; Wang, Y; Labadie, K; and ...\n\n\n \n\n\n\n researchsquare.com, 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ion$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{pop00316,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Background The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a widely used model organism in neurobiology, development, ecotoxicology, and parasitology {\\ldots} neuroscience. Mutations in the genes encoding ion channels or encoding proteins that regulate the ion {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dong, N and Bandura, J and Zhang, Z and Wang, Y and Labadie, K and ...},\npublisher = {researchsquare.com},\ntitle = {{Ion channel profiling of the Lymnaea stagnalis ganglia via transcriptome analysis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-31358/latest.pdf},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification, presence, and possible multifunctional regulatory role of invertebrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone/corazonin molecule in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fodor, I.; Zrinyi, Z.; Urbán, P.; Herczeg, R.; Büki, G.; Koene, J. M.; Tsai, P.; and Pirger, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BioRxiv. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00212,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Impairment of long-term associative memory in aging snails (Lymnaea stagnalis). Behavioral Neuroscience. 121, 1400-1414. Holland, LZ, Sower, SA, 2010 {\\ldots} Lymnaea stagnalis as model for translational neuroscience research: From pond to bench. Neurosci Biobehav Rev {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fodor, István and Zrinyi, Zita and Urbán, Péter and Herczeg, Róbert and Büki, Gergely and Koene, Joris M. and Tsai, Pei-San and Pirger, Zsolt},\ndoi = {10.1101/2020.03.01.971697},\njournal = {BioRxiv},\npublisher = {biorxiv.org},\ntitle = {{Identification, presence, and possible multifunctional regulatory role of invertebrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone/corazonin molecule in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)}},\nurl = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.971697v2.abstract},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The unlimited potential of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fodor, I.; Hussein, A. A.; Benjamin, P. R; Koene, J. M; and Pirger, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n eLife, 9. jun 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00318,\nabstract = {Only a limited number of animal species lend themselves to becoming model organisms in multiple biological disciplines: one of these is the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Extensively used since the 1970s to study fundamental mechanisms in neurobiology, the value of this freshwater snail has been also recognised in fields as diverse as host–parasite interactions, ecotoxicology, evolution, genome editing and 'omics', and human disease modelling. While there is knowledge about the natural history of this species, what is currently lacking is an integration of findings from the laboratory and the field. With this in mind, this article aims to summarise the applicability of L. stagnalis and points out that this multipurpose model organism is an excellent, contemporary choice for addressing a large range of different biological questions, problems and phenomena.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fodor, Istv{\\'{a}}n and Hussein, Ahmed AA and Benjamin, Paul R and Koene, Joris M and Pirger, Zsolt},\ndoi = {10.7554/eLife.56962},\nissn = {2050-084X},\njournal = {eLife},\nmonth = {jun},\npublisher = {elifesciences.org},\ntitle = {{The unlimited potential of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://elifesciences.org/articles/56962},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Aging and disease-relevant gene products in the neuronal transcriptome of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis): a potential model of aging, age-related memory loss, and neurodegenerative diseases.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fodor, I.; Urbán, P.; Kemenes, G.; Koene, J. M.; and Pirger, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 20(3): 9. sep 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Aging$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00273,\nabstract = {Modelling of human aging, age-related memory loss, and neurodegenerative diseases has developed into a progressive area in invertebrate neuroscience. Gold standard molluscan neuroscience models such as the sea hare (Aplysia californica) and the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) have proven to be attractive alternatives for studying these processes. Until now, A. californica has been the workhorse due to the enormous set of publicly available transcriptome and genome data. However, with growing sequence data, L. stagnalis has started to catch up with A. californica in this respect. To contribute to this and inspire researchers to use molluscan species for modelling normal biological aging and/or neurodegenerative diseases, we sequenced the whole transcriptome of the central nervous system of L. stagnalis and screened for the evolutionary conserved homolog sequences involved in aging and neurodegenerative/other diseases. Several relevant molecules were identified, including for example gelsolin, presenilin, huntingtin, Parkinson disease protein 7/Protein deglycase DJ-1, and amyloid precursor protein, thus providing a stable genetic background for L. stagnalis in this field. Our study supports the notion that molluscan species are highly suitable for studying molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of the mentioned neurophysiological and neuropathological processes.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fodor, Istv{\\'{a}}n and Urb{\\'{a}}n, P{\\'{e}}ter and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Koene, Joris M. and Pirger, Zsolt},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-020-00242-6},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aging,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,Neurodegenerative diseases,cDNA sequencing},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {9},\npmid = {32449011},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Aging and disease-relevant gene products in the neuronal transcriptome of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis): a potential model of aging, age-related memory loss, and neurodegenerative diseases}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-020-00242-6.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-020-00242-6},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gap Junction Coding Innexin in Lymnaea stagnalis: Sequence Analysis and Characterization in Tissues and the Central Nervous System.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mersman, B. A.; Jolly, S. N.; Lin, Z.; and Xu, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience, 12. feb 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Gap$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00299,\nabstract = {Connections between neurons called synapses are the key components underlying all nervous system functions of animals and humans. However, important genetic information on the formation and plasticity of one type, the electrical (gap junction-mediated) synapse, is understudied in many invertebrates. In the present study, we set forth to identify and characterize the gap junction-encoding gene innexin in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusk pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. With PCR, 3′ and 5′ RACE, and BLAST searches, we identified eight innexin genes in the L. stagnalis genome, named Lst Inx1–Lst Inx8. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the L. stagnalis innexin genes originated from a single copy in the common ancestor of molluskan species by multiple gene duplication events and have been maintained in L. stagnalis since they were generated. The paralogous innexin genes demonstrate distinct expression patterns among tissues. In addition, one paralog, Lst Inx1, exhibits heterogeneity in cells and ganglia, suggesting the occurrence of functional diversification after gene duplication. These results introduce possibilities to study an intriguing potential relationship between innexin paralog expression and cell-specific functional outputs such as heterogenic ability to form channels and exhibit synapse plasticity. The L. stagnalis CNS contains large neurons and functionally defined networks for behaviors; with the introduction of L. stagnalis in the gap junction gene field, we are providing novel opportunities to combine genetic research with direct investigations of functional outcomes at the cellular, synaptic, and behavioral levels.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Mersman, Brittany A. and Jolly, Sonia N. and Lin, Zhenguo and Xu, Fenglian},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00001},\nissn = {1663-3563},\njournal = {Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {gap junction,gene specificity,innexin,invertebrate,mollusk},\nmonth = {feb},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Gap Junction Coding Innexin in Lymnaea stagnalis: Sequence Analysis and Characterization in Tissues and the Central Nervous System}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00001/full?report=reader https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00001/full},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Features of behavioral changes underlying conditioned taste aversion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nakai, J.; Totani, Y.; Kojima, S.; Sakakibara, M.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 20(2): 8. jun 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Features$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00344,\nabstract = {Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis can be formed by presenting ten pairings of sucrose as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and KCl as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The CTA is consolidated to long-term memory (LTM) lasting longer than a month. In the present study, we examined the time course of protein synthesis-dependent period during the consolidation of Lymnaea CTA to LTM by pharmacological inhibition of transcription or translation. The robustness for CTA-LTM was then examined by extinction trials, i.e., repeated presentations of the CS alone. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the presentation of the CS and US. Our findings indicated that the protein synthesis-dependent period coincides with the CTA training. Repeated presentations of the CS alone after establishment of CTA did not extinguish the CTA, demonstrating the robustness of the CTA-LTM. The ISI ranged from 10 s to a few minutes, and there was no inverted U-shaped function between the ISI and the conditioned response (i.e., suppression of feeding). Thus, CTA still formed even when the presentation of the US was delayed. These features of Lymnaea CTA complement the knowledge for mammalian CTA.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nakai, Junko and Totani, Yuki and Kojima, Satoshi and Sakakibara, Manabu and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-020-00241-7},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,De novo protein synthesis,Extinction,Interstimulus interval,Long-term memory},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {8},\npmid = {32385589},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Features of behavioral changes underlying conditioned taste aversion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-020-00241-7.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-020-00241-7},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gastropod Learning and Memory (Aplysia, Hermissenda, Lymnaea, and Others).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nargeot, R.; and Bédécarrats, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. feb 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Gastropod$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00497,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nargeot, Romuald and B{\\'{e}}d{\\'{e}}carrats, Alexis},\ndoi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.186},\njournal = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {feb},\npublisher = {Oxford University Press},\ntitle = {{Gastropod Learning and Memory (Aplysia, Hermissenda, Lymnaea, and Others)}},\nurl = {https://oxfordre.com/neuroscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264086-e-186},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lymnaea stagnalis as model for translational neuroscience research: From pond to bench.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rivi, V.; Benatti, C.; Colliva, C.; Radighieri, G.; Brunello, N.; Tascedda, F.; and Blom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108: 602–616. jan 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lymnaea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Rivi2020,\nabstract = {The purpose of this review is to illustrate how a reductionistic, but sophisticated, approach based on the use of a simple model system such as the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), might be useful to address fundamental questions in learning and memory. L. stagnalis, as a model, provides an interesting platform to investigate the dialog between the synapse and the nucleus and vice versa during memory and learning. More importantly, the “molecular actors” of the memory dialogue are well-conserved both across phylogenetic groups and learning paradigms, involving single- or multi-trials, aversion or reward, operant or classical conditioning. At the same time, this model could help to study how, where and when the memory dialog is impaired in stressful conditions and during aging and neurodegeneration in humans and thus offers new insights and targets in order to develop innovative therapies and technology for the treatment of a range of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.},\nauthor = {Rivi, V. and Benatti, C. and Colliva, C. and Radighieri, G. and Brunello, N. and Tascedda, F. and Blom, J.M.C.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.020},\nissn = {01497634},\njournal = {Neuroscience {\\&} Biobehavioral Reviews},\nkeywords = {Aging,Behavioural test,Memory,Snails,Stress,Translational medicine},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {602--616},\npmid = {31786320},\ntitle = {{Lymnaea stagnalis as model for translational neuroscience research: From pond to bench}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763419306542 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763419306542},\nvolume = {108},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Induction of LTM following an Insulin Injection.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Totani, Y.; Nakai, J.; Dyakonova, V. E.; Lukowiak, K.; Sakakibara, M.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n eneuro, 7(2): ENEURO.0088–20.2020. mar 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Induction$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00613,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis learns conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and consolidates it into long-term memory (LTM). One-day food-deprived snails (day 1 snails) show the best CTA learning and memory, whereas more severely food-deprived snails (5 d) do not express good memory. However, previous studies showed that CTA-LTM was indeed formed in 5-d food-deprived snails (day 5 snails), but its recall was prevented by the effects of food deprivation. CTA-LTM recall in day 5 snails was expressed following 7 d of feeding and then 1 d of food deprivation (day 13 snails). In the present study, we thus hypothesized that memory recall occurs because day 13 snails are in an optimal internal state. One day of food deprivation before the memory test in day 13 snails increased the mRNA level of molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP) in the CNS. Thus, we further hypothesized that an injection of insulin into day 5 snails following seven additional days with access to food (day 12 snails) activates CTA neurons and mimics the food deprivation state before the memory test in day 13 snails. Day 12 snails injected with insulin could recall the memory. In addition, the simultaneous injection of an anti-insulin receptor antibody and insulin into day 12 snails did not allow memory recall. Insulin injection also decreased the hemolymph glucose concentration. Together, the results suggest that an optimal internal state (i.e., a spike in insulin release and specific glucose levels) are necessary for LTM recall following CTA training in snails.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Totani, Yuki and Nakai, Junko and Dyakonova, Varvara E. and Lukowiak, Ken and Sakakibara, Manabu and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0088-20.2020},\nissn = {2373-2822},\njournal = {eneuro},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Food deprivation,Glucose,Insulin,Lymnaea},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {ENEURO.0088--20.2020},\npmid = {32291265},\npublisher = {ncbi.nlm.nih.gov},\ntitle = {{Induction of LTM following an Insulin Injection}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7218004/ http://eneuro.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/ENEURO.0088-20.2020},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2020}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An immunohistochemical analysis of peptidergic neurons apparently associated with reproduction and growth in Biomphalaria alexandrina.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acker, M. J.; Habib, M. R.; Beach, G. A.; Doyle, J. M.; Miller, M. W.; and Croll, R. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General and Comparative Endocrinology, 280: 1–8. sep 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00522,\nabstract = {Peptide hormones and neurotransmitters involved in reproduction and growth have been studied extensively in certain gastropod molluscs, such as Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica. The present study employs antisera that have been used to study peptidergic neurons in those species to probe the central nervous system of another gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina, an intermediate host of the parasitic trematode that causes schistosomiasis in humans. Whole mount preparations of central ganglia were stained immunohistochemically, and several populations of neurons appeared to be homologous to those forming the neuroendocrine axis that has been previously described in L. stagnalis. These cells include the caudodorsal cells and the light green and canopy cells, which produce hormones that regulate ovulation and growth, respectively. Other populations of cells containing APGWamide, FMRFamide and/or related peptides are consistent with ones that innervate the penis in L. stagnalis and other gastropods. Identification of neurons that might be responsible for the control of reproduction and growth in Biomphalaria provides an important initial step toward the development of novel methods of disease control and pest management directed toward reducing snail populations.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Acker, Madison J. and Habib, Mohamed R. and Beach, Griffin A. and Doyle, Jillian M. and Miller, Mark W. and Croll, Roger P.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.017},\nissn = {00166480},\njournal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},\nkeywords = {Growth,Neuroendocrine,Neuropeptide,Reproduction,Schistosomiasis},\nmonth = {sep},\npages = {1--8},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{An immunohistochemical analysis of peptidergic neurons apparently associated with reproduction and growth in Biomphalaria alexandrina}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016648018305732 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016648018305732},\nvolume = {280},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lymnaea stagnalis as a freshwater model invertebrate for ecotoxicological studies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Amorim, J.; Abreu, I.; Rodrigues, P.; Peixoto, D.; Pinheiro, C.; Saraiva, A.; Carvalho, A. P.; Guimarães, L.; and Oliva-Teles, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science of the Total Environment, 669: 11–28. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lymnaea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00289,\nabstract = {Lymnaea stagnalis, also referred to as great or common pond snail, is an abundant and widespread invertebrate species colonizing temperate limnic systems. Given the species importance, studies involving L. stagnalis have the potential to produce scientifically relevant information, leading to a better understanding of the damage caused by aquatic contamination, as well as the modes of action of toxicants. Lymnaea stagnalis individuals are easily maintained in laboratory conditions, with a lifespan of about two years. The snails are hermaphrodites and sexual maturity occurs about three months after egg laying. Importantly, they can produce a high number of offspring all year round and are considered well suited for use in investigations targeting the identification of developmental and reproductive impairments. The primary aims of this review were two-fold: i) to provide an updated and insightful compilation of established toxicological measures determined in both chronic and acute toxicity assays, as useful tool to the design and development of future research; and ii) to provide a state of the art related to direct toxicant exposure and its potentially negative effects on this species. Relevant and informative studies were analysed and discussed. Knowledge gaps in need to be addressed in the near future were further identified.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Amorim, Jo{\\~{a}}o and Abreu, Isabel and Rodrigues, Pedro and Peixoto, Diogo and Pinheiro, Carlos and Saraiva, Aur{\\'{e}}lia and Carvalho, Ant{\\'{o}}nio Paulo and Guimar{\\~{a}}es, Laura and Oliva-Teles, Luis},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.035},\nissn = {18791026},\njournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\nkeywords = {Aquatic environments,Bioindicator,Sublethal effects,Toxicological measures,Water contamination},\npages = {11--28},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Lymnaea stagnalis as a freshwater model invertebrate for ecotoxicological studies}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719310137},\nvolume = {669},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Comparative Study of Cell Specific Effects of Systemic and Volatile Anesthetics on Identified Motor Neurons and Interneurons of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), Both in the Isolated Brain and in Single Cell Culture.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fathi Moghadam, H.; Yar, T.; Qazzaz, M. M.; Ahmed, I. A.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Physiology, 10(MAY). may 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00519,\nabstract = {1. A comparative descriptive analysis of systemic (sodium pentobarbital, sodium thiopentone, ketamine) and volatile (halothane, isoflurane, enflurane) general anesthetics revealed important differences in the neuronal responses of identified motor neurons and interneurons in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) and cultured identified neurons in single cell culture of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 2. At high enough concentrations all anesthetics eventually caused cessation of spontaneous or evoked action potentials, but volatile anesthetics were much faster acting. Halothane at low concentrations caused excitation, thought to be equivalent to the early excitatory phase of anesthesia. Strong synaptic inputs were not always abolished by pentobarbital. 3. There were cell specific concentration-dependent responses to halothane and pentobarbital in terms of membrane potential, action potential characteristics, the after hyperpolarization and patterned activity. Individual neurons generated specific responses to the applied anesthetics. 4. The inhalation anesthetics, enflurane, and isoflurane, showed little concentration dependence of effect, in contrast to results obtained with halothane. Enflurane was faster acting than halothane and isoflurane was particularly different, producing quiescence in all cells types studied at all concentrations studied. 5. Halothane, enflurane, the barbiturate general anesthetics, pentobarbital, and sodium thiopentone and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, produced two distinctly different effects which could be correlated with cell type and their location in the isolated brain: either a decline in spontaneous and evoked activity prior to quiescence in interneurons or paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDS) in motor neurons, again prior to quiescence, which were reversed when the anesthetic was eliminated from the bath. In the strongly electrically coupled motor neurons, VD1 and RPD2, both types of response were observed, depending on the anesthetic used. Thus, with the exception isoflurane, all the motor neurons subjected to the anesthetic agents studied here were capable of generating PDS in situ, but the interneurons did not do so. 6. The effects of halothane on isolated cultured neurons indicates that PDS can be generated by single identified neurons in the absence of synaptic inputs. Further, many instances of PDS in neurons that do not generate it in situ have been found in cultured neurons. The nature of PDS is discussed.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Fathi Moghadam}, Hadi and Yar, Talay and Qazzaz, Munir M. and Ahmed, Ibrahim Abdelrazig and Winlow, William},\ndoi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.00583},\nissn = {1664-042X},\njournal = {Frontiers in Physiology},\nkeywords = {Action potentials,Identified motor neurons and interneurons,Lymnaea stagnalis,Paroxysmal depolarization shifts,Systemic anesthetics,Volatile anesthetics},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {MAY},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{A Comparative Study of Cell Specific Effects of Systemic and Volatile Anesthetics on Identified Motor Neurons and Interneurons of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), Both in the Isolated Brain and in Single Cell Culture}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00583/full https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2019.00583/full},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n 1. A comparative descriptive analysis of systemic (sodium pentobarbital, sodium thiopentone, ketamine) and volatile (halothane, isoflurane, enflurane) general anesthetics revealed important differences in the neuronal responses of identified motor neurons and interneurons in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) and cultured identified neurons in single cell culture of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 2. At high enough concentrations all anesthetics eventually caused cessation of spontaneous or evoked action potentials, but volatile anesthetics were much faster acting. Halothane at low concentrations caused excitation, thought to be equivalent to the early excitatory phase of anesthesia. Strong synaptic inputs were not always abolished by pentobarbital. 3. There were cell specific concentration-dependent responses to halothane and pentobarbital in terms of membrane potential, action potential characteristics, the after hyperpolarization and patterned activity. Individual neurons generated specific responses to the applied anesthetics. 4. The inhalation anesthetics, enflurane, and isoflurane, showed little concentration dependence of effect, in contrast to results obtained with halothane. Enflurane was faster acting than halothane and isoflurane was particularly different, producing quiescence in all cells types studied at all concentrations studied. 5. Halothane, enflurane, the barbiturate general anesthetics, pentobarbital, and sodium thiopentone and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, produced two distinctly different effects which could be correlated with cell type and their location in the isolated brain: either a decline in spontaneous and evoked activity prior to quiescence in interneurons or paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDS) in motor neurons, again prior to quiescence, which were reversed when the anesthetic was eliminated from the bath. In the strongly electrically coupled motor neurons, VD1 and RPD2, both types of response were observed, depending on the anesthetic used. Thus, with the exception isoflurane, all the motor neurons subjected to the anesthetic agents studied here were capable of generating PDS in situ, but the interneurons did not do so. 6. The effects of halothane on isolated cultured neurons indicates that PDS can be generated by single identified neurons in the absence of synaptic inputs. Further, many instances of PDS in neurons that do not generate it in situ have been found in cultured neurons. The nature of PDS is discussed.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Recent Trends in Invertebrate Neuroscience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gelperin, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology,2–30. apr 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Recent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00955,\nabstract = {This article presents a selective presentation of several notable trends in invertebrate neuroscience, which are intended to illustrate the central tenant that, essentially, basic invertebrate neuroscience and basic vertebrate neuroscience are converging to a remarkable degree. That is, the basic principles of cellular, network, and behavioral neuroscience are increasingly congruent within eukaryote phyla, with the notable exceptions of work that is explicitly clinical or concerned with pest control. The historical segregation of invertebrate and vertebrate neuroscience is of decreasing relevance and utility. An increasing literature has arisen that points out common structural and mechanistic themes across the invertebrate–vertebrate (IV) boundary. Among many examples, common neural circuit motifs play a causal role in decision-making circuits responsible for activating innate social behaviors in both Drosophila melanogaster and mice. Charles Darwin said, “It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another.” If some cephalopods are conscious, where do we draw the line?},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Gelperin, Alan},\ndoi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456757.013.1},\neditor = {Byrne, John H.},\njournal = {The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology},\nmonth = {apr},\npages = {2--30},\npublisher = {Oxford University Press},\ntitle = {{Recent Trends in Invertebrate Neuroscience}},\nurl = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\\&}lr={\\&}id=QCaFDwAAQBAJ{\\&}oi=fnd{\\&}pg=PA3{\\&}dq={\\%}22lymnaea+stagnalis{\\%}22+{\\%}22neuroscience{\\%}22{\\&}ots=ol1dbkZx1G{\\&}sig=mOhc3em5fpjbRmfsFvSIDBJumrA http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456757.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190456757-e-1},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A new set of endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR experiments show that formin Ldia2dex transcripts are enriched in the early embryo of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Panpulmonata).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Johnson, H. F.; and Davison, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molluscan Studies, 85(4): 388–396. oct 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00484,\nabstract = {Although the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is an emerging model organism for molecular studies in a wide variety of fields, there are a limited number of verified endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR. As part of a larger study on snail chirality, or left–right asymmetry, we assayed gene expression in pond snail embryos. We evaluated six candidate control genes, by comparing their expression in three tissues (ovotestis, foot and embryo) and used three software programmes (geNorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper) to do so. The specific utility of these control genes was then tested by investigating the relative expression of six experimental transcripts, including formin Ldia2, a gene that has been associated with chiral variation in L. stagnalis. All six control genes were found to be suitable for use in the three tissues tested. Of the six experimental genes, it was found that all were relatively depleted in the early embryo compared with other tissues, except the formin Ldia2 gene. Instead, transcripts of the wild-type Ldia2dex were enriched in the embryo, whereas a nonfunctional frameshifted version, Ldia2sin, was severely depleted. These differences in Ldia2sin expression were less evident in the ovotestis and were not evident in the foot tissue, possibly because nonsense-mediated decay is obscured in actively transcribing tissues. Our work provides a set of control genes that may be useful to the wider community and illustrates how these genes may be used to assay differences in expression in a variety of tissues.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Johnson, Harriet F. and Davison, Angus},\ndoi = {10.1093/mollus/eyz027},\nissn = {0260-1230},\njournal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {388--396},\npublisher = {academic.oup.com},\ntitle = {{A new set of endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR experiments show that formin Ldia2dex transcripts are enriched in the early embryo of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Panpulmonata)}},\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/85/4/389/5584423 https://academic.oup.com/mollus/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mollus/eyz027/5584423},\nvolume = {85},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The importance of identified neurons in gastropod molluscs to neuroscience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Katz, P. S.; and Quinlan, P. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 56: 1–7. jun 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00237,\nabstract = {Gastropod molluscs have large neurons that are uniquely identifiable across individuals and across species based on neuroanatomical and neurochemical criteria, facilitating research into neural signaling and neural circuits. Novel neuropeptides have been identified through RNA sequencing and mass spectroscopic analysis of single neurons. The roles of peptides and other signaling molecules including second messengers have been placed in the context of small circuits that control simple behaviors. Despite the stereotypy, neurons vary over time in their activity in large ensembles. Furthermore, there is both intra-species and inter-species variation in synaptic properties and gene expression. Research on gastropod identified neurons highlights the features that might be expected to be stable in more complex systems when trying to identify cell types.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Katz, Paul S. and Quinlan, Phoenix D.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.conb.2018.10.009},\nissn = {09594388},\njournal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},\nmonth = {jun},\npages = {1--7},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{The importance of identified neurons in gastropod molluscs to neuroscience}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438818301600 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438818301600},\nvolume = {56},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Configural learning: A higher form of learning in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Swinton, C.; Swinton, E.; Shymansky, T.; Hughes, E.; Zhang, J.; Rothwell, C.; Kakadiya, M.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(3). 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Configural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00762,\nabstract = {Events typically occur in a specific context and the ability to assign importance to this occurrence plays a significant role in memory formation and recall. When the scent of a crayfish predator (CE) is encountered in Lymnaea stagnalis strains known to be predator experienced (e.g. the W-strain), enhancement of memory formation and depression of feeding occur, which are part of a suite of antipredator behaviours. We hypothesized that Lymnaea possess a form of higher-order conditioning, namely configural learning. We tested this by simultaneously exposing W-strain Lymnaea to a carrot food odour (CO) and predator scent (CE). Two hours later, we operantly conditioned these snails with a single 0.5 h training session in CO to determine whether training in CO results in long-term memory (LTM) formation. A series of control experiments followed and demonstrated that only the CO+CE snails trained in CO had acquired enhanced memory-forming ability. Additionally, following CE+CO pairing, CO no longer elicited an increased feeding response. Hence, snails have the ability to undergo configural learning. Following configural learning, CO becomes a risk signal and evokes behavioural responses phenotypically similar to those elicited by exposure to CE.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Swinton, Cayley and Swinton, Erin and Shymansky, Tamila and Hughes, Emily and Zhang, Jack and Rothwell, Cailin and Kakadiya, Mili and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.190405},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Anti-predator behaviour,Higher-order learning,Lymnaea,Operant conditioning,Predator–prey interactions},\nnumber = {3},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Configural learning: A higher form of learning in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/222/3/jeb190405.abstract},\nvolume = {222},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Monoamines, Insulin and the Roles They Play in Associative Learning in Pond Snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Totani, Y.; Aonuma, H.; Oike, A.; Watanabe, T.; Hatakeyama, D.; Sakakibara, M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13. apr 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Monoamines,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00622,\nabstract = {Molluscan gastropods have long been used for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One such gastropod, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, exhibits long-term memory (LTM) following both classical and operant conditioning. Using Lymnaea, we have successfully elucidated cellular mechanisms of learning and memory utilizing an aversive classical conditioning procedure, conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Here, we present the behavioral changes following CTA training and show that the memory score depends on the duration of food deprivation. Then, we describe the relationship between the memory scores and the monoamine contents of the central nervous system (CNS). A comparison of learning capability in two different strains of Lymnaea, as well as the filial 1 (F1) cross from the two strains, presents how the memory scores are correlated in these populations with monoamine contents. Overall, when the memory scores are better, the monoamine contents of the CNS are lower. We also found that as the insulin content of the CNS decreases so does the monoamine contents which are correlated with higher memory scores. The present review deepens the relationship between monoamine and insulin contents with the memory score.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Totani, Yuki and Aonuma, Hitoshi and Oike, Akira and Watanabe, Takayuki and Hatakeyama, Dai and Sakakibara, Manabu and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00065},\nissn = {1662-5153},\njournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {5-HT,Conditioned taste aversion,Dopamine,Insulin,Lymnaea,Octopamine},\nmonth = {apr},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Monoamines, Insulin and the Roles They Play in Associative Learning in Pond Snails}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00065/full https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00065/full},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The allelochemical tannic acid affects the locomotion and feeding behaviour of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, by inhibiting peripheral pathways.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Horváth, R.; Farkas, A.; Győri, J.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 19(3). 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00357,\nabstract = {(1) The effect of tannic acid (TA), a dominant component of plant allelochemicals, was investigated on the locomotion and feeding of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The effect of TA on the neuronal background underlying feeding activity was also analysed. (2) TA affected the spontaneous locomotion and of juvenile snails in a concentration-dependent way. Low (10 $\\mu$M) TA concentration resulted in an increased (sliding or swimming) activity compared to the control; meanwhile, high (100 $\\mu$M) TA concentration inhibited the locomotion of the animals. (3) Low (10 $\\mu$M) TA concentration increased the frequency of sucrose-evoked feeding of intact animals, whereas high (100 $\\mu$M) TA concentration resulted in significantly longer feeding latency and decreased feeding rate. The feeding changes proved to be partially irreversible, since after 48 h maintained in clear water, the animals tested in 100 $\\mu$M TA previously still showed lower feeding rate in sucrose. (4) Electrophysiological experiments on semi-intact preparations showed that application of 100 $\\mu$M TA to the lip area inhibited the fictive feeding pattern of central neurons, the cellular response to sucrose. (5) On isolated CNS preparation, 100 $\\mu$M TA applied in the bathing solution, however, failed to inhibit the activation of the central feeding (CPG) interneurons following application of extracellular dopamine. Our results suggest that TA affects both afferent and efferent peripheral functions in Lymnaea. TA reduces feeding activity by primarily blocking feeding sensory pathways, and its negative effect on locomotion may imply sensory pathways and/or ciliary activity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Horv{\\'{a}}th, R{\\'{e}}ka and Farkas, Anna and Győri, J{\\'{a}}nos and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-019-0229-7},\nissn = {14391104},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Allelochemicals,Feeding,Locomotion,Lymnaea,Peripheral pathways,Tannic acid},\nnumber = {3},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The allelochemical tannic acid affects the locomotion and feeding behaviour of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, by inhibiting peripheral pathways}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10158-019-0229-7},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Halothane Differentially Modifies Serotonin-Induced Depolarizations and Hyperpolarizations of Isolated, Cultured Lymnaea Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Walcourt, A; and Winlow, W\n\n\n \n\n\n\n EC Neurology. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Halothane$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00505,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Abstract In Lymnaea stagnalis, serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) (5-HT) evokes depolarizing, hyperpolarizing or biphasic responses in neurons {\\ldots} Previous studies have established Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) as an appropriate model system for general anesthetic research [9-12] {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Walcourt, A and Winlow, W},\njournal = {EC Neurology},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Halothane Differentially Modifies Serotonin-Induced Depolarizations and Hyperpolarizations of Isolated, Cultured Lymnaea Neurons}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/334108265{\\_}Halothane{\\_}Differentially{\\_}Modifies{\\_}Serotonin-Induced{\\_}Depolarizations{\\_}and{\\_}Hyperpolarizations{\\_}of{\\_}Isolated{\\_}Cultured{\\_}Lymnaea{\\_}Neurons/links/5d17197e299bf1547c8724fa/Halothane-Differential},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Tissue-specific evaluation of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Young, A. P.; Landry, C. F.; Jackson, D. J.; and Wyeth, R. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PeerJ, 7(10): e7888. oct 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Tissue-specific$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00258,\nabstract = {Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a robust technique for the quantification and comparison of gene expression. To obtain reliable results with this method, one or more reference genes must be employed to normalize expression measurements among treatments or tissue samples. Candidate reference genes must be validated to ensure that they are stable prior to use in qPCR experiments. The pond snail ( Lymnaea stagnalis ) is a common research organism, particularly in the areas of learning and memory, and is an emerging model for the study of biological asymmetry, biomineralization, and evolution and development. However, no systematic assessment of qPCR reference genes has been performed in this animal. Therefore, the aim of our research was to identify stable reference genes to normalize gene expression data from several commonly studied tissues in L. stagnalis as well as across the entire body. We evaluated a panel of seven reference genes across six different tissues in L. stagnalis with RT-qPCR. The genes included: elongation factor 1-alpha , glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase , beta-actin , beta-tubulin , ubiquitin , prenylated rab acceptor protein 1 , and a voltage gated potassium channel. These genes exhibited a wide range of expression levels among tissues. The tissue-specific stability of each of the genes was consistent when measured by the standard stability assessment algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Our data indicate that the most stable reference genes vary among the tissues that we examined (central nervous system, tentacles, lips, penis, foot, mantle). Our results were generally congruent with those obtained from similar studies in other molluscs. Given that a minimum of two reference genes are recommended for data normalization, we provide suggestions for strong pairs of reference genes for single- and multi-tissue analyses of RT-qPCR data in L. stagnalis .},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Young, Alexander P. and Landry, Carmen F. and Jackson, Daniel J. and Wyeth, Russell C.},\ndoi = {10.7717/peerj.7888},\nissn = {2167-8359},\njournal = {PeerJ},\nkeywords = {Gastropod neurobiology,Gene expression,Mollusc,Normalization},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {e7888},\npublisher = {peerj.com},\ntitle = {{Tissue-specific evaluation of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://peerj.com/articles/7888/?utm{\\_}source=TrendMD{\\&}utm{\\_}campaign=PeerJ{\\_}TrendMD{\\_}1{\\&}utm{\\_}medium=TrendMD https://peerj.com/articles/7888},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2019}\n}\n

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\n \n 2018\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of 5-HT and insulin on learning and memory formation in food-deprived snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aonuma, H.; Totani, Y.; Kaneda, M.; Nakamura, R.; Watanabe, T.; Hatakeyama, D.; Dyakonova, V. E.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 148: 20–29. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00661,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis learns conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and consolidates it into long-term memory (LTM). How well they learn and form memory depends on the degree of food deprivation. Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in mediating feeding, and insulin enhances the memory consolidation process following CTA training. However, the relationship between these two signaling pathways has not been addressed. We measured the 5-HT content in the central nervous system (CNS) of snails subjected to different durations of food deprivation. One-day food-deprived snails, which exhibit the best learning and memory, had the lowest 5-HT content in the CNS, whereas 5-day food-deprived snails, which do not learn, had a high 5-HT content. Immersing 1-day food-deprived snails in 5-HT impaired learning and memory by causing an increase in 5-HT content, and that the injection of insulin into these snails reversed this impairment. We conclude that insulin rescues the CTA deficit and this may be due to a decrease in the 5-HT content in the CNS of Lymnaea.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Aonuma, Hitoshi and Totani, Yuki and Kaneda, Mugiho and Nakamura, Ryota and Watanabe, Takayuki and Hatakeyama, Dai and Dyakonova, Varvara E. and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2017.12.010},\nissn = {10959564},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Feeding,Food-deprivation,Insulin,Lymnaea,Serotonin},\npages = {20--29},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Effects of 5-HT and insulin on learning and memory formation in food-deprived snails}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742717302186},\nvolume = {148},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Comparison of brain monoamine content in three populations of \\textlessi\\textgreaterLymnaea\\textless/i\\textgreater that correlates with taste-aversive learning ability.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aonuma, H.; Totani, Y.; Sakakibara, M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biophysics and Physicobiology, 15(0): 129–135. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Comparison$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00311,\nabstract = {To find a causal mechanism of learning and memory is a heuristically important topic in neuroscience. In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the following experimental facts have accrued regarding a classical conditioning procedure known as conditioned taste aversion (CTA): (1) one-day food-deprived Dutch snails have superior CTA memory formation; (2) the one-day food-deprived snails have a low monoamine content (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, octopamine) in their central nervous system (CNS); (3) fed or five-day food-deprived snails have poorer CTA memory and a higher monoamine content; (4) the Dutch snails form better CTA memory than the Canadian TC1 strain; and, (5) the F1 cross snails between the Dutch and Canadian TC1 strains also form poor CTA memory. Here, in one-day food-deprived snails, we measured the monoamine content in the CNSs of the 3 populations. In most instances, the monoamine content of the Dutch strain was lower than in the other two populations. The F1 cross snails had the highest monoamine content. A lower monoamine content is correlated with the better CTA memory formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Aonuma, Hitoshi and Totani, Yuki and Sakakibara, Manabu and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.2142/biophysico.15.0_129},\nissn = {2189-4779},\njournal = {Biophysics and Physicobiology},\nnumber = {0},\npages = {129--135},\npublisher = {jstage.jst.go.jp},\ntitle = {{Comparison of brain monoamine content in three populations of {\\textless}i{\\textgreater}Lymnaea{\\textless}/i{\\textgreater} that correlates with taste-aversive learning ability}},\nurl = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biophysico/15/0/15{\\_}129/{\\_}article/-char/ja/ https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biophysico/15/0/15{\\_}129/{\\_}article},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dopamine-mediated calcium channel regulation in synaptic suppression in L. stagnalis interneurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dong, N.; Lee, D. W. K.; Sun, H.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Channels, 12(1): 153–173. jan 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dopamine-mediated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00646,\nabstract = {D2 dopamine receptor-mediated suppression of synaptic transmission from interneurons plays a key role in neurobiological functions across species, ranging from respiration to memory formation. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of D2 receptor-dependent suppression using soma-soma synapse between respiratory interneuron VD4 and LPeD1 in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis). We studied the effects of dopamine on voltage-dependent Ca2+ current and synaptic vesicle release from the VD4. We report that dopamine inhibits voltage-dependent Ca2+ current in the VD4 by both voltage-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Dopamine also suppresses synaptic vesicle release downstream of activity-dependent Ca2+ influx. Our study demonstrated that dopamine acts through D2 receptors to inhibit interneuron synaptic transmission through both voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel-dependent and-independent pathways. Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of dopamine function and fundamental mechanisms that shape the dynamics of neural circuit.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dong, Nancy and Lee, David W. K. and Sun, Hong-Shuo and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.1080/19336950.2018.1457897},\nissn = {1933-6950},\njournal = {Channels},\nkeywords = {Dopamine,Interneuron,Synaptic output,Voltage-gated calcium channels},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {153--173},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{Dopamine-mediated calcium channel regulation in synaptic suppression in L. stagnalis interneurons}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336950.2018.1457897 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336950.2018.1457897},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n MEN1 Tumor Suppressor Gene is Required for Long-term Memory Formation in an Aversive Operant Conditioning Model of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dong, N.; Senzel, A.; Li, K.; Lu, T. Z.; Guo, C.; Aleksic, M.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 379: 22–31. may 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"MEN1$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00177,\nabstract = {Activity-dependent transcription factors critically coordinate the gene expression program underlying memory formation. The tumor suppressor gene, MEN1, encodes a ubiquitously expressed transcription regulator required for synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity in invertebrate and vertebrate central neurons. In this study, we investigated the role of MEN1 in long-term memory (LTM) formation in an aversive operant conditioning paradigm in the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis). We demonstrated that LTM formation is associated with an increased expression of MEN1 coinciding with an up-regulation of creb1 gene expression. In vivo knockdown of MEN1 prevented LTM formation and conditioning-induced changes in neuronal activity in the identified pacemaker neuron RPeD1. Our findings suggest the involvement of a new pathway in LTM consolidation that requires MEN1-mediated gene regulation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dong, Nancy and Senzel, Anthony and Li, Kathy and Lu, Tom Z. and Guo, Cong-Hui and Aleksic, Mila and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.018},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Creb1,Lymnaea stagnalis,MEN1,RPeD1,aversive long-term memory,electrophysiology},\nmonth = {may},\npages = {22--31},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{MEN1 Tumor Suppressor Gene is Required for Long-term Memory Formation in an Aversive Operant Conditioning Model of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452218301350 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452218301350},\nvolume = {379},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Uncovering the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Synapse Formation and Functional Specificity Using Central Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Getz, A. M.; Wijdenes, P.; Riaz, S.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 9(8): 1928–1938. aug 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Uncovering$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00231,\nabstract = {All functions of the nervous system are contingent upon the precise organization of neuronal connections that are initially patterned during development, and then continually modified throughout life. Determining the mechanisms that specify the formation and functional modulation of synaptic circuitry are critical to advancing both our fundamental understanding of the nervous system as well as the various neurodevelopmental, neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders that are met in clinical practice when these processes go awry. Defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development, function, and pathology has proven challenging, due mainly to the complexity of the vertebrate brain. Simple model system approaches with invertebrate preparations, on the other hand, have played pivotal roles in elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying the formation and plasticity of individual synapses, and the contributions of individual neurons and their synaptic connections that underlie a variety of behaviors, and learning and memory. In this Review, we discuss the experimental utility of the invertebrate mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, with a particular emphasis on in vitro cell culture, semi-intact and in vivo preparations, which enable molecular and electrophysiological identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the formation, plasticity, and specificity of individual synapses at a single-neuron or single-synapse resolution.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Getz, Angela M. and Wijdenes, Pierre and Riaz, Saba and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00448},\nissn = {1948-7193},\njournal = {ACS Chemical Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,model systems,neuroelectrode devices,neuronal networks,respiratory behavior,synaptogenesis},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1928--1938},\npublisher = {ACS Publications},\ntitle = {{Uncovering the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Synapse Formation and Functional Specificity Using Central Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00448 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00448},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pond Snail Reproduction as Model in the Environmental Risk Assessment: Reality and Doubts.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pirger, Z.; Zrinyi, Z.; Maász, G.; Molnár, É.; and Kiss, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Resources of Water. apr 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pond$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00790,\nabstract = {Abstract Long-haul travel does not constitute an obstacle for tourists to travel and is fast gaining the attention of tourists in new and unique experiences. This study was conducted to identify the long-haul travel motivation by international tourists to Penang. A total of 400 respondents participated in this survey, conducted around the tourist attractions in Penang, using cluster random sampling. However, only 370 questionnaires were only used for this research. Data were analysed using SPSS software 22 version. The findings, ‘knowledge and novelty seeking' were the main push factors that drove long-haul travel by international tourists to Penang. Meanwhile, the main pull factor that attracts long- haul travel by international tourists to Penang was its ‘culture and history'. Additionally, there were partly direct and significant relationships between socio-demographic, trip characteristics and travel motivation (push factors and pull factors). Overall, this study identified the long-haul travel motivations by international tourists to Penang based on socio-demographic, trip characteristics and travel motivation and has indirectly helped in understanding the long-haul travel market particularly for Penang and Southeast Asia. This research also suggested for an effective marketing and promotion strategy in pro- viding useful information that is the key to attract international tourists to travel long distances. Keywords:},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Pirger, Zsolt and Zrinyi, Zita and Ma{\\'{a}}sz, G{\\'{a}}bor and Moln{\\'{a}}r, {\\'{E}}va and Kiss, Tibor},\ndoi = {10.5772/intechopen.72216},\njournal = {Biological Resources of Water},\nmonth = {apr},\npublisher = {InTech},\ntitle = {{Pond Snail Reproduction as Model in the Environmental Risk Assessment: Reality and Doubts}},\nurl = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\\&}lr={\\&}id=-nCQDwAAQBAJ{\\&}oi=fnd{\\&}pg=PA33{\\&}dq={\\%}22lymnaea+stagnalis{\\%}22+{\\%}22neuroscience{\\%}22{\\&}ots=Nd1OK-LL9{\\_}{\\&}sig=WYlPseaCHhCdlnf-ioJLTpzNKMk http://www.intechopen.com/books/biological-resources-of-water/pond-snail-reproduction-as-model-in-the-environmental-risk-assessment-reality-and-doubts},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Propranolol disrupts consolidation of emotional memory in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shymansky, T.; Hughes, E.; Rothwell, C. M.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 149: 1–9. mar 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Propranolol$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00795,\nabstract = {The therapeutic efficacy of the synthetic $\\beta$-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently being debated. Mixed results have been published regarding propranolol's ability to disrupt the consolidation and reconsolidation of memories. Here, we use the invertebrate model Lymnaea to study propranolol's ability to disrupt consolidation of memories formed under varying various types of stress which cause differing degrees of emotional memory. We show that when propranolol is administered immediately following operant conditioning, only the consolidation process of memories enhanced by individual stressors (i.e. a non-emotional memory) is susceptible to disruption. However, when propranolol is administered prior to training, only memories enhanced by a combination of stressors leading to an emotional memory are susceptible to disruption. These data suggest that the time of propranolol administration, as well as the type of memory formed play a key role in propranolol's ability to obstruct memory consolidation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Shymansky, Tamila and Hughes, Emily and Rothwell, Cailin M. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.010},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,Memory consolidation,PTSD,Propranolol},\nmonth = {mar},\npages = {1--9},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Propranolol disrupts consolidation of emotional memory in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742718300108 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742718300108},\nvolume = {149},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Green tea and cocoa enhance cognition in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Swinton, E.; de Freitas, E.; Swinton, C.; Shymansky, T.; Hiles, E.; Zhang, J.; Rothwell, C.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Communicative and Integrative Biology, 11(1). 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Green$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00589,\nabstract = {A flavonoid, (-)-epicatechi (Epi), enhances long-term memory (LTM) formation in Lymnaea and reverses memory obstruction caused by stress. Many foods contain substantial amounts of Epi, (e.g. green tea and cocoa). In humans eating such foods may directly or indirectly enhance cognition. We directly test whether operant conditioning training Lymnaea in these natural foods result in the same effects as training snails in pure Epi. We found that exposure to products containing high concentrations of Epi (e.g. green tea and cocoa) during training enhanced memory formation and could even reverse a learning and memory deficit brought about by stress. Epi can be photo-inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light. We found that following photo-inactivation of Epi, memory enhancement did not occur. Photo-inactivation of foods containing Epi (e,g. green tea) blocked their ability to enhance LTM. Our data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that dietary sources of Epi can have positive benefits on cognitive ability and be able to reverse memory aversive states.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Swinton, Erin and de Freitas, Emily and Swinton, Cayley and Shymansky, Tamila and Hiles, Emily and Zhang, Jack and Rothwell, Cailin and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1080/19420889.2018.1434390},\nissn = {19420889},\njournal = {Communicative and Integrative Biology},\nkeywords = {(-)-epicatechin,Lymnaea,cocoa,green tea,long-term memory},\nnumber = {1},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{Green tea and cocoa enhance cognition in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19420889.2018.1434390},\nvolume = {11},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Combining factors that individually enhance memory in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tan, R.; and Lukowiak, K. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Bulletin, 234(1): 37–44. 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Combining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00564,\nabstract = {When applied individually, thermal stress (1 hour at 30 °C) and (-)epicatechin (a flavonol found in green tea, e.g.) each enhance long-term memory formation following operant conditioning of Lymnaea aerial respiratory behavior. Snails demonstrate enhanced long-term memory formation when trained in epicatechin-treated pond water or when placed in 30 °C pond water for 1 hour, 1 hour prior to training in pond water. We ask here whether the combined application of epicatechin + thermal stress enhances long-termmemory retention length beyond the maximal lengths of the individual factors alone. We report that the applied combination of epicatechin + thermal stress has a synergistic memory-enhancing effect; that is, when the two are applied in combination, memory persists longer than when either is applied alone. We then ask whether quercetin, a heat shock protein blocker, will affect the memory enhancement produced by the combined treatment of thermal stress and epicatechin. We report that quercetin does not decrease the memory enhancement of epicatechin, but it does decrease the memory enhancement by thermal stress; and it also decreases the memory persistence of snails exposed to both treatments in combination.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tan, Ryan and Lukowiak, K. E.N.},\ndoi = {10.1086/697197},\nissn = {19398697},\njournal = {Biological Bulletin},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {37--44},\npublisher = {journals.uchicago.edu},\ntitle = {{Combining factors that individually enhance memory in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/697197},\nvolume = {234},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Subcellular Peptide Localization in Single Identified Neurons by Capillary Microsampling Mass Spectrometry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhang, L.; Khattar, N.; Kemenes, I.; Kemenes, G.; Zrinyi, Z.; Pirger, Z.; and Vertes, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 8(1). 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Subcellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00966,\nabstract = {Single cell mass spectrometry (MS) is uniquely positioned for the sequencing and identification of peptides in rare cells. Small peptides can take on different roles in subcellular compartments. Whereas some peptides serve as neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm, they can also function as transcription factors in the nucleus. Thus, there is a need to analyze the subcellular peptide compositions in identified single cells. Here, we apply capillary microsampling MS with ion mobility separation for the sequencing of peptides in single neurons of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis, and the analysis of peptide distributions between the cytoplasm and nucleus of identified single neurons that are known to express cardioactive Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide-like (FMRFamide-like) neuropeptides. Nuclei and cytoplasm of Type 1 and Type 2 F group (Fgp) neurons were analyzed for neuropeptides cleaved from the protein precursors encoded by alternative splicing products of the FMRFamide gene. Relative abundances of nine neuropeptides were determined in the cytoplasm. The nuclei contained six of these peptides at different abundances. Enabled by its relative enrichment in Fgp neurons, a new 28-residue neuropeptide was sequenced by tandem MS.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Zhang, Linwen and Khattar, Nikkita and Kemenes, Ildiko and Kemenes, Gyorgy and Zrinyi, Zita and Pirger, Zsolt and Vertes, Akos},\ndoi = {10.1038/s41598-018-29704-z},\nissn = {20452322},\njournal = {Scientific Reports},\nnumber = {1},\npmid = {30111831},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{Subcellular Peptide Localization in Single Identified Neurons by Capillary Microsampling Mass Spectrometry}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29704-z},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2018}\n}\n

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\n \n 2017\n \n \n (15)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Weak involvement of octopamine in aversive taste learning in a snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aonuma, H.; Kaneda, M.; Hatakeyama, D.; Watanabe, T.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 141: 189–198. may 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Weak$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00532,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of learning taste aversion by pairing presentations of a sucrose solution and an electric shock and consolidating it into long-term memory (LTM), which is referred to as conditioned taste aversion (CTA). We asked here if the neurotransmitter octopamine is involved in CTA. We first determined the levels of octopamine and its catabolites in the central nervous system (CNS) of snails with varying degrees of food deprivation, because CTA grades are correlated with degrees of food deprivation. We next manipulated the octopamine signaling using both an agonist and an antagonist of octopamine receptors and correlated their respective effects with CTA grades. We found that snails with the least amount of food-deprivation obtained the best CTA grade and had low levels of octopamine; whereas the most severely food-deprived snails did not form CTA and had the highest CNS octopamine levels. In modestly food-deprived snails, octopamine application increased the basal level of feeding response to a sucrose solution, and it did not obstruct CTA formation. Application of phentolamine, an octopamine receptor antagonist, to the most severely food-deprived snails decreased the basal level of feeding elicited by sucrose, but it did not enhance CTA formation. We conclude that octopamine involvement in CTA formation in Lymnaea is at best weak, and that the changes in CNS octopamine content are an epiphenomenon.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Aonuma, Hitoshi and Kaneda, Mugiho and Hatakeyama, Dai and Watanabe, Takayuki and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.010},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Food deprivation,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Octopamine},\nmonth = {may},\npages = {189--198},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Weak involvement of octopamine in aversive taste learning in a snail}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742717300631 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742717300631},\nvolume = {141},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transcriptional effect of serotonin in the ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Benatti, C.; Colliva, C.; Blom, J. M.; Ottaviani, E.; and Tascedda, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Survival Journal, 14(1): 251–258. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transcriptional$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00213,\nabstract = {The serotonin system (5HT) is highly conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and numerous evidence supports a biological link between 5HT and numerous animal function. In the present paper we evaluated the transcriptional effects of a serotonergic stimulation on selected targets involved in 5HT signalling and neurotransmission in the central nervous system of the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Adult snails were treated acutely (6 h) or chronically (48 h) with either 5-hydroxytrypthophan (5-HTP 1mM), the immediate precursor of serotonin, fluoxetine (FLX 1$\\mu$M), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or a combination of two. The central ring ganglia were dissected and used for q-PCR gene expression analysis. Transcription was strongly induced following a chronic, but not an acute, exposure to 5-HTP in the ganglia of Lymnaea. In particular, LymCREB1 and LymP2X mRNA levels were decreased following a 6 h exposure and increased in snails receiving 5-hydroxytryptophan for 48 h. Interestingly, this effect was reduced when snails were exposed chronically to both 5-HTP and FLX, suggesting a role for SERT in mediating the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan. These data suggest that L. stagnalis is suited to unravel the complexity of the serotonin signaling pathway.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Benatti, C. and Colliva, C. and Blom, J. M.C. and Ottaviani, E. and Tascedda, Fabio},\ndoi = {10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.251-258},\nissn = {1824307X},\njournal = {Invertebrate Survival Journal},\nkeywords = {CREB,Lymnaea stagnalis,Serotonin},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {251--258},\npublisher = {isj.unimore.it},\ntitle = {{Transcriptional effect of serotonin in the ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {http://www.isj.unimore.it/index.php/ISJ/article/view/46},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Assessment of anoxia tolerance and photoperiod dependence of GABAergic polarity in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buck, L. T.; Bond, H. C.; and Malik, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 203: 193–200. jan 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Assessment$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00474,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is reported to be anoxia-tolerant and if the tolerance mechanism is similar to that of the anoxia-tolerant painted turtle, GABA should play an important role. A potentially confounding factor investigating the role of GABA in anoxia tolerance are reports that GABA has both inhibitory and excitatory effects within L. stagnalis central ganglion. We therefore set out to determine if seasonality or photoperiod has an impact on: 1) the anoxia-tolerance of the intact pond snail, and 2) the response of isolated neuroganglia cluster F neurons to exogenous GABA application. L. stagnalis maintained on a natural summer light cycle were unable to survive any period of anoxic exposure, while those maintained on a natural winter light cycle survived a maximum of 4 h. Using intracellular sharp electrode recordings from pedal ganglia cluster F neurons we show that there is a photoperiod dependent shift in the response to GABA. Snails exposed to a 16 h:8 h light:dark cycle in an environmental chamber (induced summer phenotype) exhibited hyperpolarizing inhibitory responses and those exposed to a 8 h:16 h light:dark cycle (induced winter phenotype) exhibited depolarizing excitatory responses to GABA application. Using gramicidin-perforated patch recordings we also found a photoperiod dependent shift in the reversal potential for GABA. We conclude that the opposing responses of L. stagnalis central neurons to GABA results from a shift in intracellular chloride concentration that is photoperiod dependent and is likely mediated through the relative efficacy of cation chloride co-transporters. Although the physiological ramifications of the photoperiod dependent shift are unknown this work potentially has important implications for the impact of artificial light pollution on animal health.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Buck, Leslie T. and Bond, Hilary C. and Malik, Aqsa},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.016},\nissn = {10956433},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular {\\&} Integrative Physiology},\nkeywords = {Anoxia tolerance,Central ganglia,Chloride concentration,Gamma-aminobutyric acid,Pedal dorsal ganglia,Reversal potential},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {193--200},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Assessment of anoxia tolerance and photoperiod dependence of GABAergic polarity in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643316302021 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1095643316302021},\nvolume = {203},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inverse Relationship between Basal Pacemaker Neuron Activity and Aversive Long-Term Memory Formation in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dong, N.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 10. jan 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inverse$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00389,\nabstract = {Learning and memory formation are essential physiological functions. While quiescent neurons have long been the focus of investigations into the mechanisms of memory formation, there is increasing evidence that spontaneously active neurons also play key roles in this process and possess distinct rules of activity-dependent plasticity. In this study, we used a well-defined aversive learning model of aerial respiration in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis) to study the role of basal firing activity of the respiratory pacemaker neuron Right Pedal Dorsal 1 (RPeD1) as a determinant of aversive long-term memory (LTM) formation. We investigated the relationship between basal aerial respiration behavior and RPeD1 firing activity, and examined aversive LTM formation and neuronal plasticity in animals exhibiting different basal aerial respiration behavior. We report that animals with higher basal aerial respiration behavior exhibited early responses to operant conditioning and better aversive LTM formation. Early behavioral response to the conditioning procedure was associated with biphasic enhancements in the membrane potential, spontaneous firing activity and gain of firing response, with an early phase spanning the first 2 h after conditioning and a late phase that is observed at 24 h. Taken together, we provide the first evidence suggesting that lower neuronal activity at the time of learning may be correlated with better memory formation in spontaneously active neurons. Our findings provide new insights into the diversity of cellular rules of plasticity underlying memory formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dong, Nancy and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.3389/fncel.2016.00297},\nissn = {1662-5102},\njournal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aversive operant conditioning,Basal neuronal activity,Individual variations in memory formation,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuronal plasticity,Spontaneously active neuron},\nmonth = {jan},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Inverse Relationship between Basal Pacemaker Neuron Activity and Aversive Long-Term Memory Formation in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2016.00297/full http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00297/full},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structure-dependent effects of amyloid-$β$ on long-term memory in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, L.; Crossley, M.; Vadukul, D. M.; Kemenes, G.; and Serpell, L. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n FEBS Letters, 591(9): 1236–1246. may 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structure-dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Ford2017,\nabstract = {Amyloid-$\\beta$ (A$\\beta$) peptides are implicated in the causation of memory loss, neuronal impairment, and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Our recent work revealed that A$\\beta$ 1–42 and A$\\beta$ 25–35 inhibit long-term memory (LTM) recall in Lymnaea stagnalis (pond snail) in the absence of cell death. Here, we report the characterization of the active species prepared under different conditions, describe which A$\\beta$ species is present in brain tissue during the behavioral recall time point and relate the sequence and structure of the oligomeric species to the resulting neuronal properties and effect on LTM. Our results suggest that oligomers are the key toxic A$\\beta$1–42 structures, which likely affect LTM through synaptic plasticity pathways, and that A$\\beta$ 1–42 and A$\\beta$ 25–35 cannot be used as interchangeable peptides.},\nauthor = {Ford, Lenzie and Crossley, Michael and Vadukul, Devkee M. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Serpell, Louise C.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1873-3468.12633},\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/julia/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ford et al. - 2017 - Structure-dependent effects of amyloid-$\\beta$ on long-term memory in Lymnaea stagnalis.pdf:pdf},\nisbn = {4955139574},\nissn = {00145793},\njournal = {FEBS Letters},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,amyloid beta,classical conditioning,long-term memory,oligomer},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {1236--1246},\npmid = {28337747},\ntitle = {{Structure-dependent effects of amyloid-$\\beta$ on long-term memory in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1873-3468.12633},\nvolume = {591},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Necessity knows no law in a snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ito, E.; Totani, Y.; and Oike, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The European Zoological Journal, 84(1): 457–464. jan 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Necessity$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00358,\nabstract = {In the present review, we outline the relationship between starvation and taste-aversive learning (conditioned taste aversion: CTA) in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and introduce the “necessity knows no law” concept. When snails were fooddeprived for a short period, the snails learned and formed memory of CTA well, whereas when snails were food-deprived for a prolonged period, the snails appeared not to learn CTA or form long-term memory (LTM) of it. However, in severely food-deprived snails (i.e. snails that were food-deprived for a prolonged period), memory was found to indeed form but was overpowered by the effect of severe food deprivation. That is, snails are partially restricted in the “necessity knows no law” concept. Moreover, this CTA-LTM was context dependent and was observed only when the snails were in a context similar to that in which the training occurred. In addition, when insulin was injected into the severely food-deprived snails, they started to exhibit learning and memory. That is, insulin rescued the snails' “hidden” ability of memory retrieval. In addition to these topics in snails, we survey the literature on starvation and learning obtained in other animals for general discussion. We hope that this review will stimulate further detailed studies of motivation in invertebrates.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ito, E. and Totani, Y. and Oike, A.},\ndoi = {10.1080/24750263.2017.1363303},\nissn = {2475-0263},\njournal = {The European Zoological Journal},\nkeywords = {Context dependency,Insulin,Learning,Mollusc,Starvation},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {457--464},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{Necessity knows no law in a snail}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/24750263.2017.1363303 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24750263.2017.1363303},\nvolume = {84},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Local serotonin-immunoreactive plexus in the female reproductive system of hermaphroditic gastropod mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ivashkin, E. G.; Khabarova, M. Y.; Melnikova, V. I.; Kharchenko, O. A.; and Voronezhskaya, E. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Zoology, 14(1): 134–139. aug 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Local$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00561,\nabstract = {Serotonin is known as general regulator of reproductive activity in molluscs. Here we presented a detailed description of morphological backgroung of 5-HT synthesis and reliase by local serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) plexus in the female reproductive system of hermaphroditic gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis. Three distinct parts of 5-HT-IR local network can be distinguished: weak innervations of the oviduct by solitary fibers, rich innervations of oothecal gland muscular layer by varicose fibers, and dense plexus of 5-HTIR cells and their processes along the epithelium and in the muscular layer of uterus (pars contorta). Fusiform and multipolar 5-HT-IR cells located intraepitheliarly and have big nuclei. The thick apical process entered the epithelium and contacted the inner lumen of the duct. Basal processes of numerous cells compacted into bundles which organized the basket-like 5-HT-IR plexus surrounding the epithelial lumen of the canal.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ivashkin, E. G. and Khabarova, M. Yu and Melnikova, V. I. and Kharchenko, O. A. and Voronezhskaya, E. E.},\ndoi = {10.15298/invertzool.14.2.06},\nissn = {1812-9250},\njournal = {Invertebrate Zoology},\nkeywords = {Gastropoda,Local network,Secretory cells,Serotonin,Uterus},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {134--139},\npublisher = {kmkjournals.com},\ntitle = {{Local serotonin-immunoreactive plexus in the female reproductive system of hermaphroditic gastropod mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/IZ/IZ Vol 14/invert14{\\_}2{\\_}134{\\_}139{\\_}Ivashkin{\\_}et{\\_}al{\\_}for{\\_}Inet.pdf http://kmkjournals.com/journals/Inv{\\_}Zool/IZ{\\_}Index{\\_}Volumes/IZ{\\_}14/IZ{\\_}14{\\_}2{\\_}134{\\_}139{\\_}Ivashkin{\\_}et{\\_}al},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Oxytocin and vasopressin neural networks: Implications for social behavioral diversity and translational neuroscience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Johnson, Z. V.; and Young, L. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76: 87–98. may 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Oxytocin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00538,\nabstract = {Oxytocin- and vasopressin-related systems are present in invertebrate and vertebrate bilaterian animals, including humans, and exhibit conserved neuroanatomical and functional properties. In vertebrates, these systems innervate conserved neural networks that regulate social learning and behavior, including conspecific recognition, social attachment, and parental behavior. Individual and species-level variation in central organization of oxytocin and vasopressin systems has been linked to individual and species variation in social learning and behavior. In humans, genetic polymorphisms in the genes encoding oxytocin and vasopressin peptides and/or their respective target receptors have been associated with individual variation in social recognition, social attachment phenotypes, parental behavior, and psychiatric phenotypes such as autism. Here we describe both conserved and variable features of central oxytocin and vasopressin systems in the context of social behavioral diversity, with a particular focus on neural networks that modulate social learning, behavior, and salience of sociosensory stimuli during species-typical social contexts.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Johnson, Zachary V. and Young, Larry J.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.034},\nissn = {01497634},\njournal = {Neuroscience {\\&} Biobehavioral Reviews},\nkeywords = {Autism spectrum disorders,Avpr1a,Functional connectivity,Functional coupling,Neuropeptides,Oxtr,Pair bonding,Salience,Social attachment,Social behavior,Social behavior network,Social cognition,Social decision-making network,Valence},\nmonth = {may},\npages = {87--98},\npmid = {28434591},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Oxytocin and vasopressin neural networks: Implications for social behavioral diversity and translational neuroscience}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763416304602 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763416304602},\nvolume = {76},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The role of retinoic acid in the formation and modulation of invertebrate central synapses.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rothwell, C. M.; de Hoog, E.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 117(2): 692–704. feb 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00786,\nabstract = {Trophic factors can influence many aspects of nervous system function, such as neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and synapse modulation. The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, can exert trophic effects to promote neuronal survival and outgrowth in many species and is also known to modulate vertebrate hippocampal synapses. However, its role in synaptogenesis has not been well studied, and whether it can modulate existing invertebrate synapses is also not known. In this study, we first examined a potential trophic effect of retinoic acid on the formation of excitatory synapses, independently of its role in neurite outgrowth, using cultured neurons of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. We also investigated its role in modulating both chemical and electrical synapses between various Lymnaea neurons in cell culture. Although we found no evidence to suggest retinoic acid affected short-term synaptic plasticity in the form of post-tetanic potentiation, we did find a significant cell type-specific modulation of electrical synapses. Given the prevalence of electrical synapses in invertebrate nervous systems, these findings highlight the potential for retinoic acid to modulate network function in the central nervous system of at least some invertebrates.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Rothwell, Cailin M. and de Hoog, Eric and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.00737.2016},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nkeywords = {Electrical synapse,Posttetanic potentiation,Synaptogenesis,Trophic factor,Vitamin A},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {692--704},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{The role of retinoic acid in the formation and modulation of invertebrate central synapses}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.00737.2016 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00737.2016},\nvolume = {117},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Physiology of Molluscs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saleuddin, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume 2 Apple Academic Press, New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, Inc., 2016-, jul 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Physiology$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{pop00294,\nabstract = {Lymnaea is an attractive model system for physiologists interested in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Operant conditioning has been investigated in the respiratory system and classical conditioning in the feeding system. Many of the components of the neural networks that generate the respiratory and feeding behaviors have been identified, and it is possible to record the electrical activity of these neurons both during and after conditioning. In this chapter, we highlight the advances made in understanding the network and cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the two types of associative conditioning.},\naddress = {New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, Inc., 2016-},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Saleuddin, Saber},\nbooktitle = {Physiology of Molluscs: A Collection of Selected Reviews},\ndoi = {10.1201/9781315207483},\nisbn = {9781315207483},\nkeywords = {Classical conditioning,Electrophysiological recordings,Freshwater pond snail,Memory-forming capabilities,Operant conditioning,Rhythmic behaviors},\nmonth = {jul},\npages = {1--42},\npublisher = {Apple Academic Press},\ntitle = {{Physiology of Molluscs}},\nurl = {http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/66651/ https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315207483},\nvolume = {2},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cerebral Giant Cells are Necessary for the Formation and Recall of Memory of Conditioned Taste Aversion in Lymnaea .\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sunada, H.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Zoological Science, 34(1): 72–80. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00502,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis can acquire conditioned taste aversion (CTA) as a long-term memory. CTA is caused by the temporal pairing of a stimulus, such as sucrose (the conditioned stimulus; CS), with another stimulus, such as electric shock (the unconditioned stimulus; US). Previous studies have demonstrated changes in both cellular and molecular properties in a pair of neurons known as the cerebral giant cells (CGCs), suggesting that these neurons play a key role in CTA. Here we examined the necessity of the pair of CGC somata for the learning, memory formation and memory recall of CTA by using the soma ablation technique. There was no difference in the feeding response elicited by the CS before and after ablation of the CGC somata. Ablation of the CGC somata before taste-aversion training resulted in the learning acquisition, but the memory formation was not observed 24 h later. We next asked whether memory was present when the CGC somata were ablated 24 h after taste-aversion training. The memory was present before performing the somata ablation. However, when we tested snails five days after somata ablation, the memory recall was not present. Together the data show that: 1) the somata of the CGCs are not necessary for learning acquisition; 2) the somata are necessary for memory formation; and 3) the somata are necessary for memory recall. That is, these results demonstrate that the CGCs function in the long-term memory of CTA in Lymnaea.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sunada, Hiroshi and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.2108/zs160152},\nissn = {0289-0003},\njournal = {Zoological Science},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {72--80},\npublisher = {BioOne},\ntitle = {{ Cerebral Giant Cells are Necessary for the Formation and Recall of Memory of Conditioned Taste Aversion in Lymnaea }},\nurl = {https://bioone.org/journals/zoological-science/volume-34/issue-1/zs160152/Cerebral-Giant-Cells-are-Necessary-for-the-Formation-and-Recall/10.2108/zs160152.short},\nvolume = {34},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Two strains of Lymnaea stagnalis and the progeny from their mating display differential memory-forming ability on associative learning tasks.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sunada, H.; Totani, Y.; Nakamura, R.; Sakakibara, M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Two$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00224,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis learns and forms long-term memory (LTM) following both operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behavior and classical conditioning of taste aversive behavior. In the present study, we examined whether there are interstrain differences in the ability to form LTM following these two types of conditioning. A strain of Lymnaea (TC1) collected in Alberta, Canada exhibits superior memory-forming ability following aerial respiratory operant conditioning compared to a laboratory-reared strain of Lymnaea from Netherlands known as the Dutch strain. We asked whether the offspring of the Canadian TC1 and Dutch snails (i.e., filial 1 (F1 ) cross snails) would have the superior memory ability and found, rather, that their memory ability was average like the Dutch snails. That is, the Canadian TC1 snails have superior ability for LTM formation following aerial respiratory operant conditioning, but the Dutch and the generated F1 cross have average ability for memory forming. We next examined the Canadian TC1, Dutch and F1 cross snails for their ability to learn and form memory following conditioned taste aversion (CTA). All three populations showed similar associative CTA responses. However, both LTM formation and the ratio of good-to-poor performers in the memory retention test were much better in the Dutch snails than the Canadian TC1 and F1 cross snails. The memory abilities of the Canadian TC1 and F1 cross snails were average. Our present findings, therefore, suggest that snails of different strains have different memory abilities, and the F1 cross snails do not inherit the memory ability from the smart strain. To our knowledge, there have been a limited number of studies examining differences in memory ability among invertebrate strains, with the exception of studies using mutant flies.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sunada, Hiroshi and Totani, Yuki and Nakamura, Ryota and Sakakibara, Manabu and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00161},\nissn = {16625153},\njournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiratory operant conditioning,Conditioned taste aversion,F1 cross,Interstrain differences,Lymnaea},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Two strains of Lymnaea stagnalis and the progeny from their mating display differential memory-forming ability on associative learning tasks}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00161/full},\nvolume = {11},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pharmacological effects of cannabinoids on learning and memory in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sunada, H.; Watanabe, T.; Hatakeyama, D.; Lee, S.; Forest, J.; Sakakibara, M.; Ito, E.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(17): 3026–3038. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pharmacological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00669,\nabstract = {Cannabinoids are hypothesized to play an important role in modulating learning andmemory formation. Here,we identifiedmRNAs expressed in Lymnaea stagnalis central nervous system that encode two G-protein-coupled receptors (Lymnaea CBr-like 1 and 2) that structurally resemble mammalian cannabinoid receptors (CBrs). We found that injection of a mammalian CBr agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN 55) into the snail before operant conditioning obstructed learning and memory formation. This effect of WIN 55 injection persisted for at least 4 days following its injection. A similar obstruction of learning and memory occurred when a severe traumatic stimulus was delivered to L. stagnalis. In contrast, injection of a mammalian CBr antagonist AM 251 enhanced long-term memory formation in snails and reduced the duration of the effects of the severe traumatic stressor on learning and memory. Neither WIN 55 nor AM 251 altered normal homeostatic aerial respiratory behaviour elicited in hypoxic conditions. Our results suggest that putative cannabinoid receptors mediate stressful stimuli that alter learning and memory formation in Lymnaea. This is also the first demonstration that putative CBrs are present in Lymnaea and play a key role in learning and memory formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sunada, Hiroshi and Watanabe, Takayuki and Hatakeyama, Dai and Lee, Sangmin and Forest, Jeremy and Sakakibara, Manabu and Ito, Etsuro and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.159038},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiratory behaviour,Cannabinoid,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Operant conditioning},\nnumber = {17},\npages = {3026--3038},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Pharmacological effects of cannabinoids on learning and memory in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/220/17/3026.abstract},\nvolume = {220},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lymnaea stagnalis as model of neuropsychiatric disorders.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tascedda, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Survival Journal, 14: 477–479. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lymnaea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00369,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} ISSN 1824-307X LETTER TO EDITOR Lymnaea stagnalis as model of neuropsychiatric disorders F Tascedda Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Accepted November 14, 2017 {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tascedda, Fabio},\ndoi = {10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.477-479},\nissn = {1824307X},\njournal = {Invertebrate Survival Journal},\npages = {477--479},\npublisher = {isj.unimo.it},\ntitle = {{Lymnaea stagnalis as model of neuropsychiatric disorders}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {http://www.isj.unimo.it/index.php/ISJ/article/download/76/370},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Bridging the gap–the ubiquity and plasticity of electrical synapses.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Winlow, W; Qazzaz, M M; and Johnson, A S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n EC Neurology. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Bridging$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00489,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} This may prove to be important during anaesthesia, given the ubiquity of ES in the mammalian brain. • ES appear to be seasonally modulated in the brain of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. • {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Winlow, W and Qazzaz, M M and Johnson, A S},\njournal = {EC Neurology},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Bridging the gap–the ubiquity and plasticity of electrical synapses}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/318339322{\\_}Bridging{\\_}the{\\_}Gap{\\_}-{\\_}The{\\_}Ubiquity{\\_}and{\\_}Plasticity{\\_}of{\\_}Electrical{\\_}Synapses/links/596484c3458515a3576216f0/Bridging-the-Gap-The-Ubiquity-and-Plasticity-of-Electrical-Synapses.pdf},\nyear = {2017}\n}\n

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\n \n 2016\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Relationship between the grades of a learned aversive-feeding response and the dopamine contents in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aonuma, H.; Kaneda, M.; Hatakeyama, D.; Watanabe, T.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biology Open, 5(12): 1869–1873. dec 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Relationship$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00431,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea learns conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and remembers not to respond to food substances that initially cause a feeding response. The possible relationship between how well snails learn to follow taste-aversion training and brain dopamine contents is not known. We examined this relationship and found the following: first, snails in the act of eating just before the commencement of CTA training were poor learners and had the highest dopamine contents in the brain; second, snails which had an ad libitum access to food, but were not eating just before training, were average learners and had lower dopamine contents; third, snails food-deprived for one day before training were the best learners and had significantly lower contents of dopamine compared to the previous two cohorts. There was a negative correlation between the CTA grades and the brain dopamine contents in these three cohorts. Fourth, snails fooddeprived for five days before training were poor learners and had higher dopamine contents. Thus, severe hunger increased the dopamine content in the brain. Because dopamine functions as a reward transmitter, CTA in the severely deprived snails (i.e. the fourth cohort) was thought to be mitigated by a high dopamine content.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Aonuma, Hitoshi and Kaneda, Mugiho and Hatakeyama, Dai and Watanabe, Takayuki and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1242/bio.021634},\nissn = {2046-6390},\njournal = {Biology Open},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Dopamine,Food deprivation,Long-term memory,Lymnaea},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {1869--1873},\npublisher = {bio.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Relationship between the grades of a learned aversive-feeding response and the dopamine contents in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://bio.biologists.org/content/5/12/1869.abstract http://bio.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/bio.021634},\nvolume = {5},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Extending the duration of long-term memories: Interactions between environmental darkness and retinoid signaling.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carpenter, S.; Rothwell, C. M.; Wright, M. L.; de Hoog, E.; Walker, S.; Hudson, E.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 136: 34–46. dec 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Extending$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00415,\nabstract = {Retinoid signaling plays an important role in hippocampal-dependent vertebrate memories. However, we have previously demonstrated that retinoids are also involved in the formation of long-term implicit memory following operant conditioning of the invertebrate mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Furthermore, we have discovered an interaction between environmental light/dark conditions and retinoid signaling and the ability of both to convert intermediate-term memory into long-term memory. In this study, we extend these findings to show that retinoid receptor agonists and environmental darkness can both also extend the duration of long-term memory. Interestingly, exposure to constant environmental darkness significantly increased the expression of retinoid receptors in the adult central nervous system, as well as induced specific changes in a key neuron mediating the conditioned behaviour. These studies not only shed more light on how retinoids influence memory formation, but also further link environmental light conditions to the retinoid signaling pathway.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Carpenter, Sevanne and Rothwell, Cailin M. and Wright, Michelle L. and de Hoog, Eric and Walker, Sarah and Hudson, Emma and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.008},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Electrophysiology,Invertebrate learning,Lymnaea stagnalis,Operant conditioning,Retinoic acid},\nmonth = {dec},\npages = {34--46},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Extending the duration of long-term memories: Interactions between environmental darkness and retinoid signaling}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742716301940 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742716301940},\nvolume = {136},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Two proteolytic fragments of menin coordinate the nuclear transcription and postsynaptic clustering of neurotransmitter receptors during synaptogenesis between Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Getz, A. M.; Visser, F.; Bell, E. M.; Xu, F.; Flynn, N. M.; Zaidi, W.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 6(1): 31779. oct 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Two$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00627,\nabstract = {Synapse formation and plasticity depend on nuclear transcription and site-specific protein targeting, but the molecular mechanisms that coordinate these steps have not been well defined. The MEN1 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the protein menin, is known to induce synapse formation and plasticity in the CNS. This synaptogenic function has been conserved across evolution, however the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unidentified. Here, using central neurons from the invertebrate Lymnaea stagnalis, we demonstrate that menin coordinates subunit-specific transcriptional regulation and synaptic clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) during neurotrophic factor (NTF)-dependent excitatory synaptogenesis, via two proteolytic fragments generated by calpain cleavage. Whereas menin is largely regarded as a nuclear protein, our data demonstrate a novel cytoplasmic function at central synapses. Furthermore, this study identifies a novel synaptogenic mechanism in which a single gene product coordinates the nuclear transcription and postsynaptic targeting of neurotransmitter receptors through distinct molecular functions of differentially localized proteolytic fragments.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Getz, Angela M. and Visser, Frank and Bell, Erin M. and Xu, Fenglian and Flynn, Nichole M. and Zaidi, Wali and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1038/srep31779},\nissn = {2045-2322},\njournal = {Scientific Reports},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {31779},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{Two proteolytic fragments of menin coordinate the nuclear transcription and postsynaptic clustering of neurotransmitter receptors during synaptogenesis between Lymnaea neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31779 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep31779},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Qualitatively different memory states in Lymnaea as shown by differential responses to propranolol.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, E.; Shymansky, T.; Sunada, H.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 136: 63–73. dec 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Qualitatively$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00457,\nabstract = {Mixed results with the synthetic $\\beta$-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, have been reported in human populations with regards to its therapeutic efficacy for PTSD treatments targeting the memory reconsolidation process. Stress alters the ability to form and maintain memory, but whether the causal neuronal mechanisms underling memory formation in PTSD are similar to normal memory is not clear. Here, we use Lymnaea to study the effects of combinations of stressors on the quality of the formed memory state. We show reactivation dependent pharmacologic disruption of reconsolidation using propranolol in Lymnaea; specifically, we show that only certain memories created under conditions of a combination of stressors are susceptible to disruption. Our data suggest that phenotypically similar memories may be molecularly diverse, depending on the conditions under which they are formed. Applied to human PTSD, this could account for the mixed results in the literature on disrupting reconsolidation with propranolol.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hughes, Emily and Shymansky, Tamila and Sunada, Hiroshi and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.013},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Propranolol,Reconsolidation},\nmonth = {dec},\npages = {63--73},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Qualitatively different memory states in Lymnaea as shown by differential responses to propranolol}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107474271630199X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S107474271630199X},\nvolume = {136},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Whole Mount \\textlessem\\textgreaterIn Situ\\textless/em\\textgreater Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc \\textlessem\\textgreaterLymnaea stagnalis\\textless/em\\textgreater.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. J.; Herlitze, I.; and Hohagen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2016(109). mar 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00253,\nabstract = {Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a 'whole mount' tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase- K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Jackson, Daniel J. and Herlitze, Ines and Hohagen, Jennifer},\ndoi = {10.3791/53968},\nissn = {1940-087X},\njournal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments},\nkeywords = {Development,Egg capsule,Gastropod,Gene expression,Issue 109,Larva,Lymnaea stagnalis,Molecular biology,Mollusk,Proteinase-K,Trochophore,Veliger,Whole mount in situ hybridization},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {109},\npublisher = {jove.com},\ntitle = {{A Whole Mount {\\textless}em{\\textgreater}In Situ{\\textless}/em{\\textgreater} Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc {\\textless}em{\\textgreater}Lymnaea stagnalis{\\textless}/em{\\textgreater}}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.jove.com/video/53968/a-whole-mount-situ-hybridization-method-for-gastropod-mollusc-lymnaea http://www.jove.com/video/53968/a-whole-mount-situ-hybridization-method-for-gastropod-mollusc-lymnaea},\nvolume = {2016},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PACAP and Learning in Invertebrates.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, I.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating …,43–50. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PACAP$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00923,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Neuroscience {\\ldots} Pirger Z, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}} Z, Hiripi L, Hern{\\'{a}}di L, T{\\'{o}}th G, Lubics A, et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are present and biochemically active in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J Mol Neurosci {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_4},\njournal = {Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating {\\ldots}},\npages = {43--50},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{PACAP and Learning in Invertebrates}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3{\\_}4},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n High sensitivity of spontaneous spike frequency to sodium leak current in a Lymnaea pacemaker neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lu, T. Z.; Kostelecki, W.; Sun, C. L. F.; Dong, N.; Pérez Velázquez, J. L.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 44(12): 3011–3022. dec 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"High$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00400,\nabstract = {The spontaneous rhythmic firing of action potentials in pacemaker neurons depends on the biophysical properties of voltage-gated ion channels and background leak currents. The background leak current includes a large K+ and a small Na+ component. We previously reported that a Na+-leak current via U-type channels is required to generate spontaneous action potential firing in the identified respiratory pacemaker neuron, RPeD1, in the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We further investigated the functional significance of the background Na+ current in rhythmic spiking of RPeD1 neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording and computational modeling approaches were carried out in isolated RPeD1 neurons. The whole-cell current of the major ion channel components in RPeD1 neurons were characterized, and a conductance-based computational model of the rhythmic pacemaker activity was simulated with the experimental measurements. We found that the spiking rate is more sensitive to changes in the Na+ leak current as compared to the K+ leak current, suggesting a robust function of Na+ leak current in regulating spontaneous neuronal firing activity. Our study provides new insight into our current understanding of the role of Na+ leak current in intrinsic properties of pacemaker neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lu, T. Z. and Kostelecki, W. and Sun, C. L. F. and Dong, N. and {P{\\'{e}}rez Vel{\\'{a}}zquez}, J. L. and Feng, Z.-P.},\ndoi = {10.1111/ejn.13426},\neditor = {Poirazi, Panayiota},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,computational modeling,pacemaker neurons,patch-clamp recording,rhythm generation,sodium leak current},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {3011--3022},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{High sensitivity of spontaneous spike frequency to sodium leak current in a Lymnaea pacemaker neuron}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.13426 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ejn.13426},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An automated learning apparatus for classical conditioning of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Takigami, S.; Sunada, H.; Lukowiak, K.; Ito, E.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 259: 115–121. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Takigami2016,\nabstract = {Background: The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of taste avoidance classical conditioning (TAC) with sucrose as the conditional stimulus (CS) and mechanical prodding as the unconditional stimulus (US). After successful training, feeding behavior is significantly suppressed in response to CS presentation. New method: An automated apparatus is described for the training of multiple snails up to 10 snails at the same time. The new apparatus employs an electrical shock obtained from a 9-V dry cell to deliver a consistent and effective current amplitude of 0.4 $\\mu$A (i.e., the US). Results: Using this apparatus, 10 snails can be conditioned simultaneously. We found that the optimal parameters to result in both short (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) were 15 paired presentations of the CS and US with a 5-min inter-trial interval (ITI) and 0.2-s current duration. However, both STM and LTM were observed with other ITIs tested. Successful TAC with only a single pairing of the CS-US occurred with a CS of 100 mM sucrose solution for 60 s followed by a US of 9 V with 0.4 $\\mu$A for 5 s. Comparison with existing method: The use of automated training apparatus for TAC will enable us to better examine the relationship between strength of CS and US.},\nauthor = {Takigami, Satoshi and Sunada, Hiroshi and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.10.008},\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/julia/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Takigami et al. - 2016 - An automated learning apparatus for classical conditioning of Lymnaea stagnalis.pdf:pdf},\nisbn = {8155968111},\nissn = {1872678X},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},\nkeywords = {Control of temporal sequence,Inter-trial interval,Long-term memory,One-trial conditioning,Paired presentation of conditional and unconditional stimuli,Short-term memory,Stimulus duration,Temporal stimulus parameters},\npages = {115--121},\npublisher = {Elsevier B.V.},\ntitle = {{An automated learning apparatus for classical conditioning of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.10.008},\nvolume = {259},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of halothane on whole-cell calcium channel currents in cultured Lymnaea neurones.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yar, T; and Winlow, W\n\n\n \n\n\n\n EC Neurology. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00691,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Abstract 1) The effects of four concentrations of halothane were studied on the macroscopic, high-voltage activated calcium channel currents of cultured neurones of the pedal I cluster of Lymnaea stagnalis, using the whole cell patch clamp technique {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yar, T and Winlow, W},\njournal = {EC Neurology},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Effects of halothane on whole-cell calcium channel currents in cultured Lymnaea neurones}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/311206246{\\_}Effects{\\_}of{\\_}Halothane{\\_}on{\\_}Whole-Cell{\\_}Calcium{\\_}Channel{\\_}Currents{\\_}in{\\_}Cultured{\\_}Lymnaea{\\_}Neurones/links/584fa5d808aed95c250b4515/Effects-of-Halothane-on-Whole-Cell-Calcium-Channel-Currents-i},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Isolation and characterization of whole-cell calcium channel currents in cultured, identified neurones of Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yar, T; and Winlow, W\n\n\n \n\n\n\n EC Neurology. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Isolation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00733,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Received: June 15, 2016; Published: October 24, 2016 Summary and Conclusions 1) Whole-cell Ca 2+-channel currents were studied using the patch-clamp technique, applied to cultured pedal I cluster neurones of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yar, T and Winlow, W},\njournal = {EC Neurology},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Isolation and characterization of whole-cell calcium channel currents in cultured, identified neurones of Lymnaea}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/309466025{\\_}EC{\\_}NEUROLOGY{\\_}Isolation{\\_}and{\\_}Characterization{\\_}of{\\_}Whole-Cell{\\_}Calcium{\\_}Channel{\\_}Currents{\\_}in{\\_}Cultured{\\_}Identified{\\_}Neurones{\\_}of{\\_}Lymnaea/links/5811f19a08aeda05f0a480ea/EC-NEUROLOGY-Isolation-a},\nyear = {2016}\n}\n

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\n \n 2015\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular insights into land snail neuropeptides through transcriptome and comparative gene analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Adamson, K. J.; Wang, T.; Zhao, M.; Bell, F.; Kuballa, A. V.; Storey, K. B.; and Cummins, S. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Genomics, 16(1): 308. dec 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00700,\nabstract = {Background: Snails belong to the molluscan class Gastropoda, which inhabit land, freshwater and marine environments. Several land snail species, including Theba pisana, are crop pests of major concern, causing extensive damage to agriculture and horticulture. A deeper understanding of their molecular biology is necessary in order to develop methods to manipulate land snail populations. Results: The present study used in silico gene data mining of T. pisana tissue transcriptomes to predict 24,920 central nervous system (CNS) proteins, 37,661 foot muscle proteins and 40,766 hepatopancreas proteins, which together have 5,236 unique protein functional domains. Neuropeptides, metabolic enzymes and epiphragmin genes dominated expression within the CNS, hepatopancreas and muscle, respectively. Further investigation of the CNS transcriptome demonstrated that it might contain as many as 5,504 genes that encode for proteins destined for extracellular secretion. Neuropeptides form an important class of cell-cell messengers that control or influence various complex metabolic events. A total of 35 full-length neuropeptide genes were abundantly expressed within T. pisana CNS, encoding precursors that release molluscan-type bioactive neuropeptide products. These included achatin, allototropin, conopressin, elevenin, FMRFamide, LFRFamide, LRFNVamide, myomodulins, neurokinin Y, PKYMDT, PXFVamide, sCAPamides and several insulin-like peptides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of neural ganglia confirmed the presence of many of these neuropeptides. Conclusions: Our results provide the most comprehensive picture of the molecular genes and proteins associated with land snail functioning, including the repertoire of neuropeptides that likely play significant roles in neuroendocrine signalling. This information has the potential to expedite the study of molluscan metabolism and potentially stimulate advances in the biological control of land snail pest species.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Adamson, Kevin J. and Wang, Tianfang and Zhao, Min and Bell, Francesca and Kuballa, Anna V. and Storey, Kenneth B. and Cummins, Scott F.},\ndoi = {10.1186/s12864-015-1510-8},\nissn = {1471-2164},\njournal = {BMC Genomics},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Hepatopancreas,Muscle,Neuropeptides,Snail,Theba pisana},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {308},\npublisher = {bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com},\ntitle = {{Molecular insights into land snail neuropeptides through transcriptome and comparative gene analysis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-015-1510-8 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/16/308},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sequential exposure to a combination of stressors blocks memory reconsolidation in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dodd, S. X.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(6): 923–930. mar 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sequential$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00729,\nabstract = {Stress alters the formation of long-term memory (LTM) in Lymnaea. When snails are exposed to more than one stressor, however, how the memory is altered becomes complicated. Here, we investigated how multiple stressors applied in a specific pattern affect an aspect of memory not often studied in regards to stress - reconsolidation. We hypothesized that the application of a sequence of stressors would block the reconsolidation process. Reconsolidation occurs following activation of a previously formed memory. Sequential crowding and handling were used as the stressors to block reconsolidation. When the two stressors were sequentially presented immediately following memory activation, reconsolidation was blocked. However, if the sequential presentation of the stressors was delayed for 1 h after memory activation, reconsolidation was not blocked. That is, LTMwas observed. Finally, presentation of either stressor alone did not block reconsolidation. Thus, stressors can block reconsolidation, which may be preferable to pharmacological manipulations.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dodd, Shawn Xavier and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.114876},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Crowding,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Multiple stressors},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {923--930},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Sequential exposure to a combination of stressors blocks memory reconsolidation in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/6/923.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.114876},\nvolume = {218},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Single-cell analysis of peptide expression and electrophysiology of right parietal neurons involved in male copulation behavior of a simultaneous hermaphrodite.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n El Filali, Z.; de Boer, P. A. C. M.; Pieneman, A. W.; de Lange, R. P. J.; Jansen, R. F.; Ter Maat, A.; van der Schors, R. C.; Li, K. W.; van Straalen, N. M.; and Koene, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 15(4): 7. dec 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Single-cell$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00379,\nabstract = {Male copulation is a complex behavior that requires coordinated communication between the nervous system and the peripheral reproductive organs involved in mating. In hermaphroditic animals, such as the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, this complexity increases since the animal can behave both as male and female. The performance of the sexual role as a male is coordinated via a neuronal communication regulated by many peptidergic neurons, clustered in the cerebral and pedal ganglia and dispersed in the pleural and parietal ganglia. By combining single-cell matrix-assisted laser mass spectrometry with retrograde staining and electrophysiology, we analyzed neuropeptide expression of single neurons of the right parietal ganglion and their axonal projections into the penial nerve. Based on the neuropeptide profile of these neurons, we were able to reconstruct a chemical map of the right parietal ganglion revealing a striking correlation with the earlier electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies. Neurons can be divided into two main groups: (i) neurons that express heptapeptides and (ii) neurons that do not. The neuronal projection of the different neurons into the penial nerve reveals a pattern where (spontaneous) activity is related to branching pattern. This heterogeneity in both neurochemical anatomy and branching pattern of the parietal neurons reflects the complexity of the peptidergic neurotransmission involved in the regulation of male mating behavior in this simultaneous hermaphrodite.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{El Filali}, Z. and de Boer, P. A. C. M. and Pieneman, A. W. and de Lange, R. P. J. and Jansen, R. F. and {Ter Maat}, A. and van der Schors, R. C. and Li, K. W. and van Straalen, N. M. and Koene, J. M.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-015-0184-x},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide,Hermaphroditism,Lymnaea stagnalis,MALDI-TOF-MS,Male mating,Neuropeptides,Penial nerve,Right parietal ganglion},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {7},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Single-cell analysis of peptide expression and electrophysiology of right parietal neurons involved in male copulation behavior of a simultaneous hermaphrodite}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-015-0184-x.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-015-0184-x},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of A$β$ exposure on long-term associative memory and its neuronal mechanisms in a defined neuronal network.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, L.; Crossley, M.; Williams, T.; Thorpe, J. R.; Serpell, L. C.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 5(1): 10614. sep 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00948,\nabstract = {Amyloid beta (A$\\beta$) induced neuronal death has been linked to memory loss, perhaps the most devastating symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although A$\\beta$-induced impairment of synaptic or intrinsic plasticity is known to occur before any cell death, the links between these neurophysiological changes and the loss of specific types of behavioral memory are not fully understood. Here we used a behaviorally and physiologically tractable animal model to investigate A$\\beta$-induced memory loss and electrophysiological changes in the absence of neuronal death in a defined network underlying associative memory. We found similar behavioral but different neurophysiological effects for A$\\beta$ 25-35 and A$\\beta$ 1-42 in the feeding circuitry of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Importantly, we also established that both the behavioral and neuronal effects were dependent upon the animals having been classically conditioned prior to treatment, since A$\\beta$ application before training caused neither memory impairment nor underlying neuronal changes over a comparable period of time following treatment.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ford, Lenzie and Crossley, Michael and Williams, Thomas and Thorpe, Julian R. and Serpell, Louise C. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1038/srep10614},\nissn = {2045-2322},\njournal = {Scientific Reports},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {10614},\npmid = {26024049},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{Effects of A$\\beta$ exposure on long-term associative memory and its neuronal mechanisms in a defined neuronal network}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10614 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep10614},\nvolume = {5},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Serotonin Mediates Maternal Effects and Directs Developmental and Behavioral Changes in the Progeny of Snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ivashkin, E.; Khabarova, M. Y.; Melnikova, V.; Nezlin, L. P.; Kharchenko, O.; Voronezhskaya, E. E.; and Adameyko, I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell Reports, 12(7): 1144–1158. aug 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Serotonin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00880,\nabstract = {Many organisms survive in constantly changing environments, including cycling seasons. Developing embryos show remarkable instant adaptations to the variable environmental challenges they encounter during their adult life, despite having no direct contact with the changing environment until after birth or hatching. The mechanisms by which such non-genetic information is transferred to the developing embryos are largely unknown. Here, we address this question by using a freshwater pond snail ( Lymnaea stagnalis) as a model system. This snail normally lives in a seasonal climate, and the seasons define its locomotion, feeding, and reproductive behavior. We discovered that the serotonergic system plays a crucial role in transmitting a non-genetic instructive signal from mother to progeny. This maternal serotonin-based signal functions in embryos during a short time window at exclusively early pre-neural developmental stages and modulates the dynamics of embryonic and juvenile growth, feeding behavior, and locomotion.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ivashkin, Evgeny and Khabarova, Marina Yu. and Melnikova, Victoria and Nezlin, Leonid P. and Kharchenko, Olga and Voronezhskaya, Elena E. and Adameyko, Igor},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.022},\nissn = {22111247},\njournal = {Cell Reports},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {1144--1158},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Serotonin Mediates Maternal Effects and Directs Developmental and Behavioral Changes in the Progeny of Snails}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715007627 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211124715007627},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dynamic molecular mechanisms of memory consolidation after single-trial food-reward classical conditioning in lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Memory Consolidation,127–140. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dynamic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00530,\nabstract = {Lymnaea provides highly valuable experimental models for top-down analyses of the evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms of the consolidation of associative memory. Transcription and translation-dependent long-term memory (LTM) forms after single-trial classical conditioning, which allows the analysis of the role of key molecular pathways in memory consolidation in a sharply timed manner. The consolidation of LTM after single-trial food reward learning requires the activation of highly conserved signaling pathways (NO/cGMP, PACAP/cAMP/PKA, PKC, PKM, MAPK, NMDA and AMPA receptors, CaMKII), activation of gene transcription by CREB and new mRNA and protein synthesis. Importantly, these molecular mechanisms of memory consolidation are very dynamic, with different mechanisms being activated in different phases, from early through intermediate to late ('lingering') consolidation either sequentially or in a parallel and overlapping manner. Furthermore, different kinase enzymes are involved in the consolidation of early (6 h post-training) versus late (24 h post-training) phases of LTM again underscoring the highly dynamic and complex nature of the process of memory consolidation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\nisbn = {978-1-63482-596-2},\njournal = {Memory Consolidation},\nkeywords = {AMPA receptors,Associative long-term memory,CREB,CaMKII,Feeding,Invertebrates,Lymnaea,MAPK,Molluscs,NMDA receptors,NO,NOS,PACAP,PKA,PKC,PKM,Protein synthesis,RNA synthesis,Reward classical conditioning,Top-down approach,cAMP,cGMP},\npages = {127--140},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Dynamic molecular mechanisms of memory consolidation after single-trial food-reward classical conditioning in lymnaea}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manabu{\\_}Sakakibara/publication/296938874{\\_}Memory{\\_}Consolidation/links/56ecb5fa08ae59dd41c5281b/Memory-Consolidation.pdf{\\#}page=137},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n In Vitro Studies of Neuronal Networks and Synaptic Plasticity in Invertebrates and in Mammals Using Multielectrode Arrays.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Massobrio, P.; Tessadori, J.; Chiappalone, M.; and Ghirardi, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neural Plasticity, 2015: 1–18. mar 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"In$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Massobrio2015,\nabstract = {Brain functions are strictly dependent on neural connections formed during development and modified during life. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptogenesis and plastic changes involved in learning and memory have been analyzed in detail in simple animals such as invertebrates and in circuits of mammalian brains mainly by intracellular recordings of neuronal activity. In the last decades, the evolution of techniques such as microelectrode arrays (MEAs) that allow simultaneous, long-lasting, noninvasive, extracellular recordings from a large number of neurons has proven very useful to study long-term processes in neuronal networks in vivo and in vitro . In this work, we start off by briefly reviewing the microelectrode array technology and the optimization of the coupling between neurons and microtransducers to detect subthreshold synaptic signals. Then, we report MEA studies of circuit formation and activity in invertebrate models such as Lymnaea , Aplysia , and Helix . In the following sections, we analyze plasticity and connectivity in cultures of mammalian dissociated neurons, focusing on spontaneous activity and electrical stimulation. We conclude by discussing plasticity in closed-loop experiments.},\nauthor = {Massobrio, Paolo and Tessadori, Jacopo and Chiappalone, Michela and Ghirardi, Mirella},\ndoi = {10.1155/2015/196195},\nissn = {2090-5904},\njournal = {Neural Plasticity},\nmonth = {mar},\npages = {1--18},\npublisher = {Hindawi},\ntitle = {{In Vitro Studies of Neuronal Networks and Synaptic Plasticity in Invertebrates and in Mammals Using Multielectrode Arrays}},\nurl = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2015/196195/},\nvolume = {2015},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differential actions of volatile anaesthetics and a systemic barbiturate on strongly electrically coupled neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Munir, M Q.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n EC Neurology, 2: 188–204. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differential$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00837,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Munir, M Qazzaz and Winlow, William},\njournal = {EC Neurology},\npages = {188--204},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Differential actions of volatile anaesthetics and a systemic barbiturate on strongly electrically coupled neurons}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/284633502{\\_}Differential{\\_}Actions{\\_}of{\\_}Volatile{\\_}Anaesthetics{\\_}and{\\_}a{\\_}Systemic{\\_}Barbiturate{\\_}on{\\_}Strongly{\\_}Electrically{\\_}Coupled{\\_}Neurons/links/5b3dfdf3aca2720785124472/Differential-Actions-of-Volatile-Ana},\nvolume = {2},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ultrastructural localization of NADPH diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase in the neuropils of the snail CNS.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nacsa, K.; Elekes, K.; and Serfőző, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Micron, 75: 58–66. aug 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ultrastructural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00879,\nabstract = {Comparative studies on the nervous system revealed that nitric oxide (NO) retains its function through the evolution. In vertebrates NO can act in different ways: it is released solely or as a co-transmitter, released from presynaptic or postsynaptic site, spreads as a volumetric signal or targets synaptic proteins. In invertebrates, however, the possible sites of NO release have not yet been identified. Therefore, in the present study, the subcellular distribution of the NO synthase (NOS) was examined in the central nervous system (CNS) of two gastropod species, the terrestrial snail, Helix pomatia and the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, which are model species in comparative neurobiology. For the visualization of NOS NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and an immunohistochemical procedure using a universal anti-NOS antibody were applied. At light microscopic level both techniques labeled identical structures in sensory tracts ramifying in the neuropils of central ganglia and cell bodies of the Lymnaea and Helix CNS. At ultrastructural level NADPH-d reactive/NOS-immunoreactive materials were localized on the nuclear envelope and membrane segments of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, as well as the cell membrane and axolemma of positive perikarya. NADPH-d reactive and NOS-immunoreactive varicosities connected to neighboring neurons with both unspecialized and specialized synaptic contacts. In the varicosities, the majority of the NADPH-d reactive/NOS-immunoreactive membrane segments were detected in round and pleomorph agranular vesicles of small size (50-200. nm). However, only a small portion (16{\\%}) of the vesicles displayed the NADPH-d reactivity/NOS-immunoreactivity. No evidence for the postsynaptic location of NOS was found. Our results suggest that the localization of NADPH-diaphorase and NOS is identical in the snail nervous system. In contrast to vertebrates, however, NO seems to act exclusively in an anterograde way possibly released from membrane segments of the presynaptic transmitter vesicle surface. Based on the subcellular distribution of NOS, NO could be both a volume and a synaptic mediator, in addition NO may function as a co-transmitter.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nacsa, K{\\'{a}}lm{\\'{a}}n and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly and Serfőző, Zolt{\\'{a}}n},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.micron.2015.04.015},\nissn = {09684328},\njournal = {Micron},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Gastropods,Histochemistry,Immunohistochemistry,NADPH-diaphorase,Nitric oxide synthase,Ultrastructure},\nmonth = {aug},\npages = {58--66},\npmid = {26051827},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Ultrastructural localization of NADPH diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase in the neuropils of the snail CNS}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968432815000748?casa{\\_}token=387bb4IpQ78AAAAA:3R-8ej3y02iFkUbTDTHL9nbRTUpcmXK8mm16gQE3YO4JWm0N441Cx9Th2-E{\\_}EoOpTRVOoaYb https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968432815000748},\nvolume = {75},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n Comparative studies on the nervous system revealed that nitric oxide (NO) retains its function through the evolution. In vertebrates NO can act in different ways: it is released solely or as a co-transmitter, released from presynaptic or postsynaptic site, spreads as a volumetric signal or targets synaptic proteins. In invertebrates, however, the possible sites of NO release have not yet been identified. Therefore, in the present study, the subcellular distribution of the NO synthase (NOS) was examined in the central nervous system (CNS) of two gastropod species, the terrestrial snail, Helix pomatia and the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, which are model species in comparative neurobiology. For the visualization of NOS NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and an immunohistochemical procedure using a universal anti-NOS antibody were applied. At light microscopic level both techniques labeled identical structures in sensory tracts ramifying in the neuropils of central ganglia and cell bodies of the Lymnaea and Helix CNS. At ultrastructural level NADPH-d reactive/NOS-immunoreactive materials were localized on the nuclear envelope and membrane segments of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, as well as the cell membrane and axolemma of positive perikarya. NADPH-d reactive and NOS-immunoreactive varicosities connected to neighboring neurons with both unspecialized and specialized synaptic contacts. In the varicosities, the majority of the NADPH-d reactive/NOS-immunoreactive membrane segments were detected in round and pleomorph agranular vesicles of small size (50-200. nm). However, only a small portion (16%) of the vesicles displayed the NADPH-d reactivity/NOS-immunoreactivity. No evidence for the postsynaptic location of NOS was found. Our results suggest that the localization of NADPH-diaphorase and NOS is identical in the snail nervous system. In contrast to vertebrates, however, NO seems to act exclusively in an anterograde way possibly released from membrane segments of the presynaptic transmitter vesicle surface. Based on the subcellular distribution of NOS, NO could be both a volume and a synaptic mediator, in addition NO may function as a co-transmitter.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Deep mRNA Sequencing of the Tritonia diomedea Brain Transcriptome Provides Access to Gene Homologues for Neuronal Excitability, Synaptic Transmission and Peptidergic Signalling.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Senatore, A.; Edirisinghe, N.; and Katz, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 10(2): e0118321. feb 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Deep$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Senatore2015,\nabstract = {Background: The sea slug Tritonia diomedea (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia), has a simple and highly accessible nervous system, making it useful for studying neuronal and synaptic mechanisms underlying behavior. Although many important contributions have been made using Tritonia, until now, a lack of genetic information has impeded exploration at themolecular level. Results: We performed Illumina sequencing of central nervous system mRNAs from Tritonia , generating 133.1 million 100 base pair, paired-end reads. De novo reconstruction of the RNA-Seq data yielded a total of 185,546 contigs, which partitioned into 123,154 non-redundant gene clusters (unigenes). BLAST comparison with RefSeq and Swiss-Prot protein databases, as well as mRNA data from other invertebrates (gastropod molluscs: Aplysia californica, Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria glabrata; cnidarian: Nematostella vectensis) revealed that up to 76,292 unigenes in the Tritonia transcriptome have putative homologues in other databases, 18,246 of which are below a more stringent E-value cut-off of 1x10-6. In silico prediction of secreted proteins from the Tritonia transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) produced a database of 579 unique sequences of secreted proteins, which also exhibited markedly higher expression levels compared to other genes in the TSA. Conclusions: Our efforts greatly expand the availability of gene sequences available for Tritonia diomedea. We were able to extract full length protein sequences for most queried genes, including those involved in electrical excitability, synaptic vesicle release and neurotransmission, thus confirming that the transcriptome will serve as a useful tool for probing the molecular correlates of behavior in this species. We also generated a neurosecretome database that will serve as a useful tool for probing peptidergic signalling systems in the Tritonia brain.},\nauthor = {Senatore, Adriano and Edirisinghe, Neranjan and Katz, Paul S.},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118321},\neditor = {Mills, Ken},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLOS ONE},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {e0118321},\npmid = {25719197},\npublisher = {Public Library of Science},\ntitle = {{Deep mRNA Sequencing of the Tritonia diomedea Brain Transcriptome Provides Access to Gene Homologues for Neuronal Excitability, Synaptic Transmission and Peptidergic Signalling}},\nurl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25719197 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4342343 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118321},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cross-platform metabolic profiling: application to the aquatic model organism Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tufi, S.; Lamoree, M. H.; De Boer, J.; and Leonards, P. E. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407(7): 1901–1912. mar 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cross-platform$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00084,\nabstract = {The freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is used in several studies on molecular and behavioral neurobiology and ecotoxicology showing its successful application as a model organism. In the present study, a cross-platform metabolomic approach has been evaluated to characterize the organ molecular phenotypes of L. stagnalis central nervous system (CNS), digestive gland (DG), and albumen gland (AG). Two types of tissue disruption methods were evaluated of which beads beating was the preferred method. To obtain a broad picture of the hydrophilic and lipophilic metabolome, two complementary analytical platforms have been employed: liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, to increase the power to separate small polar metabolites, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was applied. The analytical platform performances have been evaluated based on the metabolome coverage, number of molecular features, reproducibility, and multivariate data analysis (MVDA) clustering. This multiplatform approach is a starting point for future global metabolic profiling applications on L. stagnalis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tufi, Sara and Lamoree, Marja H. and {De Boer}, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00216-014-8431-2},\nissn = {1618-2642},\njournal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},\nkeywords = {Cross-platform,GC-MS,HILIC,LC-MS,Lymnaea stagnalis,Metabolomics},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {1901--1912},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Cross-platform metabolic profiling: application to the aquatic model organism Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-014-8431-2 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-014-8431-2},\nvolume = {407},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Metabolomics to Explore Imidacloprid-Induced Toxicity in the Central Nervous System of the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tufi, S.; Stel, J. M.; de Boer, J.; Lamoree, M. H.; and Leonards, P. E. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Science & Technology, 49(24): 14529–14536. dec 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Metabolomics$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00103,\nabstract = {Modern toxicology is seeking new testing methods to better understand toxicological effects. One of the most concerning chemicals is the neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid. Although imidacloprid is designed to target insects, recent studies have shown adverse effects on nontarget species. Metabolomics was applied to investigate imidacloprid-induced sublethal toxicity in the central nervous system of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The snails (n = 10 snails) were exposed for 10 days to increasing imidacloprid concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 $\\mu$g/L). The comparison between control and exposure groups highlighted the involvement and perturbation of many biological pathways. The levels of several metabolites belonging to different metabolite classes were significantly changed by imidacloprid exposure. A change in the amino acids and nucleotide metabolites like tryptophan, proline, phenylalanine, uridine, and guanosine was found. Many fatty acids were down-regulated, and the levels of the polyamines, spermidine and putrescine, were found to be increased which is an indication of neuron cell injury. A turnover increase between choline and acetylcholine led us to hypothesize an increase in cholinergic gene expression to overcome imidacloprid binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Metabolomics revealed imidacloprid induced metabolic changes at low and environmentally relevant concentration in a nontarget species and generated a novel mechanistic hypothesis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tufi, Sara and Stel, Jente M. and de Boer, Jacob and Lamoree, Marja H. and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\ndoi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b03282},\nissn = {0013-936X},\njournal = {Environmental Science {\\&} Technology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {24},\npages = {14529--14536},\npublisher = {ACS Publications},\ntitle = {{Metabolomics to Explore Imidacloprid-Induced Toxicity in the Central Nervous System of the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b03282 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b03282},\nvolume = {49},\nyear = {2015}\n}\n

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\n \n 2014\n \n \n (24)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Oxidative-stress induced increase in circulating fatty acids does not contribute to phospholipase A2-dependent appetitive long-term memory failure in the pond snail Lymnaeastagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beaulieu, E.; Ioffe, J.; Watson, S. N.; Hermann, P. M.; and Wildering, W. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Neuroscience, 15(1): 56. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Oxidative-stress$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00281,\nabstract = {Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for normal physiological functioning of the brain. However, uncompensated increase in ROS levels may results in oxidative stress. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the key players activated by elevated ROS levels resulting in the hydrolysis of various products from the plasmamembrane such as peroxidized fatty acids. Free fatty acids (FFAs) and fatty acid metabolites are often implicated to the genesis of cognitive impairment. Previously we have shown that age-, and experimentally induced oxidative stress causes PLA2-dependent long-term memory (LTM) failure in an aversive operant conditioning model in Lymnaea stagnalis. In the present study, we investigate the effects of experimentally induced oxidative stress and the role of elevated levels of circulating FFAs on LTM function using a non-aversive appetitive classical conditioning paradigm.Results: We show that intracoelomic injection of exogenous PLA2 or pro-oxidant induced PLA2 activation negatively affects LTM performance in our learning paradigm. In addition, we show that experimental induction of oxidative stress causes significant temporal changes in circulating FFA levels. Importantly, the time of training coincides with the peak of this change in lipid metabolism. However, intracoelomic injection with exogenous arachidonic acid, one of the main FFAs released by PLA2, does not affect LTM function. Moreover, sequestrating circulating FFAs with the aid of bovine serum albumin does not rescue pro-oxidant induced appetitive LTM failure.Conclusions: Our data substantiates previous evidence linking lipid peroxidation and PLA2 activation to age- and oxidative stress-related cognitive impairment, neuronal dysfunction and disease. In addition however, our data indicate that lipid peroxidation induced increased levels of circulating (per)oxidized FFAs are not a factor in oxidative stress induced LTM impairment. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Beaulieu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Beaulieu, Emily and Ioffe, Julie and Watson, Shawn N. and Hermann, Petra M. and Wildering, Willem C.},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2202-15-56},\nissn = {1471-2202},\njournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Arachidonic acid,Classical conditioning,Cognitive impairment,Free fatty acid,Invertebrate,Lipid peroxidation,Mollusc,Oxidative stress,Phospholipase A2},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {56},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Oxidative-stress induced increase in circulating fatty acids does not contribute to phospholipase A2-dependent appetitive long-term memory failure in the pond snail Lymnaeastagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2202-15-56 http://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-15-56},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for normal physiological functioning of the brain. However, uncompensated increase in ROS levels may results in oxidative stress. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the key players activated by elevated ROS levels resulting in the hydrolysis of various products from the plasmamembrane such as peroxidized fatty acids. Free fatty acids (FFAs) and fatty acid metabolites are often implicated to the genesis of cognitive impairment. Previously we have shown that age-, and experimentally induced oxidative stress causes PLA2-dependent long-term memory (LTM) failure in an aversive operant conditioning model in Lymnaea stagnalis. In the present study, we investigate the effects of experimentally induced oxidative stress and the role of elevated levels of circulating FFAs on LTM function using a non-aversive appetitive classical conditioning paradigm.Results: We show that intracoelomic injection of exogenous PLA2 or pro-oxidant induced PLA2 activation negatively affects LTM performance in our learning paradigm. In addition, we show that experimental induction of oxidative stress causes significant temporal changes in circulating FFA levels. Importantly, the time of training coincides with the peak of this change in lipid metabolism. However, intracoelomic injection with exogenous arachidonic acid, one of the main FFAs released by PLA2, does not affect LTM function. Moreover, sequestrating circulating FFAs with the aid of bovine serum albumin does not rescue pro-oxidant induced appetitive LTM failure.Conclusions: Our data substantiates previous evidence linking lipid peroxidation and PLA2 activation to age- and oxidative stress-related cognitive impairment, neuronal dysfunction and disease. In addition however, our data indicate that lipid peroxidation induced increased levels of circulating (per)oxidized FFAs are not a factor in oxidative stress induced LTM impairment. © 2014 Beaulieu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neurons Involved in the Non-Synaptic Coordination of Motor Buccal Rhythms in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'yakonova, T. L.; and D'yakonova, V. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 44(3): 292–300. mar 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neurons$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00707,\nabstract = {Previous studies have shown that one version of the coordination of the central buccal generator in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis with the rhythm of neuron B2, which controls esophageal motility, is associated with the occurrence of giant hyperpolarization waves on B2 neurons. The present report describes new neurons which appear to be the source of these waves on neuron B2. Stimulation of these cells induces deep and long-lasting direct non-synaptic inhibition of neuron B2. In addition, these neurons could increase the frequency of the buccal rhythm and depolarize motoneuron B4, which plays a role in the buccal rhythm; nitric oxide increased their effects. These results provide evidence that identified neurons may coordinate motor feeding rhythms via a volume transmission mechanism. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {D'yakonova, T. L. and D'yakonova, V. E.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-014-9909-2},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {central motor rhythm generator,extrasynaptic effect,mollusk,neuromodulation,volume transmission},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {292--300},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Neurons Involved in the Non-Synaptic Coordination of Motor Buccal Rhythms in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-014-9909-2 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-014-9909-2},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Menin: A Tumor Suppressor That Mediates Postsynaptic Receptor Expression and Synaptogenesis between Central Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Flynn, N.; Getz, A.; Visser, F.; Janes, T. A.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 9(10): e111103. oct 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Menin:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00202,\nabstract = {Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) support neuronal survival, differentiation, and even synaptic plasticity both during development and throughout the life of an organism. However, their precise roles in central synapse formation remain unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that excitatory synapse formation in Lymnaea stagnalis requires a source of extrinsic NTFs and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation. Here we show that NTFs such as Lymnaea epidermal growth factor (L-EGF) act through RTKs to trigger a specific subset of intracellular signalling events in the postsynaptic neuron, which lead to the activation of the tumor suppressor menin, encoded by Lymnaea MEN1 (L-MEN1) and the expression of excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We provide direct evidence that the activation of the MAPK/ERK cascade is required for the expression of nAChRs, and subsequent synapse formation between pairs of neurons in vitro. Furthermore, we show that L-menin activation is sufficient for the expression of postsynaptic excitatory nAChRs and subsequent synapse formation in media devoid of NTFs. By extending our findings in situ, we reveal the necessity of EGFRs in mediating synapse formation between a single transplanted neuron and its intact presynaptic partner. Moreover, deficits in excitatory synapse formation following EGFR knock-down can be rescued by injecting synthetic L-MEN1 mRNA in the intact central nervous system. Taken together, this study provides the first direct evidence that NTFs functioning via RTKs activate the MEN1 gene, which appears sufficient to regulate synapse formation between central neurons. Our study also offers a novel developmental role for menin beyond tumour suppression in adult humans.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Flynn, Nichole and Getz, Angela and Visser, Frank and Janes, Tara A. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0111103},\neditor = {Spafford, J. David},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {e111103},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{Menin: A Tumor Suppressor That Mediates Postsynaptic Receptor Expression and Synaptogenesis between Central Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111103 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111103},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Phospholipase A2 - nexus of aging, oxidative stress, neuronal excitability, and functional decline of the aging nervous system? Insights from a snail model system of neuronal aging and age-associated memory impairment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Watson, S. N.; and Wildering, W. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Genetics, 5(DEC). 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Phospholipase$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00811,\nabstract = {The aging brain undergoes a range of changes varying from subtle structural and physiological changes causing only minor functional decline under healthy normal aging conditions, to severe cognitive or neurological impairment associated with extensive loss of neurons and circuits due to age-associated neurodegenerative disease conditions. Understanding how biological aging processes affect the brain and how they contribute to the onset and progress of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is a core research goal in contemporary neuroscience. This review focuses on the idea that changes in intrinsic neuronal electrical excitability associated with (per)oxidation of membrane lipids and activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are an important mechanism of learning and memory failure under normal aging conditions. Specifically, in the context of this special issue on the biology of cognitive aging we portray the opportunities offered by the identifiable neurons and behaviorally characterized neural circuits of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in neuronal aging research and recapitulate recent insights indicating a key role of lipid peroxidation-induced PLA2 as instruments of aging, oxidative stress and inflammation in age-associated neuronal and memory impairment in this model system. The findings are discussed in view of accumulating evidence suggesting involvement of analogous mechanisms in the etiology of age-associated dysfunction and disease of the human and mammalian brain.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Watson, Shawn N. and Wildering, Willem C.},\ndoi = {10.3389/fgene.2014.00419},\nissn = {16648021},\njournal = {Frontiers in Genetics},\nkeywords = {Age-associated memory impairment (AMI),Aging,Lipid peroxidation,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuronal excitability,Neuronal plasticity,Phospholipases A2},\nnumber = {DEC},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Phospholipase A2 - nexus of aging, oxidative stress, neuronal excitability, and functional decline of the aging nervous system? Insights from a snail model system of neuronal aging and age-associated memory impairment}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2014.00419/full},\nvolume = {5},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n MISFET-based biosensing interface for neurons guided growth and neuronal electrical activities recording.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Larramendy, F.; Bendali, A.; Blatché, M.; Mathieu, F.; Picaud, S.; Temple-Boyer, P.; and Nicu, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 203: 375–381. nov 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"MISFET-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00874,\nabstract = {A hybrid circuit of a transistor-based chip was implemented and characterized for the neuronal electrical activity recording. The integration of microfluidic architectures was developed to control precisely neurites outgrowth and form topologically defined and stable neural networks. Individual neural cells from rat retinae and Lymnaea stagnalis snails were immobilized on gates regions of Metal Insulator Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MISFET). Neuronal orientation was achieved in both cases but neuronal action potentials were only recorded in the L. stagnalis case. They were successfully triggered and inhibited by implementing a picrotoxin - GABA - picrotoxin injection protocol, exhibiting a direct influence of picrotoxin on the "spike type" action potential waveform. The implementation of the whole process of neuronal culture and subsequent activity monitoring constitutes a proof-of-principle experiment for the development of neuroelectronic systems for signal processing studies adapted to low-density neuronal cultures. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Larramendy, F. and Bendali, A. and Blatch{\\'{e}}, M.C. and Mathieu, F. and Picaud, S. and Temple-Boyer, P. and Nicu, L.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.106},\nissn = {09254005},\njournal = {Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical},\nkeywords = {Action potential measurement,FET microdevice,Neuronal interface},\nmonth = {nov},\npages = {375--381},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{MISFET-based biosensing interface for neurons guided growth and neuronal electrical activities recording}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400514007953?casa{\\_}token=A7wPa{\\_}aMsXoAAAAA:{\\_}vArVwBpnFeeP8ofBjlih{\\_}xjNIqpe-GyVo0lR6aKkuGtEcj2LogWOqqDNlRDi90rspAHf44n https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925400514007953},\nvolume = {203},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Environmentally relevant stressors alter memory formation in the pond snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Sunada, H.; Teskey, M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Dalesman, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(1): 76–83. jan 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Environmentally$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00527,\nabstract = {Stress alters adaptive behaviours such as learning and memory. Stressors can either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We focus attention here on how environmentally relevant stressors alter learning, memory and forgetting in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Operant conditioning of aerial respiration causes associative learning that may lead to long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, individual ecologically relevant stressors, combinations of stressors, and bio-active substances can alter whether or not learning occurs or memory forms. While the behavioural memory phenotype may be similar as a result of exposure to different stressors, how each stressor alters memory formation may occur differently. In addition, when a combination of stressors are presented it is difficult to predict ahead of time what the outcome will be regarding memory formation. Thus, how combinations of stressors act is an emergent property of how the snail perceives the stressors. {\\textcopyright} 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Kai and Sunada, Hiroshi and Teskey, Morgan and Lukowiak, Kai and Dalesman, Sarah},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.089441},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Environmental impact,Long-Term memory,Memory formation,Operant conditioning,Social snails},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {76--83},\npmid = {24353206},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Environmentally relevant stressors alter memory formation in the pond snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/217/1/76.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.089441},\nvolume = {217},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhanced memory persistence is blocked by a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Heckler, B.; Bennett, T. E.; Schriner, E. K.; Wyrick, K.; Jewett, C.; Todd, R. P.; and Sorg, B. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(16): 2920–2929. aug 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Enhanced$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00125,\nabstract = {Lymnaea stagnalis provides an excellent model system for studying memory because these snails have a well-described set of neurons, a single one of which controls expression of long-term memory of operantly conditioned respiratory behavior. We have shown that several different manipulations, including pre-training exposure to serotonin (5-HT) or methamphetamine, submersion of snails after training to prevent memory interference, and exposure to effluent from predatory crayfish (CE), enhance memory persistence. Changes in DNA methylation underlie formation of strong memories in mammals and 5-HT-enhanced long-term facilitation in Aplysia. Here we determined the impact of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA; 87 $\\mu$mol l-1), on enhanced memory persistence by all four manipulations. We found that 5-HT (100 $\\mu$mol l-1) enhanced memory persistence, which was blocked by 5-AZA pretreatment. Snails pre-exposed to 3.3 $\\mu$mol l-1 Meth 4 h prior to training demonstrated memory 72 h later, which was not present in controls. This memory-enhancing effect was blocked by pretreatment with 87 $\\mu$mol l-1 5-AZA. Similarly, submersion to prevent interference learning as well as training in CE produced memory that was not present in controls, and these effects were blocked by pretreatment with 87 $\\mu$mol l-1 5-AZA. In contrast, 5-AZA injection did not alter expression of normal (non-enhanced) memory, suggesting that these four stimuli enhance memory persistence by increasing DNA methyltransferase activity, which, in turn, increases expression of memory-enhancing genes and/or inhibits memory suppressor genes. These studies lay important groundwork for delineating gene methylation changes that are common to persistent memory produced by different stimuli.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Heckler, Benjamin and Bennett, Thomas E. and Schriner, Ellen K. and Wyrick, Kathryn and Jewett, Cynthia and Todd, Ryan P. and Sorg, Barbara A.},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.106765},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {DNA methylation,Epigenetics,Forgetting,Long-term memory,Methamphetamine,Snail},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {16},\npages = {2920--2929},\npmid = {24902747},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Enhanced memory persistence is blocked by a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/217/16/2920.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.106765},\nvolume = {217},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Unraveling the complexities of circadian and sleep interactions with memory formation through invertebrate research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Michel, M.; and Lyons, L. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in System Neuroscience, 8(AUG). 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Unraveling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00944,\nabstract = {Across phylogeny, the endogenous biological clock has been recognized as providing adaptive advantages to organisms through coordination of physiological and behavioral processes. Recent research has emphasized the role of circadian modulation of memory in generating peaks and troughs in cognitive performance. The circadian clock along with homeostatic processes also regulates sleep, which itself impacts the formation and consolidation of memory. Thus, the circadian clock, sleep and memory form a triad with ongoing dynamic interactions. With technological advances and the development of a global 24/7 society, understanding the mechanisms underlying these connections becomes pivotal for development of therapeutic treatments for memory disorders and to address issues in cognitive performance arising from non-traditional work schedules. Invertebrate models, such as Drosophila melanogaster and the mollusks Aplysia and Lymnaea, have proven invaluable tools for identification of highly conserved molecular processes in memory. Recent research from invertebrate systems has outlined the influence of sleep and the circadian clock upon synaptic plasticity. In this review, we discuss the effects of the circadian clock and sleep on memory formation in invertebrates drawing attention to the potential of in vivo and in vitro approaches that harness the power of simple invertebrate systems to correlate individual cellular processes with complex behaviors. In conclusion, this review highlights how studies in invertebrates with relatively simple nervous systems can provide mechanistic insights into corresponding behaviors in higher organisms and can be used to outline possible therapeutic options to guide further targeted inquiry. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Michel and Lyons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Michel, Maximilian and Lyons, Lisa C.},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnsys.2014.00133},\nissn = {16625137},\njournal = {Frontiers in System Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Circadian rhythms,Invertebrates,Learning and memory,Sleep},\nnumber = {AUG},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Unraveling the complexities of circadian and sleep interactions with memory formation through invertebrate research}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00133/full http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00133/abstract},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n What are the elements of motivation for acquisition of conditioned taste aversion?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mita, K.; Okuta, A.; Okada, R.; Hatakeyama, D.; Otsuka, E.; Yamagishi, M.; Morikawa, M.; Naganuma, Y.; Fujito, Y.; Dyakonova, V.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 107: 1–12. jan 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"What$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00516,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of being classically conditioned to avoid food and to consolidate this aversion into a long-term memory (LTM). Previous studies have shown that the length of food deprivation is important for both the acquisition of taste aversion and its consolidation into LTM, which is referred to as conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Here we tested the hypothesis that the hemolymph glucose concentration is an important factor in the learning and memory of CTA. One-day food deprivation resulted in the best learning and memory, whereas more prolonged food deprivation had diminishing effects. Five-day food deprivation resulted in snails incapable of learning or remembering. During this food deprivation period, the hemolymph glucose concentration decreased. If snails were fed for 2. days following the 5-day food deprivation, their glucose levels increased significantly and they exhibited both learning and memory, but neither learning nor memory was as good as with the 1-day food-deprived snails. Injection of the snails with insulin to reduce glucose levels resulted in better learning and memory. Insulin is also known to cause a long-term enhancement of synaptic transmission between the feeding-related neurons. On the other hand, injection of glucose into 5-day food-deprived snails did not alter their inability to learn and remember. However, if these snails were fed on sucrose for 3. min, they then exhibited learning and memory formation. Our data suggest that hemolymph glucose concentration is an important factor in motivating acquisition of CTA in Lymnaea and that the action of insulin in the brain and the feeding behavior are also important factors. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Mita, Koichi and Okuta, Akiko and Okada, Ryuichi and Hatakeyama, Dai and Otsuka, Emi and Yamagishi, Miki and Morikawa, Mika and Naganuma, Yuki and Fujito, Yutaka and Dyakonova, Varvara and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.013},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Deprivation,Glucose,Hemolymph,Insulin,Lymnaea,Motivation,Sucrose},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {1--12},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{What are the elements of motivation for acquisition of conditioned taste aversion?}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742713002086 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742713002086},\nvolume = {107},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An increase in insulin is important for the acquisition conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mita, K.; Yamagishi, M.; Fujito, Y.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 116: 132–138. dec 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00232,\nabstract = {Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in Lymnaea is brought about by pairing a sucrose solution (the conditioned stimulus, CS) with an electric shock (the unconditioned stimulus, US). Following repeated CS-US pairings, CTA occurs and it is consolidated into long-term memory (LTM). The best CTA is achieved, if snails are food-deprived for 1. day before training commences. With a longer period of food deprivation (5. days), learning and memory formation does not occur. It has been hypothesized that the levels of insulin in the central nervous system (CNS) are very important for CTA to occur. To test his hypothesis, we injected insulin directly into 5-day food-deprived snails. The injection of insulin, as expected, resulted in a decrease in hemolymph glucose concentration. Consistent with our hypothesis with insulin injection, learning and memory formation of CTA occurred. That is, the 'insulin spike' is more important than an increase in hemolymph glucose concentration for CTA-LTM. If we injected an insulin receptor antibody into the snails before the insulin injection, learning was formed but memory formation was not, which is consistent with our previous study. Therefore, a rise in the insulin concentration (i.e., insulin spike) in the CNS is considered to be a key determining factor in the process of CTA-LTM.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Mita, Koichi and Yamagishi, Miki and Fujito, Yutaka and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2014.10.006},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Deprivation,Glucose,Hemolymph,Insulin,Lymnaea,Motivation,Sucrose},\nmonth = {dec},\npages = {132--138},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{An increase in insulin is important for the acquisition conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742714001853 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742714001853},\nvolume = {116},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n pT305-CaMKII stabilizes a learning-induced increase in AMPA receptors for ongoing memory consolidation after classical conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Naskar, S.; Wan, H.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Communications, 5(1): 3967. sep 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"pT305-CaMKII$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00979,\nabstract = {The role of CaMKII in learning-induced activation and trafficking of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is well established. However, the link between the phosphorylation state of CaMKII and the agonist-triggered proteasomal degradation of AMPARs during memory consolidation remains unknown. Here we describe a novel CaMKII-dependent mechanism by which a learning-induced increase in AMPAR levels is stabilized for consolidation of associative long-term memory. Six hours after classical conditioning the levels of both autophosphorylated pT305-CaMKII and GluA1 type AMPAR subunits are significantly elevated in the ganglia containing the learning circuits of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. CaMKIINtide treatment significantly reduces the learning-induced elevation of both pT305-CaMKII and GluA1 levels and impairs associative long-term memory. Inhibition of proteasomal activity offsets the deleterious effects of CaMKIINtide on both GluA1 levels and long-term memory. These findings suggest that increased levels of pT305-CaMKII play a role in AMPAR-dependent memory consolidation by reducing proteasomal degradation of GluA1 receptor subunits. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Naskar, Souvik and Wan, Huimin and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1038/ncomms4967},\nissn = {2041-1723},\njournal = {Nature Communications},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {3967},\npmid = {24875483},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{pT305-CaMKII stabilizes a learning-induced increase in AMPA receptors for ongoing memory consolidation after classical conditioning}},\nurl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4967?origin=ppub http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4967},\nvolume = {5},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular Identification of First Putative Aquaporins in Snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pieńkowska, J. R.; Kosicka, E.; Wojtkowska, M.; Kmita, H.; and Lesicki, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Membrane Biology, 247(3): 239–252. mar 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00705,\nabstract = {Aquaporins (AQPs), also known as water channel proteins, are members of a large protein family termed Major Intrinsic Proteins (MIP). The mammalian AQPs have been most comprehensively described, while knowledge about AQPs in invertebrates is limited mainly to insects. Not a single AQP protein has been described in snails to date. Consequently, we decided to search for the proteins in gastropod representatives, namely Lymnaea stagnalis, Catascopia occulta, and Stagnicola palustris (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Lymnaeidae). Using the molecular approach, we identified L. stagnalis, C. occulta, and S. palustris open reading frames (ORFs) showing homology to AQP genes available in GenBank database, and characterized the encoded proteins, referred to as LsAQP1, CoAQP1, and SpAQP1, respectively. The putative snail aquaporins contain 299 amino acids, have a molecular mass of about 32 kDa, display the general AQP topology and three-dimensional structure congruent with orthodox AQPs, i.e., water-specific ones. Due to high levels of similarity in their characteristics, LsAQP1 was chosen for further studies, as the obtained results were supposed to be applicable for CoAQP1 and SpAQP1. Expression analysis revealed the presence of LsAQP1 transcript in the digestive tract, the cerebral ganglia, the kidney, the reproductive system, and the foot, suggesting that LsAQP1 as well as CoAQP1 and SpAQP1 are ubiquitous proteins and may play important roles in many essential water transport processes. The role appears to be confirmed by results of the yeast growth complementation assay pointing at functionality of LsAQP1. Thus, the obtained results support the AQP expression in gastropod tissues for the first time. {\\textcopyright} 2014 The Author(s).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Pie{\\'{n}}kowska, Joanna R. and Kosicka, Ewa and Wojtkowska, Ma{\\l}gorzata and Kmita, Hanna and Lesicki, Andrzej},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00232-014-9629-0},\nissn = {0022-2631},\njournal = {The Journal of Membrane Biology},\nkeywords = {Aquaporin,Catascopia occulta,Gastropoda,Lymnaea stagnalis,Stagnicola palustris},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {239--252},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Molecular Identification of First Putative Aquaporins in Snails}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00232-014-9629-0 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00232-014-9629-0},\nvolume = {247},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reversal of Age-Related Learning Deficiency by the Vertebrate PACAP and IGF-1 in a Novel Invertebrate Model of Aging: The Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pirger, Z; Naskar, S; Laszlo, Z.; Kemenes, G.; Regl di , D.; and Kemenes, I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 69(11): 1331–1338. nov 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Reversal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00717,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Pirger, Z and Naskar, S and Laszlo, Z. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Regl di, D. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}}},\ndoi = {10.1093/gerona/glu068},\nissn = {1079-5006},\njournal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {1331--1338},\ntitle = {{Reversal of Age-Related Learning Deficiency by the Vertebrate PACAP and IGF-1 in a Novel Invertebrate Model of Aging: The Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {http://bps.conference-services.net/resources/344/3146/pdf/BSPNEURO2012{\\_}0035.pdf https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/gerona/glu068},\nvolume = {69},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reversal of Age-Related Learning Deficiency by the Vertebrate PACAP and IGF-1 in a Novel Invertebrate Model of Aging: The Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pirger, Z.; Naskar, S.; Laszlo, Z.; Kemenes, G.; Regl di , D.; and Kemenes, I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 69(11): 1331–1338. nov 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Reversal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Pirger2014a,\nabstract = {With the increase of life span, nonpathological age-related memory decline is affecting an increasing number of people. However, there is evidence that age-associated memory impairment only suspends, rather than irreversibly extinguishes, the intrinsic capacity of the aging nervous system for plasticity (1). Here, using a molluscan model system, we show that the age-related decline in memory performance can be reversed by administration of the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). Our earlier findings showed that a homolog of the vertebrate PACAP38 and its receptors exist in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) brain (2), and it is both necessary and instructive for memory formation after reward conditioning in young animals (3). Here we show that exogenous PACAP38 boosts memory formation in aged Lymnaea, where endogenous PACAP38 levels are low in the brain. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1, which in vertebrates was shown to transactivate PACAP type I (PAC1) receptors (4) also boosts memory formation in aged pond snails. Due to the evolutionarily conserved nature of these polypeptides and their established role in memory and synaptic plasticity, there is a very high probability that they could also act as "memory rejuvenating" agents in humans.},\nauthor = {Pirger, Zsolt and Naskar, Souvik and Laszlo, Z. and Kemenes, G. and Regl di, D. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}}},\ndoi = {10.1093/gerona/glu068},\nissn = {1079-5006},\njournal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences},\nkeywords = {Learning,Memory,PACAP},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {1331--1338},\npmid = {24846768},\ntitle = {{Reversal of Age-Related Learning Deficiency by the Vertebrate PACAP and IGF-1 in a Novel Invertebrate Model of Aging: The Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)}},\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/69/11/1331/2947722 https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/gerona/glu068},\nvolume = {69},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Novel interactive effects of darkness and retinoid signaling in the ability to form long-term memory following aversive operant conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rothwell, C. M.; Simmons, J.; Peters, G.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 114: 251–263. oct 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Novel$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00972,\nabstract = {The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, is important for memory formation and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vertebrate species. In our studies in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, we have shown that retinoic acid plays a role in memory formation following operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behaviour. Inhibition of either retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) or the retinoid receptors prevents long-term memory (LTM) formation, whereas synthetic retinoid receptor agonists promote memory formation by converting intermediate-term memory (ITM) into LTM. In this study, animals were exposed to constant darkness in order to test whether light-sensitive retinoic acid would promote memory formation. However, we found that exposure to constant darkness alone (in the absence of retinoic acid) enhanced memory formation. To determine whether the memory-promoting effects of darkness could override the memory-inhibiting effects of the retinoid signaling inhibitors, we exposed snails to RALDH inhibitors or a retinoid receptor antagonist in constant darkness. We found that darkness overcame the inhibitory effects of RALDH inhibition, but did not overcome the inhibitory effects of the retinoid receptor antagonist. We also tested whether constant darkness and training affected the mRNA levels of the retinoid metabolic enzymes RALDH and Cyp26, or the mRNA levels of the retinoid receptors, but found no significant effect. Overall, these data demonstrate an interaction between environmental light conditions and the retinoid signaling pathway, which influence long-term memory formation in a mollusc. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Rothwell, Cailin M. and Simmons, Jason and Peters, Grace and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2014.07.007},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiration,Invertebrate,Learning,Mollusc,Retinoic acid},\nmonth = {oct},\npages = {251--263},\npmid = {25062644},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Novel interactive effects of darkness and retinoid signaling in the ability to form long-term memory following aversive operant conditioning}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742714001348?casa{\\_}token=WrAY{\\_}jskuFkAAAAA:-aO0e9MPITi432mxQXePSfMzWJSbLXUO9rV72KEJSy7vBVEfWiTERd3mTgGnta9bHb0AZatD https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742714001348},\nvolume = {114},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Retinoid signaling is necessary for, and promotes long-term memory formation following operant conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rothwell, C. M.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 114: 127–140. oct 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Retinoid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00981,\nabstract = {Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, is proposed to play an important role in vertebrate learning and memory, as well as hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, it has not yet been determined whether retinoic acid plays a similar role in learning and memory in invertebrates. In this study, we report that retinoid signaling in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, is required for long-term memory formation following operant conditioning of its aerial respiratory behaviour. Animals were exposed to inhibitors of the RALDH enzyme (which synthesizes retinoic acid), or various retinoid receptor antagonists. Following exposure to these inhibitors, neither learning nor intermediate-term memory (lasting 2. h) was affected, but long-term memory formation (tested at either 24 or 72. h) was inhibited. We next demonstrated that various retinoid receptor agonists promoted long-term memory formation. Using a training paradigm shown only to produce intermediate-term memory (lasting 2. h, but not 24. h) we found that exposure of animals to synthetic retinoids promoted memory formation that lasted up to 30. h. These findings suggest that the role of retinoids in memory formation is ancient in origin, and that retinoid signaling is also important for the formation of implicit memories, in addition to its previously demonstrated role in hippocampal-dependent memories. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Rothwell, Cailin M. and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2014.05.010},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiration,Invertebrate,Learning,Retinoic acid},\nmonth = {oct},\npages = {127--140},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Retinoid signaling is necessary for, and promotes long-term memory formation following operant conditioning}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742714001166?casa{\\_}token=icb3DbbbUs8AAAAA:pB1kFV08lgQ1Z1CR4f1AwuY{\\_}8urczToKMFdGyxJh9eOdFpAmr4m1dQhUg-8l6BZIIZ6ZQH47 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742714001166},\nvolume = {114},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Newly identified characteristic of taste avoidance conditioning with high voltage as an unconditional stimulus in lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Takigami, S.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, 134(7): 887–890. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Newly$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00052,\nabstract = {Based on the newly established taste avoidance conditioning paradigm, Lymnaea can learn the temporal sequence of sucrose application and subsequent applied high voltage with small current resulting in significant suppression of feeding response to sucrose. The most efficient condition to acquire the long-term memory (LTM) is obtained by 15 paired presentations of a conditional stimulus (CS) and an unconditional stimulus (US). This repetition number for LTM acquisition is different among the taste avoidance conditioning employed as US, such as KCl, mechanical tapping and electrical high voltage however the behavioral modification is thought to activate the same neuronal circuit via RPeD11 which is the inter neuron to control the whole-body withdrawal response. All of these USs are thought to be recognized as a noxious stimulus sensing at RPeD11. {\\textcopyright} 2014 The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Takigami, Satoshi and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1541/ieejeiss.134.887},\nissn = {13488155},\njournal = {IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems},\nkeywords = {Electrical stimulation,Intracellular recording,Massed learning,RPeD11,Spaced learning,Taste avoidance conditioning},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {887--890},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Newly identified characteristic of taste avoidance conditioning with high voltage as an unconditional stimulus in lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394013008665},\nvolume = {134},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Protein kinase C mediates memory consolidation of taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Takigami, S.; Sunada, H.; Lukowiak, K.; Kuzirian, A. M.; Alkon, D. L.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 111: 9–18. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Protein$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Takigami2014,\nabstract = {In Lymnaea stagnalis, in order to obtain a 10. min short-term memory (STM) of taste avoidance conditioning (TAC) at least 10 paired presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS), sucrose, and an unconditioned stimulus (US), tactile stimulation to the animal's head, are required. Pre-exposure of snails to the protein kinase C (PKC) $\\alpha$ and $\\epsilon$ activator bryostatin (Bryo) facilitated STM formation in that only 5 paired CS-US trials were required. Typically 20 paired presentations of the CS-US are required for formation of STM and LTM. However, 20 paired presentations do not result in STM or LTM if snails are pre-incubated with a PKC inhibitor, Ro-32-0432. We also found that LTM lasting longer than 48. h was acquired with Bryo incubation for 45. min even after termination of the conditioning paradigm. These data suggest that activation of the $\\alpha$ and $\\epsilon$ isozymes of PKC is crucially involved in the formation of LTM and provide further support for a mechanism that has been conserved across the evolution of species ranging from invertebrate molluscs to higher mammals. {\\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Inc.},\nauthor = {Takigami, Satoshi and Sunada, Hiroshi and Lukowiak, Ken and Kuzirian, Alan M. and Alkon, Daniel L. and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.011},\nfile = {:E$\\backslash$:/OneDrive - University of Toronto/Documents/School/Manuscripts/Caltubin - CREB/Additional references/Takigami et al 2014.pdf:pdf},\nissn = {10959564},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Bryostatin,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory consolidation,Protein kinase C,Ro-32-0432,Short-term memory,Taste avoidance conditioning},\npages = {9--18},\npublisher = {Elsevier Inc.},\ntitle = {{Protein kinase C mediates memory consolidation of taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.011},\nvolume = {111},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Spaced taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Takigami, S.; Sunada, H.; Lukowiak, K.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 107: 79–86. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Spaced$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00241,\nabstract = {We succeeded in taste avoidance conditioning with sucrose as the conditional stimulus (CS) and an electrical stimulus ({\\~{}}1000. V, 80. $\\mu$A) as the unconditional stimulus (US). With 15 paired CS-US presentations on a single day, we were able to elicit both short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) persisting for at least one week. However, while STM was elicited with 5, 8, 10, and 20 paired presentations of the CS-US on a single day, LTM was not. We found, however, that if we inserted a 3. h interval between a first and a second set of CS-US pairings that both 8 and 20 paired CS-US presentations on a single day was now sufficient to cause LTM formation. Exposing snails to bryostatin before or during training enhanced LTM formation such that 8 paired presentations of the CS-US resulted in LTM. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Takigami, Satoshi and Sunada, Hiroshi and Lukowiak, Ken and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.022},\nissn = {10959564},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {High voltage stimulus,Long term memory,Massed training,Protein kinase C,Short term memory,Spaced training,Taste avoidance conditioning},\npages = {79--86},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Spaced taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742713002189},\nvolume = {107},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Iersel, S.; Swart, E. M.; Nakadera, Y.; van Straalen, N. M.; and Koene, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Visualized Experiments, (88). jun 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effect$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00706,\nabstract = {In internally fertilizing animals, seminal fluid is usually added to the spermatozoa, together forming the semen or ejaculate. Besides nourishing and activating sperm, the components in the seminal fluid can also influence female physiology to augment fertilization success of the sperm donor. While many studies have reported such effects in species with separate sexes, few studies have addressed this in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. This video protocol presents a method to study effects of seminal fluid in gastropods, using a simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, as model organism. While the procedure is shown using complete prostate gland extracts, individual components (i.e., proteins, peptides, and other compounds) of the seminal fluid can be tested in the same way. Effects of the receipt of ejaculate components on egg laying can be quantified in terms of frequency of egg laying and more subtle estimates of female reproductive performance such as egg numbers within each egg masses. Results show that seminal fluid proteins affect female reproductive output in this simultaneous hermaphrodite, highlighting their importance for sexual selection.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Iersel, Sander and Swart, Elferra M. and Nakadera, Yumi and van Straalen, Nico M. and Koene, Joris M.},\ndoi = {10.3791/51698},\nissn = {1940-087X},\njournal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments},\nkeywords = {Allohormone,Fresh-water snail,Gastropod,Issue 88,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,Physiology,Pond snail,Prostate,Semen,Seminal fluid Sexual selection,Sperm},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {88},\npublisher = {jove.com},\ntitle = {{Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.jove.com/video/51698/effect-male-accessory-gland-products-on-egg-laying-gastropod http://www.jove.com/video/51698/effect-male-accessory-gland-products-on-egg-laying-gastropod},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Biology of purinergic signalling: Its ancient evolutionary roots, its omnipresence and its multiple functional significance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Verkhratsky, A.; and Burnstock, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BioEssays, 36(7): 697–705. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Biology$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00916,\nabstract = {The purinergic signalling system, which utilises ATP, related nucleotides and adenosine as transmitter molecules, appeared very early in evolution: release mechanisms and ATP-degrading enzymes are operative in bacteria, and the first specific receptors are present in single cell eukaryotic protozoa and algae. Further evolution of the purinergic signalling system resulted in the development of multiple classes of purinoceptors, several pathways for release of nucleotides and adenosine, and a system of ectonucleotidases controlling extracellular levels of purinergic transmitters. The purinergic signalling system is expressed in virtually all types of tissues and cells, where it mediates numerous physiological reactions and contributes to pathological responses in a variety of diseases. {\\textcopyright} 2014 WILEY Periodicals, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Verkhratsky, Alexei and Burnstock, Geoffrey},\ndoi = {10.1002/bies.201400024},\nissn = {15211878},\njournal = {BioEssays},\nkeywords = {ATP,Adenosine,Evolution,P1 receptors,P2X receptor,P2Y receptor,Purinoceptors},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {697--705},\npmid = {24782352},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Biology of purinergic signalling: Its ancient evolutionary roots, its omnipresence and its multiple functional significance}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.201400024?casa{\\_}token=VEyUmJ6IkjUAAAAA:tpge72q{\\_}orL7AeOHK17FSE4mZmu7e{\\_}6yOtg2ogOBVXDwIwYGZb9A1FMYqo0GIyVWgfbboS1W-Gpw},\nvolume = {36},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Involvement of the alpha isoform of calcium-dependent calmodulin kinase II in memory acquisition and late consolidation after single-trial reward classical ….\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wan, H; Mackay, B; Iqbal, H; and Kemenes, G\n\n\n \n\n\n\n researchgate.net, 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Involvement$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{pop00721,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Huimin Wan, Beth Mackay, Hassan Iqbal and George Kemenes Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of {\\ldots} we have cloned the functional domain of $\\alpha$CaMKII in the nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (accession number {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wan, H and Mackay, B and Iqbal, H and Kemenes, G},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Involvement of the alpha isoform of calcium-dependent calmodulin kinase II in memory acquisition and late consolidation after single-trial reward classical {\\ldots}}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Huimin{\\_}Wan/publication/262067955{\\_}Poster-2-FENS-size2-pdf/links/00b7d5369113a1b046000000.pdf},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A neuroplastic network underlying behaviour and seasonal change in Lymnaea stagnalis: A neuroecological standpoint.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Winlow, W.; and Polese, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroecology and Neuroethology in Molluscs: The Interface between Behaviour and Environment,145–176. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00073,\nabstract = {The gastropod mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) is an advantageous model system for neureothological studies and is a suitable model for studying Neuroecology. Here we describe its well organised nervous system many of whose ganglia have been mapped, both electrophysiologically and morphologically, to characterise individual giant neurons and neuronal clusters. This has allowed us to speculate on the evolution and reorganisation of the brain in relation to torsion and detorsion and to show that many behavioural networks remain virtually intact during these processes, but reflect the evolutionary changes that the nervous system has undergone in adaptation of the animal to its environment. We also describe the Lymnaea behavioural hierarchy in which the defensive whole body withdrawal reflex takes precedence over all other behaviours, all of which appear to be organised on a multiganglionic basis and underlain by a complex neural network in which several central pattern generators (CPGs) are embedded. The interactions of the CPGs with one another and with a number of wide-acting synaptic inputs are discussed with particular reference to the locomotor and respiratory systems of the animal.Knowledge of these cellular interactions has allowed us to demonstrate seasonal changes within the respiratory CPG (RCPG) of Lymnaea with a loss of connectivity as winter approaches and a restoration of synaptic connectivity and the behavioural programme during the spring. With its flexible and adaptable behavioural repertoire Lymnaea is well adapted to its freshwater environment. We suggest that it will prove to be a useful and sensitive model for studying the neuroecological effects of climate change with particular respect to invasive freshwater species (IFS) such as predators, freshwater plans or microbial species.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Winlow, William and Polese, Gianluca},\nisbn = {9781629489834},\njournal = {Neuroecology and Neuroethology in Molluscs: The Interface between Behaviour and Environment},\npages = {145--176},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{A neuroplastic network underlying behaviour and seasonal change in Lymnaea stagnalis: A neuroecological standpoint}},\ntype = {DOC},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/286417556{\\_}Lymnaea{\\_}neuroplastic{\\_}network/data/56688a3c08ae193b5fa11fb7/Chapter-8-Winlow.doc},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuronal somata and extrasomal compartments play distinct roles during synapse formation between Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, F.; Luk, C. C.; Wiersma-Meems, R.; Baehre, K.; Herman, C.; Zaidi, W.; Wong, N.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 34(34): 11304–11315. 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuronal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00402,\nabstract = {Proper synapse formation is pivotal for all nervous system functions. However, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Moreover, compared with the neuromuscular junction, steps regulating the synaptogenic program at central cholinergic synapses remain poorly defined. In this study, we identified different roles of neuronal compartments (somal vs extrasomal) in chemical and electrical synaptogenesis. Specifically, the electrically synapsed Lymnaea pedal dorsal A cluster neurons were used to study electrical synapses, whereas chemical synaptic partners, visceral dorsal 4 (presynaptic, cholinergic), and left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1; postsynaptic) were explored for chemical synapse formation. Neurons were cultured in a soma-soma or soma-axon configuration and synapses explored electrophysiologically. We provide the first direct evidence that electrical synapses develop in a soma-soma, but not soma-axon (removal of soma) configuration, indicating the requirement of gene transcription regulation in the somata of both synaptic partners. In addition, the soma-soma electrical coupling was contingent upon trophic factors present in Lymnaea brain-conditioned medium. Further, we demonstrate that chemical (cholinergic) synapses between soma-soma and soma-axon pairs were indistinguishable, with both exhibiting a high degree of contact site and target cell type specificity. We also provide direct evidence that presynaptic cell contact-mediated, clustering of postsynaptic cholinergic receptors at the synaptic site requires transmitter-receptor interaction, receptor internalization, and a protein kinase C-dependent lateral migration toward the contact site. This study provides novel insights into synaptogenesis between central neurons revealing both distinct and synergistic roles of cell-cell signaling and extrinsic trophic factors in executing the synaptogenic program. {\\textcopyright} 2014 the authors.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Xu, Fenglian and Luk, Collin C. and Wiersma-Meems, Ryanne and Baehre, Kelly and Herman, Cameron and Zaidi, Wali and Wong, Noelle and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1651-14.2014},\nissn = {15292401},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Axons,Chemical synapses,Electrical synapses,Somata,Synapse formation,Trophic factors},\nnumber = {34},\npages = {11304--11315},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Neuronal somata and extrasomal compartments play distinct roles during synapse formation between Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/34/34/11304?utm{\\_}source=TrendMD{\\&}utm{\\_}medium=cpc{\\&}utm{\\_}campaign=JNeurosci{\\_}TrendMD{\\_}0},\nvolume = {34},\nyear = {2014}\n}\n

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\n \n 2013\n \n \n (20)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric Oxide Synthesis and cGMP Production Is Important for Neurite Growth and Synapse Remodeling after Axotomy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cooke, R. M.; Mistry, R.; Challiss, R. A. J.; and Straub, V. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 33(13): 5626–5637. mar 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00346,\nabstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule with a variety of functions in the CNS, including a potential role in modulating neuronal growth and synapse formation. In the present study, we used tractable, identified neurons in the CNS of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis to study the role of endogenous NO signaling in neuronal growth and synaptic remodeling after nerve injury. Axonal damage of L. stagnalis neurons B1 and B2 induces extensive central growth of neurites that is accompanied by changes in existing electrical connections, the transient formation of novel electrical connections, and the formation of a novel excitatory chemical synapse from B2 to B1 neurons. Partial chronic inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis reduces neurite growth in NO-synthase-expressing B2, but has only minor effects on NOS-negative B1 neurons. Chronic application of an NO donor while inhibiting endogenous NO synthesis rescues neurite extension in B2 neurons and boosts growth of B1 neurons. Blocking soluble guanylate cyclase activity completely suppresses neurite extension and synaptic remodeling after nerve crush, demonstrating the importance of cGMP in these processes. Interestingly, inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase only suppresses chemical synapse formation without effects on neuronal growth and electrical synapse remodeling. We conclude that NO signaling via cGMP is an important modulator of both neurite growth and synaptic remodeling after nerve crush. However, differential effects of cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibition on neurite growth and synaptic remodeling suggest that these effects are mediated by separate signaling pathways. {\\textcopyright} 2013 the authors.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Cooke, Ria M. and Mistry, Rajendra and Challiss, R. A. J. and Straub, Volko A.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3659-12.2013},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {13},\npages = {5626--5637},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Nitric Oxide Synthesis and cGMP Production Is Important for Neurite Growth and Synapse Remodeling after Axotomy}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/13/5626.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3659-12.2013},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molluscan Bioactive Peptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Di Cosmo, A.; and Polese, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides,276–286. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molluscan$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00264,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Eur J Biochem, 215 (1993), pp. 397-400. Google Scholar. 52 Smith AB, Spijker S, Van Minnen J, Burke JF, De Winter F, Van Elk R, et al.Expression and characterization of molluscan insulin-related peptide VII from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Neuroscience, 70 (1996), pp {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Di Cosmo}, Anna and Polese, Gianluca},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-385095-9.00039-7},\nisbn = {9780123850959},\njournal = {Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides},\npages = {276--286},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Molluscan Bioactive Peptides}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123694423500398 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123850959000397},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Proteomic Analysis of the Reproductive Organs of the Hermaphroditic Gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis Exposed to Different Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Giusti, A.; Leprince, P.; Mazzucchelli, G.; Thomé, J.; Lagadic, L.; Ducrot, V.; and Joaquim-Justo, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 8(11): e81086. nov 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Proteomic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00423,\nabstract = {Many studies have reported perturbations of mollusc reproduction following exposure to low concentrations (ng/L range) of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, the mechanisms of action of these molecules on molluscs are still poorly understood. Investigation of the modifications of protein expression in organisms exposed to chemicals using proteomic methods can provide a broader and more comprehensive understanding of adverse impacts of pollution on organisms than conventional biochemical biomarkers (e.g., heat-shock proteins, metallothioneins, GST, EROD). In this study we have investigated the impacts of four chemicals, which exhibit different endocrine disrupting properties in vertebrates, on the proteome of the hermaphroditic freshwater pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis after 21 days of exposure. Testosterone, tributyltin, chlordecone and cyproterone acetate were chosen as tested compounds as they can induce adverse effects on the reproduction of this snail. The 2D-DIGE method was used to identify proteins whose expression was affected by these compounds. In addition to modifying the expression of proteins involved in the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, chemicals had impacts on the expression of proteins involved in the reproduction of L. stagnalis. Exposure to 19.2 $\\mu$g/L of chlordecone increased the abundance of ovipostatin, a peptide transmitted during mating through seminal fluid, which reduces oviposition in this species. The expression of yolk ferritin, the vitellogenin equivalent in L. stagnalis, was reduced after exposure to 94.2 ng Sn/L of tributyltin. The identification of yolk ferritin and the modification of its expression in snails exposed to chemicals were refined using western blot analysis. Our results showed that the tested compounds influenced the abundance of yolk ferritin in the reproductive organs. Alteration in proteins involved in reproductive pathways (e.g., ovipostatin and yolk ferritin) could constitute relevant evidence of interaction of EDCs with reproductive pathways that are under the control of the endocrine system of L. stagnalis. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Giusti et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Giusti, Arnaud and Leprince, Pierre and Mazzucchelli, Gabriel and Thom{\\'{e}}, Jean-Pierre and Lagadic, Laurent and Ducrot, Virginie and Joaquim-Justo, C{\\'{e}}lia},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0081086},\neditor = {Fong, Peter P.},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {e81086},\npublisher = {agris.fao.org},\ntitle = {{Proteomic Analysis of the Reproductive Organs of the Hermaphroditic Gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis Exposed to Different Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=FR2014014208 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0081086 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081086},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Many studies have reported perturbations of mollusc reproduction following exposure to low concentrations (ng/L range) of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, the mechanisms of action of these molecules on molluscs are still poorly understood. Investigation of the modifications of protein expression in organisms exposed to chemicals using proteomic methods can provide a broader and more comprehensive understanding of adverse impacts of pollution on organisms than conventional biochemical biomarkers (e.g., heat-shock proteins, metallothioneins, GST, EROD). In this study we have investigated the impacts of four chemicals, which exhibit different endocrine disrupting properties in vertebrates, on the proteome of the hermaphroditic freshwater pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis after 21 days of exposure. Testosterone, tributyltin, chlordecone and cyproterone acetate were chosen as tested compounds as they can induce adverse effects on the reproduction of this snail. The 2D-DIGE method was used to identify proteins whose expression was affected by these compounds. In addition to modifying the expression of proteins involved in the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, chemicals had impacts on the expression of proteins involved in the reproduction of L. stagnalis. Exposure to 19.2 $μ$g/L of chlordecone increased the abundance of ovipostatin, a peptide transmitted during mating through seminal fluid, which reduces oviposition in this species. The expression of yolk ferritin, the vitellogenin equivalent in L. stagnalis, was reduced after exposure to 94.2 ng Sn/L of tributyltin. The identification of yolk ferritin and the modification of its expression in snails exposed to chemicals were refined using western blot analysis. Our results showed that the tested compounds influenced the abundance of yolk ferritin in the reproductive organs. Alteration in proteins involved in reproductive pathways (e.g., ovipostatin and yolk ferritin) could constitute relevant evidence of interaction of EDCs with reproductive pathways that are under the control of the endocrine system of L. stagnalis. © 2013 Giusti et al.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of different pharmaceutical mixtures on the immune response of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gust, M.; Fortier, M.; Garric, J.; Fournier, M.; and Gagné, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science of The Total Environment, 445-446: 210–218. feb 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00153,\nabstract = {Pharmaceuticals are pollutants of potential concern in the aquatic environment where they are commonly introduced as complex mixtures via municipal effluents. Many reports underline the effects of pharmaceuticals on immune system of non target species. Four drug mixtures were tested, and regrouped pharmaceuticals by main therapeutic use: psychiatric (venlafaxine, carbamazepine, diazepam), antibiotic (ciprofloxacine, erythromycin, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), hypolipemic (atorvastatin, gemfibrozil, benzafibrate) and antihypertensive (atenolol, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril). Their effects were then compared with a treated municipal effluent known for its contamination, and its effects on the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis. Adult L. stagnalis were exposed for 3. days to an environmentally relevant concentration of the four mixtures individually and as a global mixture. Effects on immunocompetence (hemocyte viability and count, ROS and thiol levels, phagocytosis) and gene expression were related to the immune response and oxidative stress: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx), two isoforms of the nitric oxide synthetase gene (NOS1 and NOS2), molluscan defensive molecule (MDM), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). Immunocompetence was differently affected by the therapeutic class mixtures compared to the global mixture, which increased hemocyte count, ROS levels and phagocytosis, and decreased intracellular thiol levels. TLR4 gene expression was the most strongly increased, especially by psychiatric mixture (19-fold), while AIF-1, GR and CAT genes were downregulated. A decision tree analysis revealed that the immunotoxic responses caused by the municipal effluent were comparable to those obtained with the global pharmaceutical mixture, and the latter shared similarity with the antibiotic mixture. This suggests that pharmaceutical mixtures in municipal effluents represent a risk for gastropods at the immunocompetence levels and the antibiotic group could represent a model therapeutic class for municipal effluent toxicity studies in L. stagnalis. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Gust, M. and Fortier, M. and Garric, J. and Fournier, M. and Gagn{\\'{e}}, F.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.057},\nissn = {00489697},\njournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\nkeywords = {Effluent,Gastropods,Gene expression,Immunocompetence,Pharmaceuticals},\nmonth = {feb},\npages = {210--218},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Effects of short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of different pharmaceutical mixtures on the immune response of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712016142 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969712016142},\nvolume = {445-446},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Pharmaceuticals are pollutants of potential concern in the aquatic environment where they are commonly introduced as complex mixtures via municipal effluents. Many reports underline the effects of pharmaceuticals on immune system of non target species. Four drug mixtures were tested, and regrouped pharmaceuticals by main therapeutic use: psychiatric (venlafaxine, carbamazepine, diazepam), antibiotic (ciprofloxacine, erythromycin, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), hypolipemic (atorvastatin, gemfibrozil, benzafibrate) and antihypertensive (atenolol, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril). Their effects were then compared with a treated municipal effluent known for its contamination, and its effects on the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis. Adult L. stagnalis were exposed for 3. days to an environmentally relevant concentration of the four mixtures individually and as a global mixture. Effects on immunocompetence (hemocyte viability and count, ROS and thiol levels, phagocytosis) and gene expression were related to the immune response and oxidative stress: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx), two isoforms of the nitric oxide synthetase gene (NOS1 and NOS2), molluscan defensive molecule (MDM), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). Immunocompetence was differently affected by the therapeutic class mixtures compared to the global mixture, which increased hemocyte count, ROS levels and phagocytosis, and decreased intracellular thiol levels. TLR4 gene expression was the most strongly increased, especially by psychiatric mixture (19-fold), while AIF-1, GR and CAT genes were downregulated. A decision tree analysis revealed that the immunotoxic responses caused by the municipal effluent were comparable to those obtained with the global pharmaceutical mixture, and the latter shared similarity with the antibiotic mixture. This suggests that pharmaceutical mixtures in municipal effluents represent a risk for gastropods at the immunocompetence levels and the antibiotic group could represent a model therapeutic class for municipal effluent toxicity studies in L. stagnalis. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Immunotoxicity of surface waters contaminated by municipal effluents to the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gust, M.; Fortier, M.; Garric, J.; Fournier, M.; and Gagné, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Aquatic Toxicology, 126: 393–403. jan 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Immunotoxicity$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00195,\nabstract = {The immunotoxic effects of surface waters contaminated by a municipal effluent dispersion plume were examined in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Snails were exposed to surface waters where changes in hemocyte counts, viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced thiols and phagocytic activity were tracked following exposure periods of 3. h and 3 and 7. d. Changes in mRNA expression of some genes in the hemocytes were also assessed after 7. d of exposure, as follows: genes coding for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPX), two isoforms of the nitric oxide synthetase (NOS1 and NOS2), molluscan defensive molecule (MDM), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF), and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). At the sites closest to the discharge point, exposure led to impaired hemocyte viability and intracellular thiol levels and also an increase of hemocyte count, ROS levels and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis and ROS levels in hemocytes were correlated with heterotrophic bacterial counts in snails. We found four genes with increased mRNA expression as a response to exposure of municipal wastewaters: TLR4 (6-fold), HSP70 (2-fold), SeGPx (4-fold) and CAT (2-fold). Immunocompetence responses were analyzed by canonical analysis to seek out relationships with mRNA expression of the genes involved in stress, pattern recognition, cellular and humoral responses. The data revealed that genes involved in oxidative stress were strongly involved with immunocompetence and that the resulting immune responses were influenced both by the bacterial and pollutant loadings of the effluent. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Gust, M. and Fortier, M. and Garric, J. and Fournier, M. and Gagn{\\'{e}}, F.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.09.001},\nissn = {0166445X},\njournal = {Aquatic Toxicology},\nkeywords = {Cytometry,Gene expression,Immune response,Lymnaea stagnalis,Urban effluent},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {393--403},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Immunotoxicity of surface waters contaminated by municipal effluents to the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12002500 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166445X12002500},\nvolume = {126},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence for inflammation-mediated memory dysfunction in gastropods: putative PLA2 and COX inhibitors abolish long-term memory failure induced by systemic immune challenges.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Park, D.; Beaulieu, E.; and Wildering, W. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Neuroscience, 14(1): 83. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00539,\nabstract = {Background: Previous studies associate lipid peroxidation with long-term memory (LTM) failure in a gastropod model (Lymnaea stagnalis) of associative learning and memory. This process involves activation of Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme mediating the release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid that form the precursor for a variety of pro-inflammatory lipid metabolites. This study investigated the effect of biologically realistic challenges of L. stagnalis host defense response system on LTM function and potential involvement of PLA2, COX and LOX therein.Results: Systemic immune challenges by means of $\\beta$-glucan laminarin injections induced elevated H2O2 release from L. stagnalis circulatory immune cells within 3 hrs of treatment. This effect dissipated within 24 hrs after treatment. Laminarin exposure has no direct effect on neuronal activity. Laminarin injections disrupted LTM formation if training followed within 1 hr after injection but had no behavioural impact if training started 24 hrs after treatment. Intermediate term memory was not affected by laminarin injection. Chemosensory and motor functions underpinning the feeding response involved in this learning model were not affected by laminarin injection. Laminarin's suppression of LTM induction was reversed by treatment with aristolochic acid, a PLA2 inhibitor, or indomethacin, a putative COX inhibitor, but not by treatment with nordihydro-guaiaretic acid, a putative LOX inhibitor.Conclusions: A systemic immune challenge administered shortly before behavioural training impairs associative LTM function in our model that can be countered with putative inhibitors of PLA2 and COX, but not LOX. As such, this study establishes a mechanistic link between the state of activity of this gastropod's innate immune system and higher order nervous system function. Our findings underwrite the rapidly expanding view of neuroinflammatory processes as a fundamental, evolutionary conserved cause of cognitive and other nervous system disorders. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Hermann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Park, Deborah and Beaulieu, Emily and Wildering, Willem C.},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2202-14-83},\nissn = {1471-2202},\njournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Classical conditioning,Cyclooxygenase,Eicosanoid,Inflammation,Laminarin,Lipid peroxidation,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,Oxidative stress,Phospholipase A2},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {83},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Evidence for inflammation-mediated memory dysfunction in gastropods: putative PLA2 and COX inhibitors abolish long-term memory failure induced by systemic immune challenges}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2202-14-83 http://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-14-83},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n Background: Previous studies associate lipid peroxidation with long-term memory (LTM) failure in a gastropod model (Lymnaea stagnalis) of associative learning and memory. This process involves activation of Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme mediating the release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid that form the precursor for a variety of pro-inflammatory lipid metabolites. This study investigated the effect of biologically realistic challenges of L. stagnalis host defense response system on LTM function and potential involvement of PLA2, COX and LOX therein.Results: Systemic immune challenges by means of $β$-glucan laminarin injections induced elevated H2O2 release from L. stagnalis circulatory immune cells within 3 hrs of treatment. This effect dissipated within 24 hrs after treatment. Laminarin exposure has no direct effect on neuronal activity. Laminarin injections disrupted LTM formation if training followed within 1 hr after injection but had no behavioural impact if training started 24 hrs after treatment. Intermediate term memory was not affected by laminarin injection. Chemosensory and motor functions underpinning the feeding response involved in this learning model were not affected by laminarin injection. Laminarin's suppression of LTM induction was reversed by treatment with aristolochic acid, a PLA2 inhibitor, or indomethacin, a putative COX inhibitor, but not by treatment with nordihydro-guaiaretic acid, a putative LOX inhibitor.Conclusions: A systemic immune challenge administered shortly before behavioural training impairs associative LTM function in our model that can be countered with putative inhibitors of PLA2 and COX, but not LOX. As such, this study establishes a mechanistic link between the state of activity of this gastropod's innate immune system and higher order nervous system function. Our findings underwrite the rapidly expanding view of neuroinflammatory processes as a fundamental, evolutionary conserved cause of cognitive and other nervous system disorders. © 2013 Hermann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From likes to dislikes: conditioned taste aversion in the great pond snail ( Lymnaea stagnalis ).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ito, E.; Kojima, S.; Lukowiak, K.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Zoology, 91(6): 405–412. jun 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"From$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Ito2013,\nabstract = {The neural circuitry comprising the central pattern generator (CPG) that drives feeding behavior in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758)) has been worked out. Because the feeding behavior undergoes associative learning and long-term memory (LTM) formation, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the causal neuronal mechanisms of these two processes. In this review, we explore some of the possible causal neuronal mechanisms of associative learning of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and its subsequent consolidation processes into LTM in L. stagnalis. In the CTA training procedure, a sucrose solution, which evokes a feeding response, is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and a potassium chloride solution, which causes a withdrawal response, is used as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The pairing of the CS–US alters both the feeding response of the snail and the function of a pair of higher order interneurons in the cerebral ganglia. Following the acquisition of CTA, the polysynaptic inhibitory synaptic input from the higher order interneurons onto the feeding CPG neurons is enhanced, resulting in suppression of the feeding response. These changes in synaptic efficacy are thought to constitute a “memory trace” for CTA in L. stagnalis.},\nauthor = {Ito, E. and Kojima, S. and Lukowiak, K. and Sakakibara, M.},\ndoi = {10.1139/cjz-2012-0292},\nissn = {0008-4301},\njournal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Feeding,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Withdrawal},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {405--412},\ntitle = {{From likes to dislikes: conditioned taste aversion in the great pond snail ( Lymnaea stagnalis )}},\nurl = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2012-0292},\nvolume = {91},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning in the Feeding System of Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, 22: 251–264. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00512,\nabstract = {Lymnaea provides highly valuable experimental models for top-down analyses of associative learning and memory. Using classical conditioning paradigms, molecular mechanisms of consolidation, maintenance, retrieval, and reconsolidation of associative memory have been investigated. Long-term memory (LTM) forms after multitrial reward and aversive conditioning but, unusually, also after single-trial reward conditioning ("flashbulb memory"). Molecular mechanisms of LTM involve highly conserved signaling pathways (NO/cGMP, cAMP/PKA, MAPK, NMDA receptors, and CaMKII), transcriptional regulation of gene expression by CREB and C/EBP, and new protein synthesis. Cellular mechanisms of LTM involve synaptic or nonsynaptic plasticity in key modulatory interneurons of the feeding network. Importantly, a number of molecular processes involved in LTM have been traced from the behavioral level to single identified neurons. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-415823-8.00020-4},\nissn = {15697339},\njournal = {Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Associative long-term memory,C/EBP,CAMP,CGMP,CREB,CaMKII,Feeding,Invertebrates,Lymnaea,MAPK,Mollusks,NMDA receptors,NO,NOS,PACAP,PKA,Protein synthesis,RNA synthesis,Reward and aversive classical conditioning,Synaptic and intrinsic plasticity},\npages = {251--264},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning in the Feeding System of Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124158238000204 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124158238000204},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Axonal trafficking of an antisense RNA transcribed from a pseudogene is regulated by classical conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korneev, S. A.; Kemenes, I.; Bettini, N. L.; Kemenes, G.; Staras, K.; Benjamin, P. R.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 3(1): 1027. dec 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Axonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00842,\nabstract = {Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are endogenous RNA molecules that are complementary to known RNA transcripts. The functional significance of NATs is poorly understood, but their prevalence in the CNS suggests a role in brain function. Here we investigated a long NAT (antiNOS-2 RNA) associated with the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production in the CNS of Lymnaea, an established model for molecular analysis of learning and memory. We show the antiNOS-2 RNA is axonally trafficked and demonstrate that this is regulated by classical conditioning. Critically, a single conditioning trial changes the amount of antiNOS-2 RNA transported along the axon. This occurs within the critical time window when neurotransmitter NO is required for memory formation. Our data suggest a role for the antiNOS-2 RNA in establishing memories through the regulation of NO signaling at the synapse.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Korneev, Sergei A. and Kemenes, Ildiko and Bettini, Natalia L. and Kemenes, George and Staras, Kevin and Benjamin, Paul R. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1038/srep01027},\nissn = {2045-2322},\njournal = {Scientific Reports},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {1027},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{Axonal trafficking of an antisense RNA transcribed from a pseudogene is regulated by classical conditioning}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep01027 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep01027},\nvolume = {3},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sensitivity of isolated eggs of pond snails: a new method for toxicity assays and risk assessment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, T.; Koene, J. M.; Dong, X.; and Fu, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(5): 4183–4190. may 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sensitivity$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00973,\nabstract = {The concentration of heavy metals in the environment is normally low. We here address whether using the development of isolated pond snail Radix auricularia eggs would provide a more sensitive endpoint and whether the gelatinous matrix of the egg mass surrounding the eggs indeed protects the snail embryos. In the present study, artificial removal of the gelatinous matrix of egg masses greatly increased the sensitivity of developing eggs to a heavy metal (cadmium). The sensitivity of isolated eggs to cadmium was determined using several convenient endpoints, including mortality, hatching rate, and heart rate, with an acute toxicity test and a subchronic test. In the acute toxicity test, a 96-h LC50 value of 58.26 $\\mu$g/L cadmium was determined. In the subchronic toxicity test, sublethal effects in terms of a significant reduction in hatching rate could be found in the 25-$\\mu$g/L treatment, and a significant decrease of heart rate was observed in both treatments (5 and 25 $\\mu$g/L). The high sensitivity of isolated eggs indicates that such tests can be efficient for toxicity assays and risk assessment, although one needs to keep in mind that the ecologically relevant measure of toxicity will be how eggs are affected when they are still inside the egg mass. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Liu, Tengteng and Koene, Joris M. and Dong, Xiaoxiao and Fu, Rongshu},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10661-012-2860-1},\nissn = {0167-6369},\njournal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},\nkeywords = {Embryo,Hatching,Heart rate,Lymnaeidae},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {4183--4190},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Sensitivity of isolated eggs of pond snails: a new method for toxicity assays and risk assessment}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-012-2860-1{\\&}casa{\\_}token=k3db8ptI4BMAAAAA:saDAnleSLiLVhNxbnrPmJbTW4Ylfq44GYHwo3K9rUkHBuD3QmxiQeAS7wXaXDx5{\\_}uU7JS2dg6rizjas http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-012-2860-1},\nvolume = {185},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Operant Conditioning of Respiration in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; and Dalesman, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, 22: 265–279. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Operant$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00406,\nabstract = {Stress can alter adaptive behaviors and also either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation, and/or memory recall. We focus our studies on how environmentally relevant stressors such as predator detection, crowding, and low concentrations of environmental Ca2+ alter learning and long-term memory (LTM) formation in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We specifically focus on operant conditioning of aerial respiration and whether or not LTM forms following the acquisition of the learned event. In addition, we have begun to assay the consequences of combing different stressors together. Our conclusion so far is that the effects of different combinations of stressors on LTM formation are an emergent property and thus can only be ascertained following direct experimentation. We also examine the strain differences in Lymnaea that allow or cause isolated populations to possess different heritable capabilities, as manifested by differing abilities to form LTM. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Dalesman, Sarah},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-415823-8.00021-6},\nissn = {15697339},\njournal = {Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Environmental impacts on memory formation,Long-term memory,Operant conditioning,Social snails},\npages = {265--279},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Operant Conditioning of Respiration in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124158238000216 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124158238000216},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Involvement of Insulin-Like Peptide in Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Long-Term Memory of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Murakami, J.; Okada, R.; Sadamoto, H.; Kobayashi, S.; Mita, K.; Sakamoto, Y.; Yamagishi, M.; Hatakeyama, D.; Otsuka, E.; Okuta, A.; Sunada, H.; Takigami, S.; Sakakibara, M.; Fujito, Y.; Awaji, M.; Moriyama, S.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 33(1): 371–383. jan 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Involvement$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Murakami2013,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of learning taste aversion and consolidating this learning into long-term memory (LTM) that is called conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Previous studies showed that some molluscan insulin-related peptides (MIPs) were upregulated in snails exhibiting CTA.Wethus hypothesized that MIPs play an important role in neurons underlying theCTA-LTMconsolidation process. To examine this hypothesis, we first observed the distribution of MIP II, a major peptide of MIPs, and MIP receptor and determined the amounts of their mRNAs in the CNS. MIP II was only observed in the light green cells in the cerebral ganglia, but the MIP receptor was distributed throughout the entire CNS, including the buccal ganglia. Next, when we applied exogenous mammalian insulin, secretions from MIP-containing cells or partially purified MIPs, to the isolated CNS, we observed a long-term change in synaptic efficacy (i.e., enhancement) of the synaptic connection between the cerebral giant cell (a key interneuron for CTA) and the B1 motor neuron (a buccal motor neuron). This synaptic enhancement was blocked by application of an insulin receptor antibody to the isolated CNS. Finally, injection of the insulin receptor antibody into the snail before CTA training, while not blocking the acquisition of taste aversion learning, blocked the memory consolidation process; thus, LTM was not observed. These data suggest that MIPs trigger changes in synaptic connectivity that may be correlated with the consolidation of taste aversion learning into CTA-LTM in the Lymnaea CNS. {\\textcopyright} 2013 the authors.},\nauthor = {Murakami, Jun and Okada, Ryuichi and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Kobayashi, Suguru and Mita, Koichi and Sakamoto, Yuki and Yamagishi, Miki and Hatakeyama, Dai and Otsuka, Emi and Okuta, Akiko and Sunada, Hiroshi and Takigami, Satoshi and Sakakibara, Manabu and Fujito, Yutaka and Awaji, Masahiko and Moriyama, Shunsuke and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0679-12.2013},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {371--383},\ntitle = {{Involvement of Insulin-Like Peptide in Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Long-Term Memory of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/1/371.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0679-12.2013},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ancient origin of somatic and visceral neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nomaksteinsky, M.; Kassabov, S.; Chettouh, Z.; Stoeklé, H.; Bonnaud, L.; Fortin, G.; Kandel, E. R.; and Brunet, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Biology, 11(1): 53. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ancient$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00787,\nabstract = {Background: A key to understanding the evolution of the nervous system on a large phylogenetic scale is the identification of homologous neuronal types. Here, we focus this search on the sensory and motor neurons of bilaterians, exploiting their well-defined molecular signatures in vertebrates. Sensorimotor circuits in vertebrates are of two types: somatic (that sense the environment and respond by shaping bodily motions) and visceral (that sense the interior milieu and respond by regulating vital functions). These circuits differ by a small set of largely dedicated transcriptional determinants: Brn3 is expressed in many somatic sensory neurons, first and second order (among which mechanoreceptors are uniquely marked by the Brn3+/Islet1+/Drgx+ signature), somatic motoneurons uniquely co-express Lhx3/4 and Mnx1, while the vast majority of neurons, sensory and motor, involved in respiration, blood circulation or digestion are molecularly defined by their expression and dependence on the pan-visceral determinant Phox2b.Results: We explore the status of the sensorimotor transcriptional code of vertebrates in mollusks, a lophotrochozoa clade that provides a rich repertoire of physiologically identified neurons. In the gastropods Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica, we show that homologues of Brn3, Drgx, Islet1, Mnx1, Lhx3/4 and Phox2b differentially mark neurons with mechanoreceptive, locomotory and cardiorespiratory functions. Moreover, in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis, we show that Phox2 marks the stellate ganglion (in line with the respiratory - that is, visceral- ancestral role of the mantle, its target organ), while the anterior pedal ganglion, which controls the prehensile and locomotory arms, expresses Mnx.Conclusions: Despite considerable divergence in overall neural architecture, a molecular underpinning for the functional allocation of neurons to interactions with the environment or to homeostasis was inherited from the urbilaterian ancestor by contemporary protostomes and deuterostomes. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Nomaksteinsky et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nomaksteinsky, Marc and Kassabov, Stefan and Chettouh, Zoubida and Stoekl{\\'{e}}, Henri-Corto and Bonnaud, Laure and Fortin, Gilles and Kandel, Eric R. and Brunet, Jean-Fran{\\c{c}}ois},\ndoi = {10.1186/1741-7007-11-53},\nissn = {1741-7007},\njournal = {BMC Biology},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Brn3,Evolution,Lophotrochozoa,Lymnaea,Mnx,Mollusks,Motor neurons,Phox2,Sensory neurons,Sepia,Transcription factors},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {53},\npmid = {23631531},\npublisher = {bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com},\ntitle = {{Ancient origin of somatic and visceral neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-11-53 http://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-11-53},\nvolume = {11},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n Background: A key to understanding the evolution of the nervous system on a large phylogenetic scale is the identification of homologous neuronal types. Here, we focus this search on the sensory and motor neurons of bilaterians, exploiting their well-defined molecular signatures in vertebrates. Sensorimotor circuits in vertebrates are of two types: somatic (that sense the environment and respond by shaping bodily motions) and visceral (that sense the interior milieu and respond by regulating vital functions). These circuits differ by a small set of largely dedicated transcriptional determinants: Brn3 is expressed in many somatic sensory neurons, first and second order (among which mechanoreceptors are uniquely marked by the Brn3+/Islet1+/Drgx+ signature), somatic motoneurons uniquely co-express Lhx3/4 and Mnx1, while the vast majority of neurons, sensory and motor, involved in respiration, blood circulation or digestion are molecularly defined by their expression and dependence on the pan-visceral determinant Phox2b.Results: We explore the status of the sensorimotor transcriptional code of vertebrates in mollusks, a lophotrochozoa clade that provides a rich repertoire of physiologically identified neurons. In the gastropods Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica, we show that homologues of Brn3, Drgx, Islet1, Mnx1, Lhx3/4 and Phox2b differentially mark neurons with mechanoreceptive, locomotory and cardiorespiratory functions. Moreover, in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis, we show that Phox2 marks the stellate ganglion (in line with the respiratory - that is, visceral- ancestral role of the mantle, its target organ), while the anterior pedal ganglion, which controls the prehensile and locomotory arms, expresses Mnx.Conclusions: Despite considerable divergence in overall neural architecture, a molecular underpinning for the functional allocation of neurons to interactions with the environment or to homeostasis was inherited from the urbilaterian ancestor by contemporary protostomes and deuterostomes. © 2013 Nomaksteinsky et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A planar microelectrode array for simultaneous detection of electrically evoked dopamine release from distinct locations of a single isolated neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Patel, B. A.; Luk, C. C.; Leow, P. L.; Lee, A. J.; Zaidi, W.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Analyst, 138(10): 2833. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00900,\nabstract = {Neurotransmission is a key process of communication between neurons. Although much is known about this process and the influence it has on the function of the body, little is understood about the dynamics of signalling from structural regions of a single neuron. In this study we have fabricated and characterised a microelectrode array (MEA) which was utilised for simultaneous multi-site recordings of dopamine release from an isolated single neuron. The MEA consisted of gold electrodes that were created in plane with the insulation layer using a chemical mechanical planarization process. The detection limit for dopamine measurements was 11 ± 3 nM and all the gold electrodes performed in a consistent fashion during amperometric recordings of 100 nM dopamine. Fouling of the gold electrode was investigated, where no significant change in the current was observed over 4 hours when monitoring 100 nM dopamine. The MEA was accessed using freshly isolated dopaminergic somas from the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, where electrically evoked dopamine release was clearly observed. Measurements were conducted at four structural locations of a single isolated neuron, where electrically evoked dopamine release was observed from the cell body, axonal regions and the terminal. Over time, the release of dopamine varied over the structural regions of the neuron. Such information can provide an insight into the signalling mechanism of neurons and how they potentially form synaptic connections. {\\textcopyright} 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Patel, Bhavik Anil and Luk, Collin C. and Leow, Pei Ling and Lee, Arthur J. and Zaidi, Wali and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1039/c3an36770c},\nissn = {0003-2654},\njournal = {The Analyst},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {2833},\npmid = {23462822},\npublisher = {pubs.rsc.org},\ntitle = {{A planar microelectrode array for simultaneous detection of electrically evoked dopamine release from distinct locations of a single isolated neuron}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/an/c3an36770c?casa{\\_}token=uhSkW3OBplwAAAAA:MNEylUayg3{\\_}o4kTO3qtG2QCbQEMPbJLSoNInW73jRdlI0h69npls3MFgb-axm6pElxqHnsu2fgN8 http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3an36770c},\nvolume = {138},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The participation of NMDA receptors, PKC, and MAPK in Lymnaea memory extinction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rosenegger, D.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 100: 64–69. feb 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00275,\nabstract = {The aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea can be operantly conditioned to form a long-term memory (LTM) that will persist for {\\textgreater}24. h. LTM formation is dependent on altered gene activity and new protein synthesis, with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways playing a critical role. LTM can also undergo extinction, whereby the original memory is temporarily masked by a new memory. Here we investigate if the formation of an extinction memory uses similar molecular pathways to those required for LTM formation. We find that the formation of the extinction memory can be blocked by inhibitors of NMDA receptors, PKC, and MAPK suggesting that extinction memory formation uses similar mechanisms to that of 'normal' memory formation. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Rosenegger, David and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2012.12.008},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Extinction,Lymnaea,MAPK,Memory,NMDA,Operant conditioning,PKC,Snail},\nmonth = {feb},\npages = {64--69},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The participation of NMDA receptors, PKC, and MAPK in Lymnaea memory extinction}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1756-6606-3-24 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742712001955 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742712001955},\nvolume = {100},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Various Firing Patterns Found in a Giant Neuron of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis and Their Dynamics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saito, M.; Hamasaki, Y.; Hosoi, M.; and Nakada, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 82(3): 034801. mar 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Various$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00434,\nabstract = {In order to understand the function of the nervous system, it is important to elucidate the characteristics of complex activities of individual neurons. In the present study, we therefore examined firing patterns of the central giant neuron of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis by intracellular recording. Interestingly, they differed among individuals. In a series of firing patterns, the neuron revealed the transition from the beating discharge to the regular bursting discharges when the depolarizing current was injected. In another series of firing patterns, the neuron revealed quite different and more complex activities, in which a regular bursting switched irregularly to another bursting state. The Poincar{\\'{e}} map obtained from the reconstructed attractor showed the switching dynamics between two bursting states. The present results showed a variety of possible activities of the neuron and the different firing dynamics among individuals. {\\textcopyright} 2013 The Physical Society of Japan.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Saito, Minoru and Hamasaki, Yuuta and Hosoi, Makoto and Nakada, Shogo},\ndoi = {10.7566/JPSJ.82.034801},\nissn = {0031-9015},\njournal = {Journal of the Physical Society of Japan},\nkeywords = {Attractor,Bursting discharge,Intracellular recording,Molluscan neuron,Nonlinear analysis,Poincar{\\'{e}} map},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {034801},\npublisher = {journals.jps.jp},\ntitle = {{Various Firing Patterns Found in a Giant Neuron of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis and Their Dynamics}},\nurl = {https://journals.jps.jp/doi/abs/10.7566/JPSJ.82.034801 http://journals.jps.jp/doi/10.7566/JPSJ.82.034801},\nvolume = {82},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n NALCN Ion Channels Have Alternative Selectivity Filters Resembling Calcium Channels or Sodium Channels.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Senatore, A.; Monteil, A.; van Minnen, J.; Smit, A. B.; and Spafford, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 8(1): e55088. jan 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"NALCN$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00723,\nabstract = {NALCN is a member of the family of ion channels with four homologous, repeat domains that include voltage-gated calcium and sodium channels. NALCN is a highly conserved gene from simple, extant multicellular organisms without nervous systems such as sponges and placozoans and mostly remains a single gene compared to the calcium and sodium channels which diversified into twenty genes in humans. The single NALCN gene has alternatively-spliced exons at exons 15 or exon 31 that splices in novel selectivity filter residues that resemble calcium channels (EEEE) or sodium channels (EKEE or EEKE). NALCN channels with alternative calcium, (EEEE) and sodium, (EKEE or EEKE) -selective pores are conserved in simple bilaterally symmetrical animals like flatworms to non-chordate deuterostomes. The single NALCN gene is limited as a sodium channel with a lysine (K)-containing pore in vertebrates, but originally NALCN was a calcium-like channel, and evolved to operate as both a calcium channel and sodium channel for different roles in many invertebrates. Expression patterns of NALCN-EKEE in pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis suggest roles for NALCN in secretion, with an abundant expression in brain, and an up-regulation in secretory organs of sexually-mature adults such as albumen gland and prostate. NALCN-EEEE is equally abundant as NALCN-EKEE in snails, but is greater expressed in heart and other muscle tissue, and 50{\\%} less expressed in the brain than NALCN-EKEE. Transfected snail NALCN-EEEE and NALCN-EKEE channel isoforms express in HEK-293T cells. We were not able to distinguish potential NALCN currents from background, non-selective leak conductances in HEK293T cells. Native leak currents without expressing NALCN genes in HEK-293T cells are NMDG+ impermeant and blockable with 10 $\\mu$M Gd3+ ions and are indistinguishable from the hallmark currents ascribed to mammalian NALCN currents expressed in vitro by Lu et al. in Cell. 2007 Apr 20;129(2):371-83. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Senatore et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Senatore, Adriano and Monteil, Arnaud and van Minnen, Jan and Smit, August B. and Spafford, J. David},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0055088},\neditor = {Zhang, Zhe},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {e55088},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{NALCN Ion Channels Have Alternative Selectivity Filters Resembling Calcium Channels or Sodium Channels}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055088 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055088},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Contractile and Electrical Activity of Neurons on Exposure to Colchicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sergeeva, S. S.; Vasyagina, N. Y.; Sotnikov, O. S.; Krasnova, T. V.; and Gendina, E. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 43(9): 1092–1096. nov 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Contractile$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00585,\nabstract = {The aim of the present work was to study the contractile activity of traumatized nerve cell processes and to attempt to inhibit their retraction using a solution of colchicine. Experiments were performed on living isolated neurons from freshwater mollusks (Lymnaea stagnalis and Planorbis corneus vulgaris), which were studied in phase contrast conditions using time-lapse microvideo recordings. Contractile activity of nerve cell processes was seen in 92{\\%} of cases in control conditions in Ringer's solution. Colchicine inhibited nerve process contraction in 86{\\%} of neurons. Experiments addressing neuron electrical activity were performed on leech Retzius neurons. Incubation of ganglia in colchicine solution was found to increase the frequency of spontaneous spike activity from 0.22 to 0.75 spikes/sec. The amplitude of spontaneous potentials decreased from 46.9 to 37 mV, the threshold decreased by 18{\\%}, the duration of spontaneous spikes increased from 4.3 to 7.1 msec, and the latent period of responses to stimuli increased from 25.0 to 37.9 msec. In conditions of stimulation at 7-10 Hz, neurons generated spike activity at higher frequencies than in control conditions. Thus, our experiments showed that colchicine can inhibit the contractile activity of traumatized nerve cell processes, keeping the electrically excitable membrane in a satisfactory condition. It follows that attempts can be made in vivo to produce partial inhibition of nerve fiber contraction, thus preventing increases in neuron diastasis, which prevent surgical approximation to the point of contact and promote the development of massive scars at transection sites. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sergeeva, S. S. and Vasyagina, N. Yu and Sotnikov, O. S. and Krasnova, T. V. and Gendina, E. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-013-9854-5},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {colchicine,microtubules,neuron electrogenesis,neurons,process retraction},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {1092--1096},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Contractile and Electrical Activity of Neurons on Exposure to Colchicine}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-013-9854-5 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-013-9854-5},\nvolume = {43},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Behavioural and network plasticity following conditioning of the aerial respiratory response of a pulmonate mollusc.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spencer, G.; and Rothwell, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Zoology, 91(6): 382–390. jun 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Behavioural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00713,\nabstract = {Most molluscs perform respiration using gills, but the pulmonate molluscs have developed a primitive lung with which they perform pulmonary respiration. The flow of air into this lung occurs through an opening called the pneumostome, and pulmonate molluscs travel to the surface of the water to obtain oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere. The aerial respiratory behaviour of the pulmonate mollusc, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758)), has been well studied, and a three-neuron central pattern generator (CPG) controlling this rhythmic behaviour has been identified. The aerial respiratory behaviour of L. stagnalis can be operantly conditioned and plasticity within the CPG has been associated with the conditioned response. In this review, we describe both the aerial respiratory behaviour and the underlying neuronal network of this pulmonate mollusc, and then discuss both the behavioural and network plasticity that results from the conditioning of this behaviour.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spencer, G.E. and Rothwell, C.M.},\ndoi = {10.1139/cjz-2012-0291},\nissn = {0008-4301},\njournal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiration,Central pattern generator,Great pond snail,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neural plasticity,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {382--390},\npublisher = {NRC Research Press},\ntitle = {{Behavioural and network plasticity following conditioning of the aerial respiratory response of a pulmonate mollusc}},\nurl = {https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjz-2012-0291 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2012-0291},\nvolume = {91},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Critical Period of Memory Enhancement during Taste Avoidance Conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Takahashi, T.; Takigami, S.; Sunada, H.; Lukowiak, K.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 8(10). 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Critical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00092,\nabstract = {The present study investigated the optimal training procedure leading to long-lasting taste avoidance behavior in Lymnaea. A training procedure comprising 5 repeated pairings of a conditional stimulus (CS, sucrose), with an unconditional stimulus (US, a tactile stimulation to the animal's head), over a 4-day period resulted in an enhanced memory formation than 10 CS-US repeated pairings over a 2-day period or 20 CS-US repeated pairings on a single day. Backward conditioning (US-CS) pairings did not result in conditioning. Thus, this taste avoidance conditioning was CS-US pairing specific. Food avoidance behavior was not observed following training, however, if snails were immediately subjected to a cold-block (4°C for 10 min). It was critical that the cold-block be applied within 10 min to block long-term memory (LTM) formation. Further, exposure to the cold-block 180 min after training also blocked both STM and LTM formation. The effects of the cold-block on subsequent learning and memory formation were also examined. We found no long lasting effects of the cold-block on subsequent memory formation. If protein kinase C was activated before the conditioning paradigm, snails could still acquire STM despite exposure to the cold-block. {\\textcopyright} 2013 Takahashi et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Takahashi, Tomoyo and Takigami, Satoshi and Sunada, Hiroshi and Lukowiak, Ken and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0075276},\nissn = {19326203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nnumber = {10},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{Critical Period of Memory Enhancement during Taste Avoidance Conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075276},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2013}\n}\n

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\n \n 2012\n \n \n (21)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molluscan Neuroscience in the Genomic Era: From Gastropods to Cephalopods.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Abrams, T; Glanzman, D; Puthanveettil, S; Benjamin, P; and ...\n\n\n \n\n\n\n pdfs.semanticscholar.org, 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molluscan$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{pop00572,\nabstract = {Page 1. Molluscan Neuroscience in the Genomic Era: From Gastropods to Cephalopods Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA {\\ldots} VWR International Page 3. Molluscan Neuroscience Program Wednesday, May 16th, 2012 1 Molluscan Neuroscience in the Genomic Era {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Abrams, T and Glanzman, D and Puthanveettil, S and Benjamin, P and ...},\npublisher = {pdfs.semanticscholar.org},\ntitle = {{Molluscan Neuroscience in the Genomic Era: From Gastropods to Cephalopods}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d74a/b7178a819ce14d9f62b85974ade042155e91.pdf},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of the role of C/EBP in neurite regeneration following microarray analysis of a L. stagnalis CNS injury model.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aleksic, M.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Neuroscience, 13(1): 2. dec 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00499,\nabstract = {Background: Neuronal regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is severely compromised due to the presence of extrinsic inhibitory signals and a reduced intrinsic regenerative capacity. In contrast, the CNS of adult Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), a freshwater pond snail, is capable of spontaneous regeneration following neuronal injury. Thus, L. stagnalis has served as an animal model to study the cellular mechanisms underlying neuronal regeneration. However, the usage of this model has been limited due to insufficient molecular tools. We have recently conducted a partial neuronal transcriptome sequencing project and reported over 10,000 EST sequences which allowed us to develop and perform a large-scale high throughput microarray analysis.Results: To identify genes that are involved in the robust regenerative capacity observed in L. stagnalis, we designed the first gene chip covering {\\~{}}15, 000 L. stagnalis CNS EST sequences. We conducted microarray analysis to compare the gene expression profiles of sham-operated (control) and crush-operated (regenerative model) central ganglia of adult L. stagnalis. The expression levels of 348 genes were found to be significantly altered (p {\\textless} 0.05) following nerve injury. From this pool, 67 sequences showed a greater than 2-fold change: 42 of which were up-regulated and 25 down-regulated. Our qPCR analysis confirmed that CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) was up-regulated following nerve injury in a time-dependent manner. In order to test the role of C/EBP in regeneration, C/EBP siRNA was applied following axotomy of cultured Lymnaea PeA neurons. Knockdown of C/EBP following axotomy prevented extension of the distal, proximal and intact neurites. In vivo knockdown of C/EBP postponed recovery of locomotory activity following nerve crush. Taken together, our data suggest both somatic and local effects of C/EBP are involved in neuronal regeneration.Conclusions: This is the first high-throughput microarray study in L. stagnalis, a model of axonal regeneration following CNS injury. We reported that 348 genes were regulated following central nerve injury in adult L. stagnalis and provided the first evidence for the involvement of local C/EBP in neuronal regeneration. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of the large-scale gene profiling approach in this invertebrate model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the intrinsic regenerative capacity of adult CNS neurons. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Aleksic and Feng; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Aleksic, Mila and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2202-13-2},\nissn = {1471-2202},\njournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {2},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Identification of the role of C/EBP in neurite regeneration following microarray analysis of a L. stagnalis CNS injury model}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2202-13-2 https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-13-2},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n Background: Neuronal regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is severely compromised due to the presence of extrinsic inhibitory signals and a reduced intrinsic regenerative capacity. In contrast, the CNS of adult Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), a freshwater pond snail, is capable of spontaneous regeneration following neuronal injury. Thus, L. stagnalis has served as an animal model to study the cellular mechanisms underlying neuronal regeneration. However, the usage of this model has been limited due to insufficient molecular tools. We have recently conducted a partial neuronal transcriptome sequencing project and reported over 10,000 EST sequences which allowed us to develop and perform a large-scale high throughput microarray analysis.Results: To identify genes that are involved in the robust regenerative capacity observed in L. stagnalis, we designed the first gene chip covering \\ 15, 000 L. stagnalis CNS EST sequences. We conducted microarray analysis to compare the gene expression profiles of sham-operated (control) and crush-operated (regenerative model) central ganglia of adult L. stagnalis. The expression levels of 348 genes were found to be significantly altered (p \\textless 0.05) following nerve injury. From this pool, 67 sequences showed a greater than 2-fold change: 42 of which were up-regulated and 25 down-regulated. Our qPCR analysis confirmed that CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) was up-regulated following nerve injury in a time-dependent manner. In order to test the role of C/EBP in regeneration, C/EBP siRNA was applied following axotomy of cultured Lymnaea PeA neurons. Knockdown of C/EBP following axotomy prevented extension of the distal, proximal and intact neurites. In vivo knockdown of C/EBP postponed recovery of locomotory activity following nerve crush. Taken together, our data suggest both somatic and local effects of C/EBP are involved in neuronal regeneration.Conclusions: This is the first high-throughput microarray study in L. stagnalis, a model of axonal regeneration following CNS injury. We reported that 348 genes were regulated following central nerve injury in adult L. stagnalis and provided the first evidence for the involvement of local C/EBP in neuronal regeneration. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of the large-scale gene profiling approach in this invertebrate model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the intrinsic regenerative capacity of adult CNS neurons. © 2012 Aleksic and Feng; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cloning and Characterization of a P2X Receptor Expressed in the Central Nervous System of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bavan, S.; Straub, V. A.; Webb, T. E.; and Ennion, S. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 7(11): e50487. nov 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cloning$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00243,\nabstract = {P2X receptors are membrane ion channels gated by extracellular ATP. Mammals possess seven distinct P2X subtypes (P2X1-7) that have important functions in a wide array of physiological processes including roles in the central nervous system (CNS) where they have been linked to modulation of neurotransmitter release. We report here the cloning and functional characterization of a P2X receptor from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. This model organism has a relatively simple CNS consisting of large readily identifiable neurones, a feature which together with a well characterized neuronal circuitry for important physiological processes such as feeding and respiration makes it an attractive potential model to examine P2X function. Using CODEHOP PCR we identified a single P2X receptor (LymP2X) in Lymnaea CNS which was subsequently cloned by RT-PCR. When heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, LymP2X exhibited ATP evoked inward currents (EC50 6.2 $\\mu$M) which decayed during the continued presence of agonist. UTP and ADP did not activate the receptor whereas $\\alpha$$\\beta$meATP was a weak agonist. BzATP was a partial agonist with an EC50 of 2.4 $\\mu$M and a maximal response 33{\\%} smaller than that of ATP. The general P2 receptor antagonists PPADS and suramin both inhibited LymP2X currents with IC50 values of 8.1 and 27.4 $\\mu$M respectively. LymP2X is inhibited by acidic pH whereas Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions exhibited a biphasic effect, potentiating currents up to 100 $\\mu$M and inhibiting at higher concentrations. Quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization detected expression of LymP2X mRNA in neurones of all CNS ganglia suggesting this ion channel may have widespread roles in Lymnaea CNS function. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Bavan et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bavan, Selvan and Straub, Volko A. and Webb, Tania E. and Ennion, Steven J.},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0050487},\neditor = {Spafford, J. David},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {e50487},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{Cloning and Characterization of a P2X Receptor Expressed in the Central Nervous System of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050487 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050487},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differences in neuronal activity explain differences in memory forming abilities of different populations of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Braun, M. H.; Lukowiak, K.; Karnik, V.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 97(1): 173–182. jan 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differences$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00071,\nabstract = {The ability to learn and form long-term memory (LTM) can enhance an animal's fitness, for example, by allowing them to remember predators, food sources or conspecific interactions. Here we use the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, to assess whether variability between natural populations (i.e. strains) in memory forming capabilities correlates with electrophysiological properties at the level of a single neuron, RPeD1. RPeD1 is a necessary site of LTM formation of aerial respiratory behaviour following operant conditioning. We used strains from two small, separate permanent ponds (TC1 and TC2). A comparison of the two populations showed that the TC1 strain had enhanced memory forming capabilities. Further, the behavioural phenotype of enhanced memory strain was explained, in part, by differences in the electrophysiology of RPeD1. Compared to RPeD1 from the naive TC2 strain, RPeD1 from the TC1 strain has both a decreased resistance and decreased excitability. Moreover, 24. h after a single 0.5. h training session, those membrane properties, as well as the firing and bursting rate, decrease further in the TC1 strain but not in the TC2 strain. The initial differences in RPeD1 properties in the TC1 strain coupled with their ability to further change these properties with a single training session suggests that RPeD1 neurons from the TC1 strain are " primed" to rapidly form memory. {\\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Braun, Marvin H. and Lukowiak, Kai and Karnik, Vikram and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2011.11.005},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Electrophysiology,Enhanced memory,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory trace,Priming},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {173--182},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Differences in neuronal activity explain differences in memory forming abilities of different populations of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742711001997 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742711001997},\nvolume = {97},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How Stress Alters Memory in ‘Smart' Snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dalesman, S.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 7(2): e32334. feb 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00776,\nabstract = {Cognitive ability varies within species, but whether this variation alters the manner in which memory formation is affected by environmental stress is unclear. The great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is commonly used as model species in studies of learning and memory. The majority of those studies used a single laboratory strain (i.e. the Dutch strain) originating from a wild population in the Netherlands. However, our recent work has identified natural populations that demonstrate significantly enhanced long-term memory (LTM) formation relative to the Dutch strain following operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour. Here we assess how two populations with enhanced memory formation (i.e. 'smart' snails), one from Canada (Trans Canada 1: TC1) and one from the U.K. (Chilton Moor: CM) respond to ecologically relevant stressors. In control conditions the Dutch strain forms memory lasting 1-3 h following a single 0.5 h training session in our standard calcium pond water (80 mg/l [Ca 2+]), whereas the TC1 and CM populations formed LTM lasting 5+ days following this training regime. Exposure to low environmental calcium pond water (20 mg/l [Ca 2+]), which blocks LTM in the Dutch strain, reduced LTM retention to 24 h in the TC1 and CM populations. Crowding (20 snails in 100 ml) immediately prior to training blocks LTM in the Dutch strain, and also did so in TC1 and CM populations. Therefore, snails with enhanced cognitive ability respond to these ecologically relevant stressors in a similar manner to the Dutch strain, but are more robust at forming LTM in a low calcium environment. Despite the two populations (CM and TC1) originating from different continents, LTM formation was indistinguishable in both control and stressed conditions. This indicates that the underlying mechanisms controlling cognitive differences among populations may be highly conserved in L. stagnalis. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Dalesman, Lukowiak.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dalesman, Sarah and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032334},\neditor = {Sakakibara, Manabu},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {e32334},\npmid = {22384220},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{How Stress Alters Memory in ‘Smart' Snails}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032334 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032334},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alternate behavioural measurements following a single operant training regime demonstrate differences in memory retention.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dalesman, S.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Animal Cognition, 15(4): 483–494. jul 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Alternate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00792,\nabstract = {Frequently studies of learning and memory measure a single focal behaviour; however it is likely that any learning paradigm will alter multiple behavioural traits in the same animal. We used video footage of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), collected immediately prior to both training and testing for memory in response to operant conditioning to reduce aerial respiration, to measure two additional alternate behavioural traits: reducing the size of the pneumostome (breathing orifice) opening and shell tilt to cover the pneumostome. Typically, the training regime used here results in memory to reduce the number of breathing attempts lasting 24 h but not 72 h. However, memory duration when measured using the two additional behavioural traits differed significantly; shell tilt was short-lived lasting less than 1 h following training, whereas the reduction in pneumostome size was still apparent 72 h following training. Therefore, conclusions about the ability of L. stagnalis to retain memory in response to a single type of training regime will differ significantly depending on the focal behavioural trait measured. A significant correlation between the reduction in opening attempts and visible pneumostome area indicated that these behavioural traits are co-specialised, whereas pneumostome opening and shell tilt behaviour varied independently. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dalesman, Sarah and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10071-012-0472-3},\nissn = {1435-9448},\njournal = {Animal Cognition},\nkeywords = {Behavioural plasticity,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {483--494},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Alternate behavioural measurements following a single operant training regime demonstrate differences in memory retention}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10071-012-0472-3.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10071-012-0472-3},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A flavonol present in cocoa [(-)epicatechin] enhances snail memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fruson, L.; Dalesman, S.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(20): 3566–3576. oct 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00781,\nabstract = {Dietary consumption of flavonoids (plant phytochemicals) may improve memory and neuro-cognitive performance, though the mechanism is poorly understood. Previous work has assessed cognitive effects in vertebrates; here we assess the suitability of Lymnaea stagnalis as an invertebrate model to elucidate the effects of flavonoids on cognition. (-)Epicatechin (epi) is a flavonoid present in cocoa, green tea and red wine. We studied its effects on basic snail behaviours (aerial respiration and locomotion), long-term memory (LTM) formation and memory extinction of operantly conditioned aerial respiratory behaviour. We found no significant effect of epi exposure (15.mg.l-1) on either locomotion or aerial respiration. However, when snails were operantly conditioned in epi for a single 0.5.h training session, which typically results in memory lasting ∼3.h, they formed LTM lasting at least 24.h. Snails exposed to epi also showed significantly increased resistance to extinction, consistent with the hypothesis that epi induces a more persistent LTM. Thus training in epi facilitates LTM formation and results in a more persistent and stronger memory. Previous work has indicated that memory-enhancing stressors (predator kairomones and KCl) act via sensory input from the osphradium and are dependent on a serotonergic (5-HT) signalling pathway. Here we found that the effects of epi on LTM were independent of osphradial input and 5-HT, demonstrating that an alternative mechanism of memory enhancement exists in L. stagnalis. Our data are consistent with the notion that dietary sources of epi can improve cognitive abilities, and that L. stagnalis is a suitable model with which to elucidate neuronal mechanisms. {\\textcopyright} 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fruson, Lee and Dalesman, Sarah and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.070300},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {(-)epicatechin,Flavonol,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory enhancement,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {20},\npages = {3566--3576},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{A flavonol present in cocoa [(-)epicatechin] enhances snail memory}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/20/3566?{\\_}ga=2.67414674.20604796.1538524800-1534587845.1538524800 http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.070300},\nvolume = {215},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harris, C. A.; Buckley, C. L.; Nowotny, T.; Passaro, P. A.; Seth, A. K.; Kemenes, G.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 7(7): e42493. jul 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multi-Neuronal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00823,\nabstract = {Oscillating neuronal circuits, known as central pattern generators (CPGs), are responsible for generating rhythmic behaviours such as walking, breathing and chewing. The CPG model alone however does not account for the ability of animals to adapt their future behaviour to changes in the sensory environment that signal reward. Here, using multi-electrode array (MEA) recording in an established experimental model of centrally generated rhythmic behaviour we show that the feeding CPG of Lymnaea stagnalis is itself associated with another, and hitherto unidentified, oscillating neuronal population. This extra-CPG oscillator is characterised by high population-wide activity alternating with population-wide quiescence. During the quiescent periods the CPG is refractory to activation by food-associated stimuli. Furthermore, the duration of the refractory period predicts the timing of the next activation of the CPG, which may be minutes into the future. Rewarding food stimuli and dopamine accelerate the frequency of the extra-CPG oscillator and reduce the duration of its quiescent periods. These findings indicate that dopamine adapts future feeding behaviour to the availability of food by significantly reducing the refractory period of the brain's feeding circuitry. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Harris et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Harris, Christopher A. and Buckley, Christopher L. and Nowotny, Thomas and Passaro, Peter A. and Seth, Anil K. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0042493},\neditor = {Sakakibara, Manabu},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {e42493},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042493 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Insulin and memory in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ito, E.; Okada, R.; Sakamoto, Y.; Otshuka, E.; Mita, K.; Okuta, A.; Sunada, H.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 63(Supplement 2): 194–201. jun 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Insulin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00315,\nabstract = {The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is capable of learning conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and consolidating this CTA into long-term memory (LTM). The DNA microarray experiments showed that some of molluscan insulin-related peptides (MIPs) were up-regulated in snails exhibiting CTA-LTM. On the other hand, the electrophysiological experiments showed that application of secretions from the MIPs-containing cells evoked long-term potentiation (LTP) at the synapses between the cerebral giant cell (a key interneuron for CTA) and the B1 motoneuron (a buccal motoneuron). We thus hypothesized that MIPs and MIP receptors play an important role at the synapses, probably underlying the CTA-LTM consolidation process. To examine this hypothesis, we applied the antibody, which recognizes the binding site of mammalian insulin receptors and is thought to cross-react MIP receptors, to the Lymnaea CNS. Our present data showed that an application of the antibody for insulin receptors to the isolated CNS blocked LTP, and that an injection of the antibody into the Lymnaea abdominal cavity inhibited LTM consolidation, but not CTA formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ito, E. and Okada, R. and Sakamoto, Yuki and Otshuka, Emi and Mita, K. and Okuta, Akiko and Sunada, H. and Sakakibara, M.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.Suppl.2.25},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {Supplement 2},\npages = {194--201},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{Insulin and memory in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/63/10002/article-p194.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.Suppl.2.25},\nvolume = {63},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Memory Trace in Feeding Neural Circuitry Underlying Conditioned Taste Aversion in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ito, E.; Otsuka, E.; Hama, N.; Aonuma, H.; Okada, R.; Hatakeyama, D.; Fujito, Y.; and Kobayashi, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 7(8): e43151. aug 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Memory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00086,\nabstract = {Background: The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis can maintain a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) as a long-term memory. Previous studies have shown that the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) evoked in the neuron 1 medial (N1M) cell by activation of the cerebral giant cell (CGC) in taste aversion-trained snails was larger and lasted longer than that in control snails. The N1M cell is one of the interneurons in the feeding central pattern generator (CPG), and the CGC is a key regulatory neuron for the feeding CPG. Methodology/Principle Findings: Previous studies have suggested that the neural circuit between the CGC and the N1M cell consists of two synaptic connections: (1) the excitatory connection from the CGC to the neuron 3 tonic (N3t) cell and (2) the inhibitory connection from the N3t cell to the N1M cell. However, because the N3t cell is too small to access consistently by electrophysiological methods, in the present study the synaptic inputs from the CGC to the N3t cell and those from the N3t cell to the N1M cell were monitored as the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recorded in the large B1 and B3 motor neurons, respectively. The evoked monosynaptic EPSPs of the B1 motor neurons in the brains isolated from the taste aversion-trained snails were identical to those in the control snails, whereas the spontaneous monosynaptic EPSPs of the B3 motor neurons were significantly enlarged. Conclusion/Significance: These results suggest that, after taste aversion training, the monosynaptic inputs from the N3t cell to the following neurons including the N1M cell are specifically facilitated. That is, one of the memory traces for taste aversion remains as an increase in neurotransmitter released from the N3t cell. We thus conclude that the N3t cell suppresses the N1M cell in the feeding CPG, in response to the conditioned stimulus in Lymnaea CTA. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Ito et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ito, Etsuro and Otsuka, Emi and Hama, Noriyuki and Aonuma, Hitoshi and Okada, Ryuichi and Hatakeyama, Dai and Fujito, Yutaka and Kobayashi, Suguru},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043151},\neditor = {Sakakibara, Manabu},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {e43151},\npmid = {22900097},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{Memory Trace in Feeding Neural Circuitry Underlying Conditioned Taste Aversion in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0043151 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043151},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Hibernation-Related Peptide TSKY Acts as a Neuroprotector in Cultured Pond Snail Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kramarova, L. I.; Ivlicheva, N. A.; Ziganshin, R. H.; Andreev, A. A.; and Gakhova, E. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Living in a Seasonal World,201–210. 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00886,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} EN, Chekurova NR, Kislov AN, Veprintsev BN (1989) Giant neurons save the viability after deep freezing of pond snail brain Lymnaea stagnalis {\\ldots} Neuroscience 96(4):791–805PubMedCrossRef Google Scholar. Ziganshin RH, Svieryaev VI, Vaskovsky VN, Mikhaleva II, Ivanov VT {\\ldots}},\naddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kramarova, Ludmila I. and Ivlicheva, Natalya A. and Ziganshin, Rustam H. and Andreev, Alexey A. and Gakhova, Edith N.},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-3-642-28678-0_18},\njournal = {Living in a Seasonal World},\npages = {201--210},\npublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\ntitle = {{The Hibernation-Related Peptide TSKY Acts as a Neuroprotector in Cultured Pond Snail Neurons}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-28678-0{\\_}18 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-28678-0{\\_}18},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Phylogenomics meets neuroscience: How many times might complex brains have evolved?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moroz, L. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 63(Supplement 2): 3–19. jun 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Phylogenomics$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00154,\nabstract = {The origin of complex centralized brains is one of the major evolutionary transitions in the history of animals. Monophyly (i.e. presence of a centralized nervous system in urbilateria) vs polyphyly (i.e. multiple origins by parallel centralization of nervous systems within several lineages) are two historically conflicting scenarios to explain such transitions. However, recent phylogenomic and cladistic analysis suggests that complex brains may have independently evolved at least 9 times within different animal lineages. Indeed, even within the phylum Mollusca cephalization might have occurred at least 5 times. Emerging molecular data further suggest that at the genomic level such transitions might have been achieved by changes in expression of just a few transcriptional factors - not surprising since such events might happen multiple times over 700 million years of animal evolution. Both cladistic and genomic analyses also imply that neurons themselves evolved more than once. Ancestral polarized secretory cells were likely involved in coordination of ciliated locomotion in early animals, and these cells can be considered as evolutionary precursors of neurons within different lineages. Under this scenario, the origins of neurons can be linked to adaptations to stress/injury factors in the form of integrated regeneration-type cellular response with secretory signaling peptides as early neurotransmitters. To further reconstruct the parallel evolution of nervous systems genomic approaches are essential to probe enigmatic neurons of basal metazoans, selected lophotrochozoans (e.g. phoronids, brachiopods) and deuterostomes.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moroz, Leonid L.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.Suppl.2.1},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {Supplement 2},\npages = {3--19},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{Phylogenomics meets neuroscience: How many times might complex brains have evolved?}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/63/10002/article-p3.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.Suppl.2.1},\nvolume = {63},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n De Novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of the Central Nervous System of Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis by Deep RNA Sequencing.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sadamoto, H.; Takahashi, H.; Okada, T.; Kenmoku, H.; Toyota, M.; and Asakawa, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 7(8): e42546. aug 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"De$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00055,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is among several mollusc species that have been well investigated due to the simplicity of their nervous systems and large identifiable neurons. Nonetheless, despite the continued attention given to the physiological characteristics of its nervous system, the genetic information of the Lymnaea central nervous system (CNS) has not yet been fully explored. The absence of genetic information is a large disadvantage for transcriptome sequencing because it makes transcriptome assembly difficult. We here performed transcriptome sequencing for Lymnaea CNS using an Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx platform and obtained 81.9 M of 100 base pair (bp) single end reads. For de novo assembly, five programs were used: ABySS, Velvet, OASES, Trinity and Rnnotator. Based on a comparison of the assemblies, we chose the Rnnotator dataset for the following blast searches and gene ontology analyses. The present dataset, 116,355 contigs of Lymnaea transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA), contained longer sequences and was much larger compared to the previously reported Lymnaea expression sequence tag (EST) established by classical Sanger sequencing. The TSA sequences were subjected to blast analyses against several protein databases and Aplysia EST data. The results demonstrated that about 20,000 sequences had significant similarity to the reported sequences using a cutoff value of 1e-6, and showed the lack of molluscan sequences in the public databases. The richness of the present TSA data allowed us to identify a large number of new transcripts in Lymnaea and molluscan species. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Sadamoto et al.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sadamoto, Hisayo and Takahashi, Hironobu and Okada, Taketo and Kenmoku, Hiromichi and Toyota, Masao and Asakawa, Yoshinori},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0042546},\neditor = {Sakakibara, Manabu},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {e42546},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{De Novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of the Central Nervous System of Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis by Deep RNA Sequencing}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042546 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042546},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molluscan neurons in culture: shedding light on synapse formation and plasticity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schmold, N.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molecular Histology, 43(4): 383–399. aug 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molluscan$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00848,\nabstract = {From genes to behaviour, the simple model system approach has played many pivotal roles in deciphering nervous system function in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, with the advent of sophisticated imaging and recording techniques enabling the direct investigation of single vertebrate neurons, the utility of simple invertebrate organisms as model systems has been put to question. To address this subject meaningfully and comprehensively, we first review the contributions made by invertebrates in the field of neuroscience over the years, paving the way for similar breakthroughs in higher animals. In particular, we focus on molluscan (Lymnaea, Aplysia, and Helisoma) and leech (Hirudo) models and the pivotal roles they have played in elucidating mechanisms of synapse formation and plasticity. While the ultimate goal in neuroscience is to understand the workings of the human brain in both its normal and diseased states, the sheer complexity of most vertebrate models still makes it difficult to define the underlying principles of nervous system function. Investigators have thus turned to invertebrate models, which are unique with respect to their simple nervous systems that are endowed with a finite number of large, individually identifiable neurons of known function. We start off by discussing in vivo and semi-intact preparations, regarding their amenability to simple circuit analysis. Despite the 'simplicity' of invertebrate nervous systems however, it is still difficult to study individual synaptic connections in detail. We therefore emphasize in the next section, the utility of studying identified invertebrate neurons in vitro, to directly examine the development, specificity, and plasticity of synaptic connections in a well-defined environment, at a resolution that it is still unapproachable in the intact brain. We conclude with a discussion of the future of invertebrates in neuroscience in elucidating mechanisms of neurological disease and developing neuron-silicon interfaces. {\\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Schmold, Nichole and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10735-012-9398-y},\nissn = {1567-2379},\njournal = {Journal of Molecular Histology},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Development,Invertebrates,Plasticity,Regeneration,Synapse formation},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {383--399},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Molluscan neurons in culture: shedding light on synapse formation and plasticity}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10735-012-9398-y.pdf{\\&}casa{\\_}token=7x-10Y4mUzwAAAAA:7WqCpn{\\_}JVA{\\_}vU{\\_}WufOan5rFCIR-HQIULoY0Hk42XB1de69Kx7EFlTuvN2LiujoI{\\_}n00lN3SEYKf8icQ http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10735-012-9398-y},\nvolume = {43},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n From genes to behaviour, the simple model system approach has played many pivotal roles in deciphering nervous system function in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, with the advent of sophisticated imaging and recording techniques enabling the direct investigation of single vertebrate neurons, the utility of simple invertebrate organisms as model systems has been put to question. To address this subject meaningfully and comprehensively, we first review the contributions made by invertebrates in the field of neuroscience over the years, paving the way for similar breakthroughs in higher animals. In particular, we focus on molluscan (Lymnaea, Aplysia, and Helisoma) and leech (Hirudo) models and the pivotal roles they have played in elucidating mechanisms of synapse formation and plasticity. While the ultimate goal in neuroscience is to understand the workings of the human brain in both its normal and diseased states, the sheer complexity of most vertebrate models still makes it difficult to define the underlying principles of nervous system function. Investigators have thus turned to invertebrate models, which are unique with respect to their simple nervous systems that are endowed with a finite number of large, individually identifiable neurons of known function. We start off by discussing in vivo and semi-intact preparations, regarding their amenability to simple circuit analysis. Despite the 'simplicity' of invertebrate nervous systems however, it is still difficult to study individual synaptic connections in detail. We therefore emphasize in the next section, the utility of studying identified invertebrate neurons in vitro, to directly examine the development, specificity, and plasticity of synaptic connections in a well-defined environment, at a resolution that it is still unapproachable in the intact brain. We conclude with a discussion of the future of invertebrates in neuroscience in elucidating mechanisms of neurological disease and developing neuron-silicon interfaces. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evolution of cell-to-cell communication and the structural brain organization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sidorov, A. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 48(4): 377–384. jul 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evolution$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00927,\nabstract = {The review considers key problems connected with historical development of the nervous system, including intercellular contacts and brain neurotransmitter systems. A particular attention is paid to structural-functional organization of the central nervous system of the fresh-water pulmonary mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sidorov, A. V.},\ndoi = {10.1134/S0022093012040019},\nissn = {0022-0930},\njournal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {377--384},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Evolution of cell-to-cell communication and the structural brain organization}},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0022093012040019{\\&}casa{\\_}token=IrCuQuoAEV8AAAAA:BIuUFRA5mXuuufxphILjKnn-CJcBFUqDV{\\_}9N89h{\\_}bNOrK5mifIW-P4YcKxkkvR1Q9LCRUOMqrVDOiWk http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0022093012040019},\nvolume = {48},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of hydrogen peroxide on electrical coupling between identified Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sidorov, A. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 12(1): 63–68. jun 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effect$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00342,\nabstract = {The pair of giant reciprocally coupled neurons VD1 and RPaD2 within the CNS of the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was used to analyse the effect of hydrogen peroxide on gap-junction connection. Electrical activity of VD1/RPaD2 was recorded with intracellular microelectrodes in order to analyse gap-junction signalling. Hydrogen peroxide application (1 × 10 -4 M) results in a rapid, 1.3-fold, increase in VD1/RPaD2 spiking frequency within 30 s after application. This was accompanied by a slight reduction in action potential amplitude. In addition, H 2O 2 induced a significant reduction in the steady-state bidirectional coupling ratio between the neurons. The maximal reduction in the coupling ratio, 1.8-1.9 fold, was measured 3 min after H 2O 2 application. However, the network input resistance did not undergo a detectable change. The voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel blocker, nifedipine (1 × 10 -4 M), abolished the effect of H 2O 2 on the coupling ratio and firing frequency. All the effects of H 2O 2 were reversible, that is, washing the preparation with standard physiological saline restored the properties of the neuronal coupling to the pre-treatment value. These data are consistent with a dynamic modulation of the gap-junction properties by H 2O 2 between these two neurons. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sidorov, Alexander V.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-012-0128-7},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Gap junction,Identified neurons,Mollusc,Reactive oxygen species,Synapse},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {63--68},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Effect of hydrogen peroxide on electrical coupling between identified Lymnaea neurons}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-012-0128-7.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-012-0128-7},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Experimental Modeling and Discussion of Syncytial Connections in the Nervous System.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sotnikov, O. S.; Paramonova, N. M.; Laktionova, A. A.; and Soloviova, I. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 42(1): 58–62. jan 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Experimental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00565,\nabstract = {This article addresses the question of the possible existence of syncytial connections in the nervous system by presenting the first data on experimental syncytial fusion of neurons. Neurons from the ganglia of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis without their surrounding glial cells, isolated using pronase, were brought together by centrifugation and remained in the aggregated state for two days in culture medium. The neurons retained the ability to form normal processes. At the boundaries of adjacent cells, contacting mutual invaginations (podia) appeared, separated from each other by vacuole-like enlargements of intercellular clefts. Electron microscopy showed that the outer cell membranes were disrupted at contact sites between podia. Only residual fragments of degraded membrane were seen. The cytoplasm of one adjacent cells merged continuously with the cytoplasm of the other. Thus, these experiments provide further support for the cellular theory in relation to the common main properties of all cells and extend the view of the neuron theory that the nervous system, apart from chemical synapses and electrical membrane contacts, may also include syncytial interneuron contacts. {\\textcopyright} 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sotnikov, O. S. and Paramonova, N. M. and Laktionova, A. A. and Soloviova, I. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-011-9533-3},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {cultivation,neurons,syncytial connections},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {58--62},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Experimental Modeling and Discussion of Syncytial Connections in the Nervous System}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-011-9533-3 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-011-9533-3},\nvolume = {42},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The effect of light on induced egg laying in the simultaneous hermaphrodite lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ter Maat, A.; Pieneman, A. W.; and Koene, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molluscan Studies, 78(3): 262–267. 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00246,\nabstract = {Reproduction is influenced by many external factors. For egg laying of pond snails, one important trigger is the transfer from dirty, oxygen-poor water to clean, oxygen-rich water. This response is due to the combined effects of elevated oxygen level, chemical water composition and clean substrate. Whether this clean-water stimulus (CWS) resembles the natural egg-laying process has remained untested. Given that the response relies heavily on a pretreatment that suppresses egg laying, the animal's internal state is clearly important. Egg laying is known to be influenced by day length, hence external factors signifying time of day or season may be involved. We here study the effect of light on the CWS in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis. Clean water was more effective in inducing oviposition in the light than during darkness, irrespective of the presence of eyes. Thus, light has a profound influence on egg laying, which is most likely mediated by nonocular photoreceptors. We show that more eggs are laid during the day than during the night in wild-caught animals kept outside, which indicates that the effect of light on CWS-induced egg laying is relevant for the induction of egg laying under natural conditions. {\\textcopyright} The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Ter Maat}, A. and Pieneman, A. W. and Koene, J. M.},\ndoi = {10.1093/mollus/eys008},\nissn = {02601230},\njournal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {262--267},\npublisher = {academic.oup.com},\ntitle = {{The effect of light on induced egg laying in the simultaneous hermaphrodite lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/78/3/262/1049520},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Contraction of Traumatized Nerve Cell Processes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vasyagina, N. Y.; Sotnikov, O. S.; and Gendina, E. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 42(6): 607–611. jul 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Contraction$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00578,\nabstract = {Studies were performed on living isolated mollusk (Lymnaea stagnalis) neurons. The aim was to investigate the contractile activity of traumatized neuron processes. Retraction of process in Ringer's solution was seen in 90{\\%} of cases. The characteristic club-shaped formation, i.e., the retraction bulb, was a marker of contraction. The rate of process contraction ranged in different neurons from 0.03 to 9 $\\mu$m/min. Increases in process diameter by an average of 35{\\%} occurred during normal linear contraction, while increases in cell body volume were by an average of 30{\\%}. Three forms of contractile activity were identified: linear contraction, isometric contraction (with decreases in process width with unaltered length), and mixed contraction. It is suggested that the mechanism of retraction is involved in the formation of diastases on nerve transection and in lesions to the conducting pathways of the brain. Nerve diastases formed not only as a result of the elastic properties of its connective tissue sheaths and glia, but also because of retraction of nerve fibers. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vasyagina, N. Yu and Sotnikov, O. S. and Gendina, E. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-012-9609-8},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Isolated living neurons,Lymnaea stagnalis,Processes,Retraction},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {607--611},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Contraction of Traumatized Nerve Cell Processes}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-012-9609-8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-012-9609-8},\nvolume = {42},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Failure of delayed nonsynaptic neuronal plasticity underlies age-associated long-term associative memory impairment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Watson, S. N.; Risling, T. E.; Hermann, P. M.; and Wildering, W. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Neuroscience, 13(1): 103. 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Failure$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00463,\nabstract = {Background: Cognitive impairment associated with subtle changes in neuron and neuronal network function rather than widespread neuron death is a feature of the normal aging process in humans and animals. Despite its broad evolutionary conservation, the etiology of this aging process is not well understood. However, recent evidence suggests the existence of a link between oxidative stress in the form of progressive membrane lipid peroxidation, declining neuronal electrical excitability and functional decline of the normal aging brain. The current study applies a combination of behavioural and electrophysiological techniques and pharmacological interventions to explore this hypothesis in a gastropod model (Lymnaea stagnalis feeding system) that allows pinpointing the molecular and neurobiological foundations of age-associated long-term memory (LTM) failure at the level of individual identified neurons and synapses.Results: Classical appetitive reward-conditioning induced robust LTM in mature animals in the first quartile of their lifespan but failed to do so in animals in the last quartile of their lifespan. LTM failure correlated with reduced electrical excitability of two identified serotonergic modulatory interneurons (CGCs) critical in chemosensory integration by the neural network controlling feeding behaviour. Moreover, while behavioural conditioning induced delayed-onset persistent depolarization of the CGCs known to underlie appetitive LTM formation in this model in the younger animals, it failed to do so in LTM-deficient senescent animals. Dietary supplementation of the lipophilic anti-oxidant $\\alpha$-tocopherol reversed the effect of age on CGCs electrophysiological characteristics but failed to restore appetitive LTM function. Treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine reversed both the neurophysiological and behavioural effects of age in senior animals.Conclusions: The results identify the CGCs as cellular loci of age-associated appetitive learning and memory impairment in Lymnaea and buttress the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation-dependent depression of intrinsic excitability is a hallmark of normal neuronal aging. The data implicate both lipid peroxidation-dependent non-synaptic as well as apparently lipid peroxidation-independent synaptic mechanisms in the age-dependent decline in behavioural plasticity in this model system. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Watson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Watson, Shawn N. and Risling, Tara E. and Hermann, Petra M. and Wildering, Willem C.},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2202-13-103},\nissn = {1471-2202},\njournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Classical conditioning,Cognitive impairment,Lipid peroxidation,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,Neural plasticity,Neuronal excitability,Oxidative stress,Serotonin,$\\alpha$-tocopherol},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {103},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Failure of delayed nonsynaptic neuronal plasticity underlies age-associated long-term associative memory impairment}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2202-13-103 http://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-13-103},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n Background: Cognitive impairment associated with subtle changes in neuron and neuronal network function rather than widespread neuron death is a feature of the normal aging process in humans and animals. Despite its broad evolutionary conservation, the etiology of this aging process is not well understood. However, recent evidence suggests the existence of a link between oxidative stress in the form of progressive membrane lipid peroxidation, declining neuronal electrical excitability and functional decline of the normal aging brain. The current study applies a combination of behavioural and electrophysiological techniques and pharmacological interventions to explore this hypothesis in a gastropod model (Lymnaea stagnalis feeding system) that allows pinpointing the molecular and neurobiological foundations of age-associated long-term memory (LTM) failure at the level of individual identified neurons and synapses.Results: Classical appetitive reward-conditioning induced robust LTM in mature animals in the first quartile of their lifespan but failed to do so in animals in the last quartile of their lifespan. LTM failure correlated with reduced electrical excitability of two identified serotonergic modulatory interneurons (CGCs) critical in chemosensory integration by the neural network controlling feeding behaviour. Moreover, while behavioural conditioning induced delayed-onset persistent depolarization of the CGCs known to underlie appetitive LTM formation in this model in the younger animals, it failed to do so in LTM-deficient senescent animals. Dietary supplementation of the lipophilic anti-oxidant $α$-tocopherol reversed the effect of age on CGCs electrophysiological characteristics but failed to restore appetitive LTM function. Treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine reversed both the neurophysiological and behavioural effects of age in senior animals.Conclusions: The results identify the CGCs as cellular loci of age-associated appetitive learning and memory impairment in Lymnaea and buttress the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation-dependent depression of intrinsic excitability is a hallmark of normal neuronal aging. The data implicate both lipid peroxidation-dependent non-synaptic as well as apparently lipid peroxidation-independent synaptic mechanisms in the age-dependent decline in behavioural plasticity in this model system. © 2012 Watson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Insights into CNS ageing from animal models of senescence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M.; Scutt, G.; and Faragher, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(6): 435–445. 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Insights$ Https://idp.nature.com/authorize/casa?redirect\\ uri\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00939,\nabstract = {In recent years, novel model systems have made significant contributions to our understanding of the processes that control the ageing of whole organisms. However, there are limited data to show that the mechanisms that gerontologists have identified as having a role in organismal ageing contribute significantly to the ageing of the central nervous system. Two recent discoveries illustrate this particularly well. The first is the consistent failure of researchers to demonstrate a simple relationship between organismal ageing and oxidative stress-a mechanism often assumed to have a primary role in brain ageing. The second is the demonstration that senescent cells play a causal part in organismal ageing but remain essentially unstudied in a CNS context. We argue that the animal models now available (including rodents, flies, molluscs and worms), if properly applied, will allow a paradigm shift in our current understanding of the normal processes of brain ageing. {\\textcopyright} 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, Mark and Scutt, Greg and Faragher, Richard},\ndoi = {10.1038/nrn3230},\nissn = {1471003X},\njournal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {435--445},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{Insights into CNS ageing from animal models of senescence}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://idp.nature.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3230{\\&}casa{\\_}token=E69GnDD{\\_}{\\_}ZAAAAAA:e8uuPtF4uaKJa6XH3j53AgmMIpglM1vZIOguKg78Ful8IGMmN7DRzGJIU6OulRvQATk5e1koVKQoZ{\\_}E},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {2012}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intermediate and long-term memory are different at the neuronal level in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Braun, M. H.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96(2): 403–416. sep 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Intermediate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00065,\nabstract = {Both intermediate-term memory (ITM) and long-term memory (LTM) require novel protein synthesis; however, LTM also requires gene transcription. This suggests that the behavioural output of the two processes may be produced differently at the neuronal level. The fresh-water snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can be operantly conditioned to decrease its rate of aerial respiration and, depending on the training procedure, the memory can last 3. h (ITM) or {\\textgreater}24. h (LTM). RPeD1, one of the 3 interneurons that form the respiratory central pattern generator (CPG) that drives aerial respiration, is necessary for memory formation. By comparing RPeD1's electrophysiological properties in na{\\"{i}}ve, 'ITM-trained', 'LTM-trained' and yoked control snails we discovered that while the behavioural phenotype of memory at 3 and 24. h is identical, the situation at the neuronal level is different. When examined 3. h after either the 'ITM' or 'LTM' training procedure RPeD1 activity is significantly depressed. That is, the firing rate, input resistance, excitability and the number of action potential bursts are all significantly decreased. In snails receiving the ITM-training, these changes return to normal 24. h post-training. However, in snails receiving the 'LTM-training', measured RPeD1 properties (firing rate, excitability, membrane resistance, and the number of action potential bursts fired) are significantly different at 24. h than they were at 3. h. Additionally, 24. h following LTM training RPeD1 appears to be functionally " uncoupled" from its control of the pneumostome as the link between RPeD1 excitation and pneumostome opening is weakened. These data suggest that the behavioural changes occurring during LTM are due to more widespread neuronal reorganization than similar behavioural changes occurring during ITM. Thus ITM and LTM are not just distinct in a chronological and transcriptional manner but are also distinct at the level of neuronal properties. {\\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Braun, Marvin H. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.016},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Intermediate-term memory,Learning,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurons,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {403--416},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Intermediate and long-term memory are different at the neuronal level in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742711001274 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742711001274},\nvolume = {96},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n Both intermediate-term memory (ITM) and long-term memory (LTM) require novel protein synthesis; however, LTM also requires gene transcription. This suggests that the behavioural output of the two processes may be produced differently at the neuronal level. The fresh-water snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can be operantly conditioned to decrease its rate of aerial respiration and, depending on the training procedure, the memory can last 3. h (ITM) or \\textgreater24. h (LTM). RPeD1, one of the 3 interneurons that form the respiratory central pattern generator (CPG) that drives aerial respiration, is necessary for memory formation. By comparing RPeD1's electrophysiological properties in naïve, 'ITM-trained', 'LTM-trained' and yoked control snails we discovered that while the behavioural phenotype of memory at 3 and 24. h is identical, the situation at the neuronal level is different. When examined 3. h after either the 'ITM' or 'LTM' training procedure RPeD1 activity is significantly depressed. That is, the firing rate, input resistance, excitability and the number of action potential bursts are all significantly decreased. In snails receiving the ITM-training, these changes return to normal 24. h post-training. However, in snails receiving the 'LTM-training', measured RPeD1 properties (firing rate, excitability, membrane resistance, and the number of action potential bursts fired) are significantly different at 24. h than they were at 3. h. Additionally, 24. h following LTM training RPeD1 appears to be functionally \" uncoupled\" from its control of the pneumostome as the link between RPeD1 excitation and pneumostome opening is weakened. These data suggest that the behavioural changes occurring during LTM are due to more widespread neuronal reorganization than similar behavioural changes occurring during ITM. Thus ITM and LTM are not just distinct in a chronological and transcriptional manner but are also distinct at the level of neuronal properties. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Low environmental calcium blocks long-term memory formation in a freshwater pulmonate snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dalesman, S.; Braun, M. H.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 95(4): 393–403. may 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Low$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00576,\nabstract = {The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) is considered a calciphile and exhibits reduced growth and survival in environments containing less than 20 mg/l environmental calcium. Although it has no apparent effect on survival at 20 mg/l, reducing environmental calcium increases metabolic demand, and as such we consider that this level of calcium acts as a stressor on the snail. We exposed snails to acute periods of low environmental calcium and tested their ability to form intermediate-term memory (ITM) and long-term memory (LTM) following one trial operant conditioning (1TT) to reduce aerial respiratory activity in hypoxic conditions. We also assessed whether there were changes in the electrophysiological properties of a single neuron, right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), which has been demonstrated to be necessary for LTM formation. Following training in high (80 mg/l) environmental calcium, L. stagnalis formed ITM and LTM lasting 24 h and demonstrated a significant reduction in all activity measured from RPeD1; however when snails were exposed to low (20 mg/l) environmental calcium they were able to form ITM but not LTM. Although no behavioral LTM was formed, a partial reduction in RPeD1 activtiy measured 24 h after training was observed, indicating a residual effect of training. The strong effect that environmental calcium concentration had on physiology and behavior in response to training to reduce aerial respiration in L. stagnalis suggests that it is an element of gastropod husbandry that needs to be carefully considered when studying other traits. This study also indicates that L. stagnalis found naturally in low calcium environments may be less able to adapt to novel stressors than populations found in harder waters. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dalesman, Sarah and Braun, Marvin H. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2010.11.017},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Environmental calcium,Learning,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Pulmonate snail},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {393--403},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Low environmental calcium blocks long-term memory formation in a freshwater pulmonate snail}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742710002030 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742710002030},\nvolume = {95},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Microgeographical variability in long-term memory formation in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dalesman, S.; Rundle, S. D.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Animal Behaviour, 82(2): 311–319. aug 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Microgeographical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00189,\nabstract = {The ability to learn and form long-term memory (LTM) can enhance an animal's fitness, for example by allowing it to remember predators, food sources or conspecific interactions. Here we used the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, to assess whether variability among natural populations in memory-forming capabilities occurs on a microgeographical scale. We used four populations from two different habitat types separated by 1-20. km: two from large, permanent canals and two from small, fluctuating drainage ditches. Of the four populations tested, only one, from a small drainage ditch, formed LTM lasting 24. h after a 0.5. h operant training session to reduce aerial respiration in hypoxic conditions when trained in pond water alone. Each of the four populations demonstrated the same memory retention capability over 2 consecutive years, indicating temporal stability within each population tested. Despite this lack of a consistent ability for LTM formation among populations in pond water, all populations tested demonstrated LTM formation in the presence of predator kairomones, from both tench, Tinca tinca, a predatory fish present at the large canal sites, and crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, known to extend memory in a Dutch L. stagnalis population. Therefore, while we found differences between populations in LTM retention after training in pond water, the response to predator kairomones during training, an ecologically relevant stressor, appears highly conserved in this species, enabling all populations to form LTM. {\\textcopyright} 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dalesman, Sarah and Rundle, Simon D. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.005},\nissn = {00033472},\njournal = {Animal Behaviour},\nkeywords = {Behavioural plasticity,Kairomone,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Pond snail,Population ecology,Predator,Stress},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {311--319},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Microgeographical variability in long-term memory formation in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347211001904 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347211001904},\nvolume = {82},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The antidepressant fluoxetine but not citalopram suppresses synapse formation and synaptic transmission between Lymnaea neurons by perturbing presynaptic and postsynaptic machinery.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Getz, A.; Xu, F.; Zaidi, W.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 34(2): 221–234. jul 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00756,\nabstract = {Depression is a debilitating mental disorder, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) constitute the first-line antidepressant treatment choice for the clinical management of this illness; however, the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic actions and side effects remain poorly understood. Here, we compared the effects of two SSRIs, fluoxetine and citalopram, on synaptic connectivity and the efficacy of cholinergic synaptic transmission between identified presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons from the mollusc Lymnaea. The in vitro paired cells were exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of the two SSRIs under chronic and acute experimental conditions, and the incidence of synapse formation and the efficacy of synaptic transmission were tested electrophysiologically and with fluorescent Ca 2+ imaging. We demonstrate that chronic exposure to fluoxetine, but not to citalopram, inhibits synapse formation and reduces synaptic strength, and that these effects are reversible following prolonged drug washout. At the structural level, we demonstrate that fluoxetine, but not citalopram, prevents the expression and localization of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin. Acute exposure to fluoxetine substantially reduced synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity (post-tetanic potentiation) in established synapses, whereas citalopram reduced synaptic transmission, but not short-term synaptic plasticity. We further demonstrate that fluoxetine, but not citalopram, directly inhibits voltage-gated Ca 2+ currents in the presynaptic neuron, as well as postsynaptic responsiveness to exogenously applied neurotransmitter. This study provides the first direct evidence that fluoxetine and citalopram exert characteristic, non-specific side effects that are unrelated to their function as SSRIs, and that fluoxetine is more detrimental to synaptic physiology and structure than citalopram. {\\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience {\\textcopyright} 2011 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Getz, Angela and Xu, Fenglian and Zaidi, Wali and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07757.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Antidepressant,Intracellular Ca 2+,Synapse formation,Synaptic plasticity,Synaptic transmission},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {221--234},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{The antidepressant fluoxetine but not citalopram suppresses synapse formation and synaptic transmission between Lymnaea neurons by perturbing presynaptic and postsynaptic machinery}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07757.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07757.x},\nvolume = {34},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Depression is a debilitating mental disorder, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) constitute the first-line antidepressant treatment choice for the clinical management of this illness; however, the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic actions and side effects remain poorly understood. Here, we compared the effects of two SSRIs, fluoxetine and citalopram, on synaptic connectivity and the efficacy of cholinergic synaptic transmission between identified presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons from the mollusc Lymnaea. The in vitro paired cells were exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of the two SSRIs under chronic and acute experimental conditions, and the incidence of synapse formation and the efficacy of synaptic transmission were tested electrophysiologically and with fluorescent Ca 2+ imaging. We demonstrate that chronic exposure to fluoxetine, but not to citalopram, inhibits synapse formation and reduces synaptic strength, and that these effects are reversible following prolonged drug washout. At the structural level, we demonstrate that fluoxetine, but not citalopram, prevents the expression and localization of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin. Acute exposure to fluoxetine substantially reduced synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity (post-tetanic potentiation) in established synapses, whereas citalopram reduced synaptic transmission, but not short-term synaptic plasticity. We further demonstrate that fluoxetine, but not citalopram, directly inhibits voltage-gated Ca 2+ currents in the presynaptic neuron, as well as postsynaptic responsiveness to exogenously applied neurotransmitter. This study provides the first direct evidence that fluoxetine and citalopram exert characteristic, non-specific side effects that are unrelated to their function as SSRIs, and that fluoxetine is more detrimental to synaptic physiology and structure than citalopram. © 2011 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience © 2011 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification and evolutionary implications of neurotransmitter-ciliary interactions underlying the behavioral response to hypoxia in Lymnaea stagnalis embryos.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goldberg, J. I.; Rich, D. R.; Muruganathan, S. P.; Liu, M. B.; Pon, J. R.; Tam, R.; Diefenbach, T. J.; and Kuang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(16): 2660–2670. aug 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00269,\nabstract = {Acceleration of embryonic rotation is a common response to hypoxia among pond snails. It was first characterized in Helisoma trivolvis embryos, which have a pair of sensorimotor neurons that detect hypoxia and release serotonin onto postsynaptic ciliary cells. The objective of the present study was to determine how the hypoxia response is mediated in Lymnaea stagnalis, which differ from H. trivolvis by having both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, and morphologically distinct ciliated structures at comparative stages of embryonic development. Time-lapse video recordings of the rotational behavior in L. stagnalis revealed similar rotational features to those previously observed in H. trivolvis, including rotational surges and rotational responses to hypoxia. Serotonin and dopamine increased the rate of rotation with similar potency. In contrast, serotonin was more potent than dopamine in stimulating the ciliary beat frequency of isolated pedal cilia. Isolated apical plate cilia displayed an irregular pattern of ciliary beating that precluded the measurement of ciliary beat frequency. A qualitative assessment of ciliary beating revealed that both serotonin and dopamine were able to stimulate apical plate cilia. The ciliary responses to dopamine were reversible in both pedal and apical plate cilia, whereas the responses to serotonin were only reversible at concentrations below 100(imol l-1. Mianserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist, and SKF83566, a dopamine receptor antagonist, effectively blocked the rotational responses to serotonin and dopamine, respectively. The rotational response to hypoxia was only partially blocked by mianserin, but was fully blocked by SKF83566. These data suggest that, despite the ability of serotonin to stimulate ciliary beating in L. stagnalis embryos, the rotational response to hypoxia is primarily mediated by the transient apical catecholaminergic neurons that innervate the ciliated apical plate. {\\textcopyright} 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Goldberg, Jeffrey I. and Rich, Darren R. and Muruganathan, Siva P. and Liu, Maple B. and Pon, Julia R. and Tam, Rose and Diefenbach, Thomas J. and Kuang, Shihuan},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.053009},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Dopamine,Gastropod,Hypoxia,Serotonin},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {16},\npages = {2660--2670},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Identification and evolutionary implications of neurotransmitter-ciliary interactions underlying the behavioral response to hypoxia in Lymnaea stagnalis embryos}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/16/2660.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.053009},\nvolume = {214},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n Acceleration of embryonic rotation is a common response to hypoxia among pond snails. It was first characterized in Helisoma trivolvis embryos, which have a pair of sensorimotor neurons that detect hypoxia and release serotonin onto postsynaptic ciliary cells. The objective of the present study was to determine how the hypoxia response is mediated in Lymnaea stagnalis, which differ from H. trivolvis by having both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, and morphologically distinct ciliated structures at comparative stages of embryonic development. Time-lapse video recordings of the rotational behavior in L. stagnalis revealed similar rotational features to those previously observed in H. trivolvis, including rotational surges and rotational responses to hypoxia. Serotonin and dopamine increased the rate of rotation with similar potency. In contrast, serotonin was more potent than dopamine in stimulating the ciliary beat frequency of isolated pedal cilia. Isolated apical plate cilia displayed an irregular pattern of ciliary beating that precluded the measurement of ciliary beat frequency. A qualitative assessment of ciliary beating revealed that both serotonin and dopamine were able to stimulate apical plate cilia. The ciliary responses to dopamine were reversible in both pedal and apical plate cilia, whereas the responses to serotonin were only reversible at concentrations below 100(imol l-1. Mianserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist, and SKF83566, a dopamine receptor antagonist, effectively blocked the rotational responses to serotonin and dopamine, respectively. The rotational response to hypoxia was only partially blocked by mianserin, but was fully blocked by SKF83566. These data suggest that, despite the ability of serotonin to stimulate ciliary beating in L. stagnalis embryos, the rotational response to hypoxia is primarily mediated by the transient apical catecholaminergic neurons that innervate the ciliated apical plate. © 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multiple Subtypes of Serotonin Receptors in the Feeding Circuit of a Pond Snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kawai, R.; Kobayashi, S.; Fujito, Y.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Zoological Science, 28(7): 517–525. jul 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multiple$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00279,\nabstract = {In the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, serotonergic transmission plays an important role in controlling feeding behavior. Recent electrophysiological studies have claimed that only metabotropic serotonin (5-HT(2)) receptors, and not ionotropic (5-HT(3)) receptors, are used in synapses between serotonergic neurons (the cerebral giant cells, CGCs) and the follower buccal motoneurons (the B1 cells). However, these data are inconsistent with previous results. In the present study, we therefore reexamined the serotonin receptors to identify the receptor subtypes functioning in the synapses between the CGCs and the B1 cells by recording the compound excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) of the B1 cells evoked by a train of stimulation to the CGC in the presence of antagonists: cinanserin for 5-HT(2) and/or MDL72222 for 5-HT(3). The compound EPSP amplitude was partially suppressed by the application of these antagonists. The rise time of the compound EPSP was longer in the presence of MDL72222 than in that of cinanserin. These results suggest that these two subtypes of serotonin receptors are involved in the CGC-B1 synapses, and that these receptors contribute to compound EPSP. That is, the fast component of compound EPSP is mediated by 5-HT(3)-like receptors, and the slow component is generated via 5-HT(2)-like receptors.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kawai, Ryo and Kobayashi, Suguru and Fujito, Yutaka and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.2108/zsj.28.517},\nissn = {0289-0003},\njournal = {Zoological Science},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {517--525},\npublisher = {BioOne},\ntitle = {{Multiple Subtypes of Serotonin Receptors in the Feeding Circuit of a Pond Snail}},\nurl = {https://bioone.org/journals/zoological-science/volume-28/issue-7/zsj.28.517/Multiple-Subtypes-of-Serotonin-Receptors-in-the-Feeding-Circuit-of/10.2108/zsj.28.517.short http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2108/zsj.28.517},\nvolume = {28},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Different circuit and monoamine mechanisms consolidate long-term memory in aversive and reward classical conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, I.; O'Shea, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 33(1): 143–152. jan 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Different$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00343,\nabstract = {There has been considerable recent interest in comparing the circuit and monoamine-based mechanisms of aversive and reward-associative conditioning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. The mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis provides a unique opportunity to explore changes in the neural and chemical pathways underlying these two different types of conditioning as its feeding circuitry has been thoroughly characterised. Animals can learn after a single trial to associate the same CS (amyl acetate) either with a punishment (quinine) or reward (sucrose), showing either a reduced or an elevated feeding response, respectively, to the CS. We previously showed that reward conditioning strengthened the direct excitatory pathway from the lips to the feeding central pattern generator in the buccal ganglia through the activation of feeding interneurons in the cerebral ganglia. Now we demonstrate that aversive conditioning enhances the strength of a different inhibitory pathway that suppresses feeding but has no effect on the excitatory pathway. Here we show that consolidation of long-term memory (LTM) in reward conditioning depends on dopamine but not octopamine. In contrast, aversive LTM depends on octopamine but not dopamine. Octopamine is the invertebrate equivalent of noradrenalin, so these results on the monoamine dependence of reward and aversive conditioning in Lymnaea resemble, at the transmitter receptor level, those in mammals but are the opposite of those in another invertebrate group, the insects. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and O'Shea, Michael and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07479.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aversive,Classical conditioning,Dopamine,Lymnaea,Octopamine,Reward},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {143--152},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Different circuit and monoamine mechanisms consolidate long-term memory in aversive and reward classical conditioning}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07479.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07479.x},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Does Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis Produce Conditioned Fear?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kita, S.; Hashiba, R.; Ueki, S.; Kimoto, Y.; Abe, Y.; Gotoda, Y.; Suzuki, R.; Uraki, E.; Nara, N.; Kanazawa, A.; Hatakeyama, D.; Kawai, R.; Fujito, Y.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Biological Bulletin, 220(1): 71–81. feb 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Does$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00130,\nabstract = {In conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training performed on the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a stimulus (the conditional stimulus, CS; e.g., sucrose) that elicits a feeding response is paired with an aversive stimulus (the unconditional stimulus, US) that elicits the whole-body withdrawal response and inhibits feeding. After CTA training and memory formation, the CS no longer elicits feeding. We hypothesize that one reason for this result is that after CTA training the CS now elicits a fear response. Consistent with this hypothesis, we predict the CS will cause (1) the heart to skip a beat and (2) a significant change in the heart rate. Such changes are seen in mammalian preparations exposed to fearful stimuli. We found that in snails exhibiting long-term memory for one-trial CTA (i.e., good learners) the CS significantly increased the probability of a skipped heartbeat, but did not significantly change the heart rate. The probability of a skipped heartbeat was unaltered in control snails given backward conditioning (US followed by CS) or in snails that did not acquire associative learning (i.e., poor learners) after the one-trial CTA training. These results suggest that as a consequence of acquiring CTA, the CS evokes conditioned fear in the conditioned snails, as evidenced by a change in the nervous system control of cardiac activity. {\\textcopyright} 2011 Marine Biological Laboratory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kita, Serina and Hashiba, Ryuji and Ueki, Saya and Kimoto, Yukari and Abe, Yoshito and Gotoda, Yuta and Suzuki, Ryoko and Uraki, Eriko and Nara, Naohisa and Kanazawa, Akira and Hatakeyama, Dai and Kawai, Ryo and Fujito, Yutaka and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1086/BBLv220n1p71},\nissn = {0006-3185},\njournal = {The Biological Bulletin},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {71--81},\npublisher = {journals.uchicago.edu},\ntitle = {{Does Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis Produce Conditioned Fear?}},\nurl = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/BBLv220n1p71 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/BBLv220n1p71},\nvolume = {220},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Low external environmental calcium levels prevent forgetting in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Knezevic, B.; Dalesman, S.; Karnik, V.; Byzitter, J.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(12): 2118–2124. jun 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Low$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00632,\nabstract = {Forgetting may allow an animal to react more appropriately to current conditions, rather than continuing to exhibit a previously learned, possibly maladaptive behaviour based on previous experience. One theory is that forgetting is an active process, whereby the previously learnt response is replaced by new learning that interferes with the older memory. Hence, we hypothesized that an appropriately timed environmental stressor that blocks long-term memory (LTM) formation would also block forgetting. Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) is a freshwater snail, which requires environmental calcium of at least 20 mg l-1 to meet its requirements. Low environmental Ca 2+ (i.e. 20mgl-1) in their environment acts as a stressor, and prevents LTM formation. Here, we asked whether a low Ca 2+ environment would also prevent forgetting, concordant with the retrograde interference model of Jenkins and Dallenbach. Snails were operantly conditioned to reduce aerial respiration in hypoxia. When maintained in standard conditions (80 mg l-1 Ca 2+), snails demonstrated LTM following training lasting 24 h, but not 72 h; however, when trained in standard conditions then exposed to a low Ca 2+ environment (20mgl-1) immediately following training, they retained memory for at least 96 h, indicating that forgetting had been blocked. Thus, when exposed to low environmental Ca 2+, Lymnaea will fail to form new memories, but will also continue to retain information previously learned and remembered as the low calcium blocks forgetting. {\\textcopyright} 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Knezevic, Bogdan and Dalesman, Sarah and Karnik, Vikram and Byzitter, Jovita and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.054635},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Environmental calcium,Forgetting,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {2118--2124},\npmid = {21613529},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Low external environmental calcium levels prevent forgetting in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/12/2118.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.054635},\nvolume = {214},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Sodium Leak Current Regulates Pacemaker Activity of Adult Central Pattern Generator Neurons in Lymnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lu, T. Z.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS ONE, 6(4): e18745. apr 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00133,\nabstract = {The resting membrane potential of the pacemaker neurons is one of the essential mechanisms underlying rhythm generation. In this study, we described the biophysical properties of an uncharacterized channel (U-type channel) and investigated the role of the channel in the rhythmic activity of a respiratory pacemaker neuron and the respiratory behaviour in adult freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Our results show that the channel conducts an inward leak current carried by Na+ (ILeak-Na). The ILeak-Na contributed to the resting membrane potential and was required for maintaining rhythmic action potential bursting activity of the identified pacemaker RPeD1 neurons. Partial knockdown of the U-type channel suppressed the aerial respiratory behaviour of the adult snail in vivo. These findings identified the Na+ leak conductance via the U-type channel, likely a NALCN-like channel, as one of the fundamental mechanisms regulating rhythm activity of pacemaker neurons and respiratory behaviour in adult animals. {\\textcopyright} 2011 Lu, Feng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lu, Tom Z. and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018745},\neditor = {Brezina, Vladimir},\nissn = {1932-6203},\njournal = {PLoS ONE},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {e18745},\npublisher = {journals.plos.org},\ntitle = {{A Sodium Leak Current Regulates Pacemaker Activity of Adult Central Pattern Generator Neurons in Lymnaea Stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018745 https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018745},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A novel form of presynaptic CaMKII-dependent short-term potentiation between Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luk, C. C.; Naruo, H.; Prince, D.; Hassan, A.; Doran, S. A.; Goldberg, J. I.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 34(4): 569–577. aug 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00730,\nabstract = {Short-term plasticity is thought to form the basis for working memory, the cellular mechanisms of which are the least understood in the nervous system. In this study, using in vitro reconstructed synapses between the identified Lymnaea neuron visceral dorsal4 (VD4) and left pedal dorsal1 (LPeD1), we demonstrate a novel form of short-term potentiation (STP) which is 'use'- but not time-dependent, unlike most previously defined forms of short-term synaptic plasticity. Using a triple-cell configuration we demonstrate for the first time that a single presynaptic neuron can reliably potentiate both inhibitory and excitatory synapses. We further demonstrate that, unlike previously described forms of STP, the synaptic potentiation between Lymnaea neurons does not involve postsynaptic receptor sensitization or presynaptic residual calcium. Finally, we provide evidence that STP at the VD4-LPeD1 synapse requires presynaptic calcium/calmodulin dependent kinaseII (CaMKII). Taken together, our study identifies a novel form of STP which may provide the basis for both short- and long-term potentiation, in the absence of any protein synthesis-dependent steps, and involve CaMKII activity exclusively in the presynaptic cell. {\\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience {\\textcopyright} 2011 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Luk, Collin C. and Naruo, Hiroaki and Prince, David and Hassan, Atiq and Doran, Shandra A. and Goldberg, Jeffrey I. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07784.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {LPeD1,LPeE,Synapses,Synaptic plasticity,VD4},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {569--577},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{A novel form of presynaptic CaMKII-dependent short-term potentiation between Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07784.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07784.x},\nvolume = {34},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Caltubin, a Novel Molluscan Tubulin-Interacting Protein, Promotes Axonal Growth and Attenuates Axonal Degeneration of Rodent Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nejatbakhsh, N.; Guo, C.; Lu, T. Z.; Pei, L.; Smit, A. B.; Sun, H.; van Kesteren, R. E.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 31(43): 15231–15244. oct 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Caltubin,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Nejatbakhsh2011a,\nabstract = {Axotomized central neurons of most invertebrate species demonstrate a strong regenerative capacity, and as such may provide valuable molecular insights and new tools to promote axonal regeneration in injured mammalian neurons. In this study, we identified a novel molluscan protein, caltubin, ubiquitously expressed in central neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis and locally synthesized in regenerating neurites. Reduction of caltubin levels by gene silencing inhibits the outgrowth and regenerative ability of adult Lymnaea neurons and decreases local $\\alpha$- and $\\beta$-tubulin levels in neurites. Caltubin binds to $\\alpha$- and/or $\\beta$-tubulin in both Lymnaea and rodent neurons. Expression of caltubin in PC12 cells and mouse cortical neurons promotes NGF-induced axonal outgrowth and attenuates axonal retraction after injury. This is the first study illustrating that a xenoprotein can enhance outgrowth and prevent degeneration of injured mammalian neurons. These results may open up new avenues in molecular repair strategies through the insertion of molecular components of invertebrate regenerative pathways into mammalian neurons. {\\textcopyright}2011 the authors.},\nauthor = {Nejatbakhsh, Nasrin and Guo, C.-H. and Lu, Tom Z. and Pei, Lin and Smit, August B. and Sun, H.-S. and van Kesteren, Ronald E. and Feng, Z.-P.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2516-11.2011},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {43},\npages = {15231--15244},\npmid = {22031869},\ntitle = {{Caltubin, a Novel Molluscan Tubulin-Interacting Protein, Promotes Axonal Growth and Attenuates Axonal Degeneration of Rodent Neurons}},\nurl = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2516-11.2011},\nvolume = {31},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Expression, phosphorylation, and glycosylation of CNS proteins in aversive operant conditioning associated memory in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Silverman-Gavrila, L.; Senzel, A.; Charlton, M.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 186: 94–109. jul 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Expression,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Silverman-Gavrila2011a,\nabstract = {Long-term memory formation requires "de novo" expression and post-translational modification of many proteins. Understanding the temporal and spatial regulatory pattern of these proteins is fundamental to decoding the molecular basis of learning and memory. We characterized changes in expression, phosphorylation, and glycosylation of CNS proteins after operant conditioning in pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The phosphorylation and the glycosylation levels of proteins, measured by the ratio of Pro-Q Diamond (phosphoproteins) or Pro-Q Emerald (glycoproteins) vs. SYPRO-Ruby (total proteins) signals, increased during memory formation. Proteins whose modulation of phosphorylation might be involved in learning and memory were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and are associated with cytoskeleton, glutamine cycle, energy metabolism, G-protein signaling, neurotransmitter release regulation, iron transport, protein synthesis, and cell division. Phosphorylation of actin increased during memory formation. To identify proteins whose expression levels changed in long-term memory formation we used two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by MS. The up-regulated proteins are mostly associated with lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, cytoskeleton, nucleic acid synthesis, and energy supply. The down-regulated proteins are enzymes of aspartic acid metabolism involved in regulation of protein synthesis. Our proteomic analyses have revealed a number of candidate proteins associated with memory formation. These findings provide new directions for further investigation into the signaling networks required for memory formation and consolidation. {\\textcopyright} 2011 IBRO.},\nauthor = {Silverman-Gavrila, L.B. and Senzel, A.G. and Charlton, M.P. and Feng, Z.-P.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.027},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Conditioned learning,Glycosylation,Long-term memory,Phosphorylation,Protein expression,Proteomics},\nmonth = {jul},\npages = {94--109},\ntitle = {{Expression, phosphorylation, and glycosylation of CNS proteins in aversive operant conditioning associated memory in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452211004374 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452211004374},\nvolume = {186},\nyear = {2011}\n}\n

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\n \n 2010\n \n \n (27)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Developmental expression of a molluscan RXR and evidence for its novel, nongenomic role in growth cone guidance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carter, C. J.; Farrar, N.; Carlone, R. L.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Developmental Biology, 343(1-2): 124–137. jul 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Developmental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00593,\nabstract = {It is well known that the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, plays an important role in vertebrate development and regeneration. We have previously shown that the effects of RA in mediating neurite outgrowth, are conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates (Dmetrichuk et al., 2005, 2006) and that RA can induce growth cone turning in regenerating molluscan neurons (Farrar et al., 2009). In this study, we have cloned a retinoid receptor from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis (LymRXR) that shares about 80{\\%} amino acid identity with the vertebrate RXR$\\alpha$. We demonstrate using Western blot analysis that the LymRXR is present in the developing Lymnaea embryo and that treatment of embryos with the putative RXR ligand, 9-cis RA, or a RXR pan-agonist, PA024, significantly disrupts embryogenesis. We also demonstrate cytoplasmic localization of LymRXR in adult central neurons, with a strong localization in the neuritic (or axonal) domains. Using regenerating cultured motor neurons, we show that LymRXR is also present in the growth cones and that application of a RXR pan-agonist produces growth cone turning in isolated neurites (in the absence of the cell body and nucleus). These data support a role for RXR in growth cone guidance and are the first studies to suggest a nongenomic action for RXR in the nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Carter, Christopher J. and Farrar, Nathan and Carlone, Robert L. and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.023},\nissn = {00121606},\njournal = {Developmental Biology},\nkeywords = {9-cis RA,Chemotropism,Growth cone,Lymnaea stagnalis,Molluscan development,Neurites,Retinoic acid,Retinoids},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {124--137},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Developmental expression of a molluscan RXR and evidence for its novel, nongenomic role in growth cone guidance}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160610001971 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012160610001971},\nvolume = {343},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The distinction between retractor and protractor muscles of the freshwater snail's male organ has no physiological basis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Boer, P. A. C. M.; Jansen, R. F.; ter Maat, A.; van Straalen, N. M.; and Koene, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(1): 40–44. jan 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00834,\nabstract = {Many animals are equipped with organs that can be everted, a notable example being male copulatory organs. The ability to protrude or evert an organ generally requires protractor and retractor muscles. Male copulatory behaviour of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) involves eversi{\\'{o}}n (protraction) and retraction of the relatively large penis-carrying organ. For this preputium, protractor and retractor muscle bands have been defined, which implies eversi{\\'{o}}n and retraction through the activity of these muscle bands. However, no physiological data are available that confirm that the terms protractor and retractor are appropriate. To test whether eversi{\\'{o}}n and retraction are possible without protractor and/or retractor muscle bands, lesion experiments were performed. The results show that with either one or several muscle bands lesioned, snails were still capable of everting their preputium and using it for copulation. However, the majority of animals that had six or more muscle bands lesioned were unable to retract its preputium. Hence, retractor muscle bands serve their designated function whereas protractor muscle bands do not. We therefore suggest that a different terminology is used in which all muscle bands are retractors and, based on their location, are either called distal or proximal retractors. The findings furthermore indicate that the preputium muscle bands are normally contracted, possibly in a catch state, retaining the organ inside without high-energy expenditure.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Boer, P. A. C. M. and Jansen, R. F. and ter Maat, A. and van Straalen, N. M. and Koene, J. M.},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.034371},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Basommatophora,Catch,Copulation,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mating,Mollusca,Pulmonata},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {40--44},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{The distinction between retractor and protractor muscles of the freshwater snail's male organ has no physiological basis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/1/40.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.034371},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Coordination of rhythm-generating units via NO and extrasynaptic neurotransmitter release.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dyakonova, V. E.; and Dyakonova, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 196(8): 529–541. aug 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Coordination$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00664,\nabstract = {The buccal ganglia of the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis, contain two distinct but interacting rhythm-generating units: the central pattern generator for the buccal rhythm and nitrergic B2 neurons controlling gut motility. Nitric oxide (NO) has previously been demonstrated to be involved in the activation of the buccal rhythm. Here, we found that NO-generating substances (SNP and SNAP) activated the buccal rhythm while slowing the endogenous rhythm of B2 bursters. The inhibitor of NO-synthase, L-NNA, the NO scavenger PTIO, or the inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, ODQ, each produced opposite, depolarising effects on the B2 neuron. In isolated B2 cells, only depolarising effects of substances interfering with NO production or function (PTIO, L-NNA and ODQ) were detected, whereas the NO donors had no hyperpolarising effects. However, when an isolated B2 cell was placed close to its initial position in the ganglion, hyperpolarising effects could be obtained with NO donors. This indicates that extrasynaptic release of some unidentified factor(s) mediates the hyperpolarising effects of NO donors on the B2 bursters. The results suggest that NO is involved in coordination between the radula and foregut movements and that the effects of NO are partially mediated by the volume chemical neurotransmission of as yet unknown origin. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dyakonova, Varvara E. and Dyakonova, Taisia L.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00359-010-0541-5},\nissn = {0340-7594},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A},\nkeywords = {CPG,Extrasynaptic transmission,Mollusc,Nitrergic neuron,Volume transmission},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {529--541},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Coordination of rhythm-generating units via NO and extrasynaptic neurotransmitter release}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00359-010-0541-5.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-010-0541-5},\nvolume = {196},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nonlinear analysis of firing patterns of the central giant cell of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hamasaki, Y.; Hosoi, M.; and Saito, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research, 68: e441. jan 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nonlinear$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00459,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hamasaki, Yuuta and Hosoi, Makoto and Saito, Minoru},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1952},\nissn = {01680102},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {e441},\npublisher = {infona.pl},\ntitle = {{Nonlinear analysis of firing patterns of the central giant cell of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-d013f6f2-0dce-38f5-92cd-949735a180da https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010210021231},\nvolume = {68},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sensory driven multi-neuronal activity and associative learning monitored in an intact CNS on a multielectrode array.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harris, C. A.; Passaro, P. A.; Kemenes, I.; Kemenes, G.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 186(2): 171–178. feb 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sensory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00298,\nabstract = {The neuronal network controlling feeding behavior in the CNS of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis has been extensively investigated using intracellular microelectrodes. Using microelectrodes however it has not been possible to record from large numbers of neurons simultaneously and therefore little is known about the population coding properties of the feeding network. Neither can the relationships between feeding and neuronal networks controlling other behaviors be easily analyzed with microelectrodes. Here we describe a multielectrode array (MEA) technique for recording action potentials simultaneously from up to 60 electrodes on the intact CNS. The preparation consists of the whole CNS connected by sensory nerves to the chemosensory epithelia of the lip and esophagus. From the buccal ganglia, the region of the CNS containing the feeding central pattern generator (CPG), a rhythmic pattern of activity characteristic of feeding was readily induced either by depolarizing an identified feeding-command neuron (the CV1a) or by perfusing the chemosensory epithelia with sucrose, a gustatory stimulus known to activate feeding. Activity induced by sucrose is not restricted to the buccal ganglia but is distributed widely throughout the CNS, notably in ganglia controlling locomotion, a behavior that must be coordinated with feeding. The MEA also enabled us to record electrophysiological consequences of the associative conditioning of feeding behavior. The results suggest that MEA recording from an intact CNS enables distributed, multiple-source neural activity to be analyzed in the context of biologically relevant behavior, behavioral coordination and behavioral plasticity. {\\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Harris, Christopher A. and Passaro, Peter A. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.014},\nissn = {01650270},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Central pattern generator (CPG),Classical conditioning,Lymnaea,Multielectrode array (MEA),Plasticity,Rhythmic motor output},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {171--178},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Sensory driven multi-neuronal activity and associative learning monitored in an intact CNS on a multielectrode array}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027009006128 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165027009006128},\nvolume = {186},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A 5-HT1A-like receptor is involved in the regulation of the embryonic rotation of Lymnaea stagnalis L.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hiripi, L.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 152(1): 57–61. jun 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00297,\nabstract = {Cilia driven rotation of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis embryos is regulated by serotonin (5-HT). In the present study, physiological and biochemical assays were used to identify the 5-HT receptor type involved in rotation. The 5-HTergic agonists applied stimulated the rotation by 180-400{\\%} and their rank order potency was as follows: LSD {\\textgreater} 5-HT {\\textgreater} 8-OH-DPAT {\\textgreater} WB4101 ≫ 5-CT. The applied antagonists, spiperone, propranalol and mianserin inhibited the 5-HT or 8-OH-DPAT stimulated rotation of the embryos by 50-70{\\%}. 3H-5-HT was bound specifically to the washed pellet of the embryo homogenates. The specific binding of 3H-5-HT was saturable and showed a single, high affinity binding site with Kd 7.36 nM and Bmax 221 fmol/mg pellet values. This is the first report demonstrating the high affinity binding of 3H-5-HT to the native receptor in molluscs. All of the pharmacons that stimulated the rotation or inhibited the 5-HT or 8-OH-DPAT evoked stimulation displaced effectively the binding of 3H-5-HT. 5-HT resulted in the inhibition of forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation, showing that 5-HT is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase. Our results suggest that in the 5-HTergic regulation of the embryonic rotation in L. stagnalis a 5-HT1A-like receptor of the vertebrate type is involved. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hiripi, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}} and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.012},\nissn = {15320456},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology {\\&} Pharmacology},\nkeywords = {5-HT,Embryo,Lymnaea,Receptor},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {57--61},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{A 5-HT1A-like receptor is involved in the regulation of the embryonic rotation of Lymnaea stagnalis L.}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532045610000335 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1532045610000335},\nvolume = {152},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n G-proteins modulate invertebrate synaptic calcium channel (LCav2) differently from the classical voltage-dependent regulation of mammalian Cav2.1 and Cav2.2 channels.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Huang, X.; Senatore, A.; Dawson, T. F.; Quan, Q.; and Spafford, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(12): 2094–2103. jun 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"G-proteins$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00896,\nabstract = {Voltage-gated calcium channels in the Cav2 channel class are regulators of synaptic transmission and are highly modified by transmitter inputs that activate synaptic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A ubiquitous form of G-protein modulation involves an inhibition of mammalian Ca v2.1 and Cav2.2 channels by G$\\beta$$\\gamma$ dimers that can be relieved by high-frequency trains of action potentials. Here, we address whether the ubiquitous and versatile form of G-protein regulation in mammals is also found in simpler invertebrate nervous systems. Remarkably, the invertebrate LCav2 channel from the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, does not bear any of the hallmarks of mammalian, voltage-dependent G-protein inhibition of Cav2.2. Swapping either the I-Il linker or N-terminus of Ca v2.2, which serve as key binding domains for G-protein inhibition, does not endow invertebrate LCav2 channels with voltage-dependent G-protein modulatory capacity. Instead, in vitro expressed LCav2 channels are inhibited slowly by the activation of cAMP, in a manner that depends on G-proteins but does not depend on G$\\beta$$\\gamma$ subunits. A similar G-protein and cAMP-dependent inhibition of nifedipine-insensitive LCa v2 currents is also consistent in native and identified Lymnaea VD4 neurons. The slower inhibition using a cellular messenger such as cAMP may meet the modulatory needs in invertebrates while an activity-dependent regulation, evolving in vertebrates, provides a more dynamic, fine-tuning of neurosecretion by regulating the influence of neurotransmitter inputs through presynaptic GPCRs. {\\textcopyright} 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Huang, Xuan and Senatore, A. and Dawson, Taylor F. and Quan, Quyen and Spafford, John David},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.042242},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Calcium channel,G-protein,Lymnaea stagnalis,Patch clamp electrophysiology},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {2094--2103},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{G-proteins modulate invertebrate synaptic calcium channel (LCav2) differently from the classical voltage-dependent regulation of mammalian Cav2.1 and Cav2.2 channels}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/12/2094.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.042242},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The role of serotonin in the enhancement of long-term memory resulting from predator detection in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Il-Han, J.; Janes, T.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(21): 3603–3614. nov 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00798,\nabstract = {Serotonergic systems play important roles in modulating stress-inducedarousal and vigilance behaviours. The pond snail, Lymnaea, shows multiple defensive vigilance behaviours in response to the stress associated with predator detection. Predator detection elicited by crayfish effluent (CE), increases the time to re-emerge from the shell and enhances the shadow withdrawal response. More importantly, in Lymnaea, CE enhances the ability to formlong-term memory (LTM). We investigated the role of the serotonergic systemin these anti-predator responses in Lymnaea. Using a serotonin-receptor antagonist, mianserin, we found that two defensive vigilance behaviours (e.g. increasing the time to re-emerge from their shell and shadow response) elicited by CE were not observed when the serotonergic system was disrupted. Also, methysergide, another serotonin antagonist, blocked the enhanced LTM formation after training in CE. Importantly, mianserin did not alter LTM formation in pond water (PW). These data suggest that a serotonergic system is activated only when Lymnaea detect a predator. When snails were trained in CE using a training procedure that in PW produces a 24-h LTM, a more persistent form of LTM (5 days) occurred. This more persistent form of LTM was abolished after mianserin treatment. Increasing 5-HT levels in the snail by the injection of 5-HT was also associated with enhanced LTM formation. Lastly, we tested whether the osphradium is implicated in CE detection and subsequent enhanced formation of LTM. Cutting the osphradial nerve to the CNS resulted in the loss of the ability to form enhanced LTM in CE. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the serotonergic system plays a keyrole in modulating the predator-induced stress responses in Lymnaea. {\\textcopyright} 2010 The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Il-Han, Jae and Janes, Tara and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.048256},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Enhancement of LTM,Predator detection,Serotonin,Vigilance behaviours},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {21},\npages = {3603--3614},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{The role of serotonin in the enhancement of long-term memory resulting from predator detection in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/21/3603.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.048256},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuro-endocrine control of reproduction in hermaphroditic freshwater snails: mechanisms and evolution.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Joris M. Koene, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(OCT). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuro-endocrine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00460,\nabstract = {Invertebrates are used extensively as model species to investigate neuro-endocrine processes regulating behaviors, and many of these processes may be extrapolated to vertebrates. However, when it comes to reproductive processes, many of these model species differ notably in their mode of reproduction. A point in case are simultaneously hermaphroditic molluscs. In this review I aim to achieve two things. On the one hand, I provide a comprehensive overview of the neuro-endocrine control of male and female reproductive processes in freshwater snails. Even though the focus will necessarily be on Lymnaea stagnalis, since this is the best-studied species in this respect, extensions to other species are made wherever possible. On the other hand, I will place these findings in the actual context of the whole animal, after all these are simultaneous hermaphrodites. By considering the hermaphroditic situation, I uncover a numbers of possible links between the regulation of the two reproductive systems that are present within this animal, and suggest a few possible mechanisms via which this animal can effectively switch between the two sexual roles in the flexible way that it does. Evidently, this opens up a number of new research questions and areas that explicitly integrate knowledge about behavioral decisions (e.g., mating, insemination, egg laying) and sexual selection processes (e.g., mate choice, sperm allocation) with the actual underlying neuronal and endocrine mechanisms required for these processes to act and function effectively. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Koene.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Joris M. Koene}, Joris M.},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00167},\nissn = {16625153},\njournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Eggs,Hermaphrodite,Hormone,Mollusc,Neuropeptide,Pulmonate,Sexual selection,Sperm},\nnumber = {OCT},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Neuro-endocrine control of reproduction in hermaphroditic freshwater snails: mechanisms and evolution}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00167/full http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00167/abstract},\nvolume = {4},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Methamphetamine enhances memory of operantly conditioned respiratory behavior in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kennedy, C. D.; Houmes, S. W.; Wyrick, K. L.; Kammerzell, S. M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Sorg, B. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(12): 2055–2065. jun 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Methamphetamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00123,\nabstract = {Amphetamines have been used as cognitive enhancers to promote learning and memory. Amphetamines are also drugs of abuse that may promote the initiation of strong memories that ultimately lead to addiction. To understand how methamphetamine (Meth) may be augmenting learning and memory, we chose a relatively simple system, the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We studied the effects of Meth exposure on the long-term memory (LTM), extinction and reinstatement of operandy conditioned aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea. We first determined doses of Meth that would acutely alter respiratory behavior. Next, we measured the impact of training snails in Meth solution or water (control group) using a training procedure that produces LTM ({\\textgreater}6h) in control conditions. Meth exposure impaired the expression of LTM 21 h after two training sessions, but this appeared to be a context-dependent effect only. However, snails exposed to 3.3$\\mu$molI-1 Meth during training had a decreased rate of extinction of the operantly conditioned memory. We then tested whether this decreased ability of snails to extinguish memory was due to enhanced LTM or impaired extinction of that memory. Snails were operantly conditioned in water and exposed to Meth 16 h after their last trial but 4-5 h prior to extinction. Meth produced an increase rather than a decrease in extinction rate. Thus, Meth impaired extinction only when snails were exposed to Meth during training. Last, we tested the effect of Meth on the ability to form LTM using a single training procedure that is suboptimal for LTM formation. Control snails did not demonstrate LTM, as expected, but pre-exposure of snails to 3.3$\\mu$molI-1 Meth 24 h prior to the single training session produced LTM 24 h later, indicating that Meth pre-exposure primed snails for LTM formation. Taken together, our studies suggest that LTM is strengthened by Meth such that extinction training is less effective. Lymnaea provides a simple and useful model system to dissect the cellular and/or molecular mechanisms of how Meth may initiate the formation of stronger memories. {\\textcopyright} 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kennedy, Colin D. and Houmes, Stephen W. and Wyrick, Katherine L. and Kammerzell, Samuel M. and Lukowiak, Ken and Sorg, Barbara A.},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.042820},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Consolidation,Extinction,Memory,Methamphetamine,Reinstatement,Snail},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {2055--2065},\npmid = {20511519},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Methamphetamine enhances memory of operantly conditioned respiratory behavior in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/12/2055.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.042820},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n Amphetamines have been used as cognitive enhancers to promote learning and memory. Amphetamines are also drugs of abuse that may promote the initiation of strong memories that ultimately lead to addiction. To understand how methamphetamine (Meth) may be augmenting learning and memory, we chose a relatively simple system, the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We studied the effects of Meth exposure on the long-term memory (LTM), extinction and reinstatement of operandy conditioned aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea. We first determined doses of Meth that would acutely alter respiratory behavior. Next, we measured the impact of training snails in Meth solution or water (control group) using a training procedure that produces LTM (\\textgreater6h) in control conditions. Meth exposure impaired the expression of LTM 21 h after two training sessions, but this appeared to be a context-dependent effect only. However, snails exposed to 3.3$μ$molI-1 Meth during training had a decreased rate of extinction of the operantly conditioned memory. We then tested whether this decreased ability of snails to extinguish memory was due to enhanced LTM or impaired extinction of that memory. Snails were operantly conditioned in water and exposed to Meth 16 h after their last trial but 4-5 h prior to extinction. Meth produced an increase rather than a decrease in extinction rate. Thus, Meth impaired extinction only when snails were exposed to Meth during training. Last, we tested the effect of Meth on the ability to form LTM using a single training procedure that is suboptimal for LTM formation. Control snails did not demonstrate LTM, as expected, but pre-exposure of snails to 3.3$μ$molI-1 Meth 24 h prior to the single training session produced LTM 24 h later, indicating that Meth pre-exposure primed snails for LTM formation. Taken together, our studies suggest that LTM is strengthened by Meth such that extinction training is less effective. Lymnaea provides a simple and useful model system to dissect the cellular and/or molecular mechanisms of how Meth may initiate the formation of stronger memories. © 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A novel approach reveals temporal patterns of synaptogenesis between the isolated growth cones of Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luk, C. C.; Schmold, N. M.; Lee, T. K. M.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 32(9): 1442–1451. nov 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00640,\nabstract = {All brain functions, ranging from motor behaviour to cognition, depend on precise developmental patterns of synapse formation between the growth cones of both pre- and postsynaptic neurons. While the molecular evidence for the presence of 'pre-assembled' elements of synaptic machinery prior to physical contact is beginning to emerge, the precise timing of functional synaptogenesis between the growth cones has not yet been defined. Moreover, it is unclear whether an initial assembly of various synaptic molecules located at the extrasomal regions (e.g. growth cones) can indeed result in fully mature and consolidated synapses in the absence of somata signalling. Such evidence is difficult to obtain both in vivo and in vitro because the extrasomal sites are often challenging, if not impossible, to access for electrophysiological analysis. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely define various steps underlying synapse formation between the isolated growth cones of individually identifiable pre- and postsynaptic neurons from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. We show for the first time that isolated growth cones transformed into 'growth balls' have an innate propensity to develop specific and multiple synapses within minutes of physical contact. We also demonstrate that a prior 'synaptic history' primes the presynaptic growth ball to form synapses quicker with subsequent partners. This is the first demonstration that isolated Lymnaea growth cones have the necessary machinery to form functional synapses. {\\textcopyright} 2010 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience {\\textcopyright} 2010 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Luk, Collin C. and Schmold, Nichole M. and Lee, Thomas K. M. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07428.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Growth balls,Growth cones,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurodevelopment,Synapse formation,Synapse specificity},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {1442--1451},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{A novel approach reveals temporal patterns of synaptogenesis between the isolated growth cones of Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07428.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07428.x},\nvolume = {32},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ecologically relevant stressors modify long-term memory formation in a model system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Orr, M.; de Caigny, P.; Lukowiak, K. S.; Rosenegger, D.; Han, J. I.; and Dalesman, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioural Brain Research, 214(1): 18–24. dec 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ecologically$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00629,\nabstract = {Stress can alter adaptive behaviours, and as well either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We focus attention on how environmentally relevant stressors (e.g. predator detection, crowding, and low concentrations of environmental Ca++) alter memory formation in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We specifically look at operant conditioning of aerial respiration and whether or not long-term memory forms following the acquisition of the learned event, not performing aerial respiration. We will also examine the strain differences in Lymnaea which allow or cause isolated populations to possess different heritable cognitive capabilities, as manifested by differing abilities to form long-term memory. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Orr, Mike and de Caigny, Pascaline and Lukowiak, Kai S. and Rosenegger, David and Han, Jae Il and Dalesman, Sarah},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.011},\nissn = {01664328},\njournal = {Behavioural Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Model system,Neuronal plasticity,Stress},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {18--24},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Ecologically relevant stressors modify long-term memory formation in a model system}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016643281000361X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016643281000361X},\nvolume = {214},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Adenosinergic modulation of neuronal activity in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Malik, A.; and Buck, L. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(7): 1126–1132. apr 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Adenosinergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00360,\nabstract = {Adenosine has been termed a retaliatory metabolite and its neuroprotective effects have been implicated in the hypoxia tolerance of several species; however, its role in the invertebrate CNS remains unclear. To determine if adenosine modulates neuronal activity in invertebrate neurons, we conducted whole-cell recordings from neurons in the central ring ganglia of the anoxiatolerant pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis during exposure to adenosine and pharmacological compounds known to modulate the type I subclass of adenosine receptors (A1R). Action potential (AP) frequency and membrane potential (Vm) were unchanged under control conditions, and addition of adenosine decreased AP frequency by 47{\\%} (from 1.08±0.22 to 0.57+0.14 Hz) and caused significant hyperpolarization of Vm. The A1R agonist cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) mimicked the results obtained with adenosine whereas antagonism of the A1R with 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) had no effect on AP frequency or Vm but prevented the adenosine and CPA-mediated decreases in neuronal activity. Furthermore, Ca2+ measurements with fluo-4 revealed that A1R activation led to a 12{\\%} increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and this elevation was also antagonized by DPCPX. Our results suggest that adenosine acting via the adenosine receptor (type I subclass) depresses neuronal activity in the adult L. stagnalis CNS and this depression is correlated with an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. {\\textcopyright} 2010. Published by The Company of biologists Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Malik, Aqsa and Buck, Leslie Thomas},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.033894},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Adenosine,Anoxia,Hypoxia,Invertebrate,Neurons},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {1126--1132},\npublisher = {Citeseer},\ntitle = {{Adenosinergic modulation of neuronal activity in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.978.1098{\\&}rep=rep1{\\&}type=pdf https://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/7/1126.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.033894},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Role of tonic inhibition in associative reward conditioning in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marra, V.; Kemenes, I.; Vavoulis, D.; Feng, J.; O'Shea, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(SEP). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Role$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00348,\nabstract = {Changes in the strength of excitatory synaptic connections are known to underlie associative memory formation in the molluscan nervous system but less is known about the role of synaptic inhibition. Tonic or maintained synaptic inhibition has an important function in controlling the Lymnaea feeding system and is known to suppress feeding in the absence of food or in satiated animals. Tonic inhibition to the feeding network is provided by the N3t interneuron that has inhibitory monosynaptic connection with the central pattern generator interneuron, the N1M. Here we asked whether a reduction in the level of tonic inhibition provided by the N3t cell could play a role in reward conditioning? Semi-intact preparations made from hungry snails were conditioned using a previously developed one-trial chemical conditioning paradigm. We recorded electrical activity in a feeding motoneuron, the B3, at various time-points after conditioning. This allowed us to measure the frequency of spike activity in the N3t interneuron and monitor fictive feeding patterns that generate the rhythmic movements involved in food ingestion. We show that there is a reduction in N3t spiking at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after conditioning but not at 10 and 30 min and the reduction in N3t firing inversely correlates with an increase in the conditioned fictive feeding response. Computer simulation of N3t-N1M interactions suggests that changes in N3t firing are sufficient to explain the increase in the fictive feeding activity produced by conditioning. A network model is presented that summarizes evidence suggesting that reward conditioning in Lymnaea is due to the combined effects of reduced tonic inhibition and enhanced excitatory synaptic connections between the CS pathway and feeding command neurons. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Marra, Kemenes, Vavoulis, Feng, O'Shea and Benjamin.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Marra, Vincenzo and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Vavoulis, Dimitris and Feng, Jianfeng and O'Shea, Michael and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00161},\nissn = {16625153},\njournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Modulation,Molluscan learning,Reward classical conditioning,Tonic inhibition},\nnumber = {SEP},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Role of tonic inhibition in associative reward conditioning in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00161/full http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00161/abstract},\nvolume = {4},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Contrary Effects of Octopamine Receptor Ligands on Behavioral and Neuronal Changes in Locomotion of Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Miyamae, Y.; Komuro, M.; Murata, A.; Aono, K.; Nishikata, K.; Kanazawa, A.; Fujito, Y.; Komatsu, T.; Ito, D.; Abe, T.; Nagayama, M.; Uchida, T.; Gohara, K.; Murakami, J.; Kawai, R.; Hatakeyama, D.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Biological Bulletin, 218(1): 6–14. feb 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Contrary$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00121,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis moves along the sides and bottom of an aquarium, but it can also glide upside down on its back below the water's surface. We have termed these two forms of locomotion "standard locomotion" and "upside-down gliding," respectively. Previous studies showed that standard locomotion is produced by both cilia activity on the foot and peristaltic contraction of the foot muscles, whereas upside-down gliding is mainly caused by cilia activity. The pedal A neurons are thought to receive excitatory octopaminergic input, which ultimately results in increased cilia beating. However, the relationship between locomotory speed and the responses of these neurons to octopamine is not known. We thus examined the effects of both an agonist and an antagonist of octopamine receptors on locomotory speed and the firing rate of the pedal A neurons. We also examined, at the electron and light-microscopic levels, whether structural changes occur in cilia following the application of either an agonist or an antagonist of octopamine receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). We found that the application of an octopamine antagonist to the CNS increased the speed of both forms of locomotion, whereas application of octopamine increased only the ?ring rate of the pedal A neurons. Microscopic examination of the cilia proved that there were no changes in their morphology after application of octopamine ligands. These data suggest that there is an unidenti?ed octopaminergic neuronal network in the CNS whose acti-vation reduces cilia movement and thus locomotory speed. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Marine Biological Laboratory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Miyamae, Yurie and Komuro, Mami and Murata, Aya and Aono, Kanako and Nishikata, Kaori and Kanazawa, Akira and Fujito, Yutaka and Komatsu, Takumi and Ito, Daisuke and Abe, Takashi and Nagayama, Masafumi and Uchida, Tsutomu and Gohara, Kazutoshi and Murakami, Jun and Kawai, Ryo and Hatakeyama, Dai and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1086/BBLv218n1p6},\nissn = {0006-3185},\njournal = {The Biological Bulletin},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {6--14},\npublisher = {journals.uchicago.edu},\ntitle = {{Contrary Effects of Octopamine Receptor Ligands on Behavioral and Neuronal Changes in Locomotion of Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/BBLv218n1p6 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/BBLv218n1p6},\nvolume = {218},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are involved in phototransduction of dermal photoreceptors in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pankey, S.; Sunada, H.; Horikoshi, T.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 180(8): 1205–1211. nov 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cyclic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00438,\nabstract = {Dermal photoreceptors in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis mediate the whole-body withdrawal response, including pneumostome closure, elicited by a shadow passing over the pneumostome area. The pneumostome closure response is part of the defense reaction in Lymnaea. The shadow or 'light-off' stimulus elicits activity in a higher order interneuron, RPeD11, which has a major role in mediating defensive withdrawal behavior elicited by noxious or threatening stimuli. Here, we tested our hypothesis that cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are involved in the dermal photoreceptor-mediated transduction of the shadow stimulus. The response to the shadow stimulus recorded in RPeD11 was abolished by 500 $\\mu$M cis-diltiazem, which blocks cGMP-activated conductance of CNG channels. On the other hand, the shadow response elicited in RPeD11 was not blocked by 2-amino ethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB), a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker. Consistent with the electrophysiologic data, cis-diltiazem blocked the shadow-evoked withdrawal response, whereas 2-APB did not block the withdrawal response evoked by the shadow stimulus in intact freely behaving Lymnaea. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the second messenger in dermal photoreceptors involves CNG and not TRP channels. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Springer-Verlag.},\nauthor = {Pankey, Sabrina and Sunada, Hiroshi and Horikoshi, Tetsuro and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00360-010-0490-x},\nissn = {0174-1578},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B},\nkeywords = {Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel,Dermal photoreceptor,Right pedal dorsal 11 neuron,Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel,Withdrawal behavior},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1205--1211},\npublisher = {jstage.jst.go.jp},\ntitle = {{Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are involved in phototransduction of dermal photoreceptors in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biophys/50/supplement2/50{\\_}KJ00006867439/{\\_}article/-char/ja/ http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00360-010-0490-x},\nvolume = {180},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Novel structural determinants of single channel conductance and ion selectivity in 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Peters, J. A.; Cooper, M. A.; Carland, J. E.; Livesey, M. R.; Hales, T. G.; and Lambert, J. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume 588 portlandpress.com, feb 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Novel$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{pop00714,\nabstract = {Nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors are cation-selective ion channels of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) superfamily. Multiple lines of evidence adduced over the last 30 years indicate that the lining of the channel of such receptors is formed by the $\\alpha$-helical second transmembrane (TM2) domain and flanking sequences contributed by each of the five subunits present within the receptor complex. Specific amino acid residues within, and adjacent to, the TM2 domain influence single channel conductance, ion selectivity, and other aspects of receptor function that include gating and desensitization. However, more recent work has revealed important structural determinants of single channel conductance and ion selectivity that are not associated with the TM2 domain. Direct experimental evidence indicates that the intracellular domain of eukaryotic pLGICs, in particular a region of the loop linking TM3 and TM4 termed the membrane-associated (MA) stretch, exerts a strong influence upon ion channel biophysics. Moreover, recent computational approaches, complemented by experimentation, implicate the extracellular domain as an additional important determinant of ion conduction. This brief review describes how our knowledge of ion conduction and selectivity in cation-selective pLGICs has evolved beyond TM2. {\\textcopyright} 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation {\\textcopyright} 2010 The Physiological Society.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Peters, John A. and Cooper, Michelle A. and Carland, Jane E. and Livesey, Matthew R. and Hales, Tim G. and Lambert, Jeremy J.},\nbooktitle = {The Journal of Physiology},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2009.183137},\nissn = {00223751},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {587--596},\npublisher = {portlandpress.com},\ntitle = {{Novel structural determinants of single channel conductance and ion selectivity in 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors}},\nurl = {https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-abstract/34/5/882/66046 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.183137},\nvolume = {588},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Homolog of the Vertebrate Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Is Both Necessary and Instructive for the Rapid Formation of Associative Memory in an Invertebrate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pirger, Z.; Laszlo, Z.; Kemenes, I.; Toth, G.; Reglodi, D.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 30(41): 13766–13773. oct 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00325,\nabstract = {Similar to other invertebrate and vertebrate animals, cAMP-dependent signaling cascades are key components of long-term memory (LTM) formation in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, an established experimental model for studying evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms of long-term associative memory. Although a great deal is already known about the signaling cascades activated by cAMP, the molecules involved in the learning-induced activation of adenylate cyclase (AC) in Lymnaea remained unknown. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy in combination with biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, recently we have obtained evidence for the existence of a Lymnaea homolog of the vertebrate pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptide (PACAP) and for the AC-activating effect of PACAP in the Lymnaea nervous system. Here we first tested the hypothesis that PACAP plays an important role in the formation of robust LTM after single-trial classical food-reward conditioning. Application of the PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 around the time of single-trial training with amyl acetate and sucrose blocked associative LTM, suggesting that in this "strong" food-reward conditioning paradigm the activation of AC by PACAP was necessary for LTM to form. We found that in a "weak" multitrial food-reward conditioning paradigm, lip touch paired with sucrose, memory formation was also dependent on PACAP. Significantly, systemic application of PACAP at the beginning of multitrial tactile conditioning accelerated the formation of transcription-dependent memory. Our findings provide the first evidence to show that in the same nervous system PACAP is both necessary and instructive for fast and robust memory formation after reward classical conditioning. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2010 the authors.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Pirger, Zsolt and Laszlo, Z. and Kemenes, I. and Toth, G. and Reglodi, D{\\'{o}}ra and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2577-10.2010},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {41},\npages = {13766--13773},\npmid = {20943917},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{A Homolog of the Vertebrate Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Is Both Necessary and Instructive for the Rapid Formation of Associative Memory in an Invertebrate}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/41/13766.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2577-10.2010},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Its Receptors Are Present and Biochemically Active in the Central Nervous System of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pirger, Z.; Laszlo, Z.; Hiripi, L.; Hernadi, L.; Toth, G.; Lubics, A.; Reglodi, D.; Kemenes, G.; and Mark, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 42(3): 464–471. nov 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pituitary$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00057,\nabstract = {PACAP is a highly conserved adenylate cyclase (AC) activating polypeptide, which, along with its receptors (PAC1-R, VPAC1, and VPAC2), is expressed in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. In vertebrates, PACAP has been shown to be involved in associative learning, but it is not known if it plays a similar role in invertebrates. To prepare the way for a detailed investigation into the possible role of PACAP and its receptors in a suitable invertebrate model of learning and memory, here, we undertook a study of their expression and biochemical role in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Lymnaea is one of the best established invertebrate model systems to study the molecular mechanisms of learning and memory, including the role of cyclic AMP-activated signaling mechanisms, which crucially depend on the learning-induced activation of AC. However, there was no information available on the expression of PACAP and its receptors in sensory structures and central ganglia of the Lymnaea nervous system known to be involved in associative learning or whether or not PACAP can actually activate AC in these ganglia. Here, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and immunohistochemistry, we established the presence of PACAP-like peptides in the cerebral ganglia and the lip region of Lymnaea. The MALDI-TOF data indicated an identity with mammalian PACAP-27 and the presence of a squid-like PACAP-38 highly homologous to vertebrate PACAP-38. We also showed that PACAP, VIP, and maxadilan stimulated the synthesis of cAMP in Lymnaea cerebral ganglion homogenates and that this effect was blocked by the appropriate general and selective PACAP receptor antagonists. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Pirger, Zsolt and Laszlo, Zita and Hiripi, Laszlo and Hernadi, Laszlo and Toth, Gabor and Lubics, Andrea and Reglodi, Dora and Kemenes, Gyorgy and Mark, Laszlo},\ndoi = {10.1007/s12031-010-9361-x},\nissn = {0895-8696},\njournal = {Journal of Molecular Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Adenylate cyclase,Invertebrate,Lymnaea,PAC1-R,PACAP,cAMP},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {464--471},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Its Receptors Are Present and Biochemically Active in the Central Nervous System of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12031-010-9361-x http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12031-010-9361-x},\nvolume = {42},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Atypical guanylyl cyclase from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis: cloning, sequence analysis and characterization of expression.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ribeiro, M.; Schofield, M.; Kemenes, I.; Benjamin, P.; O'Shea, M.; and Korneev, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 165(3): 794–800. feb 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Atypical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Ribeiro2010,\nabstract = {Soluble guanylyl cyclases (sGCs) are traditionally recognized as the main molecular receptor for nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous transmitter involved in many functions of the nervous system. Some sGCs are however insensitive to NO and therefore are known as atypical. Although atypical sGCs have been shown to exist in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, our understanding of their functional role is incomplete. Here we report on the cloning, sequencing and localization of an atypical sGC named Lym-sGC$\\beta$3 from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We found that Lym-sGC$\\beta$3 shares a number of structural characteristics with some previously characterized atypical sGCs including the presence of Tyr140 in the regulatory domain. This residue is thought to be of a critical importance in determining sensitivity of atypical sGCs to oxygen. These findings raise the possibility that Lym-sGC$\\beta$3 is an oxygen receptor. The results of our in situ hybridization and RT-PCR experiments support this idea further by showing that Lym-sGC$\\beta$3 is expressed in the osphradium, a peripheral sense organ in which oxygen-sensing neurons are located. Also of interest are our observations that many neurons in Lymnaea CNS co-express conventional and atypical sGC subunits. These data are consistent with a possible dominant negative regulatory role of atypical sGC subunits through the formation of heterodimers exhibiting low enzymatic activity. {\\textcopyright} 2010 IBRO.},\nauthor = {Ribeiro, M. and Schofield, M. and Kemenes, I. and Benjamin, P.R. and O'Shea, M. and Korneev, S.A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.008},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {cerebral giant cell,identified neuron,mollusc,nitric oxide,oxygen sensor},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {794--800},\ntitle = {{Atypical guanylyl cyclase from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis: cloning, sequence analysis and characterization of expression}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452209018259 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452209018259},\nvolume = {165},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Learning-dependent gene expression of CREB1 isoforms in the molluscan brain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sadamoto, H.; Kitahashi, T.; Fujito, Y.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(MAY). 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Learning-dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00553,\nabstract = {Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein1 (CREB1) has multiple functions in gene regulation. Various studies have reported that CREB1-dependent gene induction is necessary for memory formation and long-lasting behavioral changes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we characterized Lymnaea CREB1 (LymCREB1) mRNA isoforms of spliced variants in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Among these spliced variants, the three isoforms that code a whole LymCREB1 protein are considered to be the activators for gene regulation. The other four isoforms, which code truncated LymCREB1 proteins with no kinase inducible domain, are the repressors. For a better understanding of the possible roles of different LymCREB1 isoforms, the expression level of these isoform mRNAs was investigated by a real-time quantitative RT-PCR method. Further, we examined the changes in gene expression for all the isoforms in the CNS after conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning or backward conditioning as a control. The results showed that CTA learning increased LymCREB1 gene expression, but it did not change the activator/repressor ratio. Our findings showed that the repressor isoforms, as well as the activator ones, are expressed in large amounts in the CNS, and the gene expression of CREB1 isoforms appeared to be specific for the given stimulus. This was the first quantitative analysis of the expression patterns of CREB1 isoforms at the mRNA level and their association with learning behavior. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Sadamoto, Kitahashi, Fujito and Ito.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sadamoto, Hisayo and Kitahashi, Takashi and Fujito, Yutaka and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00025},\nissn = {16625153},\njournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {CREB1,Gene expression,Learning,Memory,Mollusk},\nnumber = {MAY},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Learning-dependent gene expression of CREB1 isoforms in the molluscan brain}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00025/full http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00025/abstract},\nvolume = {4},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transient and Big Are Key Features of an Invertebrate T-type Channel ( LCa v 3 ) from the Central Nervous System of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Senatore, A.; and Spafford, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(10): 7447–7458. mar 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transient$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00186,\nabstract = {Here we describe features of the first non-mammalian T-type calcium channel (LCav3) expressed in vitro. This molluscan channel possesses combined biophysical properties that are reminiscent of all mammalian T-type channels. It exhibits T-type features such as "transient" kinetics, but the "tiny" label, usually associated with Ba2+ conductance, is hard to reconcile with the "bigness" of this channel in many respects. LCav3 is 25{\\%} larger than any voltage-gated ion channel expressed to date. It codes for a massive, 322-kDa protein that conducts large macroscopic currents in vitro. LCav3 is also the most abundant Ca2+ channel transcript in the snail nervous system. A window current at typical resting potentials appears to be at least as large as that reported for mammalian channels. This distant gene provides a unique perspective to analyze the structural, functional, drug binding, and evolutionary aspects of T-type channels. {\\textcopyright} 2010 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Senatore, Adriano and Spafford, J. David},\ndoi = {10.1074/jbc.M109.090753},\nissn = {0021-9258},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {7447--7458},\npublisher = {ASBMB},\ntitle = {{Transient and Big Are Key Features of an Invertebrate T-type Channel ( LCa v 3 ) from the Central Nervous System of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jbc.org/content/285/10/7447.short http://www.jbc.org/lookup/doi/10.1074/jbc.M109.090753},\nvolume = {285},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Increase in excitability of RPeD11 results in memory enhancement of juvenile and adult Lymnaea stagnalis by predator-induced stress.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sunada, H.; Horikoshi, T.; Lukowiak, K.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 94(2): 269–277. 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Increase$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00079,\nabstract = {Memory consolidation following learning is a dynamic process. Thus, long-term memory (LTM) formation can be modulated by many factors, including stress. We examined how predator-induced stress enhances LTM formation in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis at both the behavioral and electrophysiological levels. Training snails in crayfish effluent (CE; i.e., water from an aquarium containing crayfish) significantly enhanced LTM. That is, while memory persists for only 3 h in adult control experiments following a single 0.5-h training session in pond water in which the pneumostome receives a contingent tactile stimulus to the pneumostome; when the snails are trained in CE, the memory persists for at least 24 h. In juveniles, the data are more dramatic. Juveniles are unable to form LTM in pond water, but form LTM when trained in CE. Here we examined whether juvenile snails form LTM following a one-trial training procedure (1TT). Following the 1TT procedure (a single-trial aversive operant conditioning training procedure), juveniles do not form LTM, unless trained in CE. Concomitantly, we observe changes in the excitability of RPeD11, a key neuron mediating the whole snail withdrawal response, which may be a neural correlate of enhanced memory formation. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sunada, Hiroshi and Horikoshi, Tetsuro and Lukowiak, Ken and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.005},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Crayfish effluent,Juvenile and adult Lymnaea,Long lasting depolarization,One-trial training,Operant conditioning,Right pedal dorsal 11 neuron},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {269--277},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Increase in excitability of RPeD11 results in memory enhancement of juvenile and adult Lymnaea stagnalis by predator-induced stress}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742710001085},\nvolume = {94},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Balanced plasticity and stability of the electrical properties of a molluscan modulatory interneuron after classical conditioning: A computational study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vavoulis, D. V.; Nikitin, E. S.; Kemenes, I.; Marra, V.; Feng, J.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 4. 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Balanced$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00789,\nabstract = {The Cerebral Giant Cells (CGCs) are a pair of identifi ed modulatory interneurons in the Central Nervous System of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis with an important role in the expression of both unconditioned and conditioned feeding behavior. Following single-trial food-reward classical conditioning, the membrane potential of the CGCs becomes persistently depolarized. This depolarization contributes to the conditioned response by facilitating sensory cell to command neuron synapses, which results in the activation of the feeding network by the conditioned stimulus. Despite the depolarization of the membrane potential, which enables the CGGs to play a key role in learning-induced network plasticity, there is no persistent change in the tonic fi ring rate or shape of the action potentials, allowing these neurons to retain their normal network function in feeding. In order to understand the ionic mechanisms of this novel combination of plasticity and stability of intrinsic electrical properties, we fi rst constructed and validated a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of the CGCs. We then used this model to elucidate how learninginduced changes in a somal persistent sodium and a delayed rectifi er potassium current lead to a persistent depolarization of the CGCs whilst maintaining their fi ring rate. Including in the model an additional increase in the conductance of a high-voltage-activated calcium current allowed the spike amplitude and spike duration also to be maintained after conditioning. We conclude therefore that a balanced increase in three identifi ed conductances is suffi cient to explain the electrophysiological changes found in the CGCs after classical conditioning. {\\textcopyright} 2010 Vavoulis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vavoulis, Dimitris V. and Nikitin, Eugeny S. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Marra, Vincenzo and Feng, Jianfeng and Benjamin, Paul R. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00019},\nissn = {16625153},\njournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Classical conditioning,Delayed rectifi er potassium current,High-voltage-activated calcium current,Intrinsic plasticity,Lymnaea stagnalis,Parameter estimation in hodgkin-huxley-type models,Persistent sodium current},\npublisher = {frontiersin.org},\ntitle = {{Balanced plasticity and stability of the electrical properties of a molluscan modulatory interneuron after classical conditioning: A computational study}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00019/full},\nvolume = {4},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Distinct mechanisms produce functionally complementary actions of neuropeptides that are structurally related but derived from different precursors.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vilim, F. S.; Sasaki, K.; Rybak, J.; Alexeeva, V.; Cropper, E. C.; Jing, J.; Orekhova, I. V.; Brezina, V.; Price, D.; Romanova, E. V.; Rubakhin, S. S.; Hatcher, N.; Sweedler, J. V.; and Weiss, K. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 30(1): 131–147. 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Distinct$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00953,\nabstract = {Many bioactive neuropeptides containing RFamide at their C terminus have been described in both invertebrates and vertebrates. To obtain insight into the functional logic of RFamide signaling, we investigate it here in the feeding system of Aplysia. We focus on the expression, localization, and actions of two families of RFamide peptides, the FRFamides and FMRFamide, in the central neuronal circuitry and the peripheral musculature that generate the feeding movements. We describe the cloning of the FRFamide precursor protein and show that the FRFamides and FMRFamide are derived from different precursors. We map the expression of the FRFamide and FMRFamide precursors in the feeding circuitry using in situ hybridization and immunostaining and confirm proteolytic processing of the FRFamide precursor by mass spectrometry. We show that the two precursors are expressed in different populations of sensory neurons in the feeding system. In a representative feeding muscle, we demonstrate the presence of both FRFamides and FMRFamide and their release, probably from the processes of the sensory neurons in the muscle. Both centrally and in the periphery, the FRFamides and FMRFamide act in distinct ways, apparently through distinct mechanisms, and nevertheless, from an overall functional perspective, their actions are complementary. Together, the FRFamides and FMRFamide convert feeding motor programs from ingestive to egestive and depress feeding muscle contractions. We conclude that these structurally related peptides, although derived from different precursors, expressed in different neurons, and acting through different mechanisms, remain related to each other in the functional roles that they play in the system. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2010 the authors.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vilim, Ferdinand S. and Sasaki, Kosei and Rybak, Jurgen and Alexeeva, Vera and Cropper, Elizabeth C. and Jing, Jian and Orekhova, Irina V. and Brezina, Vladimir and Price, David and Romanova, Elena V. and Rubakhin, Stanislav S. and Hatcher, Nathan and Sweedler, Jonathan V. and Weiss, Klaudiusz R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3282-09.2010},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {131--147},\npmid = {20053896},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Distinct mechanisms produce functionally complementary actions of neuropeptides that are structurally related but derived from different precursors}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/1/131.short},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Delayed Intrinsic Activation of an NMDA-Independent CaM-kinase II in a Critical Time Window Is Necessary for Late Consolidation of an Associative Memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wan, H.; Mackay, B.; Iqbal, H.; Naskar, S.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 30(1): 56–63. jan 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Delayed$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00504,\nabstract = {Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaM-kinases) are central to various forms of long-term memory (LTM) in a number of evolutionarily diverse organisms. However, it is still largely unknown what contributions specific CaM-kinases make to different phases of the same specific type of memory, such as acquisition, or early, intermediate, and late consolidation of associative LTM after classical conditioning. Here, we investigated the involvement of CaM-kinase II (CaMKII) in different phases of associative LTM induced by single-trial reward classical conditioning in Lymnaea, a well established invertebrate experimental system for studying molecular mechanisms of learning and memory. First, by using a general CaM-kinase inhibitor, KN-62, we found that CaM-kinase activation was necessary for acquisition and late consolidation, but not early or intermediate consolidation or retrieval of LTM. Then, we used Western blot-based phosphorylation assays and treatment with CaMKIINtide to identify CaMKII as the main CaM-kinase, the intrinsic activation of which, in a critical time window (∼24 h after learning), is central to late consolidation of LTM. Additionally, using MK-801 and CaMKIINtide we found that acquisition was dependent on both NMDA receptor and CaMKII activation. However, unlike acquisition, CaMKII-dependent late memory consolidation does not require the activation of NMDA receptors. Our new findings support the notion that even apparently stable memory traces may undergo further molecular changes and identify NMDA-independent intrinsic activation of CaMKII as a mechanism underlying this "lingering consolidation." This process may facilitate the preservation of LTM in the face of protein turnover or active molecular processes that underlie forgetting. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2010 the authors.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wan, Huimin and Mackay, Beth and Iqbal, Hassan and Naskar, Souvik and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2577-09.2010},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {56--63},\npmid = {20053887},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Delayed Intrinsic Activation of an NMDA-Independent CaM-kinase II in a Critical Time Window Is Necessary for Late Consolidation of an Associative Memory}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/1/56.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2577-09.2010},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Antidepressant fluoxetine suppresses neuronal growth from both vertebrate and invertebrate neurons and perturbs synapse formation between Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, F.; Luk, C.; Richard, M. P.; Zaidi, W.; Farkas, S.; Getz, A.; Lee, A.; Van Minnen, J.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 31(6): 994–1005. 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Antidepressant$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00595,\nabstract = {Current treatment regimes for a variety of mental disorders involve various selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as Fluoxetine (Prozac). Although these drugs may 'manage' the patient better, there has not been a significant change in the treatment paradigm over the years and neither have the outcomes improved. There is also considerable debate as to the effectiveness of various selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and their potential side-effects on neuronal architecture and function. In this study, using mammalian cortical neurons, a dorsal root ganglia cell line (F11 cells) and identified Lymnaea stagnalis neurons, we provide the first direct and unequivocal evidence that clinically relevant concentrations of Fluoxetine induce growth cone collapse and neurite retraction of both serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons alike in a dose-dependent manner. Using intracellular recordings and calcium imaging techniques, we further demonstrate that the mechanism underlying Fluoxetine-induced effects on neurite retraction from Lymnaea neurons may involve lowering of intracellular calcium and a subsequent retardation of growth cone cytoskeleton. Using soma-soma synapses between identified presynaptic and postsynaptic Lymnaea neurons, we provide further direct evidence that clinically used concentrations of Fluoxetine also block synaptic transmission and synapse formation between cholinergic neurons. Our study raises alarms over potentially devastating side-effects of this antidepressant drug on neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in a developing/regenerating brain. Our data also demonstrate that drugs such as Fluoxetine may not just affect communication between serotonergic neurons but that the detrimental effects are widespread and involve neurons of various phenotypes from both vertebrate and invertebrate species. {\\textcopyright} Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Xu, Fenglian and Luk, Collin and Richard, Maria P. and Zaidi, Wali and Farkas, Svetlana and Getz, Angela and Lee, Arthur and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07129.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cholinergic,Cortical,Cytoskeleton,Intracellular Ca2+,Pedal A},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {994--1005},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Antidepressant fluoxetine suppresses neuronal growth from both vertebrate and invertebrate neurons and perturbs synapse formation between Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07129.x},\nvolume = {31},\nyear = {2010}\n}\n

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\n \n 2009\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Acetylcholine binding protein of mollusks is unlikely to act as a regulator of cholinergic neurotransmission at neurite‐neurite synaptic sites in vivo.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Banks, G.; Kemenes, I.; Schofield, M.; O'shea, M.; and Korneev, S. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The FASEB Journal, 23(9): 3030–3036. sep 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Acetylcholine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00503,\nabstract = {A population of glial cells in the central nervous system of the gastropod mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis produces a soluble protein that specifically binds acetylcholine. This protein is named the acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP). Experiments performed in vitro indicated that AChBP inactivates released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. On the basis of these observations, a similar in vivo role for AChBP was hypothesized. To fulfill this function, AChBP-expressing glia ought to be located in close proximity to cholinergic synapses in vivo. To examine this, we have analyzed the cellular and subcellular expression of AChBP in the intact CNS. Using a variety of molecular techniques, we demonstrate here that AChBP expression is confined to a subpopulation of glial cells located within the peripheral zone of each of the ganglia constituting the CNS. This zone contains the cell bodies of neurons, but few synapses. Conversely, glial cells that do not express the AChBP are predominantly located in the synapse-rich central neuropile zone but are rare in the cell body zone. Thus, our findings are not compatible with the previous conclusions drawn from in vitro studies and suggest that AChBP functions in vivo as a regulator of nonsynaptic cholinergic transmission.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Banks, Gareth and Kemenes, Ildiko and Schofield, Michael and O'shea, Michael and Korneev, Sergei A.},\ndoi = {10.1096/fj.08-117135},\nissn = {0892-6638},\njournal = {The FASEB Journal},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {3030--3036},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Acetylcholine binding protein of mollusks is unlikely to act as a regulator of cholinergic neurotransmission at neurite‐neurite synaptic sites in vivo}},\nurl = {https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.08-117135 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.08-117135},\nvolume = {23},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hypoxia-induced modulation of the respiratory CPG.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bell, H. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Bioscience, Volume(14): 3825. 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Hypoxia-induced$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00780,\nabstract = {Despite recent advances in our understanding of the neural control of breathing, the precise cellular, synaptic, and molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and modulation of respiratory rhythm remain largely unknown. This lack of fundamental knowledge in the field of neural control of respiration is likely due to the complexity of the mammalian brain where synaptic connectivity between central respiratory neurons, motor neurons and their peripheral counterparts cannot be mapped reliably. We have therefore developed an invertebrate model system wherein the essential elements of the central pattern generator (CPG), the motor neurons and the peripheral chemosensory cells involved in respiratory control have been worked out both in vivo and in vitro. We discuss our recent identification of peripheral, hypoxia sensitive chemoreceptor elements in a sensory organ of the pulmonate freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, which provide an excitatory drive to the respiratory CPG neuron RPeD1 via direct chemical synaptic connections. Further studies using this unique invertebrate model system may reveal highly conserved principles of CPG neuromodulation that will remain relevant to more complex mammalian systems.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bell, Harold J.},\ndoi = {10.2741/3491},\nissn = {10939946},\njournal = {Frontiers in Bioscience},\nkeywords = {Afferent signal,CPG,Central pattern generator,Control of breathing,Hypoxia,In vitro,In vivo,Lymnaea stagnalis,Modulation,Osphradium,Oxygen,Peripheral chemoreceptor,Respiration,Respiratory rhythm,Review},\nnumber = {14},\npages = {3825},\npmid = {19273313},\npublisher = {pdfs.semanticscholar.org},\ntitle = {{Hypoxia-induced modulation of the respiratory CPG}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cc72/343c4bd9f934dc9af4d9aa7f986ee2f9f83b.pdf http://www.bioscience.org/2009/v14/af/3491/list.htm},\nvolume = {Volume},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Novel, Nongenomic Mechanism Underlies Retinoic Acid-Induced Growth Cone Turning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Farrar, N. R.; Dmetrichuk, J. M.; Carlone, R. L.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 29(45): 14136–14142. nov 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00296,\nabstract = {The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), is well known for its roles in neural development and regeneration. We have previously shown that RA can induce positive growth cone turning in regenerating neurons in vitro. In this study, we address the subcellular mechanisms underlying this chemo-attractive response, using identified central neurons from the adult mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis.We show that the RA-induced positive growth cone turning was maintained in the presence of the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D. We also physically transected the neurites from the cell body and showed that isolated growth cones retain the capacity to turn toward a gradient of RA. Moreover, this attractive turning is dependent on de novo local protein synthesis and Ca2+ influx. Most of RA's actions during neurite outgrowth and regeneration require gene transcription, although these data show for the first time in any species, that the chemotropic action of RA in guiding neurite outgrowth, involves a novel, nongenomic mechanism. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2009 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Farrar, Nathan R. and Dmetrichuk, Jennifer M. and Carlone, Robert L. and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2921-09.2009},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {45},\npages = {14136--14142},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{A Novel, Nongenomic Mechanism Underlies Retinoic Acid-Induced Growth Cone Turning}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/45/14136.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2921-09.2009},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transcriptome analysis of the central nervous system of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Feng, Z.; Zhang, Z.; van Kesteren, R.; Straub, V.; van Nierop, P.; Jin, K.; Nejatbakhsh, N.; Goldberg, J.; Spencer, G.; Yeoman, M.; Wildering, W.; Coorssen, J.; Croll, R.; Buck, L.; Syed, N.; and Smit, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Genomics, 10(1): 451. 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transcriptome$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00051,\nabstract = {Background: The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis) has served as a successful model for studies in the field of Neuroscience. However, a serious drawback in the molecular analysis of the nervous system of L. stagnalis has been the lack of large-scale genomic or neuronal transcriptome information, thereby limiting the use of this unique model. Results: In this study, we report 7,712 distinct EST sequences (median length: 847 nucleotides) of a normalized L. stagnalis central nervous system (CNS) cDNA library, resulting in the largest collection of L. stagnalis neuronal transcriptome data currently available. Approximately 42{\\%} of the cDNAs can be translated into more than 100 consecutive amino acids, indicating the high quality of the library. The annotated sequences contribute 12{\\%} of the predicted transcriptome size of 20,000. Surprisingly, approximately 37{\\%} of the L. stagnalis sequences only have a tBLASTx hit in the EST library of another snail species Aplysia californica (A. californica) even using a low stringency e-value cutoff at 0.01. Using the same cutoff, approximately 67{\\%} of the cDNAs have a BLAST hit in the NCBI non-redundant protein and nucleotide sequence databases (nr and nt), suggesting that one third of the sequences may be unique to L. stagnalis. Finally, using the same cutoff (0.01), more than half of the cDNA sequences (54{\\%}) do not have a hit in nematode, fruitfly or human genome data, suggesting that the L. stagnalis transcriptome is significantly different from these species as well. The cDNA sequences are enriched in the following gene ontology functional categories: protein binding, hydrolase, transferase, and catalytic enzymes. Conclusion: This study provides novel molecular insights into the transcriptome of an important molluscan model organism. Our findings will contribute to functional analyses in neurobiology, and comparative evolutionary biology. The L. stagnalis CNS EST database is available at http://www.Lymnaea.org/. {\\textcopyright} 2009 Feng et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Feng, Z-P and Zhang, Z. and van Kesteren, RE and Straub, VA and van Nierop, P. and Jin, K. and Nejatbakhsh, N. and Goldberg, JI and Spencer, GE and Yeoman, MS and Wildering, W. and Coorssen, JR and Croll, RP and Buck, LT and Syed, NI and Smit, AB},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2164-10-451},\nissn = {1471-2164},\njournal = {BMC Genomics},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {451},\npmid = {19775440},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Transcriptome analysis of the central nervous system of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2164-10-451 http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-10-451},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n Background: The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis) has served as a successful model for studies in the field of Neuroscience. However, a serious drawback in the molecular analysis of the nervous system of L. stagnalis has been the lack of large-scale genomic or neuronal transcriptome information, thereby limiting the use of this unique model. Results: In this study, we report 7,712 distinct EST sequences (median length: 847 nucleotides) of a normalized L. stagnalis central nervous system (CNS) cDNA library, resulting in the largest collection of L. stagnalis neuronal transcriptome data currently available. Approximately 42% of the cDNAs can be translated into more than 100 consecutive amino acids, indicating the high quality of the library. The annotated sequences contribute 12% of the predicted transcriptome size of 20,000. Surprisingly, approximately 37% of the L. stagnalis sequences only have a tBLASTx hit in the EST library of another snail species Aplysia californica (A. californica) even using a low stringency e-value cutoff at 0.01. Using the same cutoff, approximately 67% of the cDNAs have a BLAST hit in the NCBI non-redundant protein and nucleotide sequence databases (nr and nt), suggesting that one third of the sequences may be unique to L. stagnalis. Finally, using the same cutoff (0.01), more than half of the cDNA sequences (54%) do not have a hit in nematode, fruitfly or human genome data, suggesting that the L. stagnalis transcriptome is significantly different from these species as well. The cDNA sequences are enriched in the following gene ontology functional categories: protein binding, hydrolase, transferase, and catalytic enzymes. Conclusion: This study provides novel molecular insights into the transcriptome of an important molluscan model organism. Our findings will contribute to functional analyses in neurobiology, and comparative evolutionary biology. The L. stagnalis CNS EST database is available at http://www.Lymnaea.org/. © 2009 Feng et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Glutamate transporters in the central nervous system of a pond snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hatakeyama, D.; Mita, K.; Kobayashi, S.; Sadamoto, H.; Fujito, Y.; Hiripi, L.; Elekes, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Research, 88(6): NA–NA. 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Glutamate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00794,\nabstract = {Previous studies on glutamate (GLU) and its receptors in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis have suggested that GLU functions as a neurotransmitter in various behaviors, particularly for generation of feeding rhythm. The uptake mechanism of GLU is not yet known in Lymnaea. In the present study, we characterized the GLU transporters and examined their functions in the feeding circuits of the central nervous system (CNS) in Lymnaea. First, measurement of the accumulation of 3H-labeled GLU revealed the presence of GLU transport systems in the Lymnaea CNS. The highest accumulation rate was observed in the buccal ganglia, supporting the involvement of GLU transport systems in feeding behavior. Second, we cloned two types of GLU transporters from the Lymnaea CNS, the excitatory amino acid transporter (LymEAAT) and the vesicular GLU transporter (LymVGLUT). When we compared their amino acid sequences with those of mammalian EAATs and VGLUTs, we found that the functional domains of both types are well conserved. Third, in situ hybridization revealed that the mRNAs of LymEAAT and LymVGLUT are localized in large populations of nerve cells, including the major feeding motoneurons in the buccal ganglia. Finally, we inhibited LymEAAT and found that changes in the firing patterns of the feeding motoneurons that have GLUergic input were similar to those obtained following stimulation with GLU. Our results confirmed the presence of GLU uptake systems in the Lymnaea CNS and showed that LymEAAT is required for proper rhythm generation, particularly for generation of the feeding rhythm. {\\textcopyright} 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hatakeyama, Dai and Mita, Koichi and Kobayashi, Suguru and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Fujito, Yutaka and Hiripi, L{\\~{A}}¡szl{\\~{A}}³ and Elekes, K{\\~{A}}¡roly and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1002/jnr.22296},\nissn = {03604012},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {EAAT,Glutamate transporter,Lymnaea,Rhythmic activity,VGLUT},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {NA--NA},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Glutamate transporters in the central nervous system of a pond snail}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jnr.22296 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jnr.22296},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Interaction of $α$-conotoxin ImII and its analogs with nicotinic receptors and acetylcholine-binding proteins: additional binding sites on Torpedo receptor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kasheverov, I. E.; Zhmak, M. N.; Fish, A.; Rucktooa, P.; Khruschov, A. Y.; Osipov, A. V.; Ziganshin, R. H.; D'hoedt, D.; Bertrand, D.; Sixma, T. K.; Smit, A. B.; and Tsetlin, V. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurochemistry, 111(4): 934–944. nov 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Interaction$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00974,\nabstract = {$\\alpha$-Conotoxins interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and acetylcholine-binding proteins (AChBPs) at the sites for agonists/competitive antagonists. $\\alpha$-Conotoxins blocking muscle-type or $\\alpha$7 nAChRs compete with $\\alpha$-bungarotoxin. However, $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImII, a close homolog of the $\\alpha$7 nAChR-targeting $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImI, blocked $\\alpha$7 and muscle nAChRs without displacing $\\alpha$-bungarotoxin (Ellison et al. 2003, 2004), suggesting binding at a different site. We synthesized $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImII, its ribbon isomer (ImIIiso), 'mutant' ImII(W10Y) and found similar potencies in blocking human $\\alpha$7 and muscle nAChRs in Xenopus oocytes. Both isomers displaced [125I]-$\\alpha$- bungarotoxin from human $\\alpha$7 nAChRs in the cell line GH4C 1 (IC50 17 and 23 $\\mu$M, respectively) and from Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica AChBPs (IC50 2.0-9.0 $\\mu$M). According to SPR measurements, both isomers bound to immobilized AChBPs and competed with AChBP for immobilized $\\alpha$-bungarotoxin (Kd and IC50 2.5-8.2 $\\mu$M). On Torpedo nAChR, $\\alpha$-conotoxin [ 125I]-ImII(W10Y) revealed specific binding (Kd 1.5-6.1 $\\mu$M) and could be displaced by $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImII, ImIIiso and ImII(W10Y) with IC50 2.7, 2.2 and 3.1 $\\mu$M, respectively. As $\\alpha$-cobratoxin and $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImI displaced [125I]-ImII(W10Y) only at higher concentrations (IC50≥ 90 $\\mu$M), our results indicate that $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImII and its congeners have an additional binding site on Torpedo nAChR distinct from the site for agonists/competitive antagonists. {\\textcopyright} 2009 International Society for Neurochemistry.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kasheverov, Igor E. and Zhmak, Maxim N. and Fish, Alexander and Rucktooa, Prakash and Khruschov, Alexey Yu and Osipov, Alexey V. and Ziganshin, Rustam H. and D'hoedt, Dieter and Bertrand, Daniel and Sixma, Titia K. and Smit, August B. and Tsetlin, Victor I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06359.x},\nissn = {00223042},\njournal = {Journal of Neurochemistry},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine-binding protein,Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,Radioligand assay,Surface plasmon resonance,$\\alpha$-Conotoxin},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {934--944},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Interaction of $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImII and its analogs with nicotinic receptors and acetylcholine-binding proteins: additional binding sites on Torpedo receptor}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06359.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06359.x},\nvolume = {111},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n GABAA- and AMPA-like receptors modulate the activity of an identified neuron within the central pattern generator of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moccia, F.; Di Cristo, C.; Winlow, W.; and Di Cosmo, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 9(1): 29–41. mar 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"GABAA-$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00066,\nabstract = {To examine the neurochemistry underlying the firing of the RPeD1 neuron in the respiratory central pattern generator of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined electrophysiologically and pharmacologically either "active" or "silent" preparations by intracellular recording and pharmacology. GABA inhibited electrical firing by hyperpolarizing RPeD1, while picrotoxin, an antagonist of GABAA receptors, excited silent cells and reversed GABA-induced inhibition. Action potential activity was terminated by 1 mM glutamate (Glu) while silent cells were depolarized by the GluR agonists, AMPA, and NMDA. Kainate exerted a complex triphasic effect on membrane potential. However, only bath application of AMPA desensitized the firing. These data indicate that GABA inhibits RPeD1 via activation of GABA A receptors, while Glu stimulates the neuron by activating AMPA-sensitive GluRs. {\\textcopyright} 2009 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moccia, Francesco and {Di Cristo}, Carlo and Winlow, William and {Di Cosmo}, Anna},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-009-0086-x},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {AMPA,GABA,Glutamate,Lymnaea stagnalis,RPeD1},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {29--41},\npublisher = {academia.edu},\ntitle = {{GABAA- and AMPA-like receptors modulate the activity of an identified neuron within the central pattern generator of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-009-0086-x.pdf http://www.academia.edu/download/50421576/0046353a2813a6df39000000.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-009-0086-x},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differences in LTM-forming capability between geographically different strains of Alberta Lymnaea stagnalis are maintained whether they are trained in the lab or in the wild.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Orr, M.; Hittel, K.; Lukowiak, K. S.; Han, J.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(23): 3911–3918. dec 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differences$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00192,\nabstract = {We found strain differences in the ability of wild Alberta Lymnaea stagnalis to form long-term memory (LTM) following operant conditioning when L. stagnalis were collected from the wild and trained in the laboratory. Lymnaea stagnalis obtained from the Belly River watershed had an enhanced ability to form LTM compared with those from an isolated pond (referred to as Jackson snails). We therefore asked whether the differences in cognitive ability were an epiphenomenon as a result of training in the laboratory. To answer this question we trained each specific strain (Belly and Jackson) in both the laboratory and the field (i.e. in their home pond and in the pond where the other strain resided - referred to as the visitor pond). We found that within each strain there was no difference in the LTM phenotype whether they were trained in the lab or in either their home or visitor pond. That is, the strain differences in the ability to form LTM were still present Interestingly, we found no strain differences in the ability to learn or the ability to form intermediate-term memory (ITM).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Orr, M. and Hittel, K. and Lukowiak, K. S. and Han, J. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.024281},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Laboratory vs wild conditions,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Operant conditioning,Strain differences},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {23},\npages = {3911--3918},\npmid = {19915134},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Differences in LTM-forming capability between geographically different strains of Alberta Lymnaea stagnalis are maintained whether they are trained in the lab or in the wild}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/23/3911.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.024281},\nvolume = {212},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 'Different strokes for different folks': geographically isolated strains of Lymnaea stagnalis only respond to sympatric predators and have different memory forming capabilities.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Orr, M. V.; Hittel, K.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(14): 2237–2247. jul 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"'Different$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00176,\nabstract = {Gaining insight into how natural trait variation is manifest in populations shaped by differential environmental factors is crucial to understanding the evolution, ecology and sensory biology of natural populations. We have demonstrated that lab-reared Lymnaea detect and respond to the scent of a crayfish predator with specific, appropriate anti-predator behavioral responses, including enhanced long-term memory (LTM) formation, and that such predator detection significantly alters the electrophysiological activity of RPeD1, a neuron that is a necessary site for LTM formation. Here we ask: (1) do distinct populations of wild Lymnaea stagnalis respond only to sympatric predators and if so, can these traits be quantified at both the behavioral and neurophysiological levels, and (2) does the presence of a non-sympatric predator elicit anti-predator behaviors including augmentation of LTM? We tested three different populations of wild (i.e. not lab-reared) snails freshly collected from their natural habitat: (1) polders near Utrecht in The Netherlands, (2) six seasonally isolated ponds in the Belly River drainage in southern Alberta, Canada and (3) a 20-year-old human-made dugout pond in southern Alberta. We found strain-specific variations in the ability to form LTM and that only a sympatric predator evoked anti-predatory behaviors, including enhanced LTM formation and changes in RPeD1 activity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Orr, Michael V. and Hittel, Karla and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.031575},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Anti-predator behaviors,Environmental stress,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Sympatric predator},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {14},\npages = {2237--2247},\npmid = {19561213},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{'Different strokes for different folks': geographically isolated strains of Lymnaea stagnalis only respond to sympatric predators and have different memory forming capabilities}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/14/2237.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.031575},\nvolume = {212},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lectin-binding glycoproteins in the developing and adult snail CNS.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Serfözö, Z.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Structure and Function, 214(1): 67–78. dec 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lectin-binding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00910,\nabstract = {Glycoproteins are complex molecules of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM) playing a fundamental role in the migration, guidance and synapse formation of neurons. In the present study, the glycosylated protein composition and localization were investigated in the adult and developing CNS of an aquatic (Lymnaea stagnalis) and a terrestrial (Helix pomatia) snail species, applying lectin histochemistry and blotting. Lectin probes that are specific for N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers frequently appeared in anatomically different regions of the adult ganglia of both species, such as, the periganglionic sheath, the interperikaryonal space and the neuropil. Different GlcNAc residues were found to intensively glycosylate five, high-molecular weight proteins characteristic for the ECM of Lymnaea CNS and localized mainly in the interperikaryonal space. N-acetyl-galactosamine oligomers were less pronounced in the adult snail ganglia, they were detected only in the periganglionic sheath and the attached basement lamina. Apart from some similarities, the glycosylation pattern of proteins and the distribution of glycoproteins in the neuropil displayed significant differences in Lymnaea and Helix. All continuous and increasing level of and also transient presence of glycoproteins were detected during Lymnaea CNS development. Our results indicate a rich glycosylated pattern of specific proteins in the snail CNS, displaying remarkable species- and age-dependent changes which suggest the wide importance of protein glycosylation in the CNS of invertebrates. {\\textcopyright} 2009 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Serf{\\"{o}}z{\\"{o}}, Zolt{\\'{a}}n and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00429-009-0229-1},\nissn = {1863-2653},\njournal = {Brain Structure and Function},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Extracellular matrix,Glycoprotein,Lectin,Mollusca},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {67--78},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Lectin-binding glycoproteins in the developing and adult snail CNS}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00429-009-0229-1.pdf{\\&}casa{\\_}token=Qx2TkM9RfEsAAAAA:c7iR6ZiCsgEgZdvRjb21iQtQcyJcpu2pihQDlX6WHH5LMBKuT21qMAlABWr-XeTfmh{\\_}9gML5tJyVi{\\_}g http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00429-009-0229-1},\nvolume = {214},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neural phosphoproteomics of a chronic hypoxia model-Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Silverman-Gavrila, L. B.; Lu, T. Z.; Prashad, R. C.; Nejatbakhsh, N.; Charlton, M. P.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 161(2): 621–634. 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Silverman-Gavrila2009,\nabstract = {Chronic hypoxia is a common clinical event that induces adaptive responses and can result in behavioral deterioration. The reduction of metabolic rate during hypoxia may limit overall protein phosphorylation owing to the lack of high energy phosphate. However, the hypoxia-induced regulation of phosphoproteins is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the CNS phosphoproteome of Lymnaea stagnalis, a freshwater snail that has been used as a model to study chronic hypoxia-induced neural depression. After hypoxia treatment for 4 days, the motor behavior of the snail was suppressed. Electrophysiological measurements from Pedal A (PeA) interneurons showed that hypoxia increased the frequency of spontaneous postsynaptic excitatory potentials (sEPSPs), but reduced the firing frequency, the amplitude, and the half-width duration (APD50) of spontaneous action potentials. Imaging with a fluorescent phosphate label, Pro-Q Diamond, revealed that the neuronal phosphoprotein level was reduced after the hypoxia treatment. The hypoxia-induced changes in the phosphoproteome of the central ganglia were quantified using one-dimensional gel-electrophoresis by comparing the fluorescence intensity ratio of phospholabeled phosphoproteins versus total proteins between the hypoxia and control groups. We analyzed 16 protein bands: eight showed decreased phosphorylation levels after hypoxia treatment, and eight did not change. Using mass spectrometry analysis and protein database matching we found three phosphoproteins that may be associated with chronic hypoxia-induced neuronal adaptive response of the snail. This is the first proteomic screening for neural phosphoproteins in chronic hypoxia. {\\textcopyright} 2009 IBRO.},\nauthor = {Silverman-Gavrila, L. B. and Lu, T. Z. and Prashad, R. C. and Nejatbakhsh, N. and Charlton, M. P. and Feng, Z.-P.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.043},\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/julia/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Silverman-Gavrila et al. - 2009 - Neural phosphoproteomics of a chronic hypoxia model-Lymnaea stagnalis.pdf:pdf},\nisbn = {1873-7544 (Electronic)$\\backslash$r0306-4522 (Linking)},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Pro-Q Diamond,behavior,electrophysiology,hypoxia tolerance,phosphorylation,proteomics},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {621--634},\npmid = {19324076},\npublisher = {IBRO},\ntitle = {{Neural phosphoproteomics of a chronic hypoxia model-Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.043},\nvolume = {161},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trophic factor-induced intracellular calcium oscillations are required for the expression of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors during synapse formation between lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xu, F.; Hennessy, D. A.; Lee, T. K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 29(7): 2167–2176. 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trophic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00399,\nabstract = {Nervous system functions in all animals rely upon synaptic connectivity that is established during early development. Whereas cell-cell signaling plays a critical role in establishing synapse specificity, the involvement of extrinsic growth factors cannot, however, be undermined. We have previously demonstrated that trophic factors are required for excitatory but not inhibitory synapse formation between Lymnaea neurons. Moreover, in the absence of trophic factors, neurons from a number of species establish inappropriate inhibitory synapses, which can,however, be corrected by the addition of trophic factors. Theprecise site of trophic factor actions (presynaptic versus postsynaptic) and the underlying mechanisms remain, however, undefined. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that the trophic factor-mediated excitatory synapse formation involves activity-induced calcium (Ca2+) oscillations in the postsynaptic left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeDl) but not the presynaptic visceral dorsal 4 (VD4, cholinergic) neuron. These oscillations involved Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and required receptor tyrosine kinase activity which was essential for the expression of excitatory, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic cell during synapse formation. We also demonstrate that selectively blocking the electrical activity presynaptically did not perturb trophic factor-induced synapse formation between the paired cells, whereas hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic cell prevented appropriate synaptogenesis between VD4 and LPeDl cells. Together, our data underscore the importance of extrinsic trophic factors in regulating the electrical activity of the postsynaptic but not the presynaptic cell and that the resulting Ca2+oscillations are essential for the expression of postsynaptic receptors during specific synapse formation. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2009 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Xu, Fenglian and Hennessy, Deirdre A. and Lee, Thomas K.M. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4682-08.2009},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Electrical activity,Intracellular ca 2+; nachrs,Lymnaea,Synapse formation,Trophic factors},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {2167--2176},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Trophic factor-induced intracellular calcium oscillations are required for the expression of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors during synapse formation between lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/7/2167?utm{\\_}source=TrendMD{\\&}utm{\\_}medium=cpc{\\&}utm{\\_}campaign=JNeurosci{\\_}TrendMD{\\_}0},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {2009}\n}\n

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\n \n 2008\n \n \n (20)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Functional neuroanatomy of the 5-HTergic system in the developing and adult buccal complex of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Balog, G.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 59(Supplement 2): 55–59. jun 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Functional$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00319,\nabstract = {Organization of the innervation of the buccal region by 5-HT-immunoreactive (IR) elements was investigated in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, with special attention to developmental aspects. A gradual maturation is characteristic for the 5-HT-IR muscle innervation, appearing first by late (E80-90{\\%}) embryogenesis. It runs parallel with the muscle development and the maturation of the 5-HTergic innervation in the buccal ganglia, peaking by the mid-postembryogenesis (P3) with the presence of a 5-HTIR network in the buccal mass and rich innervation in the buccal ganglia, including axo-somatic contacts. The whole process seems to match with the appearance of the adult-like feeding (radula protrusion). {\\textcopyright} 2008 Akad{\\'{e}}miai Kiad{\\'{o}}.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Balog, G. and Elekes, K.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.59.2008.Suppl.8},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Buccal region,Development,Immunohistochemistry,Lymnaea stagnalis,Serotonin},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {Supplement 2},\npages = {55--59},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Functional neuroanatomy of the 5-HTergic system in the developing and adult buccal complex of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1556/ABiol.59.2008.Suppl.8 http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.59.2008.Suppl.8},\nvolume = {59},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ketamine inhibits long-term, but not intermediate-term memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Browning, K.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 155(3): 613–625. aug 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ketamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Browning2008,\nabstract = {We investigated the effects of the drug ketamine on procedural intermediate- and long-term memory formation in a well-established operant learning and memory model system, Lymnaea stagnalis. Animals were administered ketamine at discrete time points, ranging from 2 h pre-one-trial training (1TT) to 23 h post-1TT. Our results demonstrated that ketamine causes impairment of procedural memory formation, and that ketamine acts differentially, inhibiting only long-term memory (LTM) formation while having no effect on intermediate-term memory (ITM) formation. Ketamine's ability to inhibit LTM was found not to be due to state dependent learning implying that ketamine's effects are therefore specific to the molecular process involved in procedural LTM formation. Given past data from our laboratory, this suggests that ketamine may be exerting its differential effects by altering the gene transcription processes necessary and specific for LTM formation. Additionally, ketamine was found to have no effect on retrieval when administered 1 h before testing. However, ketamine was able to disrupt LTM formation when administered immediately before 1TT and up to 2 h after 1TT. Our findings suggest a longer period of consolidation after 1TT than previously demonstrated in Lymnaea, during which the procedural long-term memory remains labile and is vulnerable to disruption via amnestic agents, such as ketamine. {\\textcopyright} 2008 IBRO.},\nauthor = {Browning, K. and Lukowiak, K.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.012},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {consolidation,fresh-water pond snail,gene transcription,invertebrate,pharmacology},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {613--625},\ntitle = {{Ketamine inhibits long-term, but not intermediate-term memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452208008920 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452208008920},\nvolume = {155},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Isolated neurons as biosensors responding to the release of neuroactive substances.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chistopol'skii, I. A.; and Sakharov, D. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 38(7): 703–705. sep 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Isolated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00599,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} The method was developed using synaptic prepara- tions from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis {\\ldots} After 60–120 sec, the biosensor was returned to the initial distant point. Moving Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol. 38, No. 7, 2008 {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Chistopol'skii, I. A. and Sakharov, D. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-008-9035-0},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {703--705},\npublisher = {search.proquest.com},\ntitle = {{Isolated neurons as biosensors responding to the release of neuroactive substances}},\nurl = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/54a0a3d9820c2ce0141a93c4df971688/1?pq-origsite=gscholar{\\&}cbl=38002 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-008-9035-0},\nvolume = {38},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A clash of stressors and LTM formation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Caigny, P.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Communicative & Integrative Biology, 1(2): 125–127. oct 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00350,\nabstract = {Stress alters long-term memory formation sometimes enhancing its formation whilst at other times blocking it. It is unclear what the causal mechanisms are that allow stress to either enhance or suppress memory. We have made use of a relatively simple invertebrate model system to attempt to explore the causal mechanisms of how stress alters memory. Here we explore the consequences of presenting to the organism two different ecologically relevant stressors: detection of a predator and crowding. We find that the suppressive effect on memory formation elicited by crowding is more powerful than is the enhancing effect on predator-detection. That is, when the two stressors are experienced by the snail, long- term memory formation is suppressed.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Caigny, Pascaline and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.4161/cib.1.2.6858},\nissn = {1942-0889},\njournal = {Communicative {\\&} Integrative Biology},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {125--127},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{A clash of stressors and LTM formation}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/cib.1.2.6858 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/cib.1.2.6858},\nvolume = {1},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Detection of Endogenous Retinoids in the Molluscan CNS and Characterization of the Trophic and Tropic Actions of 9-cis Retinoic Acid on Isolated Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dmetrichuk, J. M.; Carlone, R. L.; Jones, T. R. B.; Vesprini, N. D.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 28(48): 13014–13024. nov 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Detection$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00520,\nabstract = {Retinoic acid (RA) is an active metabolite of Vitamin A that plays an important role in the growth and differentiation of many cell types. All-trans RA (atRA) is the retinoic acid isomer that has been most widely studied in the nervous system, and can induce and direct neurite outgrowth from both vertebrate and invertebrate preparations. The presence and role of the 9-cis-RA isomer in the nervous system is far less well defined. Here, we used high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) to show for the first time, the presence of both atRA and 9-cis-RA in the CNS of an invertebrate. We then demonstrated that 9-cis-RA was capable of exerting the same neurotrophic and chemotropic effects on cultured neurons as atRA. In this study, significantly more cells showed neurite outgrowth in 9-cis-RA versus the EtOH vehicle control, and 9-cis-RA significantly increased the number and length of neurites from identified neurons after 4 d in culture. 9-cis-RA also extended the duration of time that cells remained electrically excitable in culture. Furthermore, we showed for the first time in any species, that exogenous application of 9-cis-RA induced positive growth cone turning of cultured neurons. This study provides the first evidence for the presence of both atRA and 9-cis-RA in an invertebrate CNS and also provides the first direct evidence for a potential physiological role for 9-cis-RA in neuronal regeneration and axon pathfinding. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2008 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dmetrichuk, Jennifer M. and Carlone, Robert L. and Jones, T. R. B. and Vesprini, Nicholas D. and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3192-08.2008},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {9-cis retinoic acid,Cell culture,Endogenous retinoid,Growth cone,Lymnaea stagnalis,Retinoic acid},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {48},\npages = {13014--13024},\npmid = {19036995},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Detection of Endogenous Retinoids in the Molluscan CNS and Characterization of the Trophic and Tropic Actions of 9-cis Retinoic Acid on Isolated Neurons}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/48/13014.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3192-08.2008},\nvolume = {28},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Chronic hypoxia-induced alteration of presynaptic protein profiles and neurobehavioral dysfunction are averted by supplemental oxygen in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fei, G.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 153(1): 318–328. apr 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Chronic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Fei2008,\nabstract = {Chronic hypoxia causes neural dysfunction. Oxygen (O2) supplements have been commonly used to increase the O2 supply, yet the therapeutic benefit of this treatment remains controversial due to a lack of cellular and molecular evidence. In this study, we examined the effects of short-burst O2 supplementation on neural behavior and presynaptic protein expression profiles in a simple chronic hypoxia model of snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We reported that hypoxia delayed the animal response to light stimuli, suppressed locomotory activity, induced expression of stress-response proteins, hypoxia inducible factor-1$\\alpha$ (HIF-1$\\alpha$) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), repressed syntaxin-1 (a membrane-bound presynaptic protein) and elevated vesicle-associated membrane protein-1 (VAMP-1) (a vesicle-bound presynaptic protein) level. O2 supplements relieved suppression of neural behaviors, and corrected hypoxia-induced protein alterations in a dose-dependent manner. The effectiveness of supplemental O2 was further evaluated by determining time courses for recovery of neural behaviors and expression of stress response proteins and presynaptic proteins after relief from hypoxia conditions. Our findings suggest that O2 supplement improves hypoxia-induced adverse alterations of presynaptic protein expression and neurobehaviors, however, the optimal level of O2 required for improvement is protein specific and system specific. {\\textcopyright} 2008 IBRO.},\nauthor = {Fei, G.-H. and Feng, Z.-P.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.038},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {HIF-1$\\alpha$,HSP70,VAMP-1,light response,locomotion,syntaxin-1},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {318--328},\ntitle = {{Chronic hypoxia-induced alteration of presynaptic protein profiles and neurobehavioral dysfunction are averted by supplemental oxygen in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452208001656 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452208001656},\nvolume = {153},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n HSP70 Reduces Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Neural Suppression via Regulating Expression of Syntaxin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fei, G.; Guo, C.; Sun, H.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 605: 35–40. 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"HSP70$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00658,\nabstract = {Long-term exposure to modest hypoxia conditions may result in neural dysfunction; however, the involvement of presynaptic proteins has not been tested directly. Here, we reported that adult snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, developed a slow righting movement after placement in low O2 (∼ 5{\\%}) for 4 days. Semi-quantitative Western blot analysis showed that hypoxia induced heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) up-regulation and a reduction of syntaxin I. The inducible HSP70 occurs within 6 hours preceding the down-regulation of syntaxin I, suggesting that HSP70 may be involved in regulation of syntaxin expression. Injecting directly double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) into the center ganglia region, we found that dsRNA HSP70, not the scrambled RNA, prevented the hypoxia-induced HSP70 expression, enhanced the hypoxia-dependent down-regulation of syntaxin I, and aggravated motor suppression. We thus provided the first evidence that early induction of HSP70 by chronic hypoxia is critical for maintaining expression levels of presynaptic proteins and neural function. These findings implicate a new molecular mechanism underlying chronic hypoxia-induced neurobehavioral adaptation and impairment. {\\textcopyright} 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fei, Guanghe and Guo, Conghui and Sun, Hong-Shuo and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73693-8_6},\nisbn = {9780387736921},\nissn = {00652598},\njournal = {Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology},\npages = {35--40},\npmid = {18085243},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{HSP70 Reduces Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Neural Suppression via Regulating Expression of Syntaxin}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-73693-8{\\_}6 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-73693-8{\\_}6},\nvolume = {605},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Time-window for sensitivity to cooling distinguishes the effects of hypothermia and protein synthesis inhibition on the consolidation of long-term memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fulton, D.; Kemenes, I.; Andrew, R. J.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 90(4): 651–654. nov 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Time-window$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00831,\nabstract = {The effects of hypothermia on memory formation have been examined extensively, and while it is clear that post-training cooling interferes with the process of consolidation, the nature of the temperature sensitive processes disrupted in this way remain poorly defined. Post-training manipulations that disrupt consolidation tend to be effective during specific time-windows of sensitivity, the timing and duration of which are directly related to the mechanism through which the treatment induces amnesia. As such, different treatments that target the same basic processes should be associated with similar time-windows of sensitivity. Using this rationale we have investigated the possibility that cooling induced blockade of long-term memory (LTM) stems from the disruption of protein synthesis. By varying the timing of post-training hypothermia we have determined the critical period during which cooling disrupts the consolidation of appetitive long-term memory in the pond snail Lymnaea. Post-training hypothermia was found to disrupt LTM only when applied immediately after conditioning, while delaying the treatment by 10 min left the 24 h memory trace intact. This brief ({\\textless}10 min) window of sensitivity differs from the time-window we have previously described for the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, which was effective during at least the first 30 min after conditioning [Fulton, D., Kemenes, I., Andrew, R. J., {\\&} Benjamin, P. R. (2005). A single time-window for protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory formation after one-trial appetitive conditioning. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1347-1358]. We conclude that hypothermia and protein synthesis inhibition exhibit distinct time-windows of effectiveness in Lymnaea, a fact that is inconsistent with the hypothesis that cooling induced amnesia occurs through the direct disruption of macromolecular synthesis. {\\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fulton, Daniel and Kemenes, Ildiko and Andrew, Richard J. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2008.08.006},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Appetitive memory,Classical conditioning,Consolidation,Cooling induced amnesia,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Protein synthesis},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {651--654},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Time-window for sensitivity to cooling distinguishes the effects of hypothermia and protein synthesis inhibition on the consolidation of long-term memory}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742708001494 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742708001494},\nvolume = {90},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n NCS-1 differentially regulates growth cone and somata calcium channels in Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hui, K.; and Feng, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(8): 2211–2211. apr 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"NCS-1$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00271,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Volume 27Issue 8European Journal of Neuroscience; pages: 2211 {\\ldots} In this study, taking advantage of the large size of the pedal A (PeA) neurons in Lymnaea stagnalis, we compared the biophysical properties of somata and growth cone whole‐cell calcium channel currents using {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hui, Kwokyin and Feng, Zhong-Ping},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06242.x},\nissn = {0953-816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {2211--2211},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{NCS-1 differentially regulates growth cone and somata calcium channels in Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06023.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06242.x},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Crystal structures of Lymnaea stagnalis AChBP in complex with neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and clothianidin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ihara, M.; Okajima, T.; Yamashita, A.; Oda, T.; Hirata, K.; Nishiwaki, H.; Morimoto, T.; Akamatsu, M.; Ashikawa, Y.; Kuroda, S.; Mega, R.; Kuramitsu, S.; Sattelle, D. B.; and Matsuda, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 8(2): 71–81. jun 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Crystal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00096,\nabstract = {Neonicotinoid insecticides, which act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in a variety of ways, have extremely low mammalian toxicity, yet the molecular basis of such actions is poorly understood. To elucidate the molecular basis for nAChR-neonicotinoid interactions, a surrogate protein, acetylcholine binding protein from Lymnaea stagnalis (Ls-AChBP) was crystallized in complex with neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid (IMI) or clothianidin (CTD). The crystal structures suggested that the guanidine moiety of IMI and CTD stacks with Tyr185, while the nitro group of IMI but not of CTD makes a hydrogen bond with Gln55. IMI showed higher binding affinity for Ls-AChBP than that of CTD, consistent with weaker CH-$\\pi$ interactions in the Ls-AChBP-CTD complex than in the Ls-AChBP-IMI complex and the lack of the nitro group-Gln55 hydrogen bond in CTD. Yet, the NH at position 1 of CTD makes a hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl of Trp143, offering an explanation for the diverse actions of neonicotinoids on nAChRs. {\\textcopyright} 2008 The Author(s).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ihara, Makoto and Okajima, Toshihide and Yamashita, Atsuko and Oda, Takuma and Hirata, Koichi and Nishiwaki, Hisashi and Morimoto, Takako and Akamatsu, Miki and Ashikawa, Yuji and Kuroda, Shun'Ichi and Mega, Ryosuke and Kuramitsu, Seiki and Sattelle, David B. and Matsuda, Kazuhiko},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-008-0069-3},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine binding protein (Lymnaea stagnalis),Crystal structures,Ion channels,Neonicotinoids,Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {71--81},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Crystal structures of Lymnaea stagnalis AChBP in complex with neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and clothianidin}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-008-0069-3.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-008-0069-3},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The perception of stress alters adaptive behaviours in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Martens, K.; Rosenegger, D.; Browning, K.; de Caigny, P.; and Orr, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 211(11): 1747–1756. jun 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00168,\nabstract = {Stress can alter adaptive behaviours, and as well either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We show here that two different stressors have the ability to alter such behaviours in our model system, Lymnaea stagnalis. One, a naturally occurring stressor - the scent of a predator (crayfish) - and the other an artificially controlled one - 25 mmoll-1 KCl - significantly alter adaptive behaviours. Both the KCl stressor and predator detection enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation; additionally predator detection alters vigilance behaviours. The predator-induced changes in behaviour are also accompanied by specific and significant alterations in the electrophysiological properties of RPeD1 - a key neuron in mediating both vigilance behaviours and memory formation. Naive lab-bred snails exposed to crayfish effluent (CE; i.e. the scent of the predator) prior to recording from RPeD1 demonstrated both a significantly reduced spontaneous firing rate and fewer bouts of bursting activity compared with non-exposed snails. Importantly, in the CE experiments we used laboratory-reared snails that have not been exposed to a naturally occurring predator for over 250 generations. These data open a new avenue of research, which may allow a direct investigation from the behavioral to the neuronal level as to how relevant stressful stimuli alter adaptive behaviours, including memory formation and recall.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Martens, Kara and Rosenegger, David and Browning, Kim and de Caigny, P. and Orr, Mike},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.014886},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiration,Crayfish predator,Instinct,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Vigilance behaviours},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {1747--1756},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{The perception of stress alters adaptive behaviours in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/211/11/1747.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.014886},\nvolume = {211},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Serotonin modulates transmitter release at central Lymnaea synapses through a G-protein-coupled and cAMP-mediated pathway.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCamphill, P. K.; Dunn, T. W.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(8): 2033–2042. apr 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Serotonin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00355,\nabstract = {Neuromodulation is central to all nervous system function, although the precise mechanisms by which neurotransmitters affect synaptic efficacy between central neurons remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the neuromodulatory action of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] at central synapses between identified neurons from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp and sharp electrode recording, we show that 5-HT strongly depresses synaptic strength between cultured, cholinergic neuron visceral dorsal 4 (VD4 - presynaptic) and its serotonergic target left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1 - postsynaptic). This inhibition was accompanied by a reduction in synaptic depression, but had no effect on postsynaptic input resistance, indicating a presynaptic origin. In addition, serotonin inhibited the presynaptic calcium current (ICa) on a similar time course as the change in synaptic transmission. Introduction of a non-condensable GDP analog, GDP-$\\beta$-S, through the presynaptic pipette inhibited the serotonin-mediated effect on ICa. Similar results were obtained with a membrane-impermeable inactive cAMP analog, 8OH-cAMP. Furthermore, stimulation of the serotonergic postsynaptic cell also inhibited presynaptic currents, indicating the presence of a negative feedback loop between LPeD1 and VD4. Taken together, this study provides direct evidence for a negative feedback mechanism, whereby the activity of a presynaptic respiratory central pattern-generating neuron is regulated by its postsynaptic target cell. We demonstrate that either serotonin or LPeD1 activity-induced depression of presynaptic transmitter release from VD4 involves voltage-gated calcium channels and is mediated through a G-protein-coupled and cAMP-mediated system. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2008).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McCamphill, P. K. and Dunn, T. W. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06180.x},\nissn = {0953-816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Electrophysiology,G-proteins,Synapse,Synaptic transmission},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {2033--2042},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Serotonin modulates transmitter release at central Lymnaea synapses through a G-protein-coupled and cAMP-mediated pathway}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06180.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06180.x},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Different phases of long-term memory require distinct temporal patterns of PKA activity after single-trial classical conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Michel, M.; Kemenes, I.; Müller, U.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning and Memory, 15(9): 694–702. 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Different$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00693,\nabstract = {The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA] is known to play a critical role in both transcription-independent short-term or intermediate-term memory and transcription-dependent long-term memory (LTM). Although distinct phases of LTM already have been demonstrated in some systems, it is not known whether these phases require distinct temporal patterns of learning-induced PKA activation. This question was addressed in a robust form of associative LTM that emerges within a matter of hours after single-trial food-reward classical conditioning in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. After establishing the molecular and functional identity of the PKA catalytic subunit in the Lymnaea nervous system, we used a combination of PKA activity measurement and inhibition techniques to investigate its role in LTM in intact animals. PKA activity in ganglia involved in single-trial learning showed a short latency but prolonged increase after classical conditioning. However, while increased PKA activity immediately after training (0-10 min] was essential for an early phase of LTM (6 h], the late phase of LTM (24 h] required a prolonged increase in PKA activity. These observations indicate mechanistically different roles for PKA in recent and more remote phases of LTM, which may underpin different cellular and molecular mechanisms required for these phases. {\\textcopyright} 2008 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Michel, Maximilian and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and M{\\"{u}}ller, Uli and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.1088408},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning and Memory},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {694--702},\npmid = {18772258},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Different phases of long-term memory require distinct temporal patterns of PKA activity after single-trial classical conditioning}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/15/9/694.short},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Immunohistological studies on the distribution of learning-related peptides in the central nervous system of conditioned Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nomura, Y.; Hatakeyama, D.; Horikoshi, T.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 59(Supplement 2): 81–92. jun 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Immunohistological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00826,\nabstract = {Behavioral conditioning in Lymnaea increased the amount of immunolabeling in the central nervous system for the memory-associated protein calexcitin. The staining level of anti-calexcitin positive neurons was always stronger in conditioned animals than in na{\\"{i}}ve animals. In the visuo-vestibular conditioned animals, right-parietal and visceral group neurons as well as withdrawal-related neurons were positively stained with anti-calexcitin antibody. In taste-aversion conditioned animals, right-parietal visceral G-group neurons and withdrawal-related neurons were selectively stained. These neurons are candidate neurons for modulation by these conditioning paradigms. {\\textcopyright} 2008 Akad{\\'{e}}miai Kiad{\\'{o}}.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nomura, Y. and Hatakeyama, D. and Horikoshi, T. and Sakakibara, M.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.59.2008.Suppl.13},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Calexcitin,Immunohistochemistry,Taste-aversion conditioning,Visuo-vestibular conditioning,Whole-body withdrawal response},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {Supplement 2},\npages = {81--92},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{Immunohistological studies on the distribution of learning-related peptides in the central nervous system of conditioned Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/59/10002/article-p81.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.59.2008.Suppl.13},\nvolume = {59},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence Demonstrating That Predator Detection Alters Adaptive Behaviors in the Snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Orr, M. V.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 28(11): 2726–2734. mar 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Electrophysiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00122,\nabstract = {Stress has been shown to both impair and enhance learning, long-term memory (LTM) formation, and/or its recall. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, both detects and responds to the scent of a crayfish predator with multiple stress-related behavioral responses. Using both behavioral and electrophysiological evidence, this investigation is a first attempt to characterize how an environmentally relevant stressor (scent of a predator) enhances LTM formation in Lymnaea. Using a training procedure that, in "standard" pond water (PW), results in an intermediate-term memory that persists for only 3 h, we found that training snails in "crayfish effluent" (CE) induces a memory that persists for 48 h (i.e., its now an LTM). In addition, if we use a training procedure that in PW produces an LTM that persists for 1 d,we find that snails trained in CE have an LTM that persists for at least 8 d. Furthermore, we describe how a single neuron (RPeD1), which has been shown to be a necessary site for LTM formation, reflects the behavioral changes in its firing properties that persist for the duration of the LTM. Finally, Lymnaea exhibit context-specific memory, that is, when a memory is formed in a specific context (food odorant), it is only recalled in that context. Here, we found that snails trained in CE demonstrate context generalization, that is, memory is recalled in multiple contexts. All data are consistent with the hypothesis that learning in a stressful, yet biologically relevant, environment enhances LTM and prolongs its retention. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2008 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Orr, Michael V. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5132-07.2008},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Crayfish,Fear,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Operant conditioning,Predation},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {2726--2734},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence Demonstrating That Predator Detection Alters Adaptive Behaviors in the Snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/11/2726.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5132-07.2008},\nvolume = {28},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase: expression in an identified interneuron involved in NO-cGMP-dependent memory formation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ribeiro, M.; Straub, V. A.; Schofield, M.; Picot, J.; Benjamin, P. R.; O'Shea, M.; and Korneev, S. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 28(6): 1157–1165. sep 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00439,\nabstract = {In a number of neuronal models of learning signalling by endogenous nitric oxide (NO), produced by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), is essential for the formation of long-term memory (LTM). For example, in the molluscan model system Lymnaea, NO is required for LTM formation in the first few hours after one-trial reward conditioning. Furthermore, conditioning leads to transient up-regulation of the NOS gene in identified modulatory neurons, the cerebral giant cells (CGCs), which are known to be involved in LTM formation. In Lymnaea nothing is known however about the structure and localization of the major receptor for NO, the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Here we report on the cloning and characterization of both $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ subunits of NO-sensitive sGC and show that they are coexpressed in the CGCs. Furthermore, our electrophysiological experiments on isolated CGCs show that these neurons respond to NO by generating a prolonged depolarization of the membrane potential. Moreover, we demonstrate that this depolarization is blocked by ODQ, supporting our hypothesis that it is mediated by sGC. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2008).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ribeiro, Maria and Straub, Volko A. and Schofield, Michael and Picot, Jo and Benjamin, Paul R. and O'Shea, Michael and Korneev, Sergei A.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06416.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cerebral giant cell,Identified neuron,Lymnaea,Mollusc,Nitric oxide},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {1157--1165},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Characterization of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase: expression in an identified interneuron involved in NO-cGMP-dependent memory formation}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06416.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06416.x},\nvolume = {28},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhancing memory formation by altering protein phosphorylation balance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rosenegger, D.; Parvez, K.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 90(3): 544–552. oct 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Enhancing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00796,\nabstract = {In Lymnaea, aerial respiration can be operantly conditioned and depending on the training procedure employed two forms of memory can result: intermediate-term (ITM) and long-term memory (LTM). ITM, which persists for 3 h, is dependent on de novo protein synthesis whilst LTM, which persists for at least 24 h, is dependent on both de novo protein synthesis and altered gene activity. A single 0.5 h training session (i.e. ITM-training) leaves behind a residual molecular memory trace, which a second bout of ITM-training can activate and boost it to a LTM. Here we extend this finding to show that either inhibiting protein phosphatase activity with okadaic acid (1 $\\mu$M), or increasing protein kinase C (PKC) activity and therefore protein phosphorylation with bryostatin (0.25 ng/mL) treatment prior to ITM-training, results in a LTM. However, following right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) soma ablation neither of these treatments are effective in producing LTM following ITM-training, indicating transcription is a necessity. These findings suggest that the balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in neurons is a key factor for LTM formation. {\\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Rosenegger, David and Parvez, Kashif and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2008.06.005},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Bryostatin,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Okadaic acid,Protein phosphorylation},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {544--552},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Enhancing memory formation by altering protein phosphorylation balance}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742708001081 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742708001081},\nvolume = {90},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory from Molluscan Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Novel Trends in Brain Science,131–148. 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00929,\nabstract = {Cellular and molecular mechanisms of short-term memory and long-term memory are reviewed based on observations of molluscan models of Aplysia californica, Lymnaea stagnalis, and Hermissenda crassicornis. It is generally accepted that short-term memory results from changes in the synaptic strength of preexisting neuronal connections that involve covalent modifications of preexisting proteins by various kinases. On the other hand, the synaptic plasticity underlying long-term memory is believed to involve protein synthesis and modulation of gene expression to induce new mRNA, protein synthesis, and morphologic modifications. These processes and mechanisms are compared in three molluscan model systems and likely have commonalities with those of mammals.},\naddress = {Tokyo},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-4-431-73242-6_8},\nisbn = {9784431732426},\njournal = {Novel Trends in Brain Science},\nkeywords = {Gene expression,Long-term memory,Protein synthesis,Short-term memory,Synaptic strength},\npages = {131--148},\npublisher = {Springer Japan},\ntitle = {{Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory from Molluscan Systems}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-73242-6{\\_}8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-4-431-73242-6{\\_}8},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Atypical nicotinic agonist bound conformations conferring subtype selectivity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tomizawa, M.; Maltby, D.; Talley, T. T.; Durkin, K. A.; Medzihradszky, K. F.; Burlingame, A. L.; Taylor, P.; and Casida, J. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(5): 1728–1732. feb 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Atypical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00699,\nabstract = {The nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) plays a crucial role in excitatory neurotransmission and is an important target for drugs and insecticides. Diverse nAChR subtypes with various subunit combinations confer differential selectivity for nicotinic drugs. We investigated the subtype selectivity of nAChR agonists by comparing two ACh-binding proteins (AChBPs) as structural surrogates with distinct pharmacological profiles [i.e., Lymnaea stagnalis (Ls) AChBP of low neonicotinoid and high nicotinoid sensitivities and Aplysia californica (Ac) AChBP of high neonicotinoid sensitivity] mimicking vertebrate and insect nAChR subtypes, respectively. The structural basis of subtype selectivity was examined here by photoaffinity labeling. Two azidoneonicotinoid probes in the Ls-AChBP surprisingly modified two distinct and distant subunit interface sites: loop F Y164 of the complementary or (-)-face subunit and loop C Y192 of the principal or (+)-face subunit, whereas three azidonicotinoid probes derivatized only Y192. Both the neonicotinoid and nicotinoid probes labeled Ac-AChBP at only one position at the interface between loop C Y195 and loop E M116. These findings were used to establish structural models of the two AChBP subtypes. In the Ac-AChBP, the neonicotinoids and nicotinoids are nestled in similar bound conformations. Intriguingly, for the Ls-AChBP, the neonicotinoids have two bound conformations that are inverted relative to each other, whereas nicotinoids appear buried in only one conserved conformation as seen for the Ac-AChBP subtype. Accordingly, the subtype selectivity is based on two disparate bound conformations of nicotinic agonists, thereby establishing an atypical concept for neonicotinoid versus nicotinoid selectivity between insect and vertebrate nAChRs. {\\textcopyright} 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tomizawa, Motohiro and Maltby, David and Talley, Todd T. and Durkin, Kathleen A. and Medzihradszky, Katalin F. and Burlingame, Alma L. and Taylor, Palmer and Casida, John E.},\ndoi = {10.1073/pnas.0711724105},\nissn = {0027-8424},\njournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine-binding protein,Imidacloprid,Neonicotinoids,Nicotinic receptor,Photoaffinity labeling},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1728--1732},\npublisher = {National Acad Sciences},\ntitle = {{Atypical nicotinic agonist bound conformations conferring subtype selectivity}},\nurl = {https://www.pnas.org/content/105/5/1728.short http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0711724105},\nvolume = {105},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Postsynaptic expression of an epidermal growth factor receptor regulates cholinergic synapse formation between identified molluscan neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R. E.; Gagatek, J. S.; Hagendorf, A.; Gouwenberg, Y.; Smit, A. B.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(8): 2043–2056. apr 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Postsynaptic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00735,\nabstract = {Epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members are conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies suggest that EGF ligands in invertebrates may have neurotrophic actions that possibly compensate for the apparent absence of neurotrophins in these species. In this study, we have cloned an EGF receptor from the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis (L-EGFR), and shown that L-EGFR is the receptor for a previously identified EGF-like peptide in Lymnaea, named Lymnaea EGF (L-EGF). Knock-down of L-EGFR expression prevented L-EGF-induced excitatory synapse formation between identified cholinergic neuron visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and its postsynaptic partner left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1). Moreover, knock-down of L-EGFR also prevented synapse formation induced by Lymnaea brain conditioned medium, suggesting that L-EGF is the most important, if not the only, brain-derived factor that promotes excitatory cholinergic synapse formation in Lymnaea. Thus, our data establish canonical EGF/EGFR signaling as an important synaptotrophic mechanism in invertebrates. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2008).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, Ronald E. and Gagatek, Jessica S. and Hagendorf, Antje and Gouwenberg, Yvonne and Smit, August B. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06189.x},\nissn = {0953-816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Epidermal growth factor (EGF),ErbB receptor,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuregulin,Synaptogenesis},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {2043--2056},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Postsynaptic expression of an epidermal growth factor receptor regulates cholinergic synapse formation between identified molluscan neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06189.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06189.x},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {2008}\n}\n

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\n \n 2007\n \n \n (15)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Peripheral oxygen-sensing cells directly modulate the output of an identified respiratory central pattern generating neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bell, H. J.; Inoue, T.; Shum, K.; Luk, C.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(12): 3537–3550. jun 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Peripheral$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00947,\nabstract = {Breathing is an essential homeostatic behavior regulated by central neuronal networks, often called central pattern generators (CPGs). Despite ongoing advances in our understanding of the neural control of breathing, the basic mechanisms by which peripheral input modulates the activities of the central respiratory CPG remain elusive. This lack of fundamental knowledge vis-{\\`{a}}-vis the role of peripheral influences in the control of the respiratory CPG is due in large part to the complexity of mammalian respiratory control centres. We have therefore developed a simpler invertebrate model to study the basic cellular and synaptic mechanisms by which a peripheral chemosensory input affects the central respiratory CPG. Here we report on the identification and characterization of peripheral chemoreceptor cells (PCRCs) that relay hypoxia-sensitive chemosensory information to the known respiratory CPG neuron right pedal dorsal 1 in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Selective perfusion of these PCRCs with hypoxic saline triggered bursting activity in these neurons and when isolated in cell culture these cells also demonstrated hypoxic sensitivity that resulted in membrane depolarization and spiking activity. When cocultured with right pedal dorsal 1, the PCRCs developed synapses that exhibited a form of short-term synaptic plasticity in response to hypoxia. Finally, osphradial denervation in intact animals significantly perturbed respiratory activity compared with their sham counterparts. This study provides evidence for direct synaptic connectivity between a peripheral regulatory element and a central respiratory CPG neuron, revealing a potential locus for hypoxia-induced synaptic plasticity underlying breathing behavior. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2007).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bell, Harold J. and Inoue, Takuya and Shum, Kelly and Luk, Collin and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05607.x},\nissn = {0953-816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Chemosensory neurons,Identified neurons,In vitro,In vivo,Lymnaea,Respiration},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {3537--3550},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Peripheral oxygen-sensing cells directly modulate the output of an identified respiratory central pattern generating neuron}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05607.x?casa{\\_}token=pQzsWaiwopEAAAAA:HclWaB5WV-yt9elH3KoU5mR60lbzJY5u7dyTP1wxKv-gKU0Vq8z3ndzXCLVTRNIanvUZOjX3cFcW http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05607.x},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A stereo-compound hybrid microscope for combined intracellular and optical recording of invertebrate neural network activity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Frost, W. N.; Wang, J.; and Brandon, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2): 148–154. may 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00870,\nabstract = {Optical recording studies of invertebrate neural networks with voltage-sensitive dyes seldom employ conventional intracellular electrodes. This may in part be due to the traditional reliance on compound microscopes for such work. While such microscopes have high light-gathering power, they do not provide depth of field, making working with sharp electrodes difficult. Here we describe a hybrid microscope design, with switchable compound and stereo objectives, that eases the use of conventional intracellular electrodes in optical recording experiments. We use it, in combination with a voltage-sensitive dye and photodiode array, to identify neurons participating in the swim motor program of the marine mollusk Tritonia. This microscope design should be applicable to optical recording studies in many preparations. {\\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Frost, William N. and Wang, Jean and Brandon, Christopher J.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.01.003},\nissn = {01650270},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},\nkeywords = {Electrophysiology,Microscopy,Neural networks,Optical recording,Photodiode array,Tritonia,Voltage-sensitive dyes},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {148--154},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{A stereo-compound hybrid microscope for combined intracellular and optical recording of invertebrate neural network activity}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027007000076?casa{\\_}token=SUs7Fb19WK8AAAAA:riLDwkepUscbZt7XcBgaPs{\\_}Ez4RExwFqPQ8SeAqlKjQ4uBQxAGhpCCBx2n5w9UpBpgGxTYk6 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165027007000076},\nvolume = {162},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Localization of glutamate-like immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the adult and developing pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hatakeyama, D.; Aonuma, H.; Ito, E.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Bulletin, 213(2): 172–186. 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Localization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00070,\nabstract = {We investigated the distribution and projection patterns of central and peripheral glutamate-like immunoreactive (GLU-LIR) neurons in the adult and developing nervous system of Lymnaea. Altogether, 50-60 GLU-LIR neurons are present in the adult central nervous system. GLU-LIR labeling is shown in the interganglionic bundle system and at the varicosities in neuropil of the central ganglia. In the periphery, the foot, lip, and tentacle contain numerous GLU-LIR bipolar sensory neurons. In the juvenile Lymnaea, GLU-LIR elements at the periphery display a pattern of distribution similar to that seen in adults, whereas labeled neurons increase in number in the different ganglia of the central nervous system from juvenile stage P1 up to adulthood. During embryogenesis, GLU-LIR innervation can be detected first at the 50{\\%} stage of embryonic development (the E50{\\%} stage) in the neuropil of the cerebral and pedal ganglia, followed by the emergence of labeled pedal nerve roots at the E75{\\%} stage. Before hatching, at the E90{\\%} stage, a few GLU-LIR sensory cells can be found in the caudal foot region. Our findings indicate a wide range of occurrence and a broad role for glutamate in the gastropod nervous system; hence they provide a basis for future studies on glutamatergic events in networks underlying different behaviors. {\\textcopyright} 2007 Marine Biological Laboratory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hatakeyama, Dai and Aonuma, Hitoshi and Ito, Etsuro and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.2307/25066633},\nissn = {00063185},\njournal = {Biological Bulletin},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {172--186},\npublisher = {journals.uchicago.edu},\ntitle = {{Localization of glutamate-like immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the adult and developing pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/25066633},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impairment of long-term associative memory in aging snails (Lymnaea stagnalis).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Lee, A.; Hulliger, S.; Minvielle, M.; Ma, B.; and Wildering, W. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral Neuroscience, 121(6): 1400–1414. 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Impairment$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00001,\nabstract = {Age-dependent impairment in learning and memory functions occurs in many animal species, including humans. Although cell death contributes to age-related cognitive impairment in pathological forms of aging, learning and memory deficiencies develop with age even without substantial cell death. The molecular and cellular basis of this biological aging process is not well understood but seems to involve a decline in the aging brain's capacity for experience-dependent plasticity. To aid in resolving this issue, we used a simple snail appetitive classical conditioning paradigm in which the underlying molecular, cellular, and neural network functions can be directly linked to age-associated learning and memory performance (i.e., the Lymnaea stagnalis feeding system). Our results indicate that age does not affect the acquisition of appetitive memory but that retention and/or consolidation of long-term memory become progressively impaired with advancing age. The latter phenomenon correlates with declining electrophysiological excitability in key neurons controlling the feeding behavior. Together, these results present the Lymnaea feeding system as a powerful paradigm for investigations of cellular and molecular foundations of biological aging in the brain. {\\textcopyright} 2007 American Psychological Association.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Lee, Arden and Hulliger, Sara and Minvielle, Michelle and Ma, Bonita and Wildering, Willem C.},\ndoi = {10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1400},\nissn = {1939-0084},\njournal = {Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,intermediate-term memory,long-term memory,memory retention,neuronal excitability},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {1400--1414},\npublisher = {psycnet.apa.org},\ntitle = {{Impairment of long-term associative memory in aging snails (Lymnaea stagnalis).}},\nurl = {https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-18058-026 http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1400},\nvolume = {121},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Coolidge effect in pond snails: male motivation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Koene, J. M.; and Ter Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7(1): 212. 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Coolidge$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00594,\nabstract = {Background. The simultaneously hermaphroditic pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can mate in the male and female role, but within one copulation only one sexual role is performed at a time. Previous work has shown that male motivation is determined by the availability of seminal fluid in the prostate gland, which is detected via a nervous connection by the brain area controlling male behaviour. Based on this knowledge, patterns of sexual role alternations within mating pairs can be explained. Results. The data presented here reveal that these snails can donate and receive sperm several times within 24 hours, and that they have increased mating rates in larger groups (i.e. more mating opportunities). For mating pairs we show, by introducing novel mating partners after copulation, that animals do inseminate new partners, while they are no longer motivated to inseminate their original partners. Conclusion. Our findings provide the first direct evidence for higher motivation in a hermaphrodite to copulate when a new partner is encountered. This Coolidge effect seems to be attenuated when mucus trails are excluded, which suggests that a chemical or textural cue may be responsible for mediating this response to sperm competition. {\\textcopyright} 2007 Koene and Ter Maat; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Koene, Joris M. and {Ter Maat}, Andries},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2148-7-212},\nissn = {14712148},\njournal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {212},\npmid = {17986351},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Coolidge effect in pond snails: male motivation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2148-7-212 http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-7-212},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Endocrine disruption in aquatic pulmonate molluscs: few evidences, many challenges.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagadic, L.; Coutellec, M.; and Caquet, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecotoxicology, 16(1): 45–59. feb 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Endocrine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00704,\nabstract = {As compared to other groups of aquatic gastropods, documented examples of endocrine disruption in pulmonates are rather limited. This is quite surprising because the endocrine control of physiological functions has been extensively studied in these animals. In the model-species Lymnaea stagnalis, the neurohormonal regulation of reproduction has been thoroughly investigated, and the primary structure of several peptides and receptors involved in endocrine processes has been established. However, the use of this knowledge has been fairly limited in the context of ecotoxicology, to investigate the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The present review summarizes the main and more recent findings on the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in aquatic pulmonate snails (Basommatophora). It then comprehensively describes selected in vivo laboratory and semi-field studies which provide evidence for possible endocrine disrupting effects of estrogenic and androgenic test compounds [e.g., ethynylestradiol, methyltestosterone (MT)], and of environmental contaminants [e.g., cadmium (Cd), tributyltin (TBT), and nonylphenol (NP), pesticides]. Finally, challenging perspectives for future research are discussed. {\\textcopyright} 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lagadic, Laurent and Coutellec, Marie-Agn{\\`{e}}s and Caquet, Thierry},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10646-006-0114-0},\nissn = {0963-9292},\njournal = {Ecotoxicology},\nkeywords = {Basommatophora,Endocrine-disruptors,Freshwater snail,Reproduction,Review},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {45--59},\npmid = {17235673},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Endocrine disruption in aquatic pulmonate molluscs: few evidences, many challenges}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10646-006-0114-0.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10646-006-0114-0},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reconsolidation and memory infidelity in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Fras, M.; Smyth, K.; Wong, C.; and Hittel, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 87(4): 547–560. may 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Reconsolidation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00250,\nabstract = {Lymnaea stagnalis were operantly conditioned to not perform aerial respiratory behaviour in a specific context (i.e. context-1). The memory for this learned response was reactivated 3 days later in context-1. During the 1 h reconsolidation period following memory reactivation, randomly picked snails were either maintained in context-1 or exposed to a new context (i.e. context-2). One hour later in the post-reconsolidation period, snails in context-1 were placed for 1 h in context-2 and vice-versa. In neither the hypoxic reconsolidation nor the post reconsolidation periods did snails receive a reinforcing stimulus when they opened their pneumostome. All snails were blindly tested for memory 24 h later period in context-2. Only those snails that had been exposed to context-2 during the reconsolidation period exhibited 'memory' for context-2. That is, memory infidelity was observed. Snails exposed to context-2 in only the post-reconsolidation period did not show memory for context-2. The immediate cooling of snails after their exposure to the new context in the reconsolidation period blocked the formation the implanted memory. Snails trained in context-1 and exposed to context-2 in the consolidation period only, also did not have memory for context-2. However, the memory for context-1 could still be recalled following successful implantation of the 'new' memory. All data presented here are consistent with the notion that during the reconsolidation process memory can be updated. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Fras, Mary and Smyth, Kim and Wong, Carolyn and Hittel, Karla},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2006.12.002},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Memory infidelity,Operant conditioning,Reconsolidation},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {547--560},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Reconsolidation and memory infidelity in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742706001651 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742706001651},\nvolume = {87},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Stressful stimuli modulate memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Martens, K. R.; Caigny, P. D.; Parvez, K.; Amarell, M.; Wong, C.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 87(3): 391–403. mar 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Stressful$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00060,\nabstract = {Stress has been shown to be a strong modulator of learning and memory in animals. We employ operant training of aerial respiratory behaviour in our model system, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, to show that application of an acute consistent physical stressor enhances memory formation. A single 30 min operant conditioning training session, which normally results in intermediate-term memory (ITM) persisting 3 h, results in long-term memory (LTM) persisting 24 h if immediately preceded or followed by a stressor, for example a 30 s exposure to 25 mM KCl. Other physical stressors (0.3{\\%} quinine-HCl or quick cooling and warming) similarly enhance memory formation. The memory is context specific and is not seen after the application of too much or too little stress. The memory can be extinguished by exposing snails to the hypoxic training environment and withholding reinforcing stimuli. The LTM that results from 30 min of training and stressor exposure is dependent on de novo protein synthesis and gene transcription in a single neuron, RPeD1. Because the soma of RPeD1 must be present for memory augmentation by the application of a stressor we are well placed for future investigations to directly determine the specific molecular alterations by which stress primes the formation of LTM. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Martens, Kara R. and Caigny, Pascaline De and Parvez, Kashif and Amarell, Martin and Wong, Carolyn and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2006.10.005},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Invertebrate,Learning,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusk,Operant training,Stress},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {391--403},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Stressful stimuli modulate memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742706001559 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742706001559},\nvolume = {87},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n One-trial conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Martens, K.; Amarell, M.; Parvez, K.; Hittel, K.; De Caigny, P.; Ito, E.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 88(2): 232–242. sep 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"One-trial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00062,\nabstract = {Repeated spaced training sessions of contingent tactile stimulation to the pneumostome as it opens are required to cause long-term memory (LTM) formation of aerial respiratory behaviour making if difficult to determine exactly when memory forms. We have devised a single-trial aversive operant conditioning training procedure in Lymnaea to be better able to elucidate the causal mechanisms of LTM formation. Observations of baseline breathing behaviour in hypoxia were first made. Twenty-four hours later the snails were trained using the single trial procedure, by placing them in a small Petri dish containing 4 ml of 25 mM KCl for 30-35 s as soon as the first pneumostome opening in hypoxia was attempted. LTM was present if (1) breathing behaviour following training was significantly less than before; and (2) breathing behaviour post-training was significantly less in experimental groups than in yoked control groups. LTM persisted for 24 h but not 48 h. Yoked controls that received an aversive stimulus not contingent with pneumostome opening had no evidence of memory. Cooling directly after, but not at any other time, blocks LTM formation. LTM formation was also prevented by removal of the cell body of the neuron RPeD1 before training. {\\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Martens, Kara and Amarell, Martin and Parvez, Kashif and Hittel, Karla and {De Caigny}, Pascaline and Ito, Etsuro and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2007.04.009},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Invertebrate,LTM,Learning,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,One-trial learning,Operant training,Single-trial training,Stress},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {232--242},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{One-trial conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742707000597 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742707000597},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by nitric oxide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straub, V. A.; Grant, J.; O'Shea, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(2): 1088–1099. 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Modulation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00758,\nabstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) and serotonin (5-HT) are two neurotransmitters with important roles in neuromodulation and synaptic plasticity. There is substantial evidence for a morphological and functional overlap between these two neurotransmitter systems, in particular the modulation of 5-HT function by NO. Here we demonstrate for the first time the modulation of an identified serotonergic synapse by NO using the synapse between the cerebral giant cell (CGC) and the B4 neuron within the feeding network of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis as a model system. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from the pre- and postsynaptic neurons show that blocking endogenous NO production in the intact nervous system significantly reduces the B4 response to CGC activity. The blocking effect is frequency dependent and is strongest at low CGC frequencies. Conversely, bath application of the NO donor DEA/NONOate significantly enhances the CGC-B4 synapse. The modulation of the CGC-B4 synapse is mediated by the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP pathway as demonstrated by the effects of the sGC antagonist 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). NO modulation of the CGC-B4 synapse can be mimicked in cell culture, where application of 5-HT puffs to isolated B4 neurons simulates synaptic 5-HT release. Bath application of diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NONOate) enhances the 5-HT induced response in the isolated B4 neuron. However, the cell culture experiment provided no evidence for endogenous NO production in either the CGC or B4 neuron suggesting that NO is produced by an alternative source. Thus we conclude that NO modulates the serotonergic CGC-B4 synapse by enhancing the postsynaptic 5-HT response. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2007 The American Physiological Society.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Straub, Volko A. and Grant, James and O'Shea, Michael and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.01048.2006},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {1088--1099},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Modulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by nitric oxide}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.01048.2006},\nvolume = {97},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n One-trial conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea: Good and poor performers in long-term memory acquisition.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sugai, R.; Azami, S.; Shiga, H.; Watanabe, T.; Sadamoto, H.; Kobayashi, S.; Hatakeyama, D.; Fujito, Y.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(7): 1225–1237. 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"One-trial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00536,\nabstract = {In the majority of studies designed to elucidate the causal mechanisms of memory formation, certain members of the experimental cohort, even though subjected to exactly the same conditioning procedures, remember significantly better than others, whereas others show little or no long-term memory (LTM) formation. To begin to address the question of why this phenomenon occurs and thereby help clarify the causal mechanism of LTM formation, we used a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure on individuals of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and analyzed their subsequent behavior. Using sucrose as an appetitive stimulus and KCl as an aversive stimulus, we obtained a constant ratio of 'poor' to 'good' performers for CTA-LTM. We found that approximately 40{\\%} of trained snails possessed LTM following a one-trial conditioning procedure. When we examined the time-window necessary for the memory consolidation, we found that if we cooled snails to 4°C for 30 min within 10 min after the one-trial conditioning, LTM was blocked. However, with delayed cooling (i.e. longer than 10 min), LTM was present. We could further interfere with LTM formation by inducing inhibitory learning (i.e. backward conditioning) after the one-trial conditioning. Finally, we examined whether we could motivate snails to acquire LTM by depriving them of food for 5 days before the one-trial conditioning. Food-deprived snails, however, failed to exhibit LTM following the one-trial conditioning. These results will help us begin to clarify why some individuals are better at learning and forming memory for specific tasks at the neuronal level.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sugai, Rio and Azami, Sachiyo and Shiga, Hatsuki and Watanabe, Takayuki and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Kobayashi, Suguru and Hatakeyama, Dai and Fujito, Yutaka and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.02735},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Cooling,Long-term memory,Motivation,One-trial conditioning},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {1225--1237},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{One-trial conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea: Good and poor performers in long-term memory acquisition}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/210/7/1225.short},\nvolume = {210},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Food intake, growth, and reproduction as affected by day length and food availability in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis*.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ter Maat, A.; Zonneveld, C.; de Visser, J. A. G. M.; Jansen, R. F.; Montagne-Wajer, K.; and Koene, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Malacological Bulletin, 23(1): 113–120. dec 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Food$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00091,\nabstract = {With the aim of integrating the physiology and evolutionary ecology of Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758), we studied the effects of day length and food availability on the energy budget. Snails were assigned to two different photoperiods and three levels of food availability. The snails were kept individually, and food consumption, growth, and egg production were measured for about 2 months. Snails could nearly compensate for a one-day starvation period by increasing the rate of food-intake. However, food-intake rates did not increase further after a starvation period of 2 days. Growth was well described by the Von Bertalanffy growth equation. The ultimate size of snails kept under medium-day conditions (MD; light:dark = 12:12 h) was not affected by food availability. By contrast, the ultimate size of snails kept under long-day conditions (LD; light:dark = 16:8 h) depended on food availability; those fed the lowest quantities grow the least. Dry-weight densities (dry weight/wet weight) of MD snails were considerably above those of LD snails. In MD snails, food availability did not appreciably affect dry-weight density. By contrast, in LD snails, dry-weight density decreased with decreasing food availability. The reproductive output of LD snails declined with declining food availability, but was 2 to 4 times that of MD snails. The difference in reproductive output was largely accounted for by the difference in stored energy, i.e. dry-weight density. To gauge the extent to which the conclusions from our laboratory work applied to free-living snails, a field study was conducted. The wild-caught snails' dry-weight density was also lowest in long-day conditions when most eggs were laid. However, the dry-weight densities during medium and short days were lower than the dry-weight densities of laboratory animals under LD conditions. Thus, in the field, snails stored less energy than in the laboratory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Ter Maat}, Andries and Zonneveld, Cor and de Visser, J. Arjan G. M. and Jansen, Ren{\\'{e}} F. and Montagne-Wajer, Kora and Koene, Joris M.},\ndoi = {10.4003/0740-2783-23.1.113},\nissn = {0740-2783},\njournal = {American Malacological Bulletin},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {113--120},\npublisher = {BioOne},\ntitle = {{Food intake, growth, and reproduction as affected by day length and food availability in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis*}},\nurl = {https://bioone.org/journals/american-malacological-bulletin/volume-23/issue-1/0740-2783-23.1.113/Food-intake-growth-and-reproduction-as-affected-by-day-length/10.4003/0740-2783-23.1.113.short http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4003/0740-2783-23.1.113},\nvolume = {23},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dynamic control of a central pattern generator circuit: a computational model of the snail feeding network.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vavoulis, D. V.; Straub, V. A.; Kemenes, I.; Kemenes, G.; Feng, J.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(9): 2805–2818. jun 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dynamic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00602,\nabstract = {Central pattern generators (CPGs) are networks underlying rhythmic motor behaviours and they are dynamically regulated by neuronal elements that are extrinsic or intrinsic to the rhythmogenic circuit. In the feeding system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, the extrinsic slow oscillator (SO) interneuron controls the frequency of the feeding rhythm and the N3t (tonic) has a dual role; it is an intrinsic CPG interneuron, but it also suppresses CPG activity in the absence of food, acting as a decision-making element in the feeding circuit. The firing patterns of the SO and N3t neurons and their synaptic connections with the rest of the CPG are known, but how these regulate network function is not well understood. This was investigated by building a computer model of the feeding network based on a minimum number of cells (N1M, N2v and N3t) required to generate the three-phase motor rhythm together with the SO that was used to activate the system. The intrinsic properties of individual neurons were represented using two-compartment models containing currents of the Hodgkin-Huxley type. Manipulations of neuronal activity in the N3t and SO neurons in the model produced similar quantitative effects to food and electrical stimulation in the biological network indicating that the model is a useful tool for studying the dynamic properties of the feeding circuit. The model also predicted novel effects of electrical stimulation of two CPG interneurons (N1M and N2v). When tested experimentally, similar effects were found in the biological system providing further validation of our model. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2007).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vavoulis, Dimitris V. and Straub, Volko A. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Feng, Jianfeng and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05517.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Dynamic control through inhibition,Feeding motor systems,Frequency control,Hodgkin-Huxley models,Lymnaea stagnalis},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {2805--2818},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Dynamic control of a central pattern generator circuit: a computational model of the snail feeding network}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05517.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05517.x},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Computational model of a modulatory cell type in the feeding network of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vavoulis, D. V; Nikitin, E. S; Feng, J.; Benjamin, P. R; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Neuroscience, 8(S2): P113. jul 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Computational$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00136,\nabstract = {Methods First, we fitted a single-compartment, Hodgkin-Huxley model of the CGCs to two-electrode voltage-and current-clamp data [1] using a combination of linear and non-linear least-square fitting techniques. Then, we selectively blocked each ionic current to assess its {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vavoulis, Dimitris V and Nikitin, Eugeny S and Feng, Jianfeng and Benjamin, Paul R and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2202-8-S2-P113},\nissn = {1471-2202},\njournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {S2},\npages = {P113},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Computational model of a modulatory cell type in the feeding network of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2202-8-S2-P113 https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-8-S2-P113},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Behavioural and neural deficits induced by rotenone in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A possible model for Parkinson's disease in an invertebrate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Szabó, H.; Hiripi, L.; Elliott, C. J.; and Hernádi, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(7): 2123–2130. 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Behavioural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00068,\nabstract = {Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, related to the loss of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the substantia nigra. In experimental animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates, rotenone, a commercially available organic pesticide, induces symptoms of Parkinson's disease. We found that that rotenone is toxic to the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (4-day LC50 0.8 $\\mu$m). Rotenone, at concentrations from 0.1 to 5 $\\mu$m, caused progressive and irreversible behavioural deficits in both acute and chronic exposure. Chronic exposure to 0.5 $\\mu$m rotenone led to a progressive decrease in spontaneous locomotion and in feeding, reaching almost 100{\\%} inhibition of both behaviours by the 7th day of rotenone treatment. In the central nervous system preparation made on the 7th day of treatment the postsynaptic potentials evoked by the identified dopaminergic RPeD1 neuron disappeared whereas the synaptic inputs received by the RPeD1 from a peptidergic neuron (VD4) were still functional. Immunostaining revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity decreased below the detectable level in both the RPeD1 cell body and its axonal processes. Finally, HPLC assay showed a significant (25{\\%}) decrease in DA level in the CNS by the 7th day of rotenone treatment. We conclude that, as in vertebrates, rotenone disrupts feeding and locomotion of the model mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. One possible target of rotenone is the dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. We therefore suggest that Lymnaea stagnalis is a suitable invertebrate model for the study of Parkinson's disease, allowing direct analysis of the response of dopaminergic systems to rotenone at behavioural, cellular and neuronal levels. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2007).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Szab{\\'{o}}, Henriette and Hiripi, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}} and Elliott, Christopher J.H. and Hern{\\'{a}}di, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}}},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05467.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Dopamine,Feeding,Locomotion,Neurodegeneration,Snail},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {2123--2130},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Behavioural and neural deficits induced by rotenone in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A possible model for Parkinson's disease in an invertebrate}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05467.x},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {2007}\n}\n

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\n \n 2006\n \n \n (25)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Altered gene activity correlated with long-term memory formation of conditioned taste aversion inLymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Azami, S.; Wagatsuma, A.; Sadamoto, H.; Hatakeyama, D.; Usami, T.; Fujie, M.; Koyanagi, R.; Azumi, K.; Fujito, Y.; Lukowiak, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Research, 84(7): 1610–1620. nov 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Altered$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00322,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of learning conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and then consolidating that learning into long-term memory (LTM) that persists for at least 1 month. LTM requires de novo protein synthesis and altered gene activity. Changes in gene activity in Lymnaea that are correlated with, much less causative, memory formation have not yet been identified. As a first step toward rectifying this situation, we constructed a cDNA microarray with mRNAs extracted from the central nervous system (CNS) of Lymnaea. We then, using this microarray assay, identified genes whose activity either increased or decreased following CTA memory consolidation. We also identified genes whose expression levels were altered after inhibition of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) that is hypothesized to be a key transcription factor for CTA memory. We found that the molluscan insulin-related peptide II (MIP II) was up-regulated during CTA-LTM, whereas the gene encoding pedal peptide preprohormone (Pep) was down-regulated by CREB2 RNA interference. We next examined mRNAs of MIP II and Pep using real-time RT-PCR with SYBR Green. The MIP II mRNA level in the CNS of snails exhibiting "good" memory for CTA was confirmed to be significantly higher than that from the CNS of snails exhibiting "poor" memory. In contrast, there was no significant difference in expression levels of the Pep mRNA between "good" and "poor" performers. These data suggest that in Lymnaea MIP II may play a role in the consolidation process that forms LTM following CTA training. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Azami, Sachiyo and Wagatsuma, Akiko and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Hatakeyama, Dai and Usami, Takeshi and Fujie, Manabu and Koyanagi, Ryo and Azumi, Kaoru and Fujito, Yutaka and Lukowiak, Ken and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1002/jnr.21045},\nissn = {03604012},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {Conditioned taste aversion,Gene activity,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {1610--1620},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Altered gene activity correlated with long-term memory formation of conditioned taste aversion inLymnaea}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jnr.21045 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jnr.21045},\nvolume = {84},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural Comparison of Three Crystalline Complexes of a Peptidic Toxin With a Synaptic Acetylcholine Recognition Protein.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bourne, Y.; Hansen, S. B.; Sulzenbacher, G.; Talley, T. T.; Huxford, T.; Taylor, P.; and Marchot, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 30(1-2): 103–104. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00596,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} The structure of -cobratoxin bound to the pentameric ACh-binding protein (AChBP) from Lymnaea stagnalis, a soluble surrogate of the neuronal receptor subtype 7, revealed the position and orientation of {\\ldots} Journal of Molecular Neuroscience Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2006 Humana Press Inc {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bourne, Yves and Hansen, Scott B. and Sulzenbacher, Gerlind and Talley, Todd T. and Huxford, Tom and Taylor, Palmer and Marchot, Pascale},\ndoi = {10.1385/JMN:30:1:103},\nissn = {0895-8696},\njournal = {Journal of Molecular Neuroscience},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {103--104},\npmid = {17192648},\npublisher = {search.proquest.com},\ntitle = {{Structural Comparison of Three Crystalline Complexes of a Peptidic Toxin With a Synaptic Acetylcholine Recognition Protein}},\nurl = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/f200be9f893bdbf39cebe7f4149cddb9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar{\\&}cbl=326248 http://link.springer.com/10.1385/JMN:30:1:103},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Repeated cocaine effects on learning, memory and extinction in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carter, K.; Lukowiak, K.; Schenk, J. O.; and Sorg, B. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(21): 4273–4282. nov 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Repeated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00242,\nabstract = {The persistence of drug addiction suggests that drugs of abuse enhance learning and/or impair extinction of the drug memory. We studied the effects of repeated cocaine on learning, memory and reinstatement in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Respiratory behavior can be operantly conditioned and extinguished in Lymnaea, and this behavior is dependent on a critical dopamine neuron. We tested the hypothesis that repeated cocaine exposure promotes learning and memory or attenuates the ability to extinguish the memory of respiratory behavior that relies on this dopaminergic neuron. Rotating disk electrode voltammetry revealed a Km and Vmax of dopamine uptake in snail brain of 0.9 $\\mu$mol l-1 and 558 pmol s-1 g-1 respectively, and the IC50 of cocaine for dopamine was approximately 0.03 $\\mu$mol l-1. For operant conditioning, snails were given 5 days of 1 h day-1 immersion in water (control) or 0.1 $\\mu$mol l-1 cocaine, which was the lowest dose that maximally inhibited dopamine uptake, and snails were trained 3 days later. No changes were found between the two groups for learning or memory of the operant behavior. However, snails treated with 0.1 $\\mu$mol l-1 cocaine demonstrated impairment of extinction memory during reinstatement of the behavior compared with controls. Our findings suggest that repeated exposure to cocaine modifies the interaction between the original memory trace and active inhibition of this trace through extinction training. An understanding of these basic processes in a simple model system may have important implications for treatment strategies in cocaine addiction.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Carter, Kathleen and Lukowiak, Ken and Schenk, James O. and Sorg, Barbara A.},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.02520},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Cocaine,Dopamine,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Reinstatement,Snail},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {21},\npages = {4273--4282},\npmid = {17050842},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Repeated cocaine effects on learning, memory and extinction in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/209/21/4273.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.02520},\nvolume = {209},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molluscan Peptides and Reproduction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Di Cosmo, A.; and Di Cristo, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides,241–246. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molluscan$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00443,\nabstract = {This chapter presents a detailed analysis of the peptides involved in molluscan reproduction. Many aspects of molluscan reproduction rely on peptides. The caudodorsal cell (CDC) system of Lymnaea and the bag cells of Aplysia function as a peptidergic command center that initiates and coordinates ovulation and egg mass production with a fixed sequence of overt behaviors such as cessation of locomotion, turning, modulation of feeding movements, oviposition, and inspection. Nine peptides are released during egg-laying activity, including egg-laying hormone (ELH). Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide neurohormone crucial for the regulation of reproductive and neural functions in vertebrates. Another peptide, APGWamide was isolated from ganglia of the prosobranch mollusk Fusinus ferrugineu. APGWamide is primarily localized in neurons of the asymmetrical right lobe of the cerebral ganglion. APGWamide-related peptides have also been found in bivalves. In the cephalopod Sepia officinalis, the dipeptide GWamide has been purified from the optic lobe, and immunoreactivity has been found recently in the nervous system as well as in the oviducal gland of Octopus vulgaris APGWamide. The possibility that mollusks use peptide or protein pheromones to communicate with one another has been explored in several species of gastropods. Pheromones modulate many aspects of social behavior, which is associated with sexual maturity. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Di Cosmo}, Anna and {Di Cristo}, Carlo},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-012369442-3/50040-4},\nisbn = {9780123694423},\njournal = {Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides},\npages = {241--246},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Molluscan Peptides and Reproduction}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123694423500404 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123694423500404},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Retinoic acid induces neurite outgrowth and growth cone turning in invertebrate neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dmetrichuk, J. M.; Carlone, R. L.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Developmental Biology, 294(1): 39–49. jun 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Retinoic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00306,\nabstract = {Identification of molecules involved in neurite outgrowth during development and/or regeneration is a major goal in the field of neuroscience. Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically important metabolite of vitamin A that acts as a trophic factor and has been implicated in neurite outgrowth and regeneration in many vertebrate species. Although abundant in the CNS of many vertebrates, the precise role of RA in neural regeneration has yet to be determined. Moreover, very little information is available regarding the role of RA in invertebrate nervous systems. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that RA induces neurite outgrowth from invertebrate neurons. Using individually identified neurons isolated from the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis, we demonstrated that a significantly greater proportion of cells produced neurite outgrowth in RA. RA also extended the duration of time that cells remained electrically excitable in vitro, and we showed that exogenously applied RA acted as a chemoattractive factor and induced growth cone turning toward the source of RA. This is the first demonstration that RA can induce turning of an individual growth cone. These data strongly suggest that the actions of RA on neurite outgrowth and cell survival are highly conserved across species. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dmetrichuk, Jennifer M. and Carlone, Robert L. and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.02.018},\nissn = {00121606},\njournal = {Developmental Biology},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Chemotaxis,Electrical excitability,Electrophysiology,Invertebrate,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurite outgrowth,Regeneration,Retinoids,Trophic factors},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {39--49},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Retinoic acid induces neurite outgrowth and growth cone turning in invertebrate neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160606001151 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012160606001151},\nvolume = {294},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Different receptors mediate the electrophysiological and growth cone responses of an identified neuron to applied dopamine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dobson, K.; Dmetrichuk, J. M.; and Spencer, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 141(4): 1801–1810. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Different$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00239,\nabstract = {Neurotransmitters are among the many cues that may guide developing axons toward appropriate targets in the developing nervous system. We have previously shown in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis that dopamine, released from an identified pre-synaptic cell, differentially affects growth cone behavior of its target and non-target cells in vitro. Here, we describe a group of non-target cells that also produce an inhibitory electrophysiological response to applied dopamine. We first determined, using pharmacological blockers, which receptors mediate this physiological response. We demonstrated that the dopaminergic electrophysiological responses of non-target cells were sensitive to a D2 receptor antagonist, as are known target cell responses. However, the non-target cell receptors were linked to different G-proteins and intracellular signaling pathways than the target cell receptors. Despite the presence of a D2-like receptor at the soma, the growth cone collapse of these non-target cells was mediated by D1-like receptors. This study shows that different dopamine receptor sub-types mediated the inhibitory physiological and growth cone responses of an identified cell type. We therefore not only provide further evidence that D2- and D1-like receptors can be present on the same neuron in invertebrates, but also show that these receptors are likely involved in very different cellular functions. {\\textcopyright} 2006 IBRO.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dobson, K.S. and Dmetrichuk, Jennifer M. and Spencer, G.E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.029},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {G-protein,Lymnaea stagnalis,cell culture,dopamine receptors,neurite outgrowth},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1801--1810},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Different receptors mediate the electrophysiological and growth cone responses of an identified neuron to applied dopamine}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452206007238 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452206007238},\nvolume = {141},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reconsolidation: Does the Past Linger on?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fulton, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 26(43): 10935–10936. oct 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Reconsolidation:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00393,\nabstract = {Skip to main content. Umbrella menu. SfN.org; eNeuro; The Journal of Neuroscience; Neuronline; BrainFacts.org. Main menu. HOME; CONTENT: Early Release; Featured; Current Issue; Issue Archive; Collections. ALERTS; FOR AUTHORS {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fulton, Daniel},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3694-06.2006},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {43},\npages = {10935--10936},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Reconsolidation: Does the Past Linger on?}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/43/10935.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3694-06.2006},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular Characterization of NMDA-Like Receptors in Aplysia and Lymnaea: Relevance to Memory Mechanisms.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ha, T. J.; Kohn, A. B.; Bobkova, Y. V.; and Moroz, L. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Biological Bulletin, 210(3): 255–270. jun 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00352,\nabstract = {The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor belongs to the group of ionotropic glutamate receptors and has been implicated in synaptic plasticity, memory acquisition, and learning in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including molluscs. However, the molecular identity of NMDA-type receptors in molluscs remains unknown. Here, we cloned two NMDA-type receptors from the sea slug Aplysia californica, AcNR1-1 and AcNR1-2, as well as their homologs from the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis, LsNR1-1 and LsNR1-2. The cloned receptors contain a signal peptide, two extracellular segments with predicted binding sites for glycine and glutamate, three recognized transmembrane regions, and a fourth hydrophobic domain that makes a hairpin turn to form a pore-like structure. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both the AcNR1s and LsNR1s belong to the NR1 subgroup of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. Our in situ hybridization data indicate highly abundant, but predominantly neuron-specific expression of molluscan NR1-type receptors in all central ganglia, including identified motor neurons in the buccal and abdominal ganglia as well as groups of mechanosensory cells. AcNR1 transcripts were detected extrasynaptically in the neurites of metacerebral cells of Aplysia. The widespread distribution of AcNR1 and LsNR1 transcripts also implies diverse functions, including their involvement in the organization of feeding, locomotory, and defensive behaviors. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Marine Biological Laboratory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ha, Thomas J. and Kohn, Andrea B. and Bobkova, Yelena V. and Moroz, Leonid L.},\ndoi = {10.2307/4134562},\nissn = {0006-3185},\njournal = {The Biological Bulletin},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {255--270},\npublisher = {journals.uchicago.edu},\ntitle = {{Molecular Characterization of NMDA-Like Receptors in Aplysia and Lymnaea: Relevance to Memory Mechanisms}},\nurl = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/4134562 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/4134562},\nvolume = {210},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An identified central pattern-generating neuron co-ordinates sensory-motor components of respiratory behavior in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Haque, Z.; Lee, T. K. M.; Inoue, T.; Luk, C.; Hasan, S. U.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 23(1): 94–104. jan 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00456,\nabstract = {Defining the attributes of individual central pattern-generating (CPG) neurons underlying various rhythmic behaviors are fundamental to our understanding of how the brain controls motor programs, such as respiration and locomotion. To this end, we have explored a simple invertebrate preparation in which the neuronal basis of respiratory rhythmogenesis can be investigated from the whole animal to a single cell level. An identified dopaminergic neuron, termed right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), is a component of the CPG network which controls hypoxia-driven, aerial respiration in the fresh water snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Using intact, semi-intact and isolated brain preparations, we have discovered that in addition to its role as a respiratory CPG neuron, RPeD1 co-ordinates sensory-motor input from the pneumostome (the respiratory orifice) at the water/air interface to initiate respiratory rhythm generation. An additional, novel role of RPeD1 was also found. Specifically, direct intracellular stimulation of RPeD1 induced pneumostome openings, in the absence of motor neuronal activity. To determine further the role of RPeD1 in the respiratory behavior of intact animals, either its axon was severed or the soma selectively killed. Many components of the respiratory behavior in the intact animals were found to be perturbed following RPeD1 axotomy or 'somatomy' (soma removed). Taken together, the data presented provide a direct demonstration that RPeD1 is a multifunctional CPG neuron, which also serves many additional roles in the control of breathing behavior, ranging from co-ordination of mechanosensory input to the motor control of the respiratory orifice. {\\textcopyright} The Authors (2006).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Haque, Zara and Lee, Thomas K. M. and Inoue, Takuya and Luk, Collin and Hasan, Shabih U. and Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04543.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Central pattern generators,Chemoreception,Identified neurons,Respiration,Rhythm generation},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {94--104},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{An identified central pattern-generating neuron co-ordinates sensory-motor components of respiratory behavior in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04543.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04543.x},\nvolume = {23},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Peptidomics of a Single Identified Neuron Reveals Diversity of Multiple Neuropeptides with Convergent Actions on Cellular Excitability.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jimenez, C. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 26(2): 518–529. jan 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Peptidomics$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00280,\nabstract = {In contrast to classical transmitters, the detailed structures and cellular and synaptic actions of neuropeptides are less well described. Peptide mass profiling of single identified neurons of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis indicated the presence of 17 abundant neuropeptides in the cardiorespiratory neuron, visceral dorsal 1 (VD1), and a subset of 14 peptides in its electrically coupled counterpart, right parietal dorsal 2. Altogether, based on this and previous work, we showed that the high number of peptides arises from the expression and processing of four distinct peptide precursor proteins, including a novel one. Second, we established a variety of posttranslational modifications of the generated peptides, including phosphorylation, disulphide linkage, glycosylation, hydroxylation, N-terminal pyro-glutamylation, and C-terminal amidation. Specific synapses between VD1 and its muscle targets were formed, and their synaptic physiology was investigated. Whole-cell voltage-clamp analysis of dissociated heart muscle cells revealed, as tested for a selection of representative family members and their modifications, that the peptides of VD1 exhibit convergent activation of a high-voltage-activated Ca current. Moreover, the differentially glycosylated and hydroxylated $\\alpha$2 peptides were more potent than the unmodified $\\alpha$2 peptide in enhancing these currents. Together, this study is the first to demonstrate that single neurons exhibit such a complex pattern of peptide gene expression, precursor processing, and differential peptide modifications along with a remarkable degree of convergence of neuromodulatory actions. This study thus underscores the importance of a detailed mass spectrometric analysis of neuronal peptide content and peptide modifications related to neuromodulatory function. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2006 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Jimenez, C. R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2566-05.2006},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Glycopeptide,HVA calcium channel,MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry,Mollusk,Neuromodulation,Posttranslational modification},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {518--529},\npmid = {16407549},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Peptidomics of a Single Identified Neuron Reveals Diversity of Multiple Neuropeptides with Convergent Actions on Cellular Excitability}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/2/518.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2566-05.2006},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Auto-inhibitory control of peptidergic molluscan neurons and reproductive senescence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jiménez, C.; Li, K.; Smit, A.; and Janse, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Aging, 27(5): 763–769. may 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Auto-inhibitory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00702,\nabstract = {We recently, characterized a novel peptide of the egg-laying controlling caudodorsal cells (CDC) of Lymnaea stagnalis. Here, we show that the novel peptide has autoinhibitory actions and its expression is significantly up-regulated in reproductively senescent animals. Intracellular recordings show that when bath-applied to the central nervous system in vitro, the peptide reduces the depolarizing after potential (DAP) in CDCs without affecting the action potential-threshold and -amplitude and the resting membrane potential. Moreover, peptide application can terminate an ongoing after discharge in the CDCs or, when electrical stimulation fails to induce an after discharge, can terminate the long-lasting depolarization. Semiquantitative peptide profiling by mass spectrometry demonstrated correct processing and targeting of peptides in the CDC somata and axon terminals of reproductively senescent animals. Interestingly, the level of the autoinhibitory peptide was selectively increased in the CDCs of reproductively senescent animals. Our results indicate that a shift in balance between excitatory and inhibitory auto-transmitter peptides in the CDC system of old non-egg-laying animals, plays a role in after discharge failure in CDCs of reproductively senescent Lymnaea. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Jim{\\'{e}}nez, C.R. and Li, K.W. and Smit, A.B. and Janse, C.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.020},\nissn = {01974580},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Aging},\nkeywords = {Auto-inhibition,Electrical activity,MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry,Neuropeptide,Neurosecretory cells,Peptidomics,Reproductive senescence},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {763--769},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Auto-inhibitory control of peptidergic molluscan neurons and reproductive senescence}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458005001375 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0197458005001375},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration is not the only cause of lidocaine-induced cell damage in the cultured neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kasaba, T.; Onizuka, S.; Kashiwada, M.; and Takasaki, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Anesthesia, 20(3): 196–201. aug 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Increase$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00235,\nabstract = {Purpose: To determine whether the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by lidocaine produces neurotoxicity, we compared morphological changes and Ca2+ concentrations, using fura-2 imaging, in the cultured neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. Methods: We used BAPTA-AM, a Ca2+ chelator, to prevent the increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and Calcimycin A23187, a Ca2+ ionophore, to identify the relationship between increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and neuronal damage without lidocaine. Morphological changes were confirmed using trypan blue to stain the cells. Results: Increasing the dose of lidocaine increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration; however, there was no morphological damage to the cells in lidocaine at 3 × 10-3M. Lidocaine at 3 × 10-2M increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in both saline (from 238 ± 63 to 1038 ± 156nM) and Ca2+-free medium (from 211 ± 97 to 1046 ± 169nM) and produced morphological damage and shrinkage, with the formation of a rugged surface. With the addition of BAPTA-AM, lidocaine at 3 × 10-2M moderately increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration (from 150 ± 97 to 428 ± 246nM) and produced morphological damage. These morphologically changed cells were stained dark blue with trypan blue dye. The Ca2+ ionophore increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration (from 277 ± 191 to 1323 ± 67nM) and decreased it to 186 ± 109nM at 60 min. Morphological damage was not observed during the 60 min, but became apparent a few hours later. Conclusion: These results indicated that the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration is not the only cause of lidocaine-induced cell damage. {\\textcopyright} JSA 2006.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kasaba, Toshiharu and Onizuka, Shin and Kashiwada, Masatoshi and Takasaki, Mayumi},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00540-006-0397-6},\nissn = {0913-8668},\njournal = {Journal of Anesthesia},\nkeywords = {Ca2+concentration,Lidocaine,Neurotoxicity},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {196--201},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration is not the only cause of lidocaine-induced cell damage in the cultured neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00540-006-0397-6.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00540-006-0397-6},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Phase-Dependent Molecular Requirements for Memory Reconsolidation: Differential Roles for Protein Synthesis and Protein Kinase A Activity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; Kemenes, I.; Michel, M.; Papp, A.; and Muller, U.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 26(23): 6298–6302. jun 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Phase-Dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00404,\nabstract = {After consolidation, a process that requires gene expression and protein synthesis, memories are stable and highly resistant to disruption by amnestic influences. Recently, consolidated memory has been shown to become labile again after retrieval and to require a phase of reconsolidation to be preserved. New findings, showing that the dependence of reconsolidation on protein synthesis decreases with the age of memory, point to changing molecular requirements for reconsolidation during memory maturation. We examined this possibility by comparing the roles of protein synthesis (a general molecular requirement for memory consolidation) and the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) (a specific molecular requirement for memory consolidation), in memory reconsolidation at two time points after training. Using associative learning in Lymnaea, we show that reconsolidation after the retrieval of consolidated memory at both 6 and 24 h requires protein synthesis. In contrast, only reconsolidation at 6 h after training, but not at 24 h, requires PKA activity, which is in agreement with the measured retrieval-induced PKA activation at 6 h. This phase-dependent differential molecular requirement for reconsolidation supports the notion that even seemingly consolidated memories undergo further selective molecular maturation processes, which may only be detected by analyzing the role of specific pathways in memory reconsolidation after retrieval.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Michel, Maximilian and Papp, Andrea and Muller, U.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0890-06.2006},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {23},\npages = {6298--6302},\npmid = {16763037},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Phase-Dependent Molecular Requirements for Memory Reconsolidation: Differential Roles for Protein Synthesis and Protein Kinase A Activity}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/23/6298.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0890-06.2006},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Role of Delayed Nonsynaptic Neuronal Plasticity in Long-Term Associative Memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, I.; Straub, V. A.; Nikitin, E. S.; Staras, K.; O'Shea, M.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Biology, 16(13): 1269–1279. jul 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Role$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00687,\nabstract = {Background: It is now well established that persistent nonsynaptic neuronal plasticity occurs after learning and, like synaptic plasticity, it can be the substrate for long-term memory. What still remains unclear, though, is how nonsynaptic plasticity contributes to the altered neural network properties on which memory depends. Understanding how nonsynaptic plasticity is translated into modified network and behavioral output therefore represents an important objective of current learning and memory research. Results: By using behavioral single-trial classical conditioning together with electrophysiological analysis and calcium imaging, we have explored the cellular mechanisms by which experience-induced nonsynaptic electrical changes in a neuronal soma remote from the synaptic region are translated into synaptic and circuit level effects. We show that after single-trial food-reward conditioning in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, identified modulatory neurons that are extrinsic to the feeding network become persistently depolarized between 16 and 24 hr after training. This is delayed with respect to early memory formation but concomitant with the establishment and duration of long-term memory. The persistent nonsynaptic change is extrinsic to and maintained independently of synaptic effects occurring within the network directly responsible for the generation of feeding. Artificial membrane potential manipulation and calcium-imaging experiments suggest a novel mechanism whereby the somal depolarization of an extrinsic neuron recruits command-like intrinsic neurons of the circuit underlying the learned behavior. Conclusions: We show that nonsynaptic plasticity in an extrinsic modulatory neuron encodes information that enables the expression of long-term associative memory, and we describe how this information can be translated into modified network and behavioral output. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Straub, Volko A. and Nikitin, Eugeny S. and Staras, Kevin and O'Shea, Michael and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.049},\nissn = {09609822},\njournal = {Current Biology},\nkeywords = {SYSNEURO},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {13},\npages = {1269--1279},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Role of Delayed Nonsynaptic Neuronal Plasticity in Long-Term Associative Memory}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982206016320 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982206016320},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A multichannel native fluorescence detection system for capillary electrophoretic analysis of neurotransmitters in single neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lapainis, T.; Scanlan, C.; Rubakhin, S. S.; and Sweedler, J. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 387(1): 97–105. dec 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00524,\nabstract = {A laser-induced native fluorescence detection system optimized for analysis of indolamines and catecholamines by capillary electrophoresis is described. A hollow-cathode metal vapor laser emitting at 224 nm is used for fluorescence excitation, and the emitted fluorescence is spectrally distributed by a series of dichroic beam-splitters into three wavelength channels: 250-310 nm, 310-400 nm, and {\\textgreater}400 nm. A separate photomultiplier tube is used for detection of the fluorescence in each of the three wavelength ranges. The instrument provides more information than a single-channel system, without the complexity associfated with a spectrograph/charge-coupled device-based detector. With this instrument, analytes can be separated and identified not only on the basis of their electrophoretic migration time but also on the basis of their multichannel signature, which consists of the ratios of relative fluorescence intensities detected in each wavelength channel. The 224-nm excitation channel resulted in a detection limit of 40 nmol L-1 for dopamine. The utility of this instrument for single-cell analysis was demonstrated by the detection and identification of the neurotransmitters in serotonergic LPeD1 and dopaminergic RPeD1 neurons, isolated from the central nervous system of the well-established neurobiological model Lymnaea stagnalis. Not only can this system detect neurotransmitters in these individual neurons with S/N{\\textgreater}50, but analyte identity is confirmed on the basis of spectral characteristics.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lapainis, T. and Scanlan, C. and Rubakhin, S. S. and Sweedler, J. V.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00216-006-0775-9},\nissn = {1618-2642},\njournal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},\nkeywords = {Capillary electrophoresis,Dopamine,Laser-induced native fluorescence detection,Lymnaea stagnalis,Single-cell analysis},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {97--105},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{A multichannel native fluorescence detection system for capillary electrophoretic analysis of neurotransmitters in single neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-006-0775-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-006-0775-9},\nvolume = {387},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Leaf mechanical properties modulate feeding movements and ingestive success of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Large, C. J.; Smith, T.; Foulds, G.; Currey, J. D.; and Elliott, C. J. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 6(3): 133–140. sep 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Leaf$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00412,\nabstract = {We examined the mechanical properties of Butterhead and Iceberg lettuce leaves, and the rate at which they were eaten by the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The outer part of Butterhead leaves were less robust than either the inner Butterhead or outer Iceberg leaves (Young's modulus 2.8, 5.2, 7.7 MPa respectively; ultimate tensile stress 0.18, 0.34 0.51 MPa) which were also thicker. Snails ingested inner Butterhead and Iceberg strips more slowly (36 and 32{\\%}) than outer Butterhead. This was not due to differences in latency to first bite or biting rate. Rather, the drop was due to a decrease in the proportion of successful bites (inner Butterhead 84{\\%}; Iceberg 86{\\%}), to a shorter length ingested per bite (inner Butterhead 55{\\%}; Iceberg 45{\\%}) and to increased handling time (inner Butterhead 30{\\%}). We conclude that sensory input from the mechanically more robust lettuce slows the buccal central pattern generator. {\\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2006.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Large, Christopher J. and Smith, Tammi and Foulds, Gemma and Currey, John D. and Elliott, Christopher J. H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-006-0022-2},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Biomechanics,Feeding,Lettuce,Lymnaea,Mollusc,Sensory modulation},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {133--140},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Leaf mechanical properties modulate feeding movements and ingestive success of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-006-0022-2.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-006-0022-2},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n FMRFamide-gated sodium channel and ASIC channels: A new class of ionotropic receptors for FMRFamide and related peptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lingueglia, E.; Deval, E.; and Lazdunski, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Peptides, 27(5): 1138–1152. may 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"FMRFamide-gated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00800,\nabstract = {FMRFamide and related peptides typically exert their action through G-protein coupled receptors. However, two ionotropic receptors for these peptides have recently been identified. They are both members of the epithelial amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel and degenerin (ENaC/DEG) family of ion channels. The invertebrate FMRFamide-gated Na+ channel (FaNaC) is a neuronal Na+-selective channel which is directly gated by micromolar concentrations of FMRFamide and related tetrapeptides. Its response is fast and partially desensitizing, and FaNaC has been proposed to participate in peptidergic neurotransmission. On the other hand, mammalian acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are not gated but are directly modulated by FMRFamide and related mammalian peptides like NPFF and NPSF. ASICs are activated by external protons and are therefore extracellular pH sensors. They are expressed both in the central and peripheral nervous system and appear to be involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes such as hippocampal long-term potentiation and defects in learning and memory, acquired fear-related behavior, retinal function, brain ischemia, pain sensation in ischemia and inflammation, taste perception, hearing functions, and mechanoperception. The potentiation of ASIC activity by endogenous RFamide neuropeptides probably participates in the response to noxious acidosis in sensory and central neurons. Available data also raises the possibility of the existence of still unknown FMRFamide related endogenous peptides acting as direct agonists for ASICs. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lingueglia, Eric and Deval, Emmanuel and Lazdunski, Michel},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.037},\nissn = {01969781},\njournal = {Peptides},\nkeywords = {ASIC channel,Peptides,Sodium channel},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1138--1152},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{FMRFamide-gated sodium channel and ASIC channels: A new class of ionotropic receptors for FMRFamide and related peptides}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978106000593 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196978106000593},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modulation of aerial respiratory behaviour in a pond snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Martens, K.; Orr, M.; Parvez, K.; Rosenegger, D.; and Sangha, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 154(1-2): 61–72. nov 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Modulation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00793,\nabstract = {Aerial respiratory in Lymnaea is driven by a three-neuron CPG whose sufficiency and necessity has been directly demonstrated. While this CPG is 'hard-wired' it displays a tremendous amount of plasticity. That is, it is possible by employing specific training procedures to alter how it functions in a specific hypoxic environment. Thus, it is possible to study directly the causal mechanisms of long-term memory formation, forgetting, and modulation of the memory at a single cell level. Thus, it is possible to use a relatively simple three-neuron CPG to study not only important questions concerning regulation of important homeostatic mechanisms but to also use it to study how learning and non-declarative memory are mediated at a cellular level. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Martens, Kara and Orr, Mike and Parvez, Kashif and Rosenegger, David and Sangha, Susan},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.resp.2006.02.009},\nissn = {15699048},\njournal = {Respiratory Physiology {\\&} Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Learning,Lymnaea,Memory,Respiratory CPG},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {61--72},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Modulation of aerial respiratory behaviour in a pond snail}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569904806000747 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1569904806000747},\nvolume = {154},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Octopamine boosts snail locomotion: behavioural and cellular analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ormshaw, J. C.; and Elliott, C. J H\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 6(4): 215–220. nov 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Octopamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00366,\nabstract = {We measured the reduction in locomotion of unrestrained pond snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, subsequent to transdermal application of two selective octopamine antagonists, epinastine and phentolamine. After 3 h in fresh standard snail water following treatment with 4 mM epinastine or 3.5 mM phentolamine, the snails' speed was reduced to 25 and 56{\\%} of the controls (P {\\textless} 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). The snails' speed decreased as the drug concentration increased. In the isolated CNS, 0.5 mM octopamine increased the firing rate of the pedal A cluster motoneurons, which innervate the cilia of the foot. In normal saline the increase was 26{\\%} and in a high magnesium/low calcium saline 22{\\%} (P {\\textless} 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). We conclude that octopamine is likely to modulate snail locomotion, partially through effects on pedal motoneurons. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ormshaw, Jennifer C. and Elliott, Christopher J H},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-006-0031-1},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Epinastine,Lymnaea,Movement,Pedal ganglion,Phentolamine},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {215--220},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Octopamine boosts snail locomotion: behavioural and cellular analysis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-006-0031-1.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-006-0031-1},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: Learning at a Snail's Pace.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Parvez, K.; Rosenegger, D.; Orr, M.; Martens, K.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques, 33(4): 347–356. nov 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Canadian$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00734,\nabstract = {While learning and memory are related, they are distinct processes each with different forms of expression and underlying molecular mechanisms. An invertebrate model system, Lymnaea stagnalis , is used to study memory formation of a non-declarative memory. We have done so because: 1) We have discovered the neural circuit that mediates an interesting and tractable behaviour; 2) This behaviour can be operantly conditioned and intermediate-term and long-term memory can be demonstrated; and 3) It is possible to demonstrate that a single neuron in the model system is a necessary site of memory formation. This article reviews how Lymnaea has been used in the study of behavioural and molecular mechanisms underlying consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction and forgetting.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Parvez, Kashif and Rosenegger, David and Orr, Michael and Martens, Kara and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1017/S0317167100005291},\nissn = {0317-1671},\njournal = {Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {347--356},\npublisher = {cambridge.org},\ntitle = {{Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: Learning at a Snail's Pace}},\nurl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-neurological-sciences/article/canadian-association-of-neurosciences-review-learning-at-a-snails-pace/4A49F36658A4D927648FBCC56E303BB5 https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0317167100005291/type/journal{\\_}article},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Acetylcholine-Binding Proteins: Functional and Structural Homologs of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A. B.; Celie, P. H. N.; Kasheverov, I. E.; Mordvintsev, D. Y.; van Nierop, P.; Bertrand, D.; Tsetlin, V.; and Sixma, T. K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 30(1-2): 9–10. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Acetylcholine-Binding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00295,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Or filter your current search. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience : MN [01 Jan 2006, 30(1-2):9-10]. 2006/01. Type: Journal Article {\\ldots} The crystal structure of AChBP from Lymnaea stagnalis has become an established model for the extracellular domain of the pentameric LGICs {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smit, August B. and Celie, Patrick H. N. and Kasheverov, Igor E. and Mordvintsev, Dmitry Y. and van Nierop, Pim and Bertrand, Daniel and Tsetlin, Victor and Sixma, Titia K.},\ndoi = {10.1385/JMN:30:1:9},\nissn = {0895-8696},\njournal = {Journal of Molecular Neuroscience},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {9--10},\npublisher = {europepmc.org},\ntitle = {{Acetylcholine-Binding Proteins: Functional and Structural Homologs of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors}},\nurl = {https://europepmc.org/article/med/17192605 http://link.springer.com/10.1385/JMN:30:1:9},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Associative memory stored by functional novel pathway rather than modifications of preexisting neuronal pathways.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straub, V. A.; Kemenes, I.; O'Shea, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 26(15): 4139–4146. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Associative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00378,\nabstract = {Associative conditioning involves changes in the processing pathways activated by sensory information to link the conditioned stimulus (CS) to the conditioned behavior. Thus, conditioning can recruit neuronal elements to form new pathways for the processing of the CS and/or can change the strength of existing pathways. Using a behavioral and systems level electrophysiological approach on a tractable invertebrate circuit generating feeding in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis, we identified three independent pathways for the processing of the CS amyl acetate used in appetitive conditioning. Two of these pathways, one suppressing and the other stimulating feeding, mediate responses to the CS in naive animals. The effects of these two pathways on feeding behavior are unaltered by conditioning. In contrast, the CS response of a third stimulatory pathway is significantly enhanced after conditioning, becoming an important contributor to the overall CS response. This is unusual because, in most of the previous examples in which naive animals already respond to the CS, memory formation results from changes in the strength of pathways that mediate the existing response. Here, we show that, in the molluscan feeding system, both modified and unmodified pathways are activated in parallel by the CS after conditioning, and it is their integration that results in the conditioned response. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2006 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Straub, Volko A. and Kemenes, Ildiko and O'Shea, Michael and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0489-06.2006},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Chemosensory processing,Conditioning,Learning,Lymnaea,Memory,Sensory integration},\nnumber = {15},\npages = {4139--4146},\npmid = {16611831},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Associative memory stored by functional novel pathway rather than modifications of preexisting neuronal pathways}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/15/4139.short},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Local synthesis of actin-binding protein $β$-thymosin regulates neurite outgrowth.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R. E.; Carter, C.; Dissel, H. M.; Van Minnen, J.; Gouwenberg, Y.; Syed, N. I.; Spencer, G. E.; and Smit, A. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 26(1): 152–157. 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Local$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00266,\nabstract = {Local protein synthesis plays an essential role in the regulation of various aspects of axonal and dendritic function in adult neurons. At present, however, there is no direct evidence that local protein translation is functionally contributing to neuronal outgrowth. Here, we identified the mRNA encoding the actin-binding protein $\\beta$-thymosin as one of the most abundant transcripts in neurites of outgrowing neurons in culture. $\\beta$-Thymosin mRNA is not evenly distributed in neurites, but appears to accumulate at distinct sites such as turning points and growth cones. Using double-stranded RNA knockdown, we show that reducing $\\beta$-thymosin mRNA levels results in a significant increase in neurite outgrowth, both in neurites of intact cells and in isolated neurites. Together, our data demonstrate that local synthesis of $\\beta$-thymosin is functionally involved in regulating neuronal outgrowth. Copyright{\\textcopyright}2006 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, Ronald E. and Carter, Christopher and Dissel, Helga M.G. and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Gouwenberg, Yvonne and Syed, Naweed I. and Spencer, Gaynor E. and Smit, August B.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4164-05.2006},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Actin cytoskeleton,Actin-binding protein,Local protein synthesis,Local translation,Neurite outgrowth,$\\beta$-thymosin},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {152--157},\npmid = {16399682},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Local synthesis of actin-binding protein $\\beta$-thymosin regulates neurite outgrowth}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/1/152.short},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification and Functional Expression of a Family of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits in the Central Nervous System of the Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Nierop, P.; Bertrand, S.; Munno, D. W.; Gouwenberg, Y.; van Minnen, J.; Spafford, J. D.; Syed, N. I.; Bertrand, D.; and Smit, A. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(3): 1680–1691. jan 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00075,\nabstract = {We described a family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits underlying cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. By using degenerate PCR cloning, we identified 12 subunits that display a high sequence similarity to nAChR subunits, of which 10 are of the $\\alpha$-type, 1 is of the $\\beta$-type, and 1 was not classified because of insufficient sequence information. Heterologous expression of identified subunits confirms their capacity to form functional receptors responding to acetylcholine. The $\\alpha$-type subunits can be divided into groups that appear to underlie cation-conducting (excitatory) and anion-conducting (inhibitory) channels involved in synaptic cholinergic transmission. The expression of the Lymnaea nAChR subunits, assessed by real time quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization, indicates that it is localized to neurons and widespread in the CNS, with the number and localization of expressing neurons differing considerably between subunit types. At least 10{\\%} of the CNS neurons showed detectable nAChR subunit expression. In addition, cholinergic neurons, as indicated by the expression of the vesicular ACh transporter, comprise ∼10{\\%} of the neurons in all ganglia. Together, our data suggested a prominent role for fast cholinergic transmission in the Lymnaea CNS by using a number of neuronal nAChR subtypes comparable with vertebrate species but with a functional complexity that may be much higher. {\\textcopyright} 2006 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Nierop, Pim and Bertrand, Sonia and Munno, David W. and Gouwenberg, Yvonne and van Minnen, Jan and Spafford, J. David and Syed, Naweed I. and Bertrand, Daniel and Smit, August B.},\ndoi = {10.1074/jbc.M508571200},\nissn = {0021-9258},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1680--1691},\npmid = {16286458},\npublisher = {ASBMB},\ntitle = {{Identification and Functional Expression of a Family of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits in the Central Nervous System of the Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jbc.org/content/281/3/1680.short http://www.jbc.org/lookup/doi/10.1074/jbc.M508571200},\nvolume = {281},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n De Novo synthesis of CREB in a presynaptic neuron is required for synaptic enhancement involved in memory consolidation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wagatsuma, A.; Azami, S.; Sakura, M.; Hatakeyama, D.; Aonuma, H.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Research, 84(5): 954–960. oct 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"De$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00889,\nabstract = {Interaction between the activator type of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB1) and the repressor type (CREB2) results in determining the emergence of long-lasting synaptic enhancement involved in memory consolidation. However, we still do not know whether the constitutively expressed forms of CREB are enough or the newly synthesized forms are required for the synaptic enhancement. In addition, if the newly synthesized forms are needed, we must determine the time for translation of CREB from its mRNA. We applied the methods of RNA interference and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to CREB in the cerebral giant cells of Lymnaea. The cerebral giant cells play an important role in associative learning and employ a CREB cascade for the synaptic enhancement to neurons such as the B1 motoneurons. We injected the small interfering RNA (siRNA) of CREB1 or CREB2 into the cerebral giant cells and examined the changes in amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recorded in the B1 motoneurons. The changes in the amounts of CREB1 and CREB2 mRNAs were also examined in the cerebral giant cells. The EPSP amplitude was suppressed 15 min after injection of CREB1 siRNA, whereas that was augmented 60 min after injection of CREB2 siRNA. In the latter case, the decrease in the amount of CREB2 mRNA was confirmed by real-time PCR. Our results showed that the de novo synthesized forms of CREB are required within tens of minutes for the synaptic enhancement in memory consolidation. {\\textcopyright} 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wagatsuma, Akiko and Azami, Sachiyo and Sakura, Midori and Hatakeyama, Dai and Aonuma, Hitoshi and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1002/jnr.21012},\nissn = {0360-4012},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {CREB,EPSP,Lymnaea,Real-time PCR,siRNA},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {954--960},\npmid = {16886187},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{De Novo synthesis of CREB in a presynaptic neuron is required for synaptic enhancement involved in memory consolidation}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jnr.21012?casa{\\_}token=icA0B0-H2FYAAAAA:rDWmSMsVGVbCtpUxQo8CaelEx{\\_}0p-FezBb-HjsL-SImcbL1Mq7OI8p5DSUGLZffoghYMemoN4L-N http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jnr.21012},\nvolume = {84},\nyear = {2006}\n}\n

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\n \n 2005\n \n \n (23)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ltrk is differentially expressed in developing and adult neurons of theLymnaea central nervous system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bulloch, A. G.; Diep, C. Q.; Logan, C. C.; Bulloch, E. S.; Robbins, S. M.; Hislop, J.; and Sossin, W. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 487(3): 240–254. jul 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ltrk$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00420,\nabstract = {The Trk receptor family plays diverse roles in both development and plasticity of the vertebrate nervous system. Ltrk is a related receptor that is expressed in the CNS of the mollusk Lymnaea, although little is known of its cellular distribution. This study provides three independent lines of evidence (based on RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immuno-histochemistry) that Ltrk is universally expressed by neurons and dorsal body cells of both the juvenile and the adult Lymnaea CNS. The highest level of expression by neuronal somata occurs in the late juvenile stage, whereas axon collaterals express high levels throughout the animal's life span. Our data support multifunctional roles for Ltrk that parallel those of its mammalian counterparts. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bulloch, Andrew G.M. and Diep, Chi Q. and Logan, Cairine C. and Bulloch, Estrella S. and Robbins, Stephen M. and Hislop, Jonathan and Sossin, Wayne S.},\ndoi = {10.1002/cne.20575},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {Development,Invertebrate,Mollusk,Plasticity,Regeneration,Tyrosine kinase receptor},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {240--254},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Ltrk is differentially expressed in developing and adult neurons of theLymnaea central nervous system}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.20575 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.20575},\nvolume = {487},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Microcontroller based artificial synapse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chabot, E.; McCluskey, J.; Jiang Wu; and Ying Sun\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the IEEE 31st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2005.,31–32. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Microcontroller$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00449,\nabstract = {This paper discusses a novel artificial synapse implementation utilizing a PIC microcontroller. This artificial synapse controls a post-synaptic neuron based upon the frequency of pulses input from a pre-synaptic neuron. The artificial synapse is constructed to interface the Lymnaea stagnalis neuron and a neuron emulator capable of simulating this type of neuron. {\\textcopyright} 2005 IEEE.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Chabot, Eugene and McCluskey, Jebediah and {Jiang Wu} and {Ying Sun}},\ndoi = {10.1109/NEBC.2005.1431911},\nisbn = {0-7803-9105-5},\nissn = {1071121X},\njournal = {Proceedings of the IEEE 31st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2005.},\nkeywords = {Artificial synapse,Biomedical engineering education,Neurophysiology},\npages = {31--32},\npublisher = {IEEE},\ntitle = {{Microcontroller based artificial synapse}},\nurl = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1431911/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1431911/},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Interaction of Neurons at the Level of Cell Bodies in the Snail CNS. Heterogeneity of the Neuroactive Environment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chistopol'skii, I. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 35(7): 737–740. sep 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Interaction$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00887,\nabstract = {Experiments on the CNS of snail Lymnaea stagnalis in which a cell isolated from the serotonin cluster PeA was used as a mobile sensor neuron demonstrated the presence of neuroactive factors at the surface of the cellular "cortex" of the pedal ganglion. Apart from the previously known factor serotonin, effective concentrations of a factor suppressing the electrical activity of PeA were found at this site, along with a depolarizing factor which, unlike serotonin, narrowed PeA action potentials. The ability of these factors to control the electrical activity of the sensor neuron demonstrates the possible involvement of chemical agents in the intercellular space of the "cortex" in neuronal signaling. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Chistopol'skii, I. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-005-0117-y},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Interneuronal signaling,Isolated neuron,Lymnaea stagnalis},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {737--740},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Interaction of Neurons at the Level of Cell Bodies in the Snail CNS. Heterogeneity of the Neuroactive Environment}},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-005-0117-y{\\&}casa{\\_}token=Ohqhik4nmAsAAAAA:6k6s-3LW-TMnbScZJl23V3B3Kl95V9Blb29ZhKgY2zHGy7-KR4aIwWcsMEY1JRomPxniEqgunB5V4W8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-005-0117-y},\nvolume = {35},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: An expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, an intermediate vector of Fasciola hepatica (Parasitology (2005) 130 (539-552)).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davison, A.; and Blaxter, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Parasitology, 131(5): 723. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00072,\nabstract = {An expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, an intermediate vector of {\\ldots} SUMMARY The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is an intermediate vector for the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, a common parasite of ruminants and humans {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Davison, A. and Blaxter, M. L.},\ndoi = {10.1017/S0031182005008863},\nissn = {00311820},\njournal = {Parasitology},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {723},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{Erratum: An expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, an intermediate vector of Fasciola hepatica (Parasitology (2005) 130 (539-552))}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angus{\\_}Davison/publication/299219232{\\_}An{\\_}expressed{\\_}sequence{\\_}tag{\\_}survey{\\_}of{\\_}gene{\\_}expression{\\_}in{\\_}the{\\_}pond{\\_}snail{\\_}Lymnaea{\\_}stagnalis{\\_}an{\\_}intermediate{\\_}vector{\\_}of{\\_}Fasciola{\\_}hepatica{\\_}vol{\\_}130{\\_}pg{\\_}539{\\_}2005/links/56f119c108aea9fd53a87d81},\nvolume = {131},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A single time-window for protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory formation after one-trial appetitive conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fulton, D.; Kemenes, I.; Andrew, R. J.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 21(5): 1347–1358. mar 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00689,\nabstract = {Protein synthesis is generally held to be essential for long-term memory formation. Often two periods of sensitivity to blockade of protein synthesis have been described, one immediately after training and another several hours later. We wished to relate the timing of protein synthesis-dependence of behavioural long-term memory (LTM) formation to an electrophysiological correlate of the LTM memory trace. We used the snail Lymnaea because one-trial appetitive conditioning of feeding using a chemical conditioned stimulus leads to a stable LTM trace that can be monitored behaviourally and then electrophysiologically in preparations made from the same animals. Anisomycin (an inhibitor of translation) injected 10 min after training blocked behavioural LTM formation. Actinomycin D (an inhibitor of transcription) was also effective at 10 min. When anisomycin, at doses shown to be effective in blocking central nervous system protein synthesis, was injected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after training there was no effect on recall. These results indicate that there is a single period of sensitivity to protein synthesis inhibition in Lymnaea lasting for between 10 min and 1 h after training with no evidence for a second window of sensitivity. An electrophysiological correlate of LTM was found to be sensitive to anisomycin injected 10 min after training. It is unusual to find only one period of protein synthesis-dependence in detailed time-course studies of LTM, and this suggests that the consolidation processes involving protein synthesis are relatively rapid in one-trial appetitive conditioning and complete within 1 h of training.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fulton, Daniel and Kemenes, Ildiko and Andrew, Richard J. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03970.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Anisomycin,Electrophysiology,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Protein},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1347--1358},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{A single time-window for protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory formation after one-trial appetitive conditioning}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03970.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03970.x},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Epidermal growth factor-dependent enhancement of axonal regeneration in the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis: Role of phagocyte survival.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Nicol, J. J.; Nagle, G. T.; Bulloch, A. G.; and Wildering, W. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 492(4): 383–400. nov 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Epidermal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00087,\nabstract = {Peripheral nerve injury triggers complex responses from neuronal as well as from multiple nonneuronal cell types. These responses are coordinated by a wide spectrum of secreted and nonsecreted factors, including growth factors, cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules. These molecules originate from different sources and act both locally at the site of injury as well as centrally at the location of the neuronal cell bodies. One of the signal systems frequently implicated in this process is the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and its receptors. Expression of members of this family as well as that of EGF-receptors is upregulated in different cell types after peripheral nerve injury. However, the functional significance of this response is unclear. Using a simple invertebrate model system (Lymnaea stagnalis), the present study implicates the EGF/EGF-receptor system in the survival of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive phagocytes that reside in the nervous system. We show that inhibiting the EGF-signaling pathway enhances cell death in this type of cell, an effect paralleled by a substantial reduction in axonal regeneration. Therefore, complementing our previous observation that Lymnaea EGF provides trophic support to axotomized neurons, the present results emphasize the significance of nonneuronal actions of EGF receptor ligands in axonal regeneration. Thus, we add a novel perspective to the ongoing discussion on the functional significance of the EGF signaling system in the injury responses of the nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Nicol, Jennifer J. and Nagle, Gregg T. and Bulloch, Andrew G.M. and Wildering, Willem C.},\ndoi = {10.1002/cne.20732},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {Epidermal growth factor,Iba1,Invertebrate,Nerve regeneration,Neurotrophic factor,Phagocytosis,Survival},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {383--400},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Epidermal growth factor-dependent enhancement of axonal regeneration in the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis: Role of phagocyte survival}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.20732 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.20732},\nvolume = {492},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of Helium-Neon Laser Irradiation and Local Anesthetics on Potassium Channels in Pond Snail Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ignatov, Y. D.; Vislobokov, A. I.; Vlasov, T. D.; Kolpakova, M. E.; Mel'nikov, K. N.; and Petrishchev, I. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 35(8): 871–875. oct 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00754,\nabstract = {Intracellular dialysis and membrane voltage clamping were used to show that He-Ne laser irradiation of a pond snail neuron at a dose of 0.7{\\textperiodcentered}10-4 J (power density 1.5{\\textperiodcentered}102 W/ m2) increases the amplitude of the potential-dependent slow potassium current, while a dose of 0.7{\\textperiodcentered}10-3 J decreases this current. Bupivacaine suppresses the potassium current. Combined application of laser irradiation at a dose of 0.7{\\textperiodcentered}10-3 J increased the blocking effect of 10 $\\mu$M bupivacaine on the slow potassium current, while an irradiation dose of 0.7{\\textperiodcentered}10-4 J weakened the effect of bupivacaine. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ignatov, Yu D. and Vislobokov, A. I. and Vlasov, T. D. and Kolpakova, M. E. and Mel'nikov, K. N. and Petrishchev, I. N.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s11055-005-0137-7},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Bupivacaine,Helium-neon laser,Neurons,Potassium ion currents},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {871--875},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Effects of Helium-Neon Laser Irradiation and Local Anesthetics on Potassium Channels in Pond Snail Neurons}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-005-0137-7 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11055-005-0137-7},\nvolume = {35},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Timed and Targeted Differential Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Anti-NOS Genes by Reward Conditioning Leading to Long-Term Memory Formation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korneev, S. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 25(5): 1188–1192. feb 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Timed$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00380,\nabstract = {In a number of neuronal models of learning, signaling by the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by the enzyme neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), is essential for the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Using the molluscan model system Lymnaea, we investigate here whether LTM formation is associated with specific changes in the activity of members of the NOS gene family: Lym-nNOS1, Lym-nNOS2, and the antisense RNA-producing pseudogene (anti-NOS). We show that expression of the Lym-nNOS1 gene is transiently upregulated in cerebral ganglia after conditioning. The activation of the gene is precisely timed and occurs at the end of a critical period during which NO is required for memory consolidation. Moreover, we demonstrate that this induction of the Lym-nNOS1 gene is targeted to an identified modulatory neuron called the cerebral giant cell (CGC). This neuron gates the conditioned feeding response and is an essential part of the neural network involved in LTM formation. We also show that the expression of the anti-NOS gene, which functions as a negative regulator of nNOS expression, is downregulated in the CGC by training at 4 h after conditioning, during the critical period of NO requirement. This appears to be the first report of the timed and targeted differential regulation of the activity of a group of related genes involved in the production of a neurotransmitter that is necessary for learning, measured in an identified neuron of known function. We also provide the first example of the behavioral regulation of a pseudogene.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Korneev, Sergei A.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4671-04.2005},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Antisense RNA,CGC,Gene expression,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Mollusk,NOS,Pseudogene},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1188--1192},\npmid = {15689555},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Timed and Targeted Differential Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Anti-NOS Genes by Reward Conditioning Leading to Long-Term Memory Formation}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/5/1188.short http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4671-04.2005},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Operant conditioning of an in vitro CNS-pneumostome preparation of Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McComb, C.; Rosenegger, D.; Varshney, N.; Kwok, H. Y.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 84(1): 9–24. jul 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Operant$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00251,\nabstract = {Operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour and its consolidation into long-term memory in Lymnaea has been previously studied in both intact, freely moving snails and in in vitro preparations made from previously trained snails. Here, we show in previously untrained semi-intact in vitro Lymnaea preparations that aerial respiratory behaviour can also be operantly conditioned. Neither yoked control nor 'run-down' control procedures in these in vitro preparations result in an alteration of aerial respiratory behaviour. Memory in the operantly trained semi-intact preparations persists for at least 1 h after training. Intracellular recordings made from RPeD1, one of the 3-CPG neurons and the neuron that initiates CPG activity; show that there are specific changes in central excitatory input to this neuron concurrent with learning and its consolidation into memory. In addition following the acquisition of learning and its consolidation into memory the ability of RPeD1 and VI/J neurons when depolarized to cause a pneumostome opening is significantly decreased. Thus, previously untrained in vitro semi-intact preparations can be used to study changes in neuronal activity in a neuron known to be both necessary for the behaviour and for memory formation. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McComb, Chloe and Rosenegger, David and Varshney, Nishi and Kwok, Hiu Yee and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2005.02.002},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {In vitro preparation,Long-term memory,Neural correlates of learning and memory,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {9--24},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Operant conditioning of an in vitro CNS-pneumostome preparation of Lymnaea}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742705000171 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742705000171},\nvolume = {84},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Subcellular imaging mass spectrometry of brain tissue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McDonnell, L. A.; Piersma, S. R.; Altelaar, A. F. M.; Mize, T. H.; Luxembourg, S. L.; Verhaert, P. D. E. M.; van Minnen, J.; and Heeren, R. M. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 40(2): 160–168. feb 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Subcellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00744,\nabstract = {Imaging mass spectrometry provides both chemical information and the spatial distribution of each analyte detected. Here it is demonstrated how imaging mass spectrometry of tissue at subcellular resolution can be achieved by combining the high spatial resolution of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with the sample preparation protocols of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Despite mechanistic differences and sampling 105 times less material, matrix-enhanced (ME)-SIMS of tissue samples yields similar results to MALDI (up to m/z 2500), in agreement with previous studies on standard compounds. In this regard ME-SIMS represents an attractive alternative to polyatomic primary ions for increasing the molecular ion yield. ME-SIMS of whole organs and thin sections of the cerebral ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis demonstrate the advantages of ME-SIMS for chemical imaging mass spectrometry. Subcellular distributions of cellular analytes are clearly obtained, and the matrix provides an in situ height map of the tissue, allowing the user to identify rapidly regions prone to topographical artifacts and to deconvolute topographical losses in mass resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2005 John Wiley {\\&} Sons, Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McDonnell, Liam A. and Piersma, Sander R. and Altelaar, A. F. Maarten and Mize, Todd H. and Luxembourg, Stefan L. and Verhaert, Peter D. E. M. and van Minnen, Jan and Heeren, Ron M. A.},\ndoi = {10.1002/jms.735},\nissn = {1076-5174},\njournal = {Journal of Mass Spectrometry},\nkeywords = {Brain tissue,Iaging,Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization,Matrix-enhanced secondary ion mass spectrometry,Secondary ion mass spectrometry},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {160--168},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Subcellular imaging mass spectrometry of brain tissue}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jms.735 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jms.735},\nvolume = {40},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Direct single cell determination of nitric oxide synthase related metabolites in identified nitrergic neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moroz, L. L.; Dahlgren, R. L.; Boudko, D.; Sweedler, J. V.; and Lovell, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 99(4): 929–939. apr 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Direct$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00685,\nabstract = {The biochemical characterization of individual nitrergic (NO releasing) neurons is a non-trivial task both in vertebrate and invertebrate preparations. In spite of numerous efforts, there are limited data related to intracellular concentrations of essential metabolites involved in NO synthesis and degradation. This situation creates controversies in both identification of nitrergic neurons and the selection of reliable reporters of NOS activity in heterogeneous cell populations. We take advantage of identified neurons from the pulmonate mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis to perform direct single cell microanalysis of intracellular concentrations of the major nitric oxide synthase (NOS) related metabolites such as arginine, citrulline, argininosuccinate, NO2-,andNO3-. Capillary electrophoresis protocols have been developed to quantitate levels of these metabolites in single identified neurons from the buccal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia using laser-induced fluorescence and conductivity detection. The limits of detection (LODs) for arginine (Arg) and citrulline (Cit) are 84 amol (11 nM) and 110 amol (15 nM), respectively, and LODs for NO2-andNO3- are {\\textless}200 amol ({\\textless}10 nM) each. We report that intracellular concentrations of NOS related metabolites are in the millimolar range and less than 1{\\%} of a single cell is required for microchemical analysis. From four cell types tested, only the esophageal motoneuron B2 contains active NOS, and they also contain surprisingly high nitrite levels (up to 5 mM) compared to other neurons tested (peptidergic B4, dopaminergic RPeD1, and serotonergic CGC). These B2 neurons also exhibit an Arg/Cit ratio susceptible to the selective NOS inhibitor l-iminoethyl-N-ornithine whereas others neurons do not even though they all may contain NOS transcripts. On the contrary, we found that absolute concentrations of other NOS related metabolites including nitrates are not reliable markers of NOS activity and demonstrate the need for multiple assays for NOS activity. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moroz, Leonid L. and Dahlgren, Robin L. and Boudko, Dmitry and Sweedler, Jonathan V. and Lovell, Peter},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.01.013},\nissn = {01620134},\njournal = {Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry},\nkeywords = {Capillary electrophoresis,Citrulline,Feeding network,Invertebrate,Lymnaea,Nitrate,Nitric oxide synthase,Nitrite},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {929--939},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Direct single cell determination of nitric oxide synthase related metabolites in identified nitrergic neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162013405000152 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0162013405000152},\nvolume = {99},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n The biochemical characterization of individual nitrergic (NO releasing) neurons is a non-trivial task both in vertebrate and invertebrate preparations. In spite of numerous efforts, there are limited data related to intracellular concentrations of essential metabolites involved in NO synthesis and degradation. This situation creates controversies in both identification of nitrergic neurons and the selection of reliable reporters of NOS activity in heterogeneous cell populations. We take advantage of identified neurons from the pulmonate mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis to perform direct single cell microanalysis of intracellular concentrations of the major nitric oxide synthase (NOS) related metabolites such as arginine, citrulline, argininosuccinate, NO2-,andNO3-. Capillary electrophoresis protocols have been developed to quantitate levels of these metabolites in single identified neurons from the buccal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia using laser-induced fluorescence and conductivity detection. The limits of detection (LODs) for arginine (Arg) and citrulline (Cit) are 84 amol (11 nM) and 110 amol (15 nM), respectively, and LODs for NO2-andNO3- are \\textless200 amol (\\textless10 nM) each. We report that intracellular concentrations of NOS related metabolites are in the millimolar range and less than 1% of a single cell is required for microchemical analysis. From four cell types tested, only the esophageal motoneuron B2 contains active NOS, and they also contain surprisingly high nitrite levels (up to 5 mM) compared to other neurons tested (peptidergic B4, dopaminergic RPeD1, and serotonergic CGC). These B2 neurons also exhibit an Arg/Cit ratio susceptible to the selective NOS inhibitor l-iminoethyl-N-ornithine whereas others neurons do not even though they all may contain NOS transcripts. On the contrary, we found that absolute concentrations of other NOS related metabolites including nitrates are not reliable markers of NOS activity and demonstrate the need for multiple assays for NOS activity. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lidocaine Excites Both Pre- and Postsynaptic Neurons of Reconstructed Respiratory Pattern Generator in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Onizuka, S.; Kasaba, T.; Hamakawa, T.; and Takasaki, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Anesthesia & Analgesia, 100(1): 175–182. jan 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lidocaine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00240,\nabstract = {Lidocaine causes both inhibition and excitation in the central nervous system, including the respiratory pattern. The excitation induced by an excessive dose of local anesthetic is thought to be the result of an initial blockade of an inhibitory pathway in the cerebral cortex. To clarify the effect of lidocaine on the pre- and postsynaptic neurons of an inhibitory synapse, a cultured soma-soma respiratory pattern generator model consisting of two neurons from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis were reconstructed in vitro. First we investigated the effects of lidocaine on single presynaptic (RPeD1) or postsynaptic (VD4) neurons. While RPeD1 and VD4 were simultaneously recorded, the number of action potentials, the membrane potential, and the wavelength of the action potential were compared before and after lidocaine (0.01,0.1, and 1 mM) administration. Lidocaine increased the number of action potentials and the wavelength of a single action potential, and it depolarized the resting membrane potential in both RPeD1 and VD4 neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, lidocaine decreased outward potassium currents. In soma-soma pairs, RPeD1 excitation and VD4 suppression occurred in 0.01 mM lidocaine, whereas both RPeD1 and VD4 neurons were excited by 0.1 and 1 mM lidocaine. In conclusion, lidocaine causes a reduction in synaptic transmission and general neuronal excitation in both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Onizuka, Shin and Kasaba, Toshiharu and Hamakawa, Toshiro and Takasaki, Mayumi},\ndoi = {10.1213/01.ANE.0000139307.91617.6D},\nissn = {0003-2999},\njournal = {Anesthesia {\\&} Analgesia},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {175--182},\npublisher = {journals.lww.com},\ntitle = {{Lidocaine Excites Both Pre- and Postsynaptic Neurons of Reconstructed Respiratory Pattern Generator in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2005/01000/lidocaine{\\_}excites{\\_}both{\\_}pre{\\_}{\\_}and{\\_}postsynaptic.33.aspx http://journals.lww.com/00000539-200501000-00033},\nvolume = {100},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Boosting intermediate-term into long-term memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Parvez, K; Stewart, O.; Sangha, S.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 208(8): 1525–1536. apr 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Boosting$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00755,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Parvez, K and Stewart, Ory and Sangha, Susan and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.01545},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1525--1536},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Boosting intermediate-term into long-term memory}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/8/1525.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.01545},\nvolume = {208},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Activation of MAPK is necessary for long-term memory consolidation following food-reward conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ribeiro, M. J.; Schofield, M. G.; Kemenes, I.; O'Shea, M.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning & Memory, 12(5): 538–545. sep 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Activation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00694,\nabstract = {Although an important role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been established for memory consolidation in a variety of learning paradigms, it is not known if this pathway is also involved in appetitive classical conditioning. We address this question by using a single-trial food-reward conditioning paradigm in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. This learning paradigm induces protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory formation. Inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation blocked long-term memory consolidation without affecting the sensory and motor abilities of the snails. Thirty minutes after conditioning, levels of MAPK phosphorylation were increased in extracts from the buccal and cerebral ganglia. These ganglia are involved in the generation, modulation, and plasticity of the feeding behavior. We also detected an increase in levels of MAPK phosphorylation in the peripheral tissue around the mouth of the snails where chemoreceptors are located. Although an increase in MAPK phosphorylation was shown to be essential for food-reward conditioning, it was also detected in snails that were exposed to the conditioned stimulus (CS) or the unconditioned stimulus (US) alone, suggesting that phosphorylation of MAPK is necessary but not sufficient for learning to occur. {\\textcopyright}2005 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ribeiro, Maria J. and Schofield, Michael G. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and O'Shea, Michael and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.8305},\nissn = {1072-0502},\njournal = {Learning {\\&} Memory},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {538--545},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Activation of MAPK is necessary for long-term memory consolidation following food-reward conditioning}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/12/5/538.short http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/lm.8305},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Electrophysiological Responses to Light of Neurons in the Eye and Statocyst of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sakakibara, M.; Aritaka, T.; Iizuka, A.; Suzuki, H.; Horikoshi, T.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 93(1): 493–507. jan 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Electrophysiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00144,\nabstract = {Lymnaea can be classically conditioned by pairing photic stimulation with a rotational stimulus. The electrophysiological properties of the Lymnaea photoreceptors and statocyst neurons are incompletely known. There are 2 types of ocular photoreceptors and 3 types of statocyst “hair cells.” Type A photoreceptors had a response latency from 200 to 400 ms, with a graded depolarizing response having maximum action spectra at 480–500 nm, corresponding to the $\\beta$ max of rhodopsin. Additionally they extend their axons in the direction of the other type of photoreceptor neuron, the type T cell. These neurons have a 2-component response to light: a response reversibly reduced in Ca 2+ -free saline, and a component persisting in Ca 2+ -free saline. Type T cells send processes into the cerebral ganglion and terminate close to the ending of the statocyst hair cells. Hair cells send their terminal branches to the cerebral ganglia close to the terminations of the type T cells. Caudal hair cells respond to a light flash with a depolarization, whereas the rostral cells respond with a hyperpolarization. The response latency in all hair cells was dependent on the stimulus intensity; the brightest light tested had a latency of 200 ms. The photo-induced response was abolished in Ca 2+ -free saline, whereas it was still present in high Ca 2+ –high Mg 2+ saline, consistent with the hypothesis that the connection between the photoreceptors and hair cells is monosynaptic. Thus the sensory information necessary for forming an association between photic and rotational stimuli converges on the statocyst neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sakakibara, Manabu and Aritaka, Tomoyo and Iizuka, Akira and Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Horikoshi, Tetsuro and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.00692.2004},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {493--507},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Electrophysiological Responses to Light of Neurons in the Eye and Statocyst of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.00692.2004 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00692.2004},\nvolume = {93},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Potassium Currents in Isolated Statocyst Neurons and RPeD1 in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sakakibara, M.; Okuda, F.; Nomura, K.; Watanabe, K.; Meng, H.; Horikoshi, T.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 94(6): 3884–3892. dec 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Potassium$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00170,\nabstract = {To begin to determine the underlying neural mechanisms of memory formation, we studied two different cell types that play important roles in different forms of associative learning in Lymnaea. Statocyst neurons (hair cells) mediate classical conditioning, whereas RPeD1 is a site of memory formation induced by operant conditioning of aerial respiration. Because potassium (K + ) channels play a critical role in neuronal excitability, we initiated studies on these channels in the aforementioned neurons. Three distinct K + currents are expressed in the soma of both the hair cells and RPeD1. In hair cells and RPeD1, there is a fast activating and rapidly inactivating 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-sensitive A current ( I A ), a tetraethyl ammonium (TEA)-sensitive delayed rectifying current, which exhibits slow inactivation kinetics ( I KV ), and a TEA- and 4-AP-insensitive Ca 2+ -dependent current ( I Ca-K ). In hair cells, the activation voltage of I A ; its half-maximal steady-state activation voltage and its half-maximal steady-state inactivation were at more depolarized levels than in RPeD1. The time constant of recovery from I A inactivation was slightly faster in hair cells. I A in hair cells is also smaller in amplitude than in RPeD1 and is activated at more depolarized potentials. In like manner, I KV is smaller in hair cells and is activated at more depolarized potentials than in RPeD1.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sakakibara, Manabu and Okuda, Futoshi and Nomura, Kazutoku and Watanabe, Kenji and Meng, Hongxu and Horikoshi, Tetsuro and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.01163.2004},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3884--3892},\npmid = {16093326},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Potassium Currents in Isolated Statocyst Neurons and RPeD1 in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.01163.2004 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.01163.2004},\nvolume = {94},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impairing Forgetting by Preventing New Learning and Memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sangha, S.; Scheibenstock, A.; Martens, K.; Varshney, N.; Cooke, R.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(3): 787–796. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Impairing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00473,\nabstract = {Two causes of forgetting have been promulgated: memory trace decay and retroactive interference. The authors show that forgetting is an active process requiring both new learning and memory. In the present Lymnaea model system, prevention of new learning of a conflicting association, inhibition of memory consolidation, or Right Pedal Dorsal 1 soma ablation, which blocks LTM formation, are all potent means to prevent forgetting. Thus procedures that alter the ability to learn or form memory of a new conflicting aerial respiratory association prevent forgetting of a learned associative behavior. These results are the 1st demonstration in any model system that forgetting requires the soma of a single neuron. Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sangha, Susan and Scheibenstock, Andi and Martens, Kara and Varshney, Nishi and Cooke, Ria and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.787},\nissn = {1939-0084},\njournal = {Behavioral Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Forgetting,Lymnaea,Memory,Operant conditioning,Soma ablation},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {787--796},\npublisher = {psycnet.apa.org},\ntitle = {{Impairing Forgetting by Preventing New Learning and Memory.}},\nurl = {https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-06959-016 http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.787},\nvolume = {119},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Interference Microscopy under Double-Wavelet Analysis: A New Approach to Studying Cell Dynamics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sosnovtseva, O. V.; Pavlov, A. N.; Brazhe, N. A.; Brazhe, A. R.; Erokhova, L. A.; Maksimov, G. V.; and Mosekilde, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical Review Letters, 94(21): 218103. jun 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Interference$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00742,\nabstract = {This Letter combines a novel experimental approach to the study of intracellular processes with a newly developed technique for multimode time-series analysis. Experiments are performed on isolated pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) neurons. Local variations in the cellular refractive index as detected by laser interference microscopy are related to the processes in the cell. A wavelet analysis shows the presence of several identifiable modes in the membrane and intracellular dynamics, and a double-wavelet analysis reveals nonlinear interactions between the regulatory processes in the form of mutual frequency and amplitude modulations. {\\textcopyright} 2005 The American Physical Society.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sosnovtseva, O. V. and Pavlov, A. N. and Brazhe, N. A. and Brazhe, A. R. and Erokhova, L. A. and Maksimov, G. V. and Mosekilde, E.},\ndoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.218103},\nissn = {0031-9007},\njournal = {Physical Review Letters},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {21},\npages = {218103},\npmid = {16090354},\npublisher = {APS},\ntitle = {{Interference Microscopy under Double-Wavelet Analysis: A New Approach to Studying Cell Dynamics}},\nurl = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.218103 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.218103},\nvolume = {94},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The molluscan RING-finger protein L-TRIM is essential for neuronal outgrowth.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Diepen, M.; Spencer, G.; van Minnen, J.; Gouwenberg, Y.; Bouwman, J.; Smit, A.; and van Kesteren, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, 29(1): 74–81. may 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00476,\nabstract = {The tripartite motif proteins TRIM-2 and TRIM-3 have been put forward as putative organizers of neuronal outgrowth and structural plasticity. Here, we identified a molluscan orthologue of TRIM-2/3, named L-TRIM, which is up-regulated during in vitro neurite outgrowth of central neurons. In adult animals, L-Trim mRNA is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Central nervous system expression of L-Trim mRNA is increased during postnatal brain development and during in vitro and in vivo neuronal regeneration. In vitro double-stranded RNA knock-down of L-Trim mRNA resulted in a {\\textgreater}70{\\%} inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Together, our data establish a crucial role for L-TRIM in developmental neurite outgrowth and functional neuronal regeneration and indicate that TRIM-2/3 family members may have evolutionary conserved functions in neuronal differentiation. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Diepen, M.T. and Spencer, G.E. and van Minnen, J. and Gouwenberg, Y. and Bouwman, J. and Smit, A.B. and van Kesteren, R.E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.mcn.2005.01.005},\nissn = {10447431},\njournal = {Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {74--81},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{The molluscan RING-finger protein L-TRIM is essential for neuronal outgrowth}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044743105000126 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1044743105000126},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of molluscan nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits involved in formation of cation- and anion-selective nAChRs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Nierop, P.; Keramidas, A.; Bertrand, S.; Van Minnen, J.; Gouwenberg, Y.; Bertrand, D.; and Smit, A. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 25(46): 10617–10626. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00416,\nabstract = {Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter commonly found in all animal species. It was shown to mediate fast excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the molluscan CNS. Since early intracellular recordings, it was shown that the receptors mediating these currents belong to the family of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and that they can be distinguished on the basis of their pharmacology. We previously identified 12 Lymnaea cDNAs that were predicted to encode ion channel subunits of the family of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These Lymnaea nAChRs can be subdivided in groups according to the residues supposedly contributing to the selectivity of ion conductance. Functional analysis in Xenopus oocytes revealed that two types of subunits with predicted distinct ion selectivities form homopentameric nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subtypes conducting either cations or anions. Phylogenetic analysis of the nAChR gene sequences suggests that molluscan anionic nAChRs probably evolved from cationic ancestors through amino acid substitutions in the ion channel pore, a mechanism different from acetylcholine-gated channels in other invertebrates. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 2005 Society for Neuroscience.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Van Nierop}, Pim and Keramidas, Angelo and Bertrand, Sonia and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Gouwenberg, Yvonne and Bertrand, Daniel and Smit, August B.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2015-05.2005},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cholinergic receptor,Evolution,Ion selectivity,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mutation,Xenopus oocyte expression},\nnumber = {46},\npages = {10617--10626},\npmid = {16291934},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Identification of molluscan nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits involved in formation of cation- and anion-selective nAChRs}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/46/10617.short},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP)-related molluscan peptides (M-CCAPs) are potential extrinsic modulators of the buccal feeding network in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Agricola, H. J.; Elliott, C. J.; Ohtani, M.; Kárpáti, L.; and Hernádi, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 373(3): 200–205. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Crustacean$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00085,\nabstract = {We combine electrophysiological and immunocytochemical analyses in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis of M-CCAP1 and M-CCAP2, two molluscan peptides with structure similar to crustacean cardioactive peptide CCAP, originally isolated from the snail Helix pomatia. Both M-CCAP peptides (M-CCAP1 and M-CCAP2, 1 $\\mu$M) had an excitatory effect, depolarizing all the identified neurons of the buccal feeding network (including motoneurons: B1, B2, B4 and modulatory interneurons SO, OC: 62 neurons in 33 preparations). Additionally, in 67{\\%} of preparations, rhythmic activity (fictive feeding) was recorded with a mean rate of 7 cycles/min. No significant difference in the proportion of preparations showing fictive feeding or mean feeding rate was found between M-CCAP1 and M-CCAP2. The extrinsic feeding modulator, the serotonergic CGC neuron, responds by increase of the spontaneous activity after M-CCAP application (9 of 18 preparations). Crustacean CCAP (1 $\\mu$M) evokes a slight membrane depolarization in 3 out of 8 preparations but never evokes fictive feeding. Immunostaining revealed no cell bodies in the buccal ganglia, but a dense network of CCAP immunopositive fibers arborizing in the buccal neuropil. Many of these fibers originate from a symmetrical pair of CCAP-immunoreactive cerebro-buccal interneurons, which are the most likely candidates for extrinsic modulatory interneurons in the buccal feeding network. Our data are the first results suggesting that M-CCAP-peptides exist as effective modulators in mollusc. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Agricola, Hans J{\\"{u}}rgen and Elliott, Christopher J.H. and Ohtani, Masahiro and K{\\'{a}}rp{\\'{a}}ti, Levente and Hern{\\'{a}}di, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}}},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.020},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {CPG,Central pattern generator,Electrophysiology,Feeding,Immunocytochemistry,Mollusc,Neuromodulation},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {200--205},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP)-related molluscan peptides (M-CCAPs) are potential extrinsic modulators of the buccal feeding network in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394004012522},\nvolume = {373},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Octopamine increases the excitability of neurons in the snail feeding system by modulation of inward sodium current but not outward potassium currents.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Szabó, H.; and Elliott, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Neuroscience, 6. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Octopamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00347,\nabstract = {Background: Although octopamine has long been known to have major roles as both transmitter and modulator in arthropods, it has only recently been shown to be functionally important in molluscs, playing a role as a neurotransmitter in the feeding network of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The synaptic potentials cannot explain all the effects of octopamine-containing neurons on the feeding network, and here we test the hypothesis that octopamine is also a neuromodulator. Results: The excitability of the B1 and B4 motoneurons in the buccal ganglia to depolarising current clamp pulses is significantly (P ≪ 0.05) increased by (10$\\mu$M) octopamine, whereas the B2 motoneuron becomes significantly less excitable. The ionic currents evoked by voltage steps were recorded using 2-electrode voltage clamp. The outward current of B1, B2 and B4 motoneurons had two components, a transient IA current and a sustained IK delayed-rectifier current, but neither was modulated by octopamine in any of these three buccal neurons. The fast inward current was eliminated in sodium - free saline and so is likely to be carried by sodium ions. 10 $\\mu$M octopamine enhanced this current by 33 and 45{\\%} in the B1 and B4 motoneurons respectively (P ≪ 0.05), but a small reduction was seen in the B2 neuron. A Hodgkin-Huxley style simulation of the B1 motoneuron confirms that a 33{\\%} increase in the fast inward current by octopamine increases the excitability markedly. Conclusions: We conclude that octopamine is also a neuromodulator in snails, changing the excitability of the buccal neurons. This is supported by the close relationship from the voltage clamp data, through the quantitative simulation, to the action potential threshold, changing the properties of neurons in a rhythmic network. The increase in inward sodium current provides an explanation for the polycyclic modulation of the feeding system by the octopamine-containing interneurons, making feeding easier to initiate and making the feeding bursts more intense. {\\textcopyright} 2005 Vehovszky et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Szab{\\'{o}}, Henriette and Elliott, Christopher J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1186/1471-2202-6-70},\nissn = {14712202},\njournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\npmid = {16332252},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Octopamine increases the excitability of neurons in the snail feeding system by modulation of inward sodium current but not outward potassium currents}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2202-6-70},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

\n

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\n Background: Although octopamine has long been known to have major roles as both transmitter and modulator in arthropods, it has only recently been shown to be functionally important in molluscs, playing a role as a neurotransmitter in the feeding network of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The synaptic potentials cannot explain all the effects of octopamine-containing neurons on the feeding network, and here we test the hypothesis that octopamine is also a neuromodulator. Results: The excitability of the B1 and B4 motoneurons in the buccal ganglia to depolarising current clamp pulses is significantly (P ≪ 0.05) increased by (10$μ$M) octopamine, whereas the B2 motoneuron becomes significantly less excitable. The ionic currents evoked by voltage steps were recorded using 2-electrode voltage clamp. The outward current of B1, B2 and B4 motoneurons had two components, a transient IA current and a sustained IK delayed-rectifier current, but neither was modulated by octopamine in any of these three buccal neurons. The fast inward current was eliminated in sodium - free saline and so is likely to be carried by sodium ions. 10 $μ$M octopamine enhanced this current by 33 and 45% in the B1 and B4 motoneurons respectively (P ≪ 0.05), but a small reduction was seen in the B2 neuron. A Hodgkin-Huxley style simulation of the B1 motoneuron confirms that a 33% increase in the fast inward current by octopamine increases the excitability markedly. Conclusions: We conclude that octopamine is also a neuromodulator in snails, changing the excitability of the buccal neurons. This is supported by the close relationship from the voltage clamp data, through the quantitative simulation, to the action potential threshold, changing the properties of neurons in a rhythmic network. The increase in inward sodium current provides an explanation for the polycyclic modulation of the feeding system by the octopamine-containing interneurons, making feeding easier to initiate and making the feeding bursts more intense. © 2005 Vehovszky et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Diversity of nicotinic receptors mediating Cl- current in Lymnaea neurons distinguished with specific agonists and antagonist.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vulfius, C. A.; Tumina, O. B.; Kasheverov, I. E.; Utkin, Y. N.; and Tsetlin, V. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 373(3): 232–236. 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Diversity$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00129,\nabstract = {Diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediating Cl - current in voltage-clamped identifiable Lymnaea stagnalis neurons was studied using acetylcholine (ACh), three agonists and $\\alpha$-conotoxin ImI (ImI). Cytisine, nicotine, and choline, full agonists at $\\alpha$7 subunit-containing nAChRs of vertebrates, were found to evoke at saturating concentration 84-92{\\%} of the maximal current elicited by ACh. ImI, known to block selectively $\\alpha$7 and $\\alpha$9 nAChRs, markedly diminished the responses to ACh. The average maximal ImI-induced block was 80{\\%}, leaving a residual current which had very slow kinetics. The choline-, cytisine-, and nicotine-induced currents were blocked by ImI almost completely, suggesting that they activate only ImI-sensitive receptors. Two groups of cells which differ in desensitization kinetics and in sensitivity to ImI were revealed. IC 50 values for ImI against ACh were 10.3 and 288 nM, respectively, with the rapidly desensitizing current being the more sensitive to ImI. The data obtained suggest the existence of at least three pharmacologically distinct subtypes of nicotinic receptors in Lymnaea neurons. Two of the subtypes are similar to $\\alpha$7 nAChRs of vertebrates, but differ from each other in their affinity for ImI and in their desensitization kinetics. The third subtype is quite distinct, in that it is resistant to ImI, is not activated by nicotine, cytisine or choline, and mediates a very slowly developing current. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vulfius, C. A. and Tumina, O. B. and Kasheverov, I. E. and Utkin, Yu N. and Tsetlin, V. I.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.010},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine,Agonists,Lymnaea neurons,Nicotinic receptors,$\\alpha$-conotoxin imi,$\\alpha$7 subunit},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {232--236},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Diversity of nicotinic receptors mediating Cl- current in Lymnaea neurons distinguished with specific agonists and antagonist}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394004012595},\nvolume = {373},\nyear = {2005}\n}\n

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\n \n 2004\n \n \n (23)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multilevel inhibition of feeding by a peptidergic pleural interneuron in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alania, M.; Sakharov, D. A.; and Elliott, C. J. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 190(5): 379–390. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multilevel$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00140,\nabstract = {The pleural interneuron PlB is a white neuron in the pleural ganglion of the snail Lymnaea. We test the hypothesis that it inhibits neurons at all levels of the feeding system, using a combination of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. There is just one PlB in each pleural ganglion. Its axon traverses the pedal and cerebral ganglia, running into the buccal ganglia. It has neuropilar branches in the regions of the cerebral and buccal ganglia where neurons that are active during feeding also branch. Activation of the PlB blocks fictive feeding, whether the feeding rhythm occurs spontaneously or is driven by a modulatory interneuron. The PlB inhibits all the neurons in the feeding network, including protraction and retraction motoneurons, central pattern generator interneurons, buccal modulatory interneurons (SO, OC), and cerebral modulatory interneurons (CV1, CGC). Only the CV1 interneuron shows discrete 1:1 IPSPs; all other effects are slow, smooth hyperpolarizations. All connections persist in Ca2+/Mg2+-rich saline, which reduces polysynaptic effects. The inhibitory effects are mimicked by 0.5 to 100 $\\mu$moll-1 FMRFamide, which the PlB soma contains. We conclude that the PlB inhibits neurons in the feeding system at all levels, probably acting though the peptide transmitter FMRFamide. {\\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2004.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Alania, M. and Sakharov, D. A. and Elliott, C. J. H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00359-004-0503-x},\nissn = {0340-7594},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide,Feeding,Lymnaea,Pleural ganglion,Pleural interneuron,Pond snail},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {379--390},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Multilevel inhibition of feeding by a peptidergic pleural interneuron in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00359-004-0503-x.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-004-0503-x},\nvolume = {190},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lymnaea stagnalis and the development of neuroelectronic technologies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Birmingham, J. T.; Graham, D. M.; and Tauck, D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Research, 76(3): 277–281. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lymnaea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00061,\nabstract = {The recent development of techniques for stimulating and recording from individual neurons grown on semiconductor chips has ushered in a new era in the field of neuroelectronics. Using this approach to construct complex neural circuits on silicon from individual neurons will require improvements at the neuron/semiconductor interface and advances in controlling synaptogenesis. Although devices incorporating vertebrate neurons may be an ultimate goal, initial investigations using neurons from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis have distinct advantages. Simple two-cell networks connected by electrical synapses have already been reconstructed on semiconductor chips. Furthermore, considerable progress has been made in controlling the processes that underlie chemical synapse formation in Lymnaea. Studies of Lymnaea neural networks on silicon chips will lead to a deeper understanding of the long-term dynamics of simple neural circuits and may provide the basis for reliable interfaces for new neuroprosthetic devices. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Birmingham, John T. and Graham, Dustin M. and Tauck, David L.},\ndoi = {10.1002/jnr.20022},\nissn = {0360-4012},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {Brain-computer interfaces,Central pattern generator,Invertebrate,Neural network,Plasticity,Synaptogenesis},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {277--281},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Lymnaea stagnalis and the development of neuroelectronic technologies}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jnr.20022 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jnr.20022},\nvolume = {76},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Monitoring real-time release of ATP from the molluscan central nervous system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gruenhagen, J. A.; Lovell, P.; Moroz, L. L.; and Yeung, E. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 139(2): 145–152. oct 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Monitoring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00462,\nabstract = {The further understanding of neuronal function is imperative for the prevention and treatment of neurofunctional disorders. To aid in this realization, novel methods for monitoring neuronal cell function must be developed and characterized. In this study, we report the application of real-time imaging of luciferase-catalyzed ATP chemiluminescence for the investigation of ATP release from whole central nervous systems of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Release of ATP from Lymnaea ganglia varied among the different ganglia as well as within individual ganglia. Furthermore, the magnitude of ATP release varied following the stimulation of neurons with common neurotransmitters. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Gruenhagen, Jason A. and Lovell, Peter and Moroz, Leonid L. and Yeung, Edward S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.03.008},\nissn = {01650270},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {145--152},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Monitoring real-time release of ATP from the molluscan central nervous system}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027004001219 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165027004001219},\nvolume = {139},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Expression and distribution of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hatakeyama, D.; Fujito, Y.; Sakakibara, M.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 318(3): 631–641. dec 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Expression$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00196,\nabstract = {The transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), is involved in important physiological processes, such as cellular proliferation and differentiation, homeostasis, and higher-order functions of the brain. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of mRNA and protein of C/EBP in the central nervous system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Specificity of the anti-mammalian C/EBP antibody against Lymnaea C/EBP (LymC/EBP) was confirmed by combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. Cells positive for in situ hybridization were immunoreactive for LymC/EBP in all 11 ganglia. The motoneurons (B1, B2, B4, and B4 clusters) in the buccal ganglia and interneurons (cerebral giant cell, CGC) in the cerebral ganglia were positive for in situ hybridization and were immunopositive. In the pedal ganglion, the right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), pedal A, and pedal C clusters exhibited positive signals of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for LymC/EBP. CGC and RPeD1 are key neurons for associative learning. In addition, the neuropeptidergic cells in the cerebral, pleural, parietal, and visceral ganglia were positive for in situ hybridization and immunoreactive. Interestingly, although the cytoplasm of almost all immunopositive cells was stained, some neuropeptidergic cells located in the light parietal and visceral ganglia exhibited immunoreactivity in nuclei. Our results suggest that LymC/EBP is involved in learning and memory and in the expression and/or secretion of neuropeptides in Lymnaea. {\\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2004.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hatakeyama, Dai and Fujito, Yutaka and Sakakibara, Manabu and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00441-004-0965-8},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Gastropod,Immunohistochemistry,In situ hybridization,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Neurosecretion,Pond snail,Transcription factor},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {631--641},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Expression and distribution of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-004-0965-8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00441-004-0965-8},\nvolume = {318},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Calexcitin-like immunoreactivity in the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hatakeyama, D.; Inamura, S.; Ito, E.; Sakakibara, M.; Nelson, T. J.; and Alkon, D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research Communications, 35(1): 32–40. jul 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Calexcitin-like$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00112,\nabstract = {Calexcitin (CE) is a low molecular weight Ca2+- and guanosine triphosphate- binding protein, which is phosphorylated during associative learning in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of CE in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, which can acquire classical and operant conditioning. Immunoblotting of CE showed that the anti-CE antibody prepared from squid can detect Lymnaea CE. In the cerebral ganglia, CE-like immunoreactivity was exhibited in two pairs of cell clusters that receive taste signals from the superior or median lip nerves. In both pedal ganglia, CE-like immunoreactivity was detected in 1-4 cell of the PeA clusters, which are involved in the withdrawal response. Our results therefore showed that CE is involved in the feeding and withdrawal neural networks, suggesting that CE may function in associative learning of feeding and withdrawal behavior in L. stagnalis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hatakeyama, Dai and Inamura, Satoko and Ito, Etsuro and Sakakibara, Manabu and Nelson, Thomas J. and Alkon, Daniel L.},\ndoi = {10.1002/nrc.20017},\nissn = {0893-6609},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research Communications},\nkeywords = {Ca2+-binding protein,GTP-binding protein,Mollusc,Withdrawal},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {32--40},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Calexcitin-like immunoreactivity in the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/nrc.20017 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/nrc.20017},\nvolume = {35},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lymnaea EGF and Gigantoxin I, Novel Invertebrate Members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Family.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Schein, C.; Nagle, G.; and Wildering, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10(31): 3885–3892. dec 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lymnaea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00608,\nabstract = {In this review, we compare the sequence and structural relationships of two epidermal growth factor (EGF) family related proteins that have recently been discovered in invertebrate species. The first is L-EGF, a secreted growth factor from the gastropod mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. The second is a peptide toxin (Gigantoxin I), isolated from the sea anenome Stichodactyla giganteus, which can paralyze crabs. L-EGF and Gigantoxin I share striking sequence similarity with mammalian erbB1 receptor ligands, including most of the essential receptor binding sites. Intriguingly, L-EGF's tertiary structure resembles more the structure of the EGF-like domain of coagulation factors. That is, the secondary and tertiary structure of L-EGF indicates the presence of a double-stranded beta-sheet but also suggests that this protein, in contrast to all other erbB1 ligands, contains a calcium-binding domain. One of the most remarkable features of L-EGF and Gigantoxin I however, is the indication that these protein are synthesized as non-membrane bound se creted peptides. This feature sets L-EGF and Gigantoxin I apart from all other members of the EGF family or EGF-like proteins identified thus far. We discuss sequence similarities and dissimilarities in the light of indications that, despite the more than 600 million years of phylogenetic distance separating both these invertebrates from mammals, Gigantoxin I and L-EGF retain some affinity for the mammalian erbB-family of receptors. Considering that mammalian EGF and its family members are frequently implicated in neoplastic diseases, the increasing number of identified and characterized invertebrate EGF family members may provide valuable leads in the design of erbB receptor antagonists. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Schein, C. and Nagle, G. and Wildering, W.},\ndoi = {10.2174/1381612043382503},\nissn = {13816128},\njournal = {Current Pharmaceutical Design},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {31},\npages = {3885--3892},\npublisher = {ingentaconnect.com},\ntitle = {{Lymnaea EGF and Gigantoxin I, Novel Invertebrate Members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Family}},\nurl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cpd/2004/00000010/00000031/art00004 http://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article{\\&}issn=1381-6128{\\&}volume=10{\\&}issue=31{\\&}spage=3885},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The effect of food intake on the central monoaminergic system in the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hernádi, L.; Hiripi, L.; Dyakonova, V.; Győri, J.; and Vehovszky, Á.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 55(1-4): 185–194. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00210,\nabstract = {We investigated the effect of food intake on the serotonin and dopamine levels of the CNS as well as on the spontaneous firing activity of the CGC in isolated preparations from starved, feeding and satiated animals. Furthermore we investigated the effects of 1 $\\mu$M serotonin and/or dopamine and their mixture on the firing activity of the CGC. The HPLC assay of serotonin and dopamine showed that during food intake both the serotonin and dopamine levels of the CNS increased whereas in satiated animals their levels were not significantly more than the control levels. Recording from the CGC in isolated CNS preparation from starved, feeding or satiated animals showed that feeding increased the firing frequency of the CGC compared to the starved control. The application of 1 $\\mu$M dopamine decreased the firing frequency whereas the application of 1 $\\mu$M serotonin increased the firing frequency of the CGC. We conclude that during food intake the external and internal food stimuli increase the activity of the central monoaminergic system and also increase the levels of monoamines in the CNS. Furthermore, we also suggest that the increased dopamine and serotonin levels both affect the activity of the serotonergic neurons during the different phases of feeding.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hern{\\'{a}}di, L. and Hiripi, L. and Dyakonova, Varya and Győri, J. and Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.23},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {CGC,Dopamine,Feeding,Lymnaea,Serotonin},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1-4},\npages = {185--194},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{The effect of food intake on the central monoaminergic system in the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/55/1-4/article-p185.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.23},\nvolume = {55},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Survival of egg-laying controlling neuroendocrine cells during reproductive senescence of a mollusc.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Janse, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 55(1-4): 251–259. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Survival$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00815,\nabstract = {During brain aging neuronal degradation occurs. In some neurons this may result in degeneration and cell death, still other neurons may survive and maintain their basic properties. The present study deals with survival of the egg-laying controlling neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs) during reproductive senescence of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In senescent animals CDCs exhibited reduced branching patterns but still maintained their electrophysiological characteristics. In the isolated CNS the cells could still respond with an afterdischarge upon electrical stimulation. After an extended period of no egg laying of Lymnaea CDCs failed to exhibit an afterdischarge. In senescent CDCs that failed an afterdischarge, discharge activity could be restored by exposure to peptides released by CDCs from reproductive animals. Moreover, raising the intracellular cAMP level could induce discharge activity in CDCs with afterdischarge failure. Discharge activity also occurred during depolarization of senescent CDCs by exposure of the cells to saline with a high potassium concentration. These results indicate that in senescent CDCs the pacemaking mechanism of the afterdischarge is still intact but that the initial activation fails. Chemical (auto)transmission of CDCs in such animals was indeed reduced as indicated by the small amplitude of the depolarizing afterpotential (DAP) induced by electrical stimulation. Interestingly, CDCs of senescent animals contained a relative large amount of a particular small peptide. The artificially synthesized peptide appeared to suppress DAP induction in CDCs. Possibly, release of the peptide contributes to the prevention of afterdischarge induction in senescent CDCs. The results so far indicate that in senescent Lymnaea neurons electrophysiological functions persist even after long periods of inactivity and severe morphological reduction.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Janse, C.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.30},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Neuroendocrine cells,Neuropeptides,Neurophysiology,Reproduction,Senescence},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1-4},\npages = {251--259},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{Survival of egg-laying controlling neuroendocrine cells during reproductive senescence of a mollusc}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/55/1-4/article-p251.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.30},\nvolume = {55},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuron-Semiconductor Chip with Chemical Synapse between Identified Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kaul, R. A.; Syed, N. I.; and Fromherz, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical Review Letters, 92(3): 038102. jan 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuron-Semiconductor$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00427,\nabstract = {Noninvasive electrical stimulation and recording of neuronal networks from semiconductor chips is a prerequisite for the development of neuroelectronic devices. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we implemented the fundamental element of such future hybrids by joining a silicon chip with an excitatory chemical synapse between a pair of identified neurons from the pond snail. We stimulated the presynaptic cell (VD4) with a chip capacitor and recorded the activity of the postsynaptic cell (LPeD1) with a transistor. We enhanced the strength of the soma-soma synapse by repetitive capacitor stimulation, establishing a neuronal memory on the silicon chip.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kaul, R. Alexander and Syed, Naweed I. and Fromherz, Peter},\ndoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.038102},\nissn = {0031-9007},\njournal = {Physical Review Letters},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {038102},\npublisher = {APS},\ntitle = {{Neuron-Semiconductor Chip with Chemical Synapse between Identified Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.038102 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.038102},\nvolume = {92},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conditioned taste aversion with sucrose and tactile stimuli in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kawai, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82(2): 164–168. sep 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Conditioned$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00076,\nabstract = {A new form of taste aversion conditioning was established in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. An associative memory, lasting 24h, was produced in the pond snail with 20 pairings of 100mM sucrose as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and mechanical stimulation to the head as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Animals exposed to reverse pairings of the CS and UCS failed to learn the association. The learning was characterized by a shift in the response to the UCS from a whole-body withdrawal response to the cessation of feeding behavior. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kawai, Ryo},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2004.06.003},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,Sucrose,Tactile stimulation,Taste aversive conditioning},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {164--168},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Conditioned taste aversion with sucrose and tactile stimuli in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742704000723 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742704000723},\nvolume = {82},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Energy budgets in the simultaneously hermaphroditic pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: A trade-off between growth and reproduction during development.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Koene, J. M.; and Ter Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Belgian Journal of Zoology, 134(2 PART 1): 41–45. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Energy$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00083,\nabstract = {Maximum lifetime reproductive success is determined by the optimal partitioning of available resources between growth, maintenance and reproduction. The main question that is addressed here is how this resource allocation occurs in the simultaneously hermaphroditic pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Snails were either reared in groups or in isolation and were fed a standard, restricted amount of lettuce; group-reared snails were isolated when egg laying started. Snails reared in isolation seldom produce eggs. Instead, they increase growth rate and the energy invested in this growth corresponds to that invested in eggs by group-reared animals. Additionally, animals reared in isolation have larger prostate glands. Hence, when no mating partners are available, snails mainly invest in growth as well as the male function. Allocation to female reproduction only starts once copulation has taken place. These findings reveal a trade-off between growth and female reproduction. Moreover, the difference in prostate glands indicates that there is also a trade-off between investment in the male and female function. The possible existence of a sexual conflict over the onset of female reproduction is discussed.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Koene, Joris M. and {Ter Maat}, Andries},\nissn = {07776276},\njournal = {Belgian Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {Allohormone,Manipulation,Resource allocation,Sex allocation,Sexual conflict,Snail},\nnumber = {2 PART 1},\npages = {41--45},\npublisher = {biblio.naturalsciences.be},\ntitle = {{Energy budgets in the simultaneously hermaphroditic pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: A trade-off between growth and reproduction during development}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/associated{\\_}publications/bjz/134-1 supplement/volume-134-1-sup.pdf{\\#}page=43},\nvolume = {134},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transplantation and restoration of functional synapses between an identified neuron and its targets in the intact brain ofLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lee, T. K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Synapse, 51(3): 186–193. mar 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transplantation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00220,\nabstract = {Most information available to date regarding the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of target cell selection and specific synapse formation has primarily come from in vitro cell culture studies. Whether fundamental mechanisms of synapse formation revealed through in vitro studies are similar to those occurring in vivo has not yet been determined. Taking advantage of the regenerative capabilities of adult molluscan neurons, we demonstrate that when transplanted into the host ganglia an identified neuron reestablishes its synaptic connections with appropriate targets in vivo. This synaptogenesis, however, was possible only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. Specifically, the giant dopamine neuron right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) located in the pedal ganglia was isolated from a donor brain and transplanted into the visceral ganglia of the recipient brain. We discovered that within 2-4 days the transplanted RPeD1 exhibited extensive regeneration. However, simultaneous intracellular recordings failed to reveal synapses between the transplanted cell and its targets in the visceral ganglia, despite physical overlap between the neurites. To test whether the failure of a transplanted cell to innervate its target was due to the fact that the targets continued to receive input from the native RPeD1, the latter soma was surgically removed prior to the transplantation of RPeD1. Even after the removal of host soma, the transplanted RPeD1 failed to innervate the targets such as visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) - despite extensive regeneration by the transplanted cell. However, when RPeD1 axon was allowed to degenerate completely, the transplanted RPeD1 successfully innervated all of its targets and these synapses were similar to those seen between host RPeD1 and its targets. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transplanted cells will innervate their potential targets only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. These data also lend support to the idea that, irrespective of their physical location in the brain, the displaced neurons are able to regenerate, recognize their targets, and establish specific synapses in the nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lee, Thomas K.M. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1002/syn.10295},\nissn = {0887-4476},\njournal = {Synapse},\nkeywords = {Invertebrates,Regeneration,Synapse formation,Synaptic transmission,Transplantation},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {186--193},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Transplantation and restoration of functional synapses between an identified neuron and its targets in the intact brain ofLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/syn.10295 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/syn.10295},\nvolume = {51},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n Most information available to date regarding the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of target cell selection and specific synapse formation has primarily come from in vitro cell culture studies. Whether fundamental mechanisms of synapse formation revealed through in vitro studies are similar to those occurring in vivo has not yet been determined. Taking advantage of the regenerative capabilities of adult molluscan neurons, we demonstrate that when transplanted into the host ganglia an identified neuron reestablishes its synaptic connections with appropriate targets in vivo. This synaptogenesis, however, was possible only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. Specifically, the giant dopamine neuron right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) located in the pedal ganglia was isolated from a donor brain and transplanted into the visceral ganglia of the recipient brain. We discovered that within 2-4 days the transplanted RPeD1 exhibited extensive regeneration. However, simultaneous intracellular recordings failed to reveal synapses between the transplanted cell and its targets in the visceral ganglia, despite physical overlap between the neurites. To test whether the failure of a transplanted cell to innervate its target was due to the fact that the targets continued to receive input from the native RPeD1, the latter soma was surgically removed prior to the transplantation of RPeD1. Even after the removal of host soma, the transplanted RPeD1 failed to innervate the targets such as visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) - despite extensive regeneration by the transplanted cell. However, when RPeD1 axon was allowed to degenerate completely, the transplanted RPeD1 successfully innervated all of its targets and these synapses were similar to those seen between host RPeD1 and its targets. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transplanted cells will innervate their potential targets only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. These data also lend support to the idea that, irrespective of their physical location in the brain, the displaced neurons are able to regenerate, recognize their targets, and establish specific synapses in the nervous system. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Learning and memory in Lymnaea are negatively altered by acute low-level concentrations of hydrogen sulphide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rosenegger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(15): 2621–2630. jul 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Learning$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00606,\nabstract = {Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a common industrial pollutant as well as an endogenous neural transmitter/ neural modulator. Experiments were performed on the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis to determine the acute effects of low-level exposure to H2S (50-100 $\\mu$mol l-1) on aerial respiratory behaviour, associative learning, and its subsequent consolidation into long-term memory (LTM). A 3-neuron network whose sufficiency and necessity have been demonstrated drives aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea. In the presence of 100 $\\mu$mol l-1 H2S the number of bouts of aerial respiration and the total breathing time were significantly increased compared to the control hypoxic situation, but were equivalent to those observed in snails that had been subjected to a 'more intense hypoxic challenge'. In addition, at a concentration of 100 $\\mu$mol l-1 H2S neither associative learning nor long-term memory (LTM) were observed. However, snails subjected to a 'more intense hypoxic challenge' still had the capacity to learn and form LTM. These snails, in fact, showed statistically the best learning and memory performance of any group. While learning and memory were observed at 50 and 75 $\\mu$mol l-1 H2S, respectively, they were statistically poorer than the learning and memory exhibited by snails in the standard hypoxia condition. Hence the ability to learn and form memory was compromised by H2S. Thus an invertebrate model system with a well-defined neural network can be used to study of the effects of H 2S on the processes of learning and memory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Rosenegger, David},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.01073},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiratory behaviour,Hydrogen sulfide,Learning,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {15},\npages = {2621--2630},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Learning and memory in Lymnaea are negatively altered by acute low-level concentrations of hydrogen sulphide}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/15/2621.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.01073},\nvolume = {207},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The expression pattern of CREB genes in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sadamoto, H.; Azami, S.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 55(1-4): 163–166. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00058,\nabstract = {To analyze the expression pattern of genes of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), we performed in situ hybridization for the whole central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The CREB1 (activator) and CREB2 (repressor) homologues have already been cloned in L. stagnalis, and they are referred to as LymCREB1 and LymCREB2. Using the frozen sections and the whole mount preparations of the CNS, we mapped the distribution of LymCREB1 and LymCREB2 mRNA containing neurons. The present findings showed that the LymCREB1 mRNA containing neurons are a relatively few, whereas LymCREB2 mRNA is contained ubiquitously in the whole CNS of L. stagnalis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sadamoto, Hisayo and Azami, Sachiyo and Ito, E.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.20},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {CNS,CREB,Lymnaea,in situ hybridization},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1-4},\npages = {163--166},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{The expression pattern of CREB genes in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/55/1-4/article-p163.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.20},\nvolume = {55},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Memory, Reconsolidation and Extinction in Lymnaea Require the Soma of RPeD1.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sangha, S.; Varshney, N.; Fras, M.; Smyth, K.; Rosenegger, D.; Parvez, K.; Sadamoto, H.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 551: 311–318. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Memory,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00187,\nabstract = {The central pattern generator (CPG) that drives aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea consists of 3 neurons. One of these, RPeD1-the cell that initiates activity in the circuit, plays an absolutely necessary role as a site for memory formation, memory reconsolidation, and extinction. Using an operant conditioning training procedure that results in a long-term non-declarative memory (LTM), we decrease the occurrence of aerial respiratory behaviour. Since snails can still breathe cutaneously learning this procedure is not harmful. Concomitant with behavioural memory are changes in the spiking activity of RPeD1. Going beyond neural correlates of memory we directly show that RPeD1 is a necessary site for LTM formation. Expanding on this finding we show that this neuron is also a necessary site for memory reconsolidation and 'Pavlovian' extinction. As far as we can determine, this is the first time a single neuron has been shown to be a necessary site for these different aspects memory. RPeD1 is thus a key neuron mediating different hierarchical aspects of memory. We are now in a position to determine the necessary neuronal, molecular and proteomic events in this neuron that are causal to memory formation, reconsolidation and extinction.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sangha, Susan and Varshney, Nishi and Fras, Mary and Smyth, Kim and Rosenegger, David and Parvez, Kashif and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1007/0-387-27023-X_47},\nissn = {00652598},\njournal = {Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology},\npages = {311--318},\npmid = {15602981},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Memory, Reconsolidation and Extinction in Lymnaea Require the Soma of RPeD1}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-27023-X{\\_}47 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/0-387-27023-X{\\_}47},\nvolume = {551},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Granularin, a novel molluscan opsonin comprising a single vWF type C domain is up‐regulated during parasitation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A. B.; Jong-Brink, M.; Li, K. W.; Sassen, M. M. J.; Spijker, S.; Elk, R.; Buijs, S.; Minnen, J.; and Kesteren, R. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The FASEB Journal, 18(7): 845–847. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Granularin,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00546,\nabstract = {Snails are intermediate hosts to schistosome parasites, some of which are the main cause of human schistosomiasis (bilharzia), and have been used as models for parasite-host interactions for a long time. Here, we have characterized a novel internal defense peptide of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, of which the relative abundance in brain tissue increases upon infection with the avian schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata. This protein, named granularin, is secreted by granular cells, which are numerous in the connective tissue surrounding the brain. The protein is unique because it comprises only a single Von Willebrand factor type C domain that is normally found in large transmembrane and secreted extracellular matrix proteins. The granularin gene is twice up-regulated during parasitation. Purified granularin stimulates phagocytosis of foreign particles by blood hemocytes. Together, our data indicate that granularin represents a novel protein that acts as an opsonin in the molluscan internal defense response.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smit, August B. and Jong-Brink, Marijke and Li, Ka Wan and Sassen, Marion M. J. and Spijker, Sabine and Elk, Ren{\\'{e}} and Buijs, St{\\`{e}}phanie and Minnen, Jan and Kesteren, Ronald E.},\ndoi = {10.1096/fj.03-0590fje},\nissn = {0892-6638},\njournal = {The FASEB Journal},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {845--847},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Granularin, a novel molluscan opsonin comprising a single vWF type C domain is up‐regulated during parasitation}},\nurl = {https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.03-0590fje https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.03-0590fje},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Central localization of plasticity involved in appetitive conditioning in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straub, V. A.; Styles, B. J.; Ireland, J. S.; O'Shea, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning and Memory, 11(6): 787–793. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Central$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00541,\nabstract = {Learning to associate a conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) results in changes in the processing of CS information. Here, we address directly the question whether chemical appetitive conditioning of Lymnaea feeding behavior involves changes in the peripheral and/or central processing of the CS by using extracellular recording techniques to monitor neuronal activity at two stages of the sensory processing pathway. Our data show that appetitive conditioning does not affect significantly the overall CS response of afferent nerves connecting chemosensory structures in the lips and tentacles to the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, neuronal output from the cerebral ganglia, which represent the first central processing stage for chemosensory information, is enhanced significantly in response to the CS after appetitive conditioning. This demonstrates that chemical appetitive conditioning in Lymnaea affects the central, but not the peripheral processing of chemosensory information. It also identifies the cerebral ganglia of Lymnaea as an important site for neuronal plasticity and forms the basis for detailed cellular studies of neuronal plasticity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Straub, Volko A. and Styles, Benjamin J. and Ireland, Julie S. and O'Shea, Michael and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.77004},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning and Memory},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {787--793},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Central localization of plasticity involved in appetitive conditioning in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/11/6/787.short},\nvolume = {11},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transient Electrical Coupling Delays the Onset of Chemical Neurotransmission at Developing Synapses.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Szabo, T. M.; Faber, D. S.; and Zoran, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 24(1): 112–120. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transient$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00856,\nabstract = {The formation and subsequent elimination of electrical coupling between neurons has been demonstrated in many developing vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. The relationship between the disappearance of electrical synaptic connectivity and the appearance of chemical neurotransmission is not well understood. We report here that identified motoneurons from the snail Helisoma formed transient electrical and chemical connections during regeneration both in vivo and in vitro. Electrical connections that formed in vivo were strongest by day 2 and no longer detectable by day 7. During elimination of this electrical connection, an inhibitory chemical connection from 110 onto 19 formed. This sequence of synaptic development was recapitulated in cell culture with a similar time course. The relationship between the appearance of transient electrical coupling and its possible effects on the subsequent chemical synaptogenesis were examined by reducing transient intercellular coupling. Trophic factor-deprived medium resulted in a 66{\\%} reduction in coupling coefficient. In these conditions, the unidirectional chemical connection formed readily; in contrast, chemical synaptogenesis was delayed in cell pairs exposed to trophic factors where transient electrical coupling was strong. Dye coupling and synaptic vesicle cycling studies supported electrophysiological results. Exposure to cholinergic antagonists, curare and hexamethonium bromide, which block chemical neurotransmission in these synapses, resulted in prolonged maintenance of the electrical connection. These studies demonstrated an inverse relationship between chemical and electrical connectivity at early stages of synaptic development and suggest a dynamic interaction between these forms of neuronal communication as adult neural networks are constructed or regenerated.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Szabo, Theresa M. and Faber, Donald S. and Zoran, Mark J.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4336-03.2004},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Chemical synapse,Electrical synapse,Helisoma,Neurotransmitter,Synaptogenesis,Trophic},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {112--120},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Transient Electrical Coupling Delays the Onset of Chemical Neurotransmission at Developing Synapses}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/1/112.short},\nvolume = {24},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reliability and precision of neural spike timing: Simulation of spectrally broadband synaptic inputs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Szucs, A.; Vehovszky, Á; Molnár, G.; Pinto, R. D.; and Abarbanel, H. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 126(4): 1063–1073. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Reliability$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00537,\nabstract = {Spectrally broadband stimulation of neurons has been an effective method for studying their dynamic responses to simulated synaptic inputs. Previous studies with such stimulation were mostly based upon the direct intracellular injection of noisy current waveforms. In the present study we analyze and compare the firing output of various identified molluscan neurons to aperiodic, broadband current signals using three types of stimulus paradigms: 1. direct injection in current clamp mode, 2. conductance injection using electrotonic coupling of the input waveform to the neuron, and 3. conductance injection using a simulated chemical excitatory connection. The current waveforms were presented in 15 successive trials and the trial-to-trial variations of the spike responses were analyzed using peri-stimulus spike density functions. Comparing the responses of the neurons to the same type of input waveforms, we found that conductance injection resulted in more reliable and precise spike responses than direct current injection. The statistical parameters of the response spike trains depended on the spectral distribution of the input. The reliability increased with increasing cutoff frequency, while the temporal jitter of spikes changed in the opposite direction. Neurons with endogenous bursting displayed lower reproducibility in their responses to noisy waveforms when injected directly; however, they fired far more reliably and precisely when receiving the same waveforms as conductance inputs. The results show that molluscan neurons are capable of accurately reproducing their responses to synaptic inputs. Conductance injection provides an enhanced experimental technique for assessing the neurons' spike timing reliability and it should be preferred over direct current injection of noisy waveforms. {\\textcopyright} 2004 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Szucs, A. and Vehovszky, {\\'{A}} and Moln{\\'{a}}r, G. and Pinto, R. D. and Abarbanel, H. D.I.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.015},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {AD,B4,B4cl,CPG,DA,Lymnaea neurons,PSDF,analog-to-digital,buccal 4,buccal four-cluster,central pattern generator,digital-to-analog,dynamic clamp,firing pattern,noisy stimulation,peri-stimulus density function},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1063--1073},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Reliability and precision of neural spike timing: Simulation of spectrally broadband synaptic inputs}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452204003008},\nvolume = {126},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Octopamine-containing (OC) interneurons enhance central pattern generator activity in sucrose-induced feeding in the snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Szabó, H.; and Elliott, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 190(10): 837–846. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Octopamine-containing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00392,\nabstract = {In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis octopamine-containing (OC) interneurons trigger and reconfigure the feeding pattern in isolated CNS by excitation of the central pattern generator. In semi-intact (lip-mouth-CNS) preparations, this central pattern generator is activated by chemosensory inputs. We now test if sucrose application to the lips activates the OC neurons independently of the rest of the feeding central pattern generator, or if the OC interneuron is activated by inputs from the feeding network. In 66{\\%} of experiments, sucrose stimulated feeding rhythms and OC interneurons received regular synaptic inputs. Only rarely (14{\\%}) did the OC interneuron fire action potentials, proving that firing of OC interneurons is not necessary for the sucrose-induced feeding. Prestimulation of OC neurons increased the intensity and duration of the feeding rhythm evoked by subsequent sucrose presentations. One micromolar octopamine in the CNS bath mimicked the effect of OC interneuron stimulation, enhancing the feeding response when sucrose is applied to the lips. We conclude that the modulatory OC neurons are not independently excited by chemosensory inputs to the lips, but rather from the buccal central pattern generator network. However, when OC neurons fire, they release modulatory octopamine, which provides a positive feedback to the network to enhance the sucrose-activated central pattern generator rhythm. {\\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2004.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Szab{\\'{o}}, Henriette and Elliott, Christopher J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00359-004-0539-y},\nissn = {03407594},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Feeding,Lymnaea,Neuromodulation,Octopamine,Snail,Sucrose},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {837--846},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Octopamine-containing (OC) interneurons enhance central pattern generator activity in sucrose-induced feeding in the snail Lymnaea}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00359-004-0539-y.pdf},\nvolume = {190},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Octopaminergic modulation of the membrane currents in the central feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Szucs, A.; Szabo, H.; Pitt, S.; and Elliott, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 55(1-4): 167–176. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Octopaminergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00067,\nabstract = {Octopamine is released by the intrinsic OC interneurons in the paired buccal ganglia and serves both as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator in the central feeding network of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis [19]. The identified B1 buccal motoneuron receives excitatory inputs from the OC interneurons and is more excitable in the presence of 10 $\\mu$M octopamine in the bath. This modulatory effect of octopamine on the B1 motoneuron was studied using the two electrode voltage clamp method. In normal physiological saline depolarising voltage steps from the holding potential of-80 mV evoke a transient inward current, presumably carried by Na+ ions. The peak values of this inward current are increased in the presence of 10 $\\mu$M octopamine in the bath. In contrast, both the transient (IA) and delayed (I K) outward currents are unaffected by octopamine application. Replacing the normal saline with a Na+-free bathing solution containing K+ channel blockers (50 mM TEAC1, 4 mM 4AP) revealed the presence of an additional inward current of the B1 neurons, carried by Ca 2+. Octopamine (10 $\\mu$M) in the bath decreased the amplitudes of this current. These results suggest that the membrane mechanisms which underlie the modulatory effect of octopamine on the B1 motoneuron include selective changes of the Na+- and Ca2+-channels.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Szucs, A. and Szabo, Henriette and Pitt, Samantha and Elliott, C. J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.21},\nissn = {02365383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,Membrane current,Modulation,Octopamine,Voltage clamp},\nnumber = {1-4},\npages = {167--176},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{Octopaminergic modulation of the membrane currents in the central feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/55/1-4/article-p167.xml},\nvolume = {55},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The early snail acquires the learning. Comparison of scores for conditioned taste aversion between morning and afternoon.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wagatsuma, A.; Sugai, R.; Chono, K.; Azami, S.; Hatakeyama, D.; Sadamoto, H.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 55(1-4): 149–155. may 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00386,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis acquires conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and maintains its memory for more than a month. Snails in our laboratory were cultured at 20°C on a 12:12 light-dark cycle (light from 7 am to 7 pm). To examine the hours during which snails acquire CTA effectively, we trained some snails in the morning and others in the afternoon, and then compared their scores. CTA developed in both cases, but scores were significantly better in the morning than in the afternoon. To elucidate the cause of this difference in scores, we observed the voluntary activity of snails and found the circadian rhythm reflected in the snails' free-movement distances; distances at the circadian time 0-12 (daytime) were significantly longer than those at the circadian time 12-24 (nighttime). This rhythm was kept up for at least 3 days, even in constant darkness. In conclusion, L. stagnalis should be trained in the morning to acquire associative learning, possibly because of its greater propensity to roam about at that time as opposed to the afternoon.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wagatsuma, Akiko and Sugai, Rio and Chono, K. and Azami, Sachiyo and Hatakeyama, D. and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Ito, E.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.18},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Circadian rhythm,Lymnaea},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1-4},\npages = {149--155},\npublisher = {akjournals.com},\ntitle = {{The early snail acquires the learning. Comparison of scores for conditioned taste aversion between morning and afternoon}},\nurl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/018/55/1-4/article-p149.xml http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.18},\nvolume = {55},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Seasonal differences and protection by creatine or arginine pretreatment in ischemia of mammalian and molluscan neurons in vitro.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zapara, T. A.; Simonova, O. G.; Zharkikh, A. A.; Balestrino, M.; and Ratushniak, A. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 1015(1-2): 41–49. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Seasonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00819,\nabstract = {We investigated the dose-response relationship of protection by creatine against ischemic damage, and we asked whether or not such protection may be observed in invertebrate neurons that might provide a simpler experimental model. Rat isolated pyramidal neurons from the CA3 region of hippocampus subjected to ischemia ("in vitro ischemia") showed anoxic depolarization (AD) after 3-7 min of incubation in anoxic medium. Membrane potential (MP) was reduced 25-78{\\%} from preanoxic value. Inward current was decreased by an average 49{\\%}. Supplementation with creatine protected against these changes, with 1 mM being the minimal effective concentration, 2 mM providing a near-maximal protection, a maximal effect being obtained with 5 mM creatine. No additional protection was provided by up to 20 mM creatine. Isolated giant neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis showed a similar response to in vitro ischemia. However, a clear seasonal dependence of sensitivity of these cells was detected. In cells obtained during summertime (May-August), AD latency ranged from 3 to 10 min; during wintertime (December-March), this response did not occur even after 25-50 min. The addition of creatine to the medium did not cause changes in AD latency, probably because these neurons rely on a phosphoarginine/arginine energy system. However, treatment of the cells, harvested during summertime, with 2 mM arginine did provide clear protection against anoxic-aglycaemic changes. Summing up, besides confirming previous findings on creatine protection in mammalian neurons, we (1) better characterized their dose-response relationship and extended the findings to the CA3 region and to isolated neurons, (2) found that invertebrate neurons are not protected by creatine but by arginine supplementation and (3) reported a novel mechanism of seasonal dependence in sensitivity of in vitro ischemia by invertebrate neurons. {\\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Zapara, Tatyana A. and Simonova, Olga G. and Zharkikh, Andrey A. and Balestrino, Maurizio and Ratushniak, Aleksander S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.074},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Anoxic depolarization,Brain metabolism and blood flow,Hippocampal neuron,Lymnaea stagnalis,Other systems of the CNS,Seasonal dependence},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {41--49},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Seasonal differences and protection by creatine or arginine pretreatment in ischemia of mammalian and molluscan neurons in vitro}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899304006481},\nvolume = {1015},\nyear = {2004}\n}\n

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\n \n 2003\n \n \n (17)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Non-synaptic integration of the cell bodies of neurons into the central nervous system of the snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chistopol'skii, I. A.; and Sakharov, D. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and behavioral physiology, 33(3): 295–300. mar 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Non-synaptic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00782,\nabstract = {Single neurons (soma and proximal process) were isolated from the serotonergic (5-HT-ergic) PedA cluster in experiments on the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, and changes in the electrical activity of isolated neurons were observed during repeated movement of these cells towards and away from the surface of the CNS. The position of cell bodies of 5-HT-ergic neurons had excitatory effects on the isolated neuron. This effect was maximal (at 10(-8)-10(-7) M 5-HT) when neurons were brought close to the PedA cluster and were further enhanced by addition of the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan at concentrations of (1-2) x 10(-4) M. The results obtained here provide evidence 5-HT-ergic neurons cooperate during 5-HT-dependent behaviour, this being based on excitatory interactions at the level of cell bodies.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Chistopol'skii, I. A. and Sakharov, D. A.},\ndoi = {10.1023/a:1022163701311},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and behavioral physiology},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {295--300},\npmid = {12762598},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Non-synaptic integration of the cell bodies of neurons into the central nervous system of the snail.}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022163701311 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12762598},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Persistent Cellular Change in a Single Modulatory Neuron Contributes to Associative Long-Term Memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jones, N. G.; Kemenes, I.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Biology, 13(12): 1064–1069. jun 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00598,\nabstract = {Most neuronal models of learning assume that changes in synaptic strength are the main mechanism underlying long-term memory (LTM) formation [1]. However, we show here that a persistent depolarization of membrane potential, a type of cellular change that increases neuronal responsiveness, contributes significantly to a long-lasting associative memory trace. The use of a model invertebrate network with identified neurons and known synaptic connectivity had the advantage that the contribution of this cellular change to memory could be evaluated in a neuron with a known function in the learning circuit. Specifically, we used the well-understood motor circuit underlying molluscan feeding [2-4] and showed that a key modulatory neuron involved in the initiation of feeding ingestive movements [5] underwent a long-term depolarization following behavioral associative conditioning [6]. This depolarization led to an enhanced single cell and network responsiveness to a previously neutral tactile conditioned stimulus, and the persistence of both matched the time course of behavioral associative memory. The change in the membrane potential of a key modulatory neuron is both sufficient and necessary to initiate a conditioned response in a reduced preparation and underscores its importance for associative LTM.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Jones, Nicholas G. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00380-4},\nissn = {09609822},\njournal = {Current Biology},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {1064--1069},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{A Persistent Cellular Change in a Single Modulatory Neuron Contributes to Associative Long-Term Memory}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203003804 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982203003804},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Long-Term Memory Survives Nerve Injury and the Subsequent Regeneration Process.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning & Memory, 10(1): 44–54. jan 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Long-Term$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00677,\nabstract = {A three-neuron network (a central pattern generator [CPG]) is both sufficient and necessary to generate aerial respiratory behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiratory behavior is abolished following a specific nerve crush that results in axotomy to one of the three CPG neurons, RPeD1. Functional regeneration of the crushed neurite occurs within 10 days, allowing aerial respiratory behavior to be restored. Functional regeneration does not occur if the connective is cut rather than crushed. In unaxotomized snails, aerial respiratory behavior can be operantly conditioned, and following memory, consolidation, long-term memory (LTM) persists for at least 2 weeks. We used the Lymnaea model system to determine (1) If in naive animals axotomy and the subsequent regeneration result in a nervous system that is competent to mediate associative learning and LTM, and (2) if LTM survives RPeD1 axotomy and the subsequent regenerative process. We show here that (1) A regenerated nervous system is competent to mediate associative memory and LTM, and (2) LTM survives axotomy and the subsequent regenerative process.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.48703},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning {\\&} Memory},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {44--54},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Long-Term Memory Survives Nerve Injury and the Subsequent Regeneration Process}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/10/1/44.short http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/lm.48703},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Associative learning and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis: how well do they remember?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(13): 2097–2103. jul 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Associative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00047,\nabstract = {The search for 'the how and the where' of memory formation in the brain, the engram, is still one of the unattained 'Holy Grails' of neuroscience. Over the years, various paths have been trodden in attempts to attain this goal, and while tantalizing glimpses appear now and then on the scientific horizon, the Grail still has not been grasped. One of the paths that investigators have walked is the invertebrate 'model system' approach. Some invertebrates possess relatively simple nervous systems that mediate relatively simple behaviours that are both interesting and trainable. In this commentary, we would like to shed light on a relatively new player, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L., that is being used in the quest to illuminate 'the how and the where' the nervous systems encode and store memory. We will show that it is possible to demonstrate that a single neuron is a site of memory formation and storage for a form of associative learning in this lowly snail. It may be that the Grail is a little closer to being grasped.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.00374},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Invertebrate learning,Invertebrate memory,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {13},\npages = {2097--2103},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Associative learning and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis: how well do they remember?}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/206/13/2097.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.00374},\nvolume = {206},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A molluscan model system in the search for the engram.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Sangha, S.; Scheibenstock, A.; Parvez, K.; McComb, C.; Rosenegger, D.; Varshney, N.; and Sadamoto, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Physiology-Paris, 97(1): 69–76. jan 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00647,\nabstract = {A 3-neuron central pattern generator, whose sufficiency and necessity has been directly demonstrated, mediates aerial respiratory behaviour in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. This behaviour can be operantly conditioned, and this associative learning is consolidated into long-lasting memory. Depending on the operant conditioning training procedure used the learning can be consolidated into intermediate term (ITM) or long-term memory (LTM). ITM persists for only 2-3 h, whilst LTM persists for days to weeks. LTM is dependent on both altered gene activity and new protein synthesis while ITM is only dependent on new protein synthesis. We have now directly established that one of the 3-CPG neurons, RPeD1, is a site of LTM formation and storage. We did this by ablating the soma of RPeD1 and leaving behind a functional primary neurite capable of mediating the necessary synaptic interactions to drive aerial respiratory behaviour by the 3-neuron CPG. However, following soma ablation the neuronal circuit is only capable of mediating learning and ITM. LTM can no longer be demonstrated. However, if RPeD1's soma is ablated after LTM consolidation memory is still present. Thus the soma is not needed for the retention of LTM. Using a similar strategy it may be possible to block forgetting. {\\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Sangha, Susan and Scheibenstock, Andi and Parvez, Kashif and McComb, Chloe and Rosenegger, David and Varshney, Nishi and Sadamoto, Hisayo},\ndoi = {10.1016/j.jphysparis.2003.10.008},\nissn = {09284257},\njournal = {Journal of Physiology-Paris},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,CPG,Lymnaea,Memory formation,Soma ablation},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {69--76},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{A molluscan model system in the search for the engram}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928425703000809 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0928425703000809},\nvolume = {97},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Electrophysiological Differences in the CPG Aerial Respiratory Behavior Between Juvenile and Adult Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McComb, C.; Meems, R.; Syed, N.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 90(2): 983–992. aug 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Electrophysiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00159,\nabstract = {Intact, freely moving juvenile Lymnaea perform aerial respiration significantly less often than do adults. We therefore hypothesized that RPeD1, the central pattern generator (CPG) neuron that initiates rhythmogenesis, would be less active in juveniles than adults. Using both isolated and semi-intact preparations to directly test this hypothesis, we found the opposite; juvenile RPeD1s were significantly smaller and more excitable than RPeD1s from adults. Significant age-related differences were found in the membrane resistance (greater in juveniles), time constant (smaller in juveniles), and rheobase current (lower in juveniles), all of which would tend to make juvenile cells significantly more excitable. However, there were significant age-related differences in the synaptic connectivity within the CPG and in peripheral input to the CPG, all which favor more rhythmic activity in the adult CPG. As was the case for intact Lymnaea, juvenile semi-intact preparations perform aerial respiration less often than do adults. The difference in excitability between juvenile and adult RPeD1s is therefore not sufficient to cause increased rhythmogenesis. Age-related changes in synaptic connectivity within the respiratory CPG and in peripheral modulation allow respiratory rhythmogenesis to be more easily expressed in adults which may compensate for their decreased dependence on cutaneous respiration as their surface to volume ratio changes as the grow in size.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McComb, Chl{\\"{o}}e and Meems, Ryanne and Syed, Naweed and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.00263.2003},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {983--992},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Electrophysiological Differences in the CPG Aerial Respiratory Behavior Between Juvenile and Adult Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.00263.2003 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00263.2003},\nvolume = {90},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Synapse Formation Between Isolated Axons Requires Presynaptic Soma and Redistribution of Postsynaptic AChRs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Meems, R.; Munno, D.; van Minnen, J.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 89(5): 2611–2619. may 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Synapse$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00657,\nabstract = {The involvement of neuronal protein synthetic machinery and extrinsic trophic factors during synapse formation is poorly understood. Here we determine the roles of these processes by reconstructing synapses between the axons severed from identified Lymnaea neurons in cell culture, either in the presence or absence of trophic factors. We demonstrate that, although synapses are maintained between isolated pre- and postsynaptic axons for several days, the presynaptic, but not the postsynaptic, cell body, however, is required for new synapse formation between soma–axon pairs. The formation of cholinergic synapses between presynaptic soma and postsynaptic axon requires gene transcription and protein synthesis solely in the presynaptic neuron. We show that this synaptogenesis is contingent on extrinsic trophic factors present in brain conditioned medium (CM). The CM-induced excitatory synapse formation is mediated through receptor tyrosine kinases. We further demonstrate that, although the postsynaptic axon does not require new protein synthesis for synapse formation, its contact with the presynaptic cell in CM, but not in defined medium (no trophic factors), differentially alters its responsiveness to exogenously applied acetylcholine at synaptic compared with extrasynaptic sites. Together, these data suggest a synergetic action of cell–cell signaling and trophic factors to bring about specific changes in both pre- and postsynaptic neurons during synapse formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Meems, Ryanne and Munno, David and van Minnen, Jan and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.00898.2002},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2611--2619},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Synapse Formation Between Isolated Axons Requires Presynaptic Soma and Redistribution of Postsynaptic AChRs}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.00898.2002 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00898.2002},\nvolume = {89},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Synapse Number and Synaptic Efficacy Are Regulated by Presynaptic cAMP and Protein Kinase A.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Munno, D. W.; Prince, D. J.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(10): 4146–4155. may 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Synapse$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00600,\nabstract = {The mechanisms by which neurons regulate the number and strength of synapses during development and synaptic plasticity have not yet been defined fully. This lack of fundamental knowledge in the fields of neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity can be attributed, in part, to compensatory mechanisms by which neurons accommodate for the loss of function in their synaptic partners. This is generally achieved either by scaling up neuronal transmitter release capabilities or by enhancing the postsynaptic responsiveness. Here, we demonstrate that regulation of synaptic strength and number between identified Lymnaea neurons visceral dorsal 4 (VD4, the presynaptic cell) and left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1, the postsynaptic cell) requires presynaptic activation of a cAMP-PKA-dependent signal. Experimental activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway resulted in reduced synaptic efficacy, whereas inhibition of the cAMP-PKA cascade permitted hyperinnervation and an overall enhancement of synaptic strength. Because synaptic transmission between VD4 and LPeD1 does not require a cAMP-PKA pathway, our data show that these messengers may play a novel role in regulating the synaptic efficacy during early synaptogenesis and plasticity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Munno, David W. and Prince, David J. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04146.2003},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Lymnaea,PKA,Synapse formation,Synaptic plasticity,Trophic factors,cAMP},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {4146--4155},\npmid = {12764102},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Synapse Number and Synaptic Efficacy Are Regulated by Presynaptic cAMP and Protein Kinase A}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/10/4146.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04146.2003},\nvolume = {23},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB)-like proteins in a molluscan brain: cellular localization and learning-induced phosphorylation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ribeiro, M. J.; Serfozo, Z.; Papp, A.; Kemenes, I.; O'Shea, M.; Yin, J. C. P.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 18(5): 1223–1234. sep 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cyclic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00513,\nabstract = {The phosphorylation and the binding to DNA of the nuclear transcription factor, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) are conserved key steps in the molecular cascade leading to the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Here, we characterize, for the first time, a CREB1-like protein in the central nervous system (CNS) of Lymnaea, a model system used widely for the study of the fundamental mechanisms of learning and memory. We demonstrate cAMP response element (CRE)-binding activity in CNS protein extracts and show that one of the CRE-binding proteins is recognized by a polyclonal antibody raised to mammalian (human) CREB1. The same antibody detects specific CREB1 immunoreactivity in CNS extracts and in the nuclei of most neurons in the brain. Moreover, phospho-CREB1 -specific immunoreactivity is increased significantly in protein extracts of the CNS by forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase. The forskolin-induced increase in phospho-CREB1 immunoreactivity is localized to the nuclei of CNS neurons, some of which have an important role in the formation of LTM. Significantly, classical food-reward conditioning increases phospho-CREB1 immunoreactivity in Lymnaea CNS protein extracts. This increase in immunoreactivity is specific to the ganglia that contain the feeding circuitry, which undergoes cellular changes after classical conditioning. This work establishes the expression of a highly conserved functional CREB1-like protein in the CNS of Lymnaea and opens the way for a detailed analysis of the role of CREB proteins in LTM formation in this model system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ribeiro, Maria J. and Serfozo, Zoltan and Papp, Andrea and Kemenes, Ildiko and O'Shea, Michael and Yin, Jerry C. P. and Benjamin, Paul R. and Kemenes, Gyorgy},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02856.x},\nissn = {0953-816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {CREB,Classical conditioning,Feeding network,Lymnaea brain,Transcription factors},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1223--1234},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB)-like proteins in a molluscan brain: cellular localization and learning-induced phosphorylation}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02856.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02856.x},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Forgetting and the extension of memory in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sangha, S.; McComb, C.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(1): 71–77. jan 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Forgetting$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00419,\nabstract = {Aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis was operantly conditioned using a procedure that results in long-term memory (LTM) persisting for 1 but not 3 days. By manipulating the snails' post-training environment, i.e. preventing Lymnaea from performing aerial respiratory behaviour, memory persistence was significantly extended. Memory retention, however, is only extended if snails are prevented from performing aerial respiration in the same context in which they were trained. Snails trained in the 'standard' context but prevented from performing aerial respiration in the 'carrot-odor' context (and vice versa) did not extend their memory. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that forgetting is due to interfering events, that occur following learning and memory consolidation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sangha, Susan and McComb, Chloe and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.00061},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Forgetting,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {71--77},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Forgetting and the extension of memory in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/206/1/71.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.00061},\nvolume = {206},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cooling blocks ITM and LTM formation and preserves memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sangha, S.; Morrow, R.; Smyth, K.; Cooke, R.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 80(2): 130–139. sep 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cooling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00682,\nabstract = {In Lymnaea aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned; snails learn not to perform this behaviour. Depending on the training procedure used, snails are competent to form either intermediate-term (ITM; lasting 1-3h) or long-term (LTM; {\\textgreater}4h) memory. We found that cooling the snails for 1h immediately after training was sufficient to block either ITM or LTM. Cooling snails for a similar period 10 or 15min after cessation of training, failed to block ITM and LTM formation, respectively. Finally, we employed the cooling technique to extend both ITM and LTM. That is, cooling could prevent forgetting. Cooling extended LTM that normally persisted for 2 days to at least 8 days. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that forgetting is due to the learning and remembering of interfering events, and thus is an active process. {\\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sangha, Susan and Morrow, Ross and Smyth, Kim and Cooke, Ria and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/S1074-7427(03)00065-0},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {130--139},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Cooling blocks ITM and LTM formation and preserves memory}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742703000650 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742703000650},\nvolume = {80},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intermediate and long-term memories of associative learning are differentially affected by transcription versus translation blockers inLymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sangha, S.; Scheibenstock, A.; McComb, C.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(10): 1605–1613. may 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Intermediate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00638,\nabstract = {Aerial respiratory behaviour in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can be operantly conditioned. This associative learning then undergoes consolidation into a long-lasting memory which, depending on the training procedure used, causes intermediate-term memory (ITM; lasting 3 h) or long-term memory (LTM; lasting {\\textgreater}6 h) to be formed. We determined the differential susceptibility of these two forms of memory to translation and transcription blockers. The injection of a translation blocker, Anisomycin, 2.5 h before training prevents the establishment of both ITM and LTM. On the other hand, injection of the transcription blocker Actinomycin D, 2.5 h before training, did not prevent the establishment of ITM, but did, however, prevent LTM formation. Thus in Lymnaea, following associative learning, both ITM and LTM are dependent on new protein synthesis. ITM appears to be dependent on protein synthesis from pre-existing transcription factors, whilst LTM is dependent on protein synthesis from new transcription messages.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sangha, Susan and Scheibenstock, Andi and McComb, Chloe and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1242/jeb.00301},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Intermediate memory,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Protein synthesis},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {1605--1613},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Intermediate and long-term memories of associative learning are differentially affected by transcription versus translation blockers inLymnaea}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/206/10/1605.short http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.00301},\nvolume = {206},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Extinction Requires New RNA and Protein Synthesis and the Soma of the Cell Right Pedal Dorsal 1 in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sangha, S.; Scheibenstock, A.; Morrow, R.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 23(30): 9842–9851. 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Extinction$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00089,\nabstract = {Lymnaea stagnalis were operantly conditioned to not perform aerial respiratory behavior. This learned response was subsequently extinguished. Here, we show that spaced extinction training is more effective than massed extinction training, in addition to the occurrence of spontaneous recovery. We also find evidence of a critical period within the first hour after extinction training in which new RNA and protein synthesis must occur for a memory of extinction training to be established. The memory for extinction training can also be extended using cooling and by preventing aerial respiration from occurring after extinction training. In addition, we demonstrate that memory formation of extinction training requires the soma of the cell right pedal dorsal 1, a cell that we have previously shown to be necessary for long-term memory consolidation and reconsolidation. This finding implies that the events that lead to the formation of extinction memory occur in the same cell that is responsible for long-term memory of operant conditioning. All of these data are consistent with the hypothesis that, during extinction, a new associative memory is being formed and that this new memory covers up, but does not abolish, the "old" memory.},\nannote = {From Duplicate 1 (Extinction Requires New RNA and Protein Synthesis and the Soma of the Cell Right Pedal Dorsal 1 in Lymnaea stagnalis - Sangha, Susan; Scheibenstock, Andi; Morrow, Ross; Lukowiak, Ken)\n\nQuery date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sangha, Susan and Scheibenstock, Andi and Morrow, Ross and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-30-09842.2003},\nisbn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {,Extinction,Learning,Lymnaea,Memory,Operant conditioning,Protein synthesis},\nnumber = {30},\npages = {9842--9851},\npmid = {14586013},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Extinction Requires New RNA and Protein Synthesis and the Soma of the Cell Right Pedal Dorsal 1 in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/22/8034.short},\nvolume = {23},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP): A secreted glial protein that provides a high-resolution model for the extracellular domain of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sixma, T. K.; and Smit, A. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, 32: 311–334. 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Acetylcholine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00765,\nabstract = {Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) has recently been identified from molluskan glial cells. Glial cells secrete it into cholinergic synapses, where it plays a role in modulating synaptic transmission. This novel mechanism resembles glia-dependent modulation of glutamate synapses, with several key differences. AChBP is a homolog of the ligand binding domain of the pentameric ligand-gated ion-channels. The crystal structure of AChBP provides the first high-resolution structure for this family of Cys-loop receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and related ion-channels such as GABAA, serotonin 5HT3, and glycine can be interpreted in the light of the 2.7 {\\AA} AChBP structure. The structural template provides critical details of the binding site and helps create models for toxin binding, mutational effects, and molecular gating.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sixma, Titia K. and Smit, August B.},\ndoi = {10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142536},\nissn = {10568700},\njournal = {Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure},\nkeywords = {5HT3,Cys-loop,GABAA,Glycine receptor,Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor},\npages = {311--334},\npublisher = {search.proquest.com},\ntitle = {{Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP): A secreted glial protein that provides a high-resolution model for the extracellular domain of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels}},\nurl = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/050c723e844b8a9b9a0fd22f5ebe8343/1?pq-origsite=gscholar{\\&}cbl=35820},\nvolume = {32},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Photoresponse from the statocyst hair cell in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tsubata, N.; Iizuka, A.; Horikoshi, T.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 337(1): 46–50. jan 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Photoresponse$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Tsubata2003,\nabstract = {Sensory cells for associative learning of light and turbulence were studied in Lymnaea. Intracellular recordings with Lucifer Yellow filled electrodes were made from photoreceptors and statocyst hair cells. Photoreceptors had a long latency, graded depolarizing response to a flash of light; they extended their axon to the cerebral ganglion. The caudal hair cell, one of 12 cells in the statocyst, responded to brief light with a depolarization and superimposed impulse activity. It formed its terminal arborization close to the photoreceptor endings in the cerebral ganglion. Ca2+-free saline reversibly abolished the photoresponse in the hair cell, suggesting the information was conveyed via a chemical synapse. These findings demonstrated that sensory information for associative learning was convergent at the statocyst hair cell. {\\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nauthor = {Tsubata, Noriko and Iizuka, Akira and Horikoshi, Tetsuro and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01289-2},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Classical conditioning,Lymnaea,Morphology,Photoreceptor,Statocyst hair cell},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {46--50},\ntitle = {{Photoresponse from the statocyst hair cell in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394002012892 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304394002012892},\nvolume = {337},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Stimulus-dependent translocation of egg-laying hormone encoding mRNA into the axonal compartment of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Minnen, J.; and Bergman, J. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 5(1): 1–7. nov 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Stimulus-dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00408,\nabstract = {To get insight into the stimulus-dependent translocation of mRNA encoding neuropeptides to the axonal compartment of neurons, we investigated this process in the egg-laying hormone producing caudodorsal cells of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. The axonal compartment including the nerve terminals of these neurons harbors high amounts of mRNA encoding the egg-laying hormone precursor. We determined how a sensory stimulus, that results in egg-laying, affected the amount of egg-laying hormone encoding transcripts in the axon endings. Four hours after stimulation high amounts of transcripts were detected in the axonal compartment and maximum values were reached after 8 h. Transcript levels in the somata were affected in a similar fashion, although the increase was not as pronounced as in the axons. Next, we investigated the ultrastructural localization of egg-laying hormone encoding transcripts in axons and axon terminals by means of electron microscopic in situ hybridization and showed that transcripts were localized in the axoplasm. By means of conventional electron microscopy we showed that axon terminals of egg-laying hormone producing neurons contained large amounts of polyribosomes. Together, these data support the notion that egg-laying hormone encoding transcripts are translated in the axonal compartment.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Minnen, J. and Bergman, J. J.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-003-0022-4},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Axons,Egg-laying hormone,In situ hybridization,Local translation,Ribosomes,mRNA},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {1--7},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Stimulus-dependent translocation of egg-laying hormone encoding mRNA into the axonal compartment of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-003-0022-4.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-003-0022-4},\nvolume = {5},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Anesthetic Treatment Blocks Synaptogenesis But Not Neuronal Regeneration of Cultured Lymnaea Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woodall, A. J.; Naruo, H.; Prince, D. J.; Feng, Z. P.; Winlow, W.; Takasaki, M.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 90(4): 2232–2239. oct 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Anesthetic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00198,\nabstract = {Trauma and injury necessitate the use of various surgical interventions, yet such procedures themselves are invasive and often interrupt synaptic communications in the nervous system. Because anesthesia is required during surgery, it is important to determine whether long-term exposure of injured nervous tissue to anesthetics is detrimental to regeneration of neuronal processes and synaptic connections. In this study, using identified molluscan neurons, we provide direct evidence that the anesthetic propofol blocks cholinergic synaptic transmission between soma-soma paired Lymnaea neurons in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. These effects do not involve presynaptic secretory machinery, but rather postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors were affected by the anesthetic. Moreover, we discovered that long-term (18–24 h) anesthetic treatment of soma-soma paired neurons blocked synaptogenesis between these cells. However, after several hours of anesthetic washout, synapses developed between the neurons in a manner similar to that seen in vivo. Long-term anesthetic treatment of the identified neurons visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1) and the electrically coupled Pedal A cluster neurons (PeA) did not affect nerve regeneration in cell culture as the neurons continued to exhibit extensive neurite outgrowth. However, these sprouted neurons failed to develop chemical (VD4 and LPeD1) and electrical (PeA) synapses as observed in their control counterparts. After drug washout, appropriate synapses did reform between the cells, although this synaptogenesis required several days. Taken together, this study provides the first direct evidence that the clinically used anesthetic propofol does not affect nerve regeneration. However, the formation of both chemical and electrical synapses is severely compromised in the presence of this drug. This study emphasizes the importance of short-term anesthetic treatment, which may be critical for the restoration of synaptic connections between injured neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Woodall, Alyson J. and Naruo, Hiroaki and Prince, David J. and Feng, Zhong Ping and Winlow, William and Takasaki, Mayumi and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.00347.2003},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {2232--2239},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Anesthetic Treatment Blocks Synaptogenesis But Not Neuronal Regeneration of Cultured Lymnaea Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.00347.2003 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00347.2003},\nvolume = {90},\nyear = {2003}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Trauma and injury necessitate the use of various surgical interventions, yet such procedures themselves are invasive and often interrupt synaptic communications in the nervous system. Because anesthesia is required during surgery, it is important to determine whether long-term exposure of injured nervous tissue to anesthetics is detrimental to regeneration of neuronal processes and synaptic connections. In this study, using identified molluscan neurons, we provide direct evidence that the anesthetic propofol blocks cholinergic synaptic transmission between soma-soma paired Lymnaea neurons in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. These effects do not involve presynaptic secretory machinery, but rather postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors were affected by the anesthetic. Moreover, we discovered that long-term (18–24 h) anesthetic treatment of soma-soma paired neurons blocked synaptogenesis between these cells. However, after several hours of anesthetic washout, synapses developed between the neurons in a manner similar to that seen in vivo. Long-term anesthetic treatment of the identified neurons visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1) and the electrically coupled Pedal A cluster neurons (PeA) did not affect nerve regeneration in cell culture as the neurons continued to exhibit extensive neurite outgrowth. However, these sprouted neurons failed to develop chemical (VD4 and LPeD1) and electrical (PeA) synapses as observed in their control counterparts. After drug washout, appropriate synapses did reform between the cells, although this synaptogenesis required several days. Taken together, this study provides the first direct evidence that the clinically used anesthetic propofol does not affect nerve regeneration. However, the formation of both chemical and electrical synapses is severely compromised in the presence of this drug. This study emphasizes the importance of short-term anesthetic treatment, which may be critical for the restoration of synaptic connections between injured neurons.\n

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\n \n 2002\n \n \n (29)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lead toxicity, locomotion and feeding in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n A., P.; F., P.; and V., P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 4(3): 135–140. mar 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lead$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00135,\nabstract = {The effects of lead (5 or 10 ppm) on the survival of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) collected from lead contaminated or uncontaminated environments were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. The animals from the contaminated environment had significantly greater survivability than those from the unpolluted environment to subsequent acute (up to 24 days) exposure to lead. Acute (72 h) exposure to lead inhibited several behavioural activities including locomotion, feeding, tentacle extension and emergence from the shell. Lead bioaccumulated in the snail tissues, especially the buccal mass and stomach. The freshwater snail provides a valuable system for studying the bioaccumulation and development of tolerance to environmental lead.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {A., Pyatt and F., Pyatt and V., Pentreath},\ndoi = {10.1007/s10158-001-0015-0},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Behaviour,Bioaccumulation,Lead,Lymnaea stagnalis,Tolerance},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {135--140},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Lead toxicity, locomotion and feeding in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10158-001-0015-0.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10158-001-0015-0},\nvolume = {4},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Aluminum-dependent regulation of intracellular silicon in the aquatic invertebrate Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Desouky, M.; Jugdaohsingh, R.; McCrohan, C. R.; White, K. N.; and Powell, J. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(6): 3394–3399. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Aluminum-dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00175,\nabstract = {Silicon is essential for some plants, diatoms, and sponges but, in higher animals, its endogenous regulation has not been demonstrated. Silicate ions may be natural ligands for aluminum and here we show that, in the freshwater snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), intracellular silicon seems specifically up-regulated in response to sublethal aluminum exposure. X-ray microanalysis showed that exposure of snails to low levels of aluminum led to its accumulation in lysosomal granules, accompanied by marked up-regulation of silicon. Increased lysosomal levels of silicon were a specific response to aluminum because cadmium and zinc had no such effect. Furthermore, intra-lysosomal sulfur from metallothionein and other sulfur-containing ligands was increased after exposure to cadmium and zinc but not aluminum. To ensure that these findings indicated a specific in vivo response, and not ex vivo formation of hydroxy-aluminosilicates (HAS) from added aluminum (555 $\\mu$g/liter) and water-borne silicon (43 $\\mu$g/liter), two further studies were undertaken. In a ligand competition assay the lability of aluminum (527 $\\mu$g/liter) was completely unaffected by the presence of silicon (46 $\\mu$g/liter), suggesting the absence of HAS. In addition, exogenous silicon (6.5 mg/liter), added to the water column to promote formation of HAS, caused a decrease in lysosomal aluminum accumulation, showing that uptake of HAS would not explain the loading of aluminum into lysosomal granules. These findings, and arguments on the stability, lability, and kinetics of aluminum-silicate interactions, suggest that a silicon-specific mechanism exists for the in vivo detoxification of aluminum, which provides regulatory evidence of silicon in a multicellular organism.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Desouky, Mahmoud and Jugdaohsingh, Ravin and McCrohan, Catherine R. and White, Keith N. and Powell, Jonathan J.},\ndoi = {10.1073/pnas.062478699},\nissn = {00278424},\njournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3394--3399},\npublisher = {National Acad Sciences},\ntitle = {{Aluminum-dependent regulation of intracellular silicon in the aquatic invertebrate Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.pnas.org/content/99/6/3394.short},\nvolume = {99},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development of Ca 2+ hotspots between Lymnaea neurons during synaptogenesis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Feng, Z.; Grigoriev, N.; Munno, D.; Lukowiak, K.; MacVicar, B. A.; Goldberg, J. I.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 539(1): 53–65. feb 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00284,\nabstract = {Calcium (Ca2+) channel clustering at specific presynaptic sites is a hallmark of mature synapses. However, the spatial distribution patterns of Ca2+ channels at newly formed synapses have not yet been demonstrated. Similarly, it is unclear whether Ca2+ 'hotspots' often observed at the presynaptic sites are indeed target cell contact specific and represent a specialized mechanism by which Ca2+ channels are targeted to select synaptic sites. Utilizing both soma-soma paired (synapsed) and single neurons from the mollusk Lymnaea, we have tested the hypothesis that differential gradients of voltage-dependent Ca2+ signals develop in presynaptic neuron at its contact point with the postsynaptic neuron; and that these Ca2+ hotspots are target cell contact specific. Fura-2 imaging, or two-photon laser scanning microscopy of Calcium Green, was coupled with electrophysiological techniques to demonstrate that voltage-induced Ca2+ gradients (hotspots) develop in the presynaptic cell at its contact point with the postsynaptic neuron, but not in unpaired single cells. The incidence of Ca2+ hotspots coincided with the appearance of synaptic transmission between the paired cells, and these gradients were target cell contact specific. In contrast, the voltage-induced Ca2+ signal in unpaired neurons was uniformly distributed throughout the somata; a similar pattern of Ca2+ gradient was observed in the presynaptic neuron when it was soma-soma paired with a non-synaptic partner cell. Moreover, voltage clamp recording techniques, in conjunction with a fast, optical differential perfusion system, were used to demonstrate that the total whole-cell Ca2+ (or Ba2+) current density in single and paired cells was not significantly different. However, the amplitude of Ba2+ current was significantly higher in the presynaptic cell at its contact side with the postsynaptic neurons, compared with non-contacted regions. In summary, this study demonstrates that voltage-induced Ca2+ hotspots develop in the presynaptic cell, concomitant with the appearance of synaptic transmission between the soma-soma paired cells. The appearance of Ca2+ gradients in presynaptic neurons is target cell contact specific and is probably due to a spatial redistribution of existing channels during synaptogenesis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Feng, Zhong-Ping and Grigoriev, Nikita and Munno, David and Lukowiak, Ken and MacVicar, Brian A. and Goldberg, Jeffrey I. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013125},\nissn = {00223751},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {53--65},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Development of Ca 2+ hotspots between Lymnaea neurons during synaptogenesis}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013125 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013125},\nvolume = {539},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n Calcium (Ca2+) channel clustering at specific presynaptic sites is a hallmark of mature synapses. However, the spatial distribution patterns of Ca2+ channels at newly formed synapses have not yet been demonstrated. Similarly, it is unclear whether Ca2+ 'hotspots' often observed at the presynaptic sites are indeed target cell contact specific and represent a specialized mechanism by which Ca2+ channels are targeted to select synaptic sites. Utilizing both soma-soma paired (synapsed) and single neurons from the mollusk Lymnaea, we have tested the hypothesis that differential gradients of voltage-dependent Ca2+ signals develop in presynaptic neuron at its contact point with the postsynaptic neuron; and that these Ca2+ hotspots are target cell contact specific. Fura-2 imaging, or two-photon laser scanning microscopy of Calcium Green, was coupled with electrophysiological techniques to demonstrate that voltage-induced Ca2+ gradients (hotspots) develop in the presynaptic cell at its contact point with the postsynaptic neuron, but not in unpaired single cells. The incidence of Ca2+ hotspots coincided with the appearance of synaptic transmission between the paired cells, and these gradients were target cell contact specific. In contrast, the voltage-induced Ca2+ signal in unpaired neurons was uniformly distributed throughout the somata; a similar pattern of Ca2+ gradient was observed in the presynaptic neuron when it was soma-soma paired with a non-synaptic partner cell. Moreover, voltage clamp recording techniques, in conjunction with a fast, optical differential perfusion system, were used to demonstrate that the total whole-cell Ca2+ (or Ba2+) current density in single and paired cells was not significantly different. However, the amplitude of Ba2+ current was significantly higher in the presynaptic cell at its contact side with the postsynaptic neurons, compared with non-contacted regions. In summary, this study demonstrates that voltage-induced Ca2+ hotspots develop in the presynaptic cell, concomitant with the appearance of synaptic transmission between the soma-soma paired cells. The appearance of Ca2+ gradients in presynaptic neurons is target cell contact specific and is probably due to a spatial redistribution of existing channels during synaptogenesis.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Critical Time-Window for NO–cGMP-Dependent Long-Term Memory Formation after One-Trial Appetitive Conditioning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, I.; Kemenes, G.; Andrew, R. J.; Benjamin, P. R.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(4): 1414–1425. feb 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Critical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00261,\nabstract = {The nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway is implicated in an increasing number of experimental models of plasticity. Here, in a behavioral analysis using one-trial appetitive associative conditioning, we show that there is an obligatory requirement for this pathway in the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Moreover, we demonstrate that this requirement lasts for a critical period of ∼5 hr after training. Specifically, we trained intact specimens of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis in a single conditioning trial using a conditioned stimulus, amylacetate, paired with a salient unconditioned stimulus, sucrose, for feeding. Long-term associative memory induced by a single associative trial was demonstrated at 24 hr and shown to last at least 14 d after training. Tests for LTM and its dependence on NO were performed routinely 24 hr after training. The critical period when NO was needed for memory formation was established by transiently depleting it from the animals at a series of time points after training by the injection of the NO-scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl3-oxide (PTIO). By blocking the activity of NO synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase enzymes after training, we provided further evidence that LTM formation depends on an intact NO-cGMP pathway. An electrophysiological correlate of LTM was also blocked by PTIO, showing that the dependence of LTM on NO is amenable to analysis at the cellular level in vitro. This represents the first demonstration that associative memory formation after singletrial appetitive classical conditioning is dependent on an intact NO-cGMP signaling pathway.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Andrew, Richard J. and Benjamin, Paul R. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-04-01414.2002},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Critical period,Long-term memory,Lymnaea,Nitric oxide,One-trial classical conditioning,cGMP},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1414--1425},\npmid = {11850468},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Critical Time-Window for NO–cGMP-Dependent Long-Term Memory Formation after One-Trial Appetitive Conditioning}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/4/1414.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-04-01414.2002},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ascorbic Acid Assays of Individual Neurons and Neuronal Tissues Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kim, W.; Dahlgren, R. L.; Moroz, L. L.; and Sweedler, J. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Analytical Chemistry, 74(21): 5614–5620. nov 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ascorbic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00738,\nabstract = {Ascorbic acid is an important cellular metabolite involved in many biochemical pathways. A method to quantitate ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in individual neurons and neuronal tissues is described with detection limits of 320 pM (430 zmol). The method uses microvial sampling, derivatization with 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylene-diamine, capillary electrophoresis separation, and laser-induced fluorescence detection and quantifies the ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid levels with less than a 15-min total analysis time including sample preparation and derivatization. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid levels are measured using functionally characterized and identified neurons of Aplysia californica, Pleurobranchaea californica, and Lymnaea stagnalis - three well-recognized models in cellular and system neuroscience. Multiple assays of a particular identified neuron (e.g., metacerebral cells from Aplysia) show a high level of reproducibility, while endogenous intracellular concentrations of ascorbate are neuron-specific. Ascorbic acid concentrations in the neurons studied range from 0.19 to 6.2 mM for Aplysia and 0.12 to 0.22 mM for Lymnaea. In contrast, concentrations of ascorbic acid observed in heterogeneous tissues such as ganglia (with connective tissues, glia, blood vessels, neuropile, and areas with intercellular spaces), 4-190 $\\mu$M, are significantly lower than the single-cell values.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kim, Won-Suk and Dahlgren, Robin L. and Moroz, Leonid L. and Sweedler, Jonathan V.},\ndoi = {10.1021/ac025917q},\nissn = {0003-2700},\njournal = {Analytical Chemistry},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {21},\npages = {5614--5620},\npublisher = {ACS Publications},\ntitle = {{Ascorbic Acid Assays of Individual Neurons and Neuronal Tissues Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection}},\nurl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac025917q https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac025917q},\nvolume = {74},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Novel $ω$-Conotoxins Block Dihydropyridine-Insensitive High Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in Molluscan Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kits, K. S.; Lodder, J. C.; Van Der Schors, R. C.; Li, K. W.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; and Fainzilber, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurochemistry, 67(5): 2155–2163. nov 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Novel$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00659,\nabstract = {We have identified two novel peptide toxins from molluscivorous Conus species that discriminate subtypes of high voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents in molluscan neurons. The toxins were purified using assays on HVA calcium currents in the caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The CDC HVA current consists of a rapidly inactivating, transient current that is relatively insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHPs) and a slowly inactivating, DHP-sensitive L-current. The novel toxins, designated $\\omega$-conotoxins PnVIA and PnVIB, completely and selectively block the transient HVA current in CDCs with little (PnVIA) or no (PnVIB) effect on the sustained L-type current. The block is rapid and completely reversible. It is noteworthy that both PnVIA and PnVIB reveal very steep dose dependences of the block, which may imply cooperativity in toxin action. The amino acid sequences of PnVIA (GCLEVDYFCGIPFANNGLCCSGNCVFVCTPQ) and of PnVIB (DDDCEPPGNFCGMIKIGPPCCSGWCFFACA) show very little homology to previously described $\\omega$-conotoxins, although both toxins share the typical $\\omega$-conotoxin cysteine framework but have an unusual high content of hydrophobic residues and net negative charge. These novel $\\omega$-conotoxins will facilitate selective analysis of the functions of HVA calcium channels and may enable the rational design of drugs that are selective for relevant subtypes.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kits, Karel S. and Lodder, Johannes C. and {Van Der Schors}, Roel C. and Li, Ka Wan and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Fainzilber, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67052155.x},\nissn = {00223042},\njournal = {Journal of Neurochemistry},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Calcium channel,Conotoxin,Dihydropyridine,High voltage-activated channel,Lymnaea},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2155--2163},\npmid = {8863526},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Novel $\\omega$-Conotoxins Block Dihydropyridine-Insensitive High Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in Molluscan Neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67052155.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67052155.x},\nvolume = {67},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Suppression of Nitric Oxide (NO)-Dependent Behavior by Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated Silencing of a Neuronal NO Synthase Gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korneev, S. A.; Kemenes, I.; Straub, V.; Staras, K.; Korneeva, E. I.; Kemenes, G.; Benjamin, P. R.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(11): RC227–RC227. jun 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Suppression$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00149,\nabstract = {We have used double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) to disrupt neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) gene function in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis and have detected a specific behavioral phenotype. The injection of whole animals with synthetic dsRNA molecules targeted to the nNOS-encoding mRNA reduces feeding behavior in vivo and fictive feeding in vitro and interferes with NO synthesis by the CNS. By showing that synthetic dsRNA targeted to the nNOS mRNA causes a significant and long-lasting reduction in the levels of Lym-nNOS mRNA, we verify that specific RNAi has occurred. Importantly, our results establish that the expression of nNOS gene is essential for normal feeding behavior. They also show that dsRNA can be used in the investigation of functional gene expression in the context of whole animal behavior, regardless of the availability of targeted mutation technologies.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Korneev, Sergei A. and Kemenes, Ildik{\\'{o}} and Straub, Volko and Staras, Kevin and Korneeva, Elena I. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-11-j0003.2002},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {RC227--RC227},\npmid = {12040086},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Suppression of Nitric Oxide (NO)-Dependent Behavior by Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated Silencing of a Neuronal NO Synthase Gene}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/11/RC227.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-11-j0003.2002},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evolution of Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulatory Genes by DNA Inversion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korneev, S. A.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19(8): 1228–1233. aug 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evolution$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00911,\nabstract = {DNA inversions are mutations involving major rearrangements of the genome and are often regarded as either deleterious or catastrophic to gene function and can be associated with genomic disorders, such as Hunter syndrome and some forms of hemophilia. Here, we propose that DNA inversions are also an essential and hitherto unrecognized component of gene evolution in eukaryotic cells. Specifically, we provide evidence that an ancestral neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene was duplicated and that one copy retained its original function, whereas an internal DNA inversion occurred in the other. Crucially, the inversion resulted in the creation of new regulatory elements required for the termination and activation of transcription. In consequence, the duplicated gene was split, and two new and independently expressed genes were created. Through its dependence on DNA inversion, this is a fundamentally new scheme for gene evolution, which we show as being of particular relevance to the generation of endogenous antisense-containing RNA molecules. Functionally, such transcripts can operate as natural negative regulators of the expression of the genes to which they are related through a common ancestor.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Korneev, Sergei A. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004183},\nissn = {1537-1719},\njournal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},\nkeywords = {Antisense RNA,DNA inversion,Gene evolution,Mollusc,NOS},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1228--1233},\npublisher = {academic.oup.com},\ntitle = {{Evolution of Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulatory Genes by DNA Inversion}},\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-abstract/19/8/1228/997558 http://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/19/8/1228/997558},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Synaptic Precedence During Synapse Formation Between Reciprocally Connected Neurons Involves Transmitter-Receptor Interactions and AA Metabolites.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lovell, P.; McMahon, B.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(3): 1328–1338. sep 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Synaptic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00936,\nabstract = {The cellular mechanisms that determine specificity of synaptic connections between mutually connected neurons in the nervous system have not yet been fully examined in vertebrate and invertebrate species. Here we report on a novel form of synaptic interaction during early stages of synapse formation between reciprocally connected Lymnaea neurons. Specifically, using soma-soma synapses between an identified dopaminergic neuron (also known as the giant dopamine cell), right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), and a FMRFamidergic neuron, visceral dorsal 4 (VD4), we demonstrate that although reciprocal inhibitory synapses re-form between the somata after 24–36 h of pairing, VD4 is, however, the first cell to establish synaptic contacts with RPeD1 (within 12–18 h). We show that VD4 “captures” RPeD1 first as a postsynaptic cell by suppressing its transmitter secretory machinery during early stages of cell-cell pairing. The VD4-induced suppression of transmitter release from RPeD1 was transient, and it required transcription and de novo protein synthesis dependent step in VD4 but not in RPeD1. The VD4-induced effects on RPeD1 were mimicked by a FMRFamide-like peptide. Perturbation of FMRFamide-activated metabolites of the arachidonic acid pathway in RPeD1 not only prevented FMRFamide-induced suppression of transmitter release from the giant dopamine cell but also shifted the synaptic balance in favor of RPeD1, thus making it the first cell to begin synaptic transmission with VD4 within 12–18 h. A single RPeD1 that had developed dopamine secretory capabilities overnight and was subsequently paired with VD4 for 12–18 h was, however, immune to VD4-induced suppression of transmitter release. Under these experimental conditions, both cells developed mutual inhibitory synapses concurrently. Taken together, our data provide evidence for novel synaptic interaction between reciprocally connected neurons and underscore the importance of transmitter-receptor interplay in regulating the timing of synapse formation in the nervous system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lovell, P. and McMahon, B. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1328},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1328--1338},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Synaptic Precedence During Synapse Formation Between Reciprocally Connected Neurons Involves Transmitter-Receptor Interactions and AA Metabolites}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1328 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1328},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n The cellular mechanisms that determine specificity of synaptic connections between mutually connected neurons in the nervous system have not yet been fully examined in vertebrate and invertebrate species. Here we report on a novel form of synaptic interaction during early stages of synapse formation between reciprocally connected Lymnaea neurons. Specifically, using soma-soma synapses between an identified dopaminergic neuron (also known as the giant dopamine cell), right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), and a FMRFamidergic neuron, visceral dorsal 4 (VD4), we demonstrate that although reciprocal inhibitory synapses re-form between the somata after 24–36 h of pairing, VD4 is, however, the first cell to establish synaptic contacts with RPeD1 (within 12–18 h). We show that VD4 “captures” RPeD1 first as a postsynaptic cell by suppressing its transmitter secretory machinery during early stages of cell-cell pairing. The VD4-induced suppression of transmitter release from RPeD1 was transient, and it required transcription and de novo protein synthesis dependent step in VD4 but not in RPeD1. The VD4-induced effects on RPeD1 were mimicked by a FMRFamide-like peptide. Perturbation of FMRFamide-activated metabolites of the arachidonic acid pathway in RPeD1 not only prevented FMRFamide-induced suppression of transmitter release from the giant dopamine cell but also shifted the synaptic balance in favor of RPeD1, thus making it the first cell to begin synaptic transmission with VD4 within 12–18 h. A single RPeD1 that had developed dopamine secretory capabilities overnight and was subsequently paired with VD4 for 12–18 h was, however, immune to VD4-induced suppression of transmitter release. Under these experimental conditions, both cells developed mutual inhibitory synapses concurrently. Taken together, our data provide evidence for novel synaptic interaction between reciprocally connected neurons and underscore the importance of transmitter-receptor interplay in regulating the timing of synapse formation in the nervous system.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Context Extinction and Associative Learning in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McComb, C.; Sangha, S.; Qadry, S.; Yue, J.; Scheibenstock, A.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 78(1): 23–34. jul 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Context$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00302,\nabstract = {Aerial respiratory behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea was operantly conditioned so that snails learned not to perform aerial respiration in a hypoxic environment. Snails were trained in either the standard context (no food odorant) or a carrot (food-odorant) context. An operant training procedure of two 45-min training sessions with a 1-h interval between the sessions followed by a third 45-min training session 18 h later was sufficient to produce associative learning and long-term memory (LTM) that persisted for at least 5 days. If, however, following the third operant training session snails received three 45-min extinction training sessions, with each extinction session separated by at least a 1-h interval, LTM was not observed when tested the following day. That is, the memory was extinguished. Extinction, however, did not occur if the context of the extinction training was different from the context of the associative training. That is, in the snails trained in the standard context, extinction did not occur if the extinction training sessions were performed in the food-odorant context and vice versa. {\\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McComb, Chloe and Sangha, Susan and Qadry, Syed and Yue, James and Scheibenstock, Andi and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1006/nlme.2001.4041},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Concurrent context learning,Extinction,Long-term memory,Lymnaea},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {23--34},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Context Extinction and Associative Learning in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742701940419 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742701940419},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Polyester Microstructures for Topographical Control of Outgrowth and Synapse Formation of Snail Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Merz, M.; and Fromherz, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advanced Materials, 14(2): 141–144. jan 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Polyester$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00949,\nabstract = {Synaptically connected neurons are obtained with defined position of their cell bodies and defined geometry of their arborization using polyester topographical structures (see Figure). The substrates can be used several times. The technique will allow the creation of defined neuronal networks that are stimulated and monitored from silicon chips.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Merz, M. and Fromherz, P.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<141::AID-ADMA141>3.0.CO;2-R},\nissn = {0935-9648},\njournal = {Advanced Materials},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {141--144},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Polyester Microstructures for Topographical Control of Outgrowth and Synapse Formation of Snail Neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2{\\%}3C141::AID-ADMA141{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-R?casa{\\_}token=npmBZJMMxwsAAAAA:jM2gwBZR7ZTfsfRcib-eqoqHYCL-ODO51gF{\\_}fuA{\\_}mnPb9YectSNPNCNplJy{\\_}pYSkgFFxqqjiEmI{\\_} http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1521-4095{\\%}2820020116{\\%}2914{\\%}3A2{\\%}3C141{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-ADMA141{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-R},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cadmium ions modulate GABA induced currents in molluscan neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Molnár, G.; Győri, J.; Salánki, J.; and S.-Rózsa, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 53(1-2): 105–123. mar 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cadmium$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00785,\nabstract = {The effect of Cd2+, as one of the most widespread toxic environmental pollutants, was studied on $\\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) evoked responses of identified neurons in the central nervous system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L. (Gastropoda). In the experiments, the modulation of the action of GABA both on neuronal activity (current clamp recording) and on the a GABA activated membrane Cl--current (voltage clamp studies) has been shown. It was found that: 1. GABA could evoked three different various types of response in GABA sensitive neurons: i) hyperpolarization with strong inhibition of ongoing spike activity, ii) short depolarization with an increase of spike the activity, iii) biphasic respone with a short excitation followed by a more prolonged long inhibition. 2. In low-Cl- solution the inhibitory action of GABA was reduced or eliminated, but the excitatory one was not or only moderately affected. 3. CdCl2 inhibited the GABA evoked hyperpolarization, but left intact or only slightly reduced the excitation evoked by GABA. 4. The inward Cl--current evoked by GABA at a -75 mV holding potential was slightly augmented in the presence of 1 $\\mu$mol/l Cd2+, but was reduced or blocked at higher cadmium concentrations. The effect of Cd2+ was concentration and time dependent. 5. Parallel with reducing the GABA evoked current, cadmium increased both the time to peak and the half inactivation time of the current. 6. CdCl2 alone, in 50 $\\mu$mol/l concentration, induced a 1-2 nA inward current. The blocking effect of cadmium on GABA activated inhibitory processes can be an important component of the neuro-toxic effects of this heavy metal ion.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moln{\\'{a}}r, G. and Győri, J. and Sal{\\'{a}}nki, J. and S.-R{\\'{o}}zsa, Katalin},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.53.2002.1-2.12},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Cd2+,Cl-,Current,GABA,Lymnaea stagnalis L.},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {105--123},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Cadmium ions modulate GABA induced currents in molluscan neurons}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1556/ABiol.53.2002.1-2.12 http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.53.2002.1-2.12},\nvolume = {53},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ultrastructure of neuromuscular contacts in the embryonic pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nagy, T.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 53(1-2): 125–139. mar 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ultrastructure$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00262,\nabstract = {Ultrastructural characteristics of muscle fibers and neuromuscular contacts were investigated during two stages of embryogenesis of the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The first muscle cells appear as early as during metamorphosis (50-55{\\%} of embryonic development), whereas previously, in the trochophore/veliger stages (25-45{\\%}), muscular elements cannot be detected at all. The first muscle fibers contain large amounts of free numbers, a well-developed rER system and only a few irregularly arranged contractile elements. The nucleus is densely packed with heterochromatine material. At 75{\\%} adult-like postmetamorphic stage, the frequency of muscle fibers increases significantly, but, bundles of muscle fibers cannot yet be observed. Furthermore the muscle cells are characterized by large numbers of free ribosomes and numerous rER elements. Fine axon bundles and single axon processes, both accompanied by glial elements, can already be found at this time. Axon varicosities with different vesicle and/or granule contents form membrane contacts with muscle fibers, but without revealing membrane specialization on the pre- or postsynaptic side. The late development of the muscle system and neuromuscular contacts during Lymnaea embryogenesis correlates well with the maturation of different forms of behavior of adult, free-living life, and also with the peripheral appearance of chemically identified components of the embryonic nervous system of central origin.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nagy, T. and Elekes, K.},\ndoi = {10.1556/ABiol.53.2002.1-2.13},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Embryogenesis,Lymnaea,Neuromuscular contacts,Snail,Ultrastructure},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {125--139},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Ultrastructure of neuromuscular contacts in the embryonic pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L.}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1556/ABiol.53.2002.1-2.13 http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/ABiol.53.2002.1-2.13},\nvolume = {53},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Potent antagonistic action of synthetic analogues of APGWGNamide, an antagonist of molluscan neuropeptide APGWamide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ohtani, M.; Minakata, H.; and Aimoto, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Peptides, 23(5): 843–852. may 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Potent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00816,\nabstract = {Fifty-five kinds of analogues of APGWGNamide (Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-Gly-Asn-NH2), which is an antagonist of molluscan neuropeptide APGWamide, were synthesized and their antagonistic activities were examined on two molluscan smooth muscles. Among all the analogues tested, on spontaneous contraction of the crop of the land snail, Euhadra congenita, APGWG(L-biphenylalanine, Bip)amide showed the most potent antagonistic activity and its potency was 50-100 times higher than that of APGWGNamide. Likewise, on phasic contraction of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of the sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, the effect of APGWG(D-homophenylalanine, dHfe) was the most potent and showed 5-10 times stronger activity than that of APGWGNamide. In the tolerance test to known exo- and endopeptidases or the crop tissue homogenate, APGWGNamide was not only easily degraded by a proline-specific endopeptidase but also by the homogenate. Two kinds of potent antagonists were thus developed: APGWG(Bip)amide and APGWG(dHfe)amide, which will be useful tools for investigation of the function of APGWamide in the snail and the mussel, respectively. {\\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ohtani, M. and Minakata, H. and Aimoto, S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00009-8},\nissn = {01969781},\njournal = {Peptides},\nkeywords = {APGWGNamide,APGWamide,Antagonist,Peptidase,Potent analogue,Unnatural amino acid},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {843--852},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Potent antagonistic action of synthetic analogues of APGWGNamide, an antagonist of molluscan neuropeptide APGWamide}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978102000098 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196978102000098},\nvolume = {23},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Associative Learning Acquisition and Retention Depends on Developmental Stage in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ono, M.; Kawai, R.; Horikoshi, T.; Yasuoka, T.; and Sakakibara, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 78(1): 53–64. jul 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Associative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00152,\nabstract = {Associative learning dependent on visual and vestibular sensory neurons and the underlying cellular mechanisms have been well characterized in Hermissenda but not yet in Lymnaea. Three days of conditioning with paired presentations of a light flash (conditional stimulus: CS) and orbital rotation (unconditional stimulus: UCS) in intact Lymnaea stagnalis results in a whole-body withdrawal response (WBWR) to the CS. In the current study, we examined the optimal stimulus conditions for associative learning, including developmental stage, number of stimuli, interstimulus interval, and intertrial interval. Animals with a shell length longer than 18 mm (sexually mature) acquired and retained the associative memory, while younger ones having a shell length shorter than 15 mm acquired but did not retain the memory to the following day. For mature animals, 10 paired presentations of the CS and UCS presented every 2 min were sufficient for the induction of a WBWR to the CS. Furthermore, animals conditioned with the UCS presented simultaneously with the last 2 s of the CS also exhibited a significant WBWR in response to the CS. Blind animals did not acquire the associative memory, suggesting that ocular photoreceptors, and not dermal photoreceptors, detected the CS. These results show that maturity was key to retention of associative learning. {\\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ono, Megumi and Kawai, Ryo and Horikoshi, Tetsuro and Yasuoka, Takashi and Sakakibara, Manabu},\ndoi = {10.1006/nlme.2001.4066},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Development,Interstimulus interval,Intertrial interval,Learning paradigm,Lymnaea,Whole-body withdrawal response},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {53--64},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Associative Learning Acquisition and Retention Depends on Developmental Stage in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742701940663 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742701940663},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Soma of RPeD1 Must Be Present for Long-Term Memory Formation of Associative Learning in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Scheibenstock, A.; Krygier, D.; Haque, Z.; Syed, N.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(4): 1584–1591. oct 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00106,\nabstract = {The cellular basis of long-term memory (LTM) storage is not completely known. We have developed a preparation where we are able to specify that a single identified neuron, Right Pedal Dorsal 1 (RPeD1), is a site of LTM formation of associative learning in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We demonstrated this by ablating the soma of the neuron but leaving behind its functional primary neurite, as evidenced by electrophysiological and behavioral analyses. The soma-less RPeD1 neurite continues to be a necessary participant in the mediation of aerial respiratory behavior, associative learning, and intermediate-term memory (ITM); however, LTM cannot be formed. However, if RPeD1's soma is ablated after LTM consolidation has occurred, LTM can still be accessed. Thus the soma of RPeD1 is a site of LTM formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Scheibenstock, Andi and Krygier, Darin and Haque, Zara and Syed, Naweed and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1584},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1584--1591},\npmid = {12364489},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{The Soma of RPeD1 Must Be Present for Long-Term Memory Formation of Associative Learning in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1584 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1584},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide level regulates the embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis : pharmacological, behavioral, and ultrastructural studies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Serfözö, Z.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 310(1): 119–130. oct 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00226,\nabstract = {On the basis of the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity, we have previously suggested a role for nitric oxide (NO) in the development of Lymnaea stagnalis. In the present study, the long-term effects of NO donors (sodium nitroprusside, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors (nitro-L-arginine methyl-ester [L-NAME], NG-nitro-L-arginine [L-NOARG]) were tested on the survival, length of embryonic (intracapsular) life, locomotion (gliding), heartbeat activity and feeding behavior, as well as on the ultrastructure of the developing ganglia in the embryonic Lymnaea. No effect of any of the substances applied can be observed under 10-5 M concentration, whereas at 10-3 M concentration both kinds of treatment proved to be toxic. Between 10-5 M and 10-3 M concentrations the effects are reversible. At 10-4 M concentration, NO donors slightly increase the frequency of gliding and heartbeat of E70{\\%} embryos, and evoke a more than twofold enhancement of the feeding activity, i.e., the frequency of radula protrusions in the E90{\\%} embryonic stage. In contrast, NOS inhibitors at 10-4 M concentration strongly inhibit the locomotion and heartbeat of E70{\\%} embryos, and the feeding of E90{\\%} embryos. Under 10-3 M concentration, L-arginine diminishes the effect of NOARG, whereas the D-isomer of NAME has little or no significant effect. Neither type of treatment alters the course of gangliogenesis, and the light-microscopic appearance of neurons also remains unaffected. Ultrastructural analysis of the central nervous system of E90{\\%} embryos treated with 10-4 M NOS inhibitors revealed a significant reduction of the glycogen granule content and accumulation of lipid droplets in a number of the neuronal perikarya, as well as the occurrence of disintegrated mitochondria in axonal profiles. The effect of 10-4 M NO donors is mainly characterized by the increased number of lysosomes, disintegrated mitochondria and degenerating axonal profiles. The present findings suggest that NO is involved in the regulation of different behaviors and physiological functions, such as feeding activity, locomotion and heartbeat, during the embryonic development of Lymnaea. Changes observed in neuronal ultrastructure in ganglia seem to indicate NOergic regulatory processes at the central level.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Serf{\\"{o}}z{\\"{o}}, Zolt{\\'{a}}n and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.1007/s00441-002-0589-9},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Behavior,Embryonic development,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Nitric oxide,Ultrastructure},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {119--130},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide level regulates the embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis : pharmacological, behavioral, and ultrastructural studies}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-002-0589-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00441-002-0589-9},\nvolume = {310},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n On the basis of the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity, we have previously suggested a role for nitric oxide (NO) in the development of Lymnaea stagnalis. In the present study, the long-term effects of NO donors (sodium nitroprusside, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors (nitro-L-arginine methyl-ester [L-NAME], NG-nitro-L-arginine [L-NOARG]) were tested on the survival, length of embryonic (intracapsular) life, locomotion (gliding), heartbeat activity and feeding behavior, as well as on the ultrastructure of the developing ganglia in the embryonic Lymnaea. No effect of any of the substances applied can be observed under 10-5 M concentration, whereas at 10-3 M concentration both kinds of treatment proved to be toxic. Between 10-5 M and 10-3 M concentrations the effects are reversible. At 10-4 M concentration, NO donors slightly increase the frequency of gliding and heartbeat of E70% embryos, and evoke a more than twofold enhancement of the feeding activity, i.e., the frequency of radula protrusions in the E90% embryonic stage. In contrast, NOS inhibitors at 10-4 M concentration strongly inhibit the locomotion and heartbeat of E70% embryos, and the feeding of E90% embryos. Under 10-3 M concentration, L-arginine diminishes the effect of NOARG, whereas the D-isomer of NAME has little or no significant effect. Neither type of treatment alters the course of gangliogenesis, and the light-microscopic appearance of neurons also remains unaffected. Ultrastructural analysis of the central nervous system of E90% embryos treated with 10-4 M NOS inhibitors revealed a significant reduction of the glycogen granule content and accumulation of lipid droplets in a number of the neuronal perikarya, as well as the occurrence of disintegrated mitochondria in axonal profiles. The effect of 10-4 M NO donors is mainly characterized by the increased number of lysosomes, disintegrated mitochondria and degenerating axonal profiles. The present findings suggest that NO is involved in the regulation of different behaviors and physiological functions, such as feeding activity, locomotion and heartbeat, during the embryonic development of Lymnaea. Changes observed in neuronal ultrastructure in ganglia seem to indicate NOergic regulatory processes at the central level.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development of the nitric oxide/cGMP system in the embryonic and juvenile pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L. A comparative in situ hybridization, histochemical and immunohistochemical study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Serfözö, Z.; Veréb, Z.; Roszer, T.; Kemenes, G.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurocytology, 31(2): 131–147. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Serfozo2002,\nabstract = {Recent studies have indicated that nitric oxide (NO)-induced cGMP synthesis is involved in different steps of neurogenesis in invertebrates. The development of putative NO synthetising elements was described earlier in the embryonic and juvenile pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, applying NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry (Serf{\\'{o}}z{\\'{o}} et al., 1998). In the present study, we examined the distribution of NO synthase (NOS) during Lymnaea development by in situ hybridization for Lymnaea-NOS mRNA, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques for the NOS and NO-stimulated cGMP. Peripheral fibers projecting to the CNS and terminating in the ganglionic neuropils showed NOS immunoreactivity from 85{\\%} of embryonic development. At the same time, a fine dot-like, immunostaining indicated the presence of cGMP in the neuropil area. In the CNS, Lymnaea-NOS mRNA positive, as well as NOS and cGMP immunoreactive perikarya were detected first during postembryonic development; their number significantly increased from P3 juvenile stage. Some of the cell groups in the CNS containing NOS immunoreactive material also displayed Lymnaea-NOS mRNA hybridization signal and were cGMP-positive. However, in the subesophageal ganglia, the distribution of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA positive cell groups did not correspond to that of the NOS immunoreactive cells. Neurons revealing transient NOS and cGMP immunoreactivity, respectively, could also be detected in this part of the CNS. In most of the ganglia the number of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA containing and cGMP immunopositive neurons, respectively, exceeded that of the NOS immunoreactive cells from P4 juvenile stage. The localization of NADPH-diaphorase reaction also correlated well with that of the NOS immunoreactivity in the developing CNS. At the periphery, colocalization of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA signal, NOS and cGMP immunoreactivities were observed in the epithelial cells of the esophagus and mantle after hatching. The findings suggest the functional maturity of the NO/cGMP signal transduction pathway at both central and peripheral levels during the development of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The differences in the localization of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA labeling and NOS immunoreactivity in the CNS and PNS can be explained by the existence of different NOS isoforms, posttranslational regulation of NOS, and/or some non-specific antibody labeling.},\nauthor = {Serf{\\"{o}}z{\\"{o}}, Zolt{\\'{a}}n and Ver{\\'{e}}b, Zolt{\\'{a}}n and Roszer, Tam{\\'{a}}s and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.1023/A:1023945522690},\nissn = {03004864},\njournal = {Journal of Neurocytology},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {131--147},\ntitle = {{Development of the nitric oxide/cGMP system in the embryonic and juvenile pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L. A comparative in situ hybridization, histochemical and immunohistochemical study}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023945522690},\nvolume = {31},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

\n

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\n Recent studies have indicated that nitric oxide (NO)-induced cGMP synthesis is involved in different steps of neurogenesis in invertebrates. The development of putative NO synthetising elements was described earlier in the embryonic and juvenile pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, applying NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry (Serfózó et al., 1998). In the present study, we examined the distribution of NO synthase (NOS) during Lymnaea development by in situ hybridization for Lymnaea-NOS mRNA, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques for the NOS and NO-stimulated cGMP. Peripheral fibers projecting to the CNS and terminating in the ganglionic neuropils showed NOS immunoreactivity from 85% of embryonic development. At the same time, a fine dot-like, immunostaining indicated the presence of cGMP in the neuropil area. In the CNS, Lymnaea-NOS mRNA positive, as well as NOS and cGMP immunoreactive perikarya were detected first during postembryonic development; their number significantly increased from P3 juvenile stage. Some of the cell groups in the CNS containing NOS immunoreactive material also displayed Lymnaea-NOS mRNA hybridization signal and were cGMP-positive. However, in the subesophageal ganglia, the distribution of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA positive cell groups did not correspond to that of the NOS immunoreactive cells. Neurons revealing transient NOS and cGMP immunoreactivity, respectively, could also be detected in this part of the CNS. In most of the ganglia the number of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA containing and cGMP immunopositive neurons, respectively, exceeded that of the NOS immunoreactive cells from P4 juvenile stage. The localization of NADPH-diaphorase reaction also correlated well with that of the NOS immunoreactivity in the developing CNS. At the periphery, colocalization of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA signal, NOS and cGMP immunoreactivities were observed in the epithelial cells of the esophagus and mantle after hatching. The findings suggest the functional maturity of the NO/cGMP signal transduction pathway at both central and peripheral levels during the development of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The differences in the localization of Lymnaea-NOS mRNA labeling and NOS immunoreactivity in the CNS and PNS can be explained by the existence of different NOS isoforms, posttranslational regulation of NOS, and/or some non-specific antibody labeling.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of temperature on synaptic transmission between identified neurones of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sidorov, A. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 333(1): 1–4. nov 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effect$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00049,\nabstract = {The mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis, has been used as a model to study the mechanisms of temperature-dependent processes in the central nervous system. Effects of temperature changes on transmission in monosynaptic connections, made by the FMRFamide-containing neurone VD4 and the giant dopaminergic neurone RPeD1 with follower neurones, were recorded with intracellular microelectrodes. In the temperature range of 4-6°C, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) in response to VD4 stimulation were not observed in postsynaptic cells while the IPSPs persisted in the RPeD1 followers. A temperature rise resulted in a sharp increase in the IPSP amplitude in followers of both VD4 and RPeD1. In isolated nervous systems taken from molluscs which have been kept at 4-6°C for 2 weeks and more, no coupling between VD4, RPeD1 and synaptically connected cells was seen in the full experimental temperature range. The synaptic coupling recovered only after maintaining the molluscs at a water temperature of 14-16°C for at least 2 days. The changes observed in synaptic responses to temperature alterations correspond to the behaviour of the molluscs. {\\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sidorov, Alexander V.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00868-6},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Cold adaptation,Dopamine,FMRFamide,Gastropoda,Synapse},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {1--4},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Effect of temperature on synaptic transmission between identified neurones of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394002008686 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304394002008686},\nvolume = {333},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gone but not forgotten: The lingering effects of intermediate-term memory on the persistence of long-term memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smyth, K.; Sangha, S.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 205(1): 131–140. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Gone$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00767,\nabstract = {Aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned in Lymnaea stagnalis and, depending on the interval between the training sessions, memories of significantly different durations are produced. In na{\\"{i}}ve snails, a 15 min training procedure with a 30 min interval between three training sessions results in memory that persists for only 3 h (intermediate-term memory, ITM); whilst if the three 15 min training sessions are separated by a 1 h interval memory persists for 48h (long-term memory, LTM). We found that if ITM training preceded LTM training, then LTM would persist for 24 h longer. This augmenting effect on LTM persistence could be demonstrated for up to 5 h following the last ITM training session, even though ITM was not observed at that time. However, if LTM training ensued 8 h after the last ITM training session, an augmented LTM did not occur. Extinguishing the memory produced by the ITM training procedure also prevented augmentation of LTM. That is, if an extinction procedure was given to the snails after the ITM training procedure, LTM did not persist longer than 48 h. Thus, at the behavioural level, ITM and LTM are interconnected.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smyth, Kim and Sangha, Susan and Lukowiak, Ken},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Behaviour,Learning,Lymnaea stagnalis,Memory,Snail,Training},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {131--140},\npmid = {11818419},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Gone but not forgotten: The lingering effects of intermediate-term memory on the persistence of long-term memory}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/205/1/131.short},\nvolume = {205},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Changes in the Activity of a CPG Neuron After the Reinforcement of an Operantly Conditioned Behavior in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spencer, G. E.; Kazmi, M. H.; Syed, N. I.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(4): 1915–1923. oct 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Changes$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00059,\nabstract = {We have previously shown that the aerial respiratory behavior of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis can be operantly conditioned, and the central pattern generating (CPG) neurons underlying this behavior have been identified. As neural correlates of operant conditioning remain poorly defined in both vertebrates and invertebrates, we have used the Lymnaea respiratory CPG to investigate neuronal changes associated with the change in behavior after conditioning. After operant conditioning of the intact animals, semi-intact preparations were dissected, so that changes in the respiratory behavior (pneumostome openings) and underlying activity of the identified CPG neuron, right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), could be monitored simultaneously. RPeD1 was studied because it initiates the rhythmic activity of the CPG and receives chemo-sensory input from the pneumostome area. Pneumostome openings and RPeD1 activity were monitored both before and after a reinforcing training stimulus applied to the open pneumostome of operantly conditioned and yoked control preparations. After presentation of the reinforcing stimulus, there was a significant reduction in both breathing behavior and RPeD1 activity in operant preparations but not in yoked and naı̈ve controls. Furthermore these changes were only significant in the subgroup of operantly conditioned animals described as good learners and not in poor learners. These data strongly suggest that changes in RPeD1 activity may underlie the behavioral changes associated with the reinforcement of operant conditioning of the respiratory behavior.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spencer, Gaynor E. and Kazmi, Mustapha H. and Syed, Naweed I. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1915},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1915--1923},\npmid = {12364517},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Changes in the Activity of a CPG Neuron After the Reinforcement of an Operantly Conditioned Behavior in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1915 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1915},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Voltage-gated ionic currents in an identified modulatory cell type controlling molluscan feeding.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Staras, K.; Gyori, J.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(1): 109–119. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Voltage-gated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00711,\nabstract = {An important modulatory cell type, found in all molluscan feeding networks, was investigated using two-electrode voltage- and current-clamp methods. In the cerebral giant cells of Lymnaea, a transient inward Na+ current was identified with activation at -58 ± 2 mV. It was sensitive to tetrodotoxin only in high concentrations (≈ 50{\\%} block at 100 $\\mu$M), a characteristic of Na+ channels in many molluscan neurons. A much smaller low-threshold persistent Na+ current (activation at {\\textless}-90 mV) was also identified. Two purely voltage-sensitive outward K+ currents were also found: (i) a transient A-current type which was activated at -59 ± 4 mV and blocked by 4-aminopyridine; (ii) a sustained tetraethylammonium-sensitive delayed rectifier current which was activated at -47 ± 2 mV. There was also evidence that a third, Ca2+-activated, K+ channel made a contribution to the total outward current. No inwardly rectifying currents were found. Two Ca2+ currents were characterized: (i) a transient low-voltage (-65 ± 2 mV) activated T-type current, which was blocked in NiCl2 (2 mM) and was completely inactivated at ≈-50 mV; (ii) A sustained high voltage (-40 ± 1 mV) activated current, which was blocked in CdCl2 (100 $\\mu$M) but not in $\\omega$-conotoxin GVIA (10 $\\mu$M), $\\omega$-agatoxin IVA (500 nM) or nifedipine (10 $\\mu$M). This current was enhanced in Ba2+ saline. Current-clamp experiments revealed how these different current types could define the membrane potential and firing properties of the cerebral giant cells, which are important in shaping the wide-acting modulatory influence of this neuron on the rest of the feeding network.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Staras, Kevin and Gyori, J{\\'{a}}nos and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01845.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cerebral giant cells,Feeding network,Lymnaea,Membrane properties,Spike generation},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {109--119},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Voltage-gated ionic currents in an identified modulatory cell type controlling molluscan feeding}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01845.x},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Endogenous and network properties of Lymnaea feeding central pattern generator interneurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straub, V. A.; Staras, K.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(4): 1569–1583. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Endogenous$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00183,\nabstract = {Understanding central pattern generator (CPG) circuits requires a detailed knowledge of the intrinsic cellular properties of the constituent neurons. These properties are poorly understood in most CPGs because of the complexity resulting from interactions with other neurons of the circuit. This is also the case in the feeding network of the snail, Lymnaea, one of the best-characterized CPG networks. We addressed this problem by isolating the interneurons comprising the feeding CPG in cell culture, which enabled us to study their basic intrinsic electrical and pharmacological cellular properties without interference from other network components. These results were then related to the activity patterns of the neurons in the intact feeding network. The most striking finding was the intrinsic generation of plateau potentials by medial N1 (N1M) interneurons. This property is probably critical for rhythm generation in the whole feeding circuit because the N1M interneurons are known to play a pivotal role in the initiation of feeding cycles in response to food. Plateau potential generation in another cell type, the ventral N2 (N2v), appeared to be conditional on the presence of acetylcholine. Examination of the other isolated feeding CPG interneurons [lateral N1 (N1L), dorsal N2 (N2d), phasic N3 (N3p)] and the modulatory slow oscillator (SO) revealed no significant intrinsic properties in relation to pattern generation. Instead, their firing patterns in the circuit appear to be determined largely by cholinergic and glutamatergic synaptic inputs from other CPG interneurons, which were mimicked in culture by application of these transmitters. This is an example of a CPG system where the initiation of each cycle appears to be determined by the intrinsic properties of a key interneuron, N1M, but most other features of the rhythm are probably determined by network interactions.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Straub, Volko A. and Staras, Kevin and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1569},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1569--1583},\npmid = {12364488},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Endogenous and network properties of Lymnaea feeding central pattern generator interneurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1569},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hypoxia-induced peripheral feedback is required for central respiratory rhythmogenesis in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N I\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Hypoxia-induced$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00581,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} of Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta, Canada, T2N 4NL Aerial respiration in the fresh water mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis is controlled {\\ldots} The snail feeding system: more fuzzy than we thought PR Benjamin Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Syed, N I},\njournal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON},\npublisher = {static.physoc.org},\ntitle = {{Hypoxia-induced peripheral feedback is required for central respiratory rhythmogenesis in Lymnaea}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://static.physoc.org/app/uploads/2019/01/22204056/symp-Pr-neuronal.pdf},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Various Isoforms of Myomodulin Identified from the Male Copulatory Organ of Lymnaea Show Overlapping yet Distinct Modulatory Effects on the Penis Muscle.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Golen, F. A.; Li, K. W.; Chen, S.; Jiménez, C. R.; and Geraerts, W. P. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurochemistry, 66(1): 321–329. nov 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Various$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00625,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} The gastropod mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis is a {\\ldots} Species Amino acid sequence Reference Lymnaea stagnalis PMSMLRL amide SLSMLRL amide SMSMLRLamide GLQMLRL amide Li et al., 1994a; this report This report Thisreport This report {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Van Golen}, Floral A. and Li, Ka Wan and Chen, Su and Jim{\\'{e}}nez, Connie R. and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M.},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010321.x},\nissn = {00223042},\njournal = {Journal of Neurochemistry},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {321--329},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Various Isoforms of Myomodulin Identified from the Male Copulatory Organ of Lymnaea Show Overlapping yet Distinct Modulatory Effects on the Penis Muscle}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010321.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010321.x},\nvolume = {66},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Role of Lys-Conopressin in the Control of Male Sexual Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Soest, P. F.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Hormones, Brain and Behavior,317–330. 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Role$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00171,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} J. Neurophysiol. 78, 2823-2833. De Lange, RPJ, Van Golen, E A., and Van Minnen, J. (1997). Diversity in cell specific co-expression of four neuropeptide genes involved in control of male copulatory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis. Neuroscience 78, 289-299 {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Soest, Paul F. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-012532104-4/50045-7},\njournal = {Hormones, Brain and Behavior},\npages = {317--330},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Role of Lys-Conopressin in the Control of Male Sexual Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780125321044500457 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780125321044500457},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Heterosynaptic modulation by the octopaminergic OC interneurons increases the synaptic outputs of protraction phase interneurons (SO, N1L) in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á; and Elliott, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 115(2): 483–494. dec 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Heterosynaptic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00054,\nabstract = {We examined the cholinergic synapses between protraction phase interneurons (SO or N1L) and their targets (N1M interneuron, B1 motoneuron) in the buccal ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We have tested the hypothesis that the OC (octopamine-containing) interneuron, an intrinsic modulator of the feeding network, can increase the synaptic efficacy from the SO or N1L to their targets. Prestimulation of the OC interneuron, 4 s before the activation of the SO or N1L increases the strength of their output synapses by 75{\\%} (SO)-110{\\%} (N1L). The individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by SO or N1L stimulation increase in size. OC prestimulation also produces an increase in the firing rate of these presynaptic interneurons: SO 40{\\%}; N1L 33{\\%}. The facilitation lasts up to 6 s after the end of the OC burst. The enhancement of PSPs is seen at all the output synapses (both excitatory and inhibitory) of the SO and N1L interneurons. The output synapses of the non-cholinergic swallowing phase N3p interneuron are not affected, even when the same postsynaptic target is selected. The SO→N1M, SO→B1 and N1L→N1M synapses are also strengthened by bath application of 1-5 $\\mu$M octopamine (average increase 60{\\%}). The major effect is an increased excitability of the SO; the B1 motoneuron response to the main transmitter of the SO, acetylcholine, is unaffected. Increased synaptic outputs of the protraction phase SO and N1L interneurons is functionally significant for generation of feeding pattern in the Lymnaea CNS. Strengthening the connections of SO and N1L to the central pattern generator (N1M) interneurons enhances their ability to drive fictive feeding. Thus heterosynaptic facilitation by the octopaminergic OC interneurons in the central pattern generator network may contribute to the behavioral plasticity of feeding in the intact animal. {\\textcopyright} 2002 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}} and Elliott, C.J.H},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00414-1},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Central pattern generator,Heterosynaptic facilitation,Mollusc,Neuromodulation,Octopamine,Synapse},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {483--494},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Heterosynaptic modulation by the octopaminergic OC interneurons increases the synaptic outputs of protraction phase interneurons (SO, N1L) in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452202004141 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452202004141},\nvolume = {115},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Rapid Neuromodulatory Actions of Integrin Ligands.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wildering, W. C.; Hermann, P. M.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(7): 2419–2426. apr 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Rapid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00683,\nabstract = {Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their receptors, the integrins, actively participate in the control of many fundamental cellular functions in the developing nervous system, including the regulation of cell migration, differentiation, and survival and the control of neurite outgrowth. ECM-integrin interactions in the mature nervous system are commonly considered to be more static in nature and of little importance in the regulation of neuronal function. In contrast, we demonstrate that integrins and their ligands are capable of rapid neuromodulatory actions. Specifically, we show that integrin ligands can alter neuronal pacemaker properties, intracellular free Ca2+ levels, and voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in a matter of minutes. These findings indicate that ECM-integrin interactions play a dynamic role in regulating the physiological status of mature neurons, a process that may contribute to synaptic plasticity, neural regeneration, and neuropathology.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wildering, Willem C. and Hermann, Petra M. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02419.2002},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Ca 2+ signaling,Cell adhesion,ECM,Extracellular matrix proteins,Fibronectin,Integrins,Mollusks,Neuron,Pacemaker properties,RGD,Voltage-gated Ca2+ currents},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {2419--2426},\npmid = {11923405},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Rapid Neuromodulatory Actions of Integrin Ligands}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/7/2419.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02419.2002},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trophic Factor-Induced Excitatory Synaptogenesis Involves Postsynaptic Modulation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woodin, M. A.; Munno, D. W.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(2): 505–514. jan 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trophic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00345,\nabstract = {Neurotrophic factors have well established roles in neuronal development, although their precise involvement in synapse formation and plasticity is yet to be fully determined. Using soma-soma synapses between identified Lymnaea neurons, we have shown recently that trophic factors are required for excitatory but not inhibitory synapse formation. However, neither the precise site (presynaptic versus postsynaptic cell) nor the underlying mechanisms have yet been defined. In the present study, synapse formation between the presynaptic cell visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and its postsynaptic partner right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) was examined to define the cellular mechanisms mediating trophic factor-induced excitatory synaptogenesis in cell culture. When paired in a soma-soma configuration in the presence of defined media (DM, nonproteinacious), mutually inhibitory synapses were appropriately reconstructed between VD4 and RPeD1. However, when cells were paired in the presence of increasing concentrations of Lymnaea brain-conditioned medium (CM), a biphasic synapse (initial excitatory synaptic component followed by inhibition) developed. The CM-induced excitatory synapse formation required trophic factor-mediated activation of receptor tyrosine kinases in the postsynaptic cell, RPeD1, and a concomitant modulation of existing postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Specifically, when RPeD1 was isolated in DM, exogenously applied ACh induced a hyperpolarizing response that was sensitive to the AChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). In contrast, a single RPeD1 isolated in CM exhibited a biphasic response to exogenously applied ACh. The initial depolarizing phase of the biphasic response was sensitive to both mecamylamine and hexamethonium chloride, whereas the hyperpolarizing phase was blocked by MLA. In soma-soma-paired neurons, the VD4-induced synaptic responses in RPeD1 were sensitive to the cholinergic antagonists in a concentration range similar to that used to block cholinergic responses in single RPeD1 cells. Therefore, the modulation of postsynaptic nAChRs was sufficient to account for the trophic factor-induced excitatory synaptogenesis. This study thus provides the first direct evidence that trophic factors act postsynaptically to promote excitatory synapse formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Woodin, Melanie A. and Munno, David W. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00505.2002},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine receptors,Cell culture,Lymnaea,Synapse formation,Synaptic plasticity,Trophic factors},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {505--514},\npmid = {11784796},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Trophic Factor-Induced Excitatory Synaptogenesis Involves Postsynaptic Modulation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/2/505.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00505.2002},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2002}\n}\n

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\n Neurotrophic factors have well established roles in neuronal development, although their precise involvement in synapse formation and plasticity is yet to be fully determined. Using soma-soma synapses between identified Lymnaea neurons, we have shown recently that trophic factors are required for excitatory but not inhibitory synapse formation. However, neither the precise site (presynaptic versus postsynaptic cell) nor the underlying mechanisms have yet been defined. In the present study, synapse formation between the presynaptic cell visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and its postsynaptic partner right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) was examined to define the cellular mechanisms mediating trophic factor-induced excitatory synaptogenesis in cell culture. When paired in a soma-soma configuration in the presence of defined media (DM, nonproteinacious), mutually inhibitory synapses were appropriately reconstructed between VD4 and RPeD1. However, when cells were paired in the presence of increasing concentrations of Lymnaea brain-conditioned medium (CM), a biphasic synapse (initial excitatory synaptic component followed by inhibition) developed. The CM-induced excitatory synapse formation required trophic factor-mediated activation of receptor tyrosine kinases in the postsynaptic cell, RPeD1, and a concomitant modulation of existing postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Specifically, when RPeD1 was isolated in DM, exogenously applied ACh induced a hyperpolarizing response that was sensitive to the AChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). In contrast, a single RPeD1 isolated in CM exhibited a biphasic response to exogenously applied ACh. The initial depolarizing phase of the biphasic response was sensitive to both mecamylamine and hexamethonium chloride, whereas the hyperpolarizing phase was blocked by MLA. In soma-soma-paired neurons, the VD4-induced synaptic responses in RPeD1 were sensitive to the cholinergic antagonists in a concentration range similar to that used to block cholinergic responses in single RPeD1 cells. Therefore, the modulation of postsynaptic nAChRs was sufficient to account for the trophic factor-induced excitatory synaptogenesis. This study thus provides the first direct evidence that trophic factors act postsynaptically to promote excitatory synapse formation.\n

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\n \n 2001\n \n \n (22)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n NPY in invertebrates: molecular answers to altered functions during evolution.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Jong-Brink, M.; ter Maat, A.; and Tensen, C. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Peptides, 22(3): 309–315. mar 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"NPY$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00432,\nabstract = {As in Lymnaea stagnalis NPY plays a key role in regulating energy flows but has no effect on food intake, two important questions arise: 1) How is the amount of food consumed related to energy storage? 2) Can we give a molecular explanation for this alteration in function of NPY during evolution? Recent data have shown that also in Lymnaea a leptin-like factor is produced by glycogen storing cells which inhibits food intake, a Lymnaea storage feedback factor (LySFF). So, food consumption seems in balance with the amount of energy stored in this animal. We suppose that NPY neurons in Lymnaea have receptors for LySFF so that their activity in regulating energy homeostasis reflects the amount of stored energy. By comparing the molecular structure of NPYs in invertebrates it became clear that only molluscan and arthropod NPY are synthesized from a prohormone similar to vertebrate NPYs and should be considered as real invertebrate homologs of NPY. Based on pharmacological data we suppose that the identified Lymnaea NPY receptor is a Y1 subtype. This might explain that LyNPY has no effect on food intake in Lymnaea as this function of NPY in mammals is regulated through the Y5 subtype receptor. {\\textcopyright} 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Jong-Brink, Marijke and ter Maat, Andries and Tensen, Cornelis P.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00332-1},\nissn = {01969781},\njournal = {Peptides},\nkeywords = {Energy storage,Food intake,Invertebrates,Lymnaea,NPY receptor,Storage feedback factor},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {309--315},\npmid = {11287084},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{NPY in invertebrates: molecular answers to altered functions during evolution}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978101003321 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196978101003321},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Target-dependent differentiation and development of molluscan neurons and neuroendocrine cells: use of parasitisation as a tool.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Lange, R. P. J.; Moorer-van Delft, C.; de Boer, P.; van Minnen, J; and de Jong-Brink, M\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 103(1): 289–299. feb 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Target-dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00277,\nabstract = {Specimens of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis infected with the schistosome parasite Trichobilharzia ocellata show a strongly inhibited development of their reproductive tract. We hypothesised that the effects of the underdevelopment of targets are reflected at the level of the neuronal development of (i) the motor neurons innervating the male copulation organ and (ii) neuroendocrine cells regulating the gonad. We determined the state of neuronal development by measuring cell number, cell size and neuropeptide gene expression. Our results show that the neuronal development of both copulation controlling anterior lobe motor neurons of the right cerebral ganglion and neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells, which produce neuropeptides regulating ovulation, egg laying and accompanying behaviour, are affected in parasitised animals in which their respective target organs were not developed. The cell bodies were smaller and fewer cells were found to express neuropeptide genes compared to those in non-parasitised animals. These effects were not observed in the appropriate controls. Backfills and lesions of the penis nerve have shown that the inhibited development of central motor neurons in parasitised snails is target dependent; neighbouring neurons that have no connection with the male copulation organ are not affected. Our data suggest that this effect is established by target-derived neurotrophic factors that need this connection for being transported to the innervating motor neurons. We propose that the effect on the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells is mediated by a humoral factor, since they have no known connection with their target. We have shown that the size and gene expression of motor neurons controlling copulation behaviour in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis are related to the size of their target, the copulation organ, and depend on the connection with this target. {\\textcopyright} 2001 IBRO.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Lange, R. P. J. and {Moorer-van Delft}, C.M and de Boer, P.A.C.M and van Minnen, J and de Jong-Brink, M},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00556-X},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Motor neurons,Neuroendocrine cells,Polyploidy,Schistosome parasites,Snail brain,Target organs},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {289--299},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Target-dependent differentiation and development of molluscan neurons and neuroendocrine cells: use of parasitisation as a tool}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030645220000556X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030645220000556X},\nvolume = {103},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Context Learning and the Effect of Context on Memory Retrieval in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Haney, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning & Memory, 8(1): 35–43. jan 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Context$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00607,\nabstract = {Aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea was operantly conditioned so that the animals perform aerial respiration significantly less often. Using the standard training procedure (pond water made hypoxic by bubbling N2 through it) both food-deprived and fed animals learned and exhibited long-term memory (LTM). However, food-deprived animals exhibited neither learning nor memory when trained under a condition in which the hypoxic pond water also contained a food odorant (carrot, the food-odorant procedure). Fed animals, however, learned and exhibited LTM with the food-odorant procedure. Thus, the presence of the food odorant per se did not prevent learning or the establishment of LTM. Further experimentation, however, revealed that the ability of the snails to have recall (i.e., memory) for the learned behavior was dependent on the context in which memory was tested. That is, if animals were trained with the food-odorant procedure they could only exhibit recall if tested in the food-odorant context and vice versa with the standard training procedure. Thus, although fed animals could learn and show LTM with either training and testing procedure, LTM could only be seen when they were tested in the context in which they were trained.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Haney, J.},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.34701},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning {\\&} Memory},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {35--43},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Context Learning and the Effect of Context on Memory Retrieval in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/8/1/35.short http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/lm.34701},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hypoxia-Induced Respiratory Patterned Activity in Lymnaea Originates at the Periphery.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Inoue, T.; Haque, Z.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 86(1): 156–163. jul 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Hypoxia-Induced$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00206,\nabstract = {Respiration in Lymnaeais a hypoxia-driven rhythmic behavior, which is controlled by an identified network of central pattern generating (CPG) neurons. However, the precise site(s) (i.e., central or peripheral) at which hypoxia acts and the cellular mechanisms by which the respiratory chemosensory drive is conveyed to the CPG were previously unknown. Using semi-intact and isolated ganglionic preparations, we provide the first direct evidence that the hypoxia-induced respiratory drive originates at the periphery (not within the central ring ganglia) and that it is conveyed to the CPG neurons via the right pedal dorsal neuron 1 (RPeD1). The respiratory discharge frequency increased when the periphery, but not the CNS, was made hypoxic. We found that in the semi-intact preparations, the frequency of spontaneously occurring respiratory bursts was significantly lower than in isolated ganglionic preparations. Thus the periphery exerts a suppressive regulatory control on respiratory discharges in the intact animal. Moreover, both anoxia (0{\\%} O 2 ) and hypercapnia (10{\\%} CO 2 ) produce a reduction in respiratory discharges in semi-intact, but not isolated preparations. However, the effects of CO 2 may be mediated through pH changes of the perfusate. Finally, we demonstrate that chronic exposure of the animals to hypoxia (90{\\%} N 2 ), prior to intracellular recordings, significantly enhanced the rate of spontaneously occurring respiratory discharges in semi-intact preparations, even if they were maintained in normoxic saline for several hours. Moreover, we demonstrate that the peripherally originated hypoxia signal is likely conveyed to the CPG neurons via RPeD1. In summary, the data presented in this study demonstrate the important role played by the periphery and the RPeD1 neuron in regulating respiration in response to hypoxia in Lymnaea.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Inoue, T. and Haque, Z. and Lukowiak, K. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.156},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {156--163},\npmid = {11431497},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Hypoxia-Induced Respiratory Patterned Activity in Lymnaea Originates at the Periphery}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.156 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.156},\nvolume = {86},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n cAMP and excitability in neuroendocrine cells during reproductive senescence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Janse, C.; and van der Roest, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Aging, 22(3): 503–514. may 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"cAMP$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00418,\nabstract = {Excitability changes during reproductive senescence were investigated in the neurosecretory caudodorsal cells (CDCs) that control egg laying in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. CDCs in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) were exposed to different discharge inducing treatments. Senescent CDCs (of animals 8 weeks after laying their last egg mass) and inhibited (I-) state CDCs (of egg-laying (EL) animals) were used. We showed that senescent and I-state CDCs closely resemble each other electrophysiologically. Electrical stimulation did not induce an afterdischarge in either type of CDC but exposure to release products of CDCs from EL animals or to saline with high potassium concentration did induce discharge activity. Also, 8-chlorophenylthio (8-CPT)-cAMP (10-5 M) induced discharge activity. Exposure to the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (10-3 M) or to the adenylate cyclase activator Forskolin (10-4 M), restored afterdischarge induction by electrical stimulation. Application of IBMX (10-3 M) and Forskolin (10-4 M) together induced discharges in the absence of electrical stimulation. Our results suggest that in senescent CDCs changes in the intracellular cAMP pathway may underlie afterdischarge failure. {\\textcopyright} 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Janse, C. and van der Roest, M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00211-1},\nissn = {01974580},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Aging},\nkeywords = {Afterdischarge,Aging,Egg laying,Intracellular cAMP,Lymnaea,Mollusc,Neuroendocrine cells,Neuronal excitability,Peptidergic,Reproductive senescence},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {503--514},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{cAMP and excitability in neuroendocrine cells during reproductive senescence}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458001002111 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0197458001002111},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Selective Expression of Electrical Correlates of Differential Appetitive Classical Conditioning in a Feeding Network.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jones, N.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 85(1): 89–97. jan 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Selective$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00690,\nabstract = {Electrical correlates of differential appetitive classical conditioning were recorded in the neural network that underlies feeding in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In spaced training (15 trials over 3 days), the lips and the tentacle were used as CS+ (reinforced conditioned stimulus) or CS− (nonreinforced conditioned stimulus) sites for behavioral tactile conditioning. In one group of experimental animals, touch to the lips (the CS+ site) was followed by sucrose (the unconditioned stimulus, US), but touch to the tentacle (the CS− site) was not reinforced. In a second experimental group the CS+/CS− sites were reversed. Semi-intact lip-tentacle-CNS preparations were made from both experimental groups and a naive control group. Intracellular recordings were made from the B3 motor neuron of the feeding network, which allowed the monitoring of activity in the feeding central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons as well as early synaptic inputs evoked by the touch stimulus. Following successful behavioral conditioning, the touch stimulus evoked CPG-driven fictive feeding activity at the CS+ but not the CS− sites in both experimental groups. Naive snails/preparations showed no touch responses. A weak asymmetrical stimulus generalization of conditioned feeding was not retained at the electrophysiological level. An early excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) response to touch was only enhanced following conditioning in the Lip CS+/tentacle CS− group but not in the Tentacle CS+/lip CS− group. The results show that the main features of differential appetitive classical conditioning can be recorded at the electrophysiological level, but some characteristics of the conditioned response are selectively expressed in the reduced preparation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Jones, Nick and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2001.85.1.89},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {89--97},\npmid = {11152709},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Selective Expression of Electrical Correlates of Differential Appetitive Classical Conditioning in a Feeding Network}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2001.85.1.89 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.2001.85.1.89},\nvolume = {85},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Studies of chemoreceptor perception in mollusks.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kamardin, N. N.; Shalanki, Y.; Sh.-Rozha, K.; and Nozdrachev, A. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 31(2): 227–235. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Studies$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00761,\nabstract = {The formation and operation of the peripheral nervous system can be observed and studied in mollusks using as an example the primitive chemoreceptor organ, the osphradium, which is connected to the visceral arch of the CNS and analyzes the physicochemical properties of water in the mantle cavity. Nerve recordings showed that the osphradium is sensitive to excess osmotic pressure, sodium chloride, and amino acids. In addition, the osphradium responds to the quality of the water in which the animal is living. The osphradium of the pond snail retains its ancient multisensory function, uniting the perception of various chemical and physical stimuli. Patch clamp recordings at fixed potential or current were used to study membrane currents in identified ganglion and receptor cells, associated with increases in the concentrations of Na+ and L-aspartate in the solution bathing the osphradium. The influx current appears to be a sodium and/or calcium current, and is not blocked by tetraethylammonium, while the efflux current is a potassium current, as has been shown for the taste cells of vertebrates.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kamardin, N. N. and Shalanki, Ya and Sh.-Rozha, K. and Nozdrachev, A. D.},\ndoi = {10.1023/A:1005228711262},\nissn = {00970549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Chemoreception,Electrophysiology,Membrane currents,Mollusks},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {227--235},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Studies of chemoreceptor perception in mollusks}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005228711262},\nvolume = {31},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multiple Types of Control by Identified Interneurons in a Sensory-Activated Rhythmic Motor Pattern.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; Staras, K.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(8): 2903–2911. apr 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multiple$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00411,\nabstract = {Modulatory interneurons that can drive central pattern generators (CPGs) are considered as good candidates for decision-making roles in rhythmic behaviors. Although the mechanisms by which such neurons activate their target CPGs are known in detail in many systems, their role in the sensory activation of CPG-driven behaviors is poorly understood. In the feeding system of the mollusc Lymnaea, one of the best-studied rhythmical networks, intracellular stimulation of either of two types of neuron, the cerebral ventral 1a (CV1a) and the slow oscillator (SO) cells, leads to robust CPG-driven fictive feeding patterns, suggesting that they might make an important contribution to natural food-activated behavior. In this paper we investigated this contribution using a lip-CNS preparation in which feeding was elicited with a natural chemostimulant rather than intracellular stimulation. We found that despite their CPG-driving capabilities, neither CV1a nor SO were involved in the initial activation of sucrose-evoked fictive feeding, whereas a CPG interneuron, N1M, was active first in almost all preparations. Instead, the two interneurons play important and distinct roles in determining the characteristics of the rhythmic motor output; CV1a by modulating motoneuron burst duration and SO by setting the frequency of the ongoing rhythm. This is an example of a distributed system in which (1) interneurons that drive similar motor patterns when activated artificially contribute differently to the shaping of the motor output when it is evoked by the relevant sensory input, and (2) a CPG rather than a modulatory interneuron type plays the most critical role in initiation of sensory-evoked rhythmic activity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Staras, Kevin and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02903.2001},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {CPG,Command-like neuron,Feeding,Lymnaea,Mollusc,Sensory-activated motor pattern},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {2903--2911},\npmid = {11306642},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Multiple Types of Control by Identified Interneurons in a Sensory-Activated Rhythmic Motor Pattern}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/8/2903.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02903.2001},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Functional Implications of Neurotransmitter Expression during Axonal Regeneration: Serotonin, But Not Peptides, Auto-Regulate Axon Growth of an Identified Central Neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Koert, C. E.; Spencer, G. E.; van Minnen, J.; Li, K. W.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; Syed, N. I.; Smit, A. B.; and van Kesteren, R. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15): 5597–5606. aug 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Functional$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00234,\nabstract = {We studied the regenerative properties of one of two electrically coupled molluscan neurons, the serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) of Lymnaea stagnalis, after axotomy. The CGCs play a crucial role in feeding behavior, and when both cells are disconnected from their target neurons, animals no longer feed. When one CGC was permanently disconnected from its targets and the other was reversibly damaged by a nerve crush, the latter one regenerated over a period of 2 weeks to reform functional synapses with specific target neurons. At the same time, recovery of the feeding behavior was observed. After the crush, neuropeptide gene expression in the CGC was down-regulated to ∼50{\\%}. Serotonin synthesis, on the other hand, remained unaffected, suggesting that serotonin might have an active role in regeneration. In primary neuron culture, CGCs failed to extend neurites in the presence of serotonin; in cells that extended neurites in the absence of serotonin, focally applied serotonin, but not neuropeptides, induced growth cone collapse. Using serotonin-sensitive sniffer cells, we show that CGC neurites and growth cones release serotonin in culture. Finally, both the spontaneous and stimulation-induced release of serotonin from CGCs in culture resulted in growth cone collapse responses that could be blocked by the serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide. Our data suggest that auto-released serotonin is inhibitory to CGC neurite outgrowth in vitro. During regeneration in vivo, serotonin release might finetune axon guidance and branching by inducing local collapse responses in extending neurites.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Koert, Cornelis E. and Spencer, Gaynor E. and van Minnen, Jan and Li, Ka Wan and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Syed, Naweed I. and Smit, August B. and van Kesteren, Ronald E.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05597.2001},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Behavioral recovery,Lymnaea stagnalis,Myomodulin,Neurite outgrowth,Neuronal regeneration,Serotonin,Synapse formation},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {15},\npages = {5597--5606},\npmid = {11466431},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Functional Implications of Neurotransmitter Expression during Axonal Regeneration: Serotonin, But Not Peptides, Auto-Regulate Axon Growth of an Identified Central Neuron}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/15/5597.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05597.2001},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Retrograde degeneration of neurite membrane structural integrity of nerve growth cones following in vitro exposure to mercury.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leong, C. C. W.; Syed, N. I.; and Lorscheider, F. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroreport, 12(4): 733–737. mar 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Retrograde$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00591,\nabstract = {Inhalation of mercury vapor (Hg0) inhibits binding of GTP to rat brain tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules. A similar molecular lesion has also been observed in 80{\\%} of brains from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) compared to age-matched controls. However the precise site and mode of action of Hg ions remain illusive. Therefore, the present study examined whether Hg ions could affect membrane dynamics of neurite growth cone morphology and behavior. Since tubulin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein in both vertebrates and invertebrates, we hypothesized that growth cones from animal species could be highly susceptible to Hg ions. To test this possibility, the identified, large Pedal A (PEA) neurons from the central ring ganglia of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis were cultured for 48 h in 2 ml brain conditioned medium (CM). Following neurite outgrowth, metal chloride solution (2$\\mu$l) of Hg, Al, Pb, Cd, or Mn (10-7 M) was pressure applied directly onto individual growth cones. Time-lapse images with inverted microscopy were acquired prior to, during, and after the metal ion exposure. We demonstrate that Hg ions markedly disrupted membrane structure and linear growth rates of imaged neurites in 77{\\%} of all nerve growth cones. When growth cones were stained with antibodies specific for both tubulin and actin, it was the tubulin/microtubule structure that disintegrated following Hg exposure. Moreover, some denuded neurites were also observed to form neurofibrillary aggregates. In contrast, growth cone exposure to other metal ions did not effect growth cone morphology, nor was their motility rate compromised. To determine the growth suppressive effects of Hg ions on neuronal sprouting, cells were cultured either in the presence or absence of Hg ions. We found that in the presence of Hg ions, neuronal somata failed to sprout, whereas other metalic ions did not effect growth patterns of cultured PeA cells. We conclude that this visual evidence and previous biochemical data strongly implicate Hg as a potential etiological factor in neurodegeneration. {\\textcopyright} 2001 Lippincott Williams {\\&} Wilkins.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Leong, Christopher C. W. and Syed, Naweed I. and Lorscheider, Fritz L.},\ndoi = {10.1097/00001756-200103260-00024},\nissn = {0959-4965},\njournal = {Neuroreport},\nkeywords = {Mercury,Microtubules,Neurite growth cone,Neurodegeneration,Neurofibrillary aggregates,Tubulin},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {733--737},\npublisher = {journals.lww.com},\ntitle = {{Retrograde degeneration of neurite membrane structural integrity of nerve growth cones following in vitro exposure to mercury}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/fulltext/2001/03260/retrograde{\\_}degeneration{\\_}of{\\_}neurite{\\_}membrane.24.aspx http://journals.lww.com/00001756-200103260-00024},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n Inhalation of mercury vapor (Hg0) inhibits binding of GTP to rat brain tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules. A similar molecular lesion has also been observed in 80% of brains from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) compared to age-matched controls. However the precise site and mode of action of Hg ions remain illusive. Therefore, the present study examined whether Hg ions could affect membrane dynamics of neurite growth cone morphology and behavior. Since tubulin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein in both vertebrates and invertebrates, we hypothesized that growth cones from animal species could be highly susceptible to Hg ions. To test this possibility, the identified, large Pedal A (PEA) neurons from the central ring ganglia of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis were cultured for 48 h in 2 ml brain conditioned medium (CM). Following neurite outgrowth, metal chloride solution (2$μ$l) of Hg, Al, Pb, Cd, or Mn (10-7 M) was pressure applied directly onto individual growth cones. Time-lapse images with inverted microscopy were acquired prior to, during, and after the metal ion exposure. We demonstrate that Hg ions markedly disrupted membrane structure and linear growth rates of imaged neurites in 77% of all nerve growth cones. When growth cones were stained with antibodies specific for both tubulin and actin, it was the tubulin/microtubule structure that disintegrated following Hg exposure. Moreover, some denuded neurites were also observed to form neurofibrillary aggregates. In contrast, growth cone exposure to other metal ions did not effect growth cone morphology, nor was their motility rate compromised. To determine the growth suppressive effects of Hg ions on neuronal sprouting, cells were cultured either in the presence or absence of Hg ions. We found that in the presence of Hg ions, neuronal somata failed to sprout, whereas other metalic ions did not effect growth patterns of cultured PeA cells. We conclude that this visual evidence and previous biochemical data strongly implicate Hg as a potential etiological factor in neurodegeneration. © 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Lymnaea Respiratory System.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Modeling and Control of Breathing,231–236. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00569,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Bioi. 199:683 6. Spencer, G., Syed, N., and Lukowiak, K., 1999, Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neuroscience.19: 1836 7. Lukowiak, K., Adatia, N., Krygier, D., and Syed, N.., 2000, Operant conditioning in {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9_36},\njournal = {Frontiers in Modeling and Control of Breathing},\npages = {231--236},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The Lymnaea Respiratory System}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9{\\_}36 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9{\\_}36},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuronal Expression of an FMRFamide-Gated Na + Channel and Its Modulation by Acid pH.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Perry, S. J.; Straub, V. A.; Schofield, M. G.; Burke, J. F.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15): 5559–5567. aug 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuronal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00291,\nabstract = {The molluscan Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide)-gated sodium channels (FaNaCs) show both structural and functional similarities to the mammalian acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Both channel types are related to the epithelial sodium channels and, although the neuropeptide FMRFamide directly gates the FaNaCs, it also modulates the proton-gating properties of ASICs. It is not yet known whether protons can alter the gating properties of the FaNaCs. We chose to examine this possibility at a site of FaNaC expression in the nervous system of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. We cloned a putative L. stagnalis FaNaC (LsFaNaC) that exhibited a high degree of sequence identity to the Helix aspersa FaNaC (HaFaNaC, 60{\\%}), and a weaker homology to the ASICs (ASIC3, 22{\\%}). In situ hybridization was used to map the LsFaNaC expression pattern in the brain and to identify the right pedal giant1 (RPeD1) neuron as a site where the properties of the endogenous channel could be studied. In RPeD1 neurons isolated in culture, we demonstrated the presence of an FMRFamide-gated sodium current with features expected for a FaNaC: amiloride sensitivity, sodium selectivity, specificity for FMRFamide and Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide (FLRFamide), and no dependency on G-protein coupling. The sodium current also exhibited rapid desensitization in response to repeated FMRFamide applications. Lowering of the pH of the bathing solution reduced the amplitude of the FMRFamide-gated inward current, while also activating an additional sustained weak inward current that was apparently not mediated by the FaNaC. Acidification also prevented the desensitization of the FMRFamide-induced inward current. The acid sensitivity of LsFaNaC is consistent with the hypothesis that FaNaCs share a common ancestry with the ASICs.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Perry, Stephen J. and Straub, Volko A. and Schofield, Michael G. and Burke, Julien F. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05559.2001},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {ASIC,Amiloride,Cell culture,Degenerin,Epithelial Na+ channel,FMRFamide-gated Na+ channel,Lymnaea,pH sensitivity},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {15},\npages = {5559--5567},\npmid = {11466427},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Neuronal Expression of an FMRFamide-Gated Na + Channel and Its Modulation by Acid pH}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/15/5559.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05559.2001},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Extrinsic modulation and motor pattern generation in a feeding network: A cellular study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straub, V. A.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 21(5): 1767–1778. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Extrinsic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00409,\nabstract = {Systems level studies have shown that the paired serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) of gastropod mollusks have important extrinsic modulatory actions on the central pattern generator (CPG) underlying rhythmic ingestion movements. Here we present the first study that investigates the modulatory actions of the CGCs and their released transmitter 5-HT on the CPG at the cellular level. In the snail, Lymnaea, motoneurons such as the B4, B8, and B4CL cells are part of the feeding CPG and receive serotonergic synaptic inputs from CGCs. These motoneurons were used to investigate the effect of serotonergic modulation on endogenous cellular properties of CPG neurons. Cells were isolated from the intact nervous system, and their properties were examined by pharmacological methods in cell culture. Motoneurons were also grown in coculture with CGCs to compare 5-HT effects with CGC stimulation. Three distinct modulatory effects of exogenously applied 5-HT/CGC activity were seen: all three motoneuron types were depolarized by 5-HT for prolonged periods leading to firing. Conditional bursting accompanied this depolarization in the B4/B8 cells, but not in B4CL cells. The frequency of the bursting was increased with increased CGC tonic firing. An increase in the size of postinhibitory rebound (PIR) occurred with 5-HT application in all three cell types, because of an increase in a CsCl-sensitive, hyperpolarization-activated inward current. Similar modulatory effects on membrane potential, endogenous bursting, and PIR properties could be observed in the intact nervous system and were necessary for motoneuron activation during feeding. Part of the systems gating and frequency control functions of the CGCs appear to be caused by these modulatory effects on feeding motoneurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Straub, V. A. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01767.2001},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Central pattern generator,Conditional bursting,Hyperpolarization-activated inward current,Lymnaea,Neuromodulation,PIR,Serotonin},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1767--1778},\npmid = {11222666},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Extrinsic modulation and motor pattern generation in a feeding network: A cellular study}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/5/1767?utm{\\_}source=TrendMD{\\&}utm{\\_}medium=cpc{\\&}utm{\\_}campaign=JNeurosci{\\_}TrendMD{\\_}0},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Metabolic consequences of hypoxic conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Taylor, B. E.; Smyth, K.; Remmers, J. E.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 499: 225–229. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Metabolic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00338,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} K. Smyth, 1. Remmers and K. Lukowiak, Neuroscience and Respiratory Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary Albena, Canada, T2N 4NI {\\ldots} Sixty-three laboratory-reared Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) were used in this study {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Taylor, Barbara E. and Smyth, Kim and Remmers, John E. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9_35},\nissn = {00652598},\njournal = {Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology},\npages = {225--229},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Metabolic consequences of hypoxic conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9{\\_}35},\nvolume = {499},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Coordination of the activity of monoaminergic pedal neurons in freshwater snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tsyganov, V. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 31(5): 467–472. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Coordination$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00447,\nabstract = {In the freshwater pulmonate pond snail and flateye snail, contact of the pneumostoma (the respiratory organ) with the water surface and tactile stimulation of the mantle induced phase-coordinated excitation and inhibition of activation of symmetrical pedal neurons RPeD1 (the GDC - giant dopamine cell) and LPeD1 (the GSC - giant serotonin cell). GDC and GSC are not primary sensory neurons and the mechanism by which their actions are coordinated is polysynaptic. Injections of depolarizing current into the GDC or GSC induced spike discharges in one of the columellar nerves. It is suggested that coordination the activities of the GDC and GSC is functionally important for controlling the right and left halves of the columellar complex of muscles during respiration.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tsyganov, V. V.},\ndoi = {10.1023/A:1010482228598},\nissn = {00970549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Coordination,Dopaminergic neuron,Mollusks,Respiratory behavior,Serotoninergic neuron},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {467--472},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Coordination of the activity of monoaminergic pedal neurons in freshwater snails}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010482228598},\nvolume = {31},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Synapse formation between central neurons requires postsynaptic expression of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R. E.; Syed, N. I.; Munno, D. W.; Bouwman, J.; Feng, Z. P.; Geraerts, W. P.; and Smit, A. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 21(16). 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Synapse$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00498,\nabstract = {Synapse formation is a crucial step in the development of neuronal circuits and requires precise coordination of presynaptic and postsynaptic activities. However, molecular mechanisms that control the formation of functionally mature synaptic contacts, in particular between central neurons, remain poorly understood. To identify genes that are involved in the formation of central synapses, we made use of molluscan neurons that in culture form synaptic contacts between their somata (soma-soma synapses) in the absence of neurite outgrowth. Using single-cell mRNA differential display, we have identified a molluscan homolog of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) tumor suppressor gene encoding the transcription factor menin as a gene that is upregulated during synapse formation. In vitro antisense knock-down of MEN1 mRNA blocks the formation of mature synapses between different types of identified central neurons. Moreover, immunocytochemistry and cell-specific knock-down of MEN1 mRNA show that postsynaptic but not presynaptic expression is required for synapses to form. Together, our data demonstrate that menin is a synaptogenic factor that is critically involved in a general postsynaptic mechanism of synapse formation between central neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, R. E. and Syed, N. I. and Munno, D. W. and Bouwman, J. and Feng, Z. P. and Geraerts, W. P. and Smit, A. B.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-j0004.2001},\nissn = {15292401},\njournal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},\nnumber = {16},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Synapse formation between central neurons requires postsynaptic expression of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene.}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/16/RC161.short},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Activation and reconfiguration of fictive feeding by the octopamine-containing modulatory OC interneurons in the snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; and Elliott, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 86(2): 792–808. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Activation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00374,\nabstract = {We describe the role of the octopamine-containing OC interneurons in the buccal feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis. OC neurons are swallowing phase interneurons receiving inhibitory inputs in the N1 and N2 phases, and excitatory inputs in the N3 phase of fictive feeding. Although the OC neurons do not always fire during feeding, the feeding rate is significantly (P {\\textless} 0.001) higher when both SO and OC fire in each cycle than when only the SO fires. In 28{\\%} of silent preparations, a single stimulation of an OC interneuron evokes the feeding pattern. Repetitive stimulation of the OC interneuron increases the proportion of responsive preparations to 41{\\%}. The OC interneuron not only changes both the feeding rate and reconfigures the pattern. Depolarization of the OC interneurons increases the feeding rate and removes the B3 motor neuron from the firing sequence. Hyperpolarization slows it down (increasing the duration of N1 and N3 phases) and recruits the B3 motor neuron. OC interneurons form synaptic connections onto buccal motor neurons and interneurons but not onto the cerebral (cerebral giant cell) modulatory neurons. OC interneurons are electrically coupled to all N3 phase (B4, B4Cl, B8) feeding motor neurons. They form symmetrical connections with the N3p interneurons having dual electrical (excitatory) and chemical (inhibitory) components. OC interneurons evoke biphasic synaptic inputs on the protraction phase interneurons (SO, N1L, N1M), with a short inhibition followed by a longer lasting depolarization. N2d interneurons are hyperpolarized, while N2v interneurons are slowly depolarized and often fire a burst after OC stimulation. Most motor neurons also receive synaptic responses from the OC interneurons. Although OC and N3p interneurons are both swallowing phase interneurons, their synaptic contacts onto follower neurons are usually different (e.g., the B3 motor neurons are inhibited by OC, but excited by N3p interneurons). Repetitive stimulation of OC interneuron facilitates the excitatory component of the biphasic responses evoked on the SO, N1L, and N1M interneurons, but neither the N2 nor the N3 phase interneurons display a similar longer-lasting excitatory effect. OC interneurons are inhibited by all the buccal feeding interneurons, but excited by the serotonergic modulatory CGC neurons. We conclude that OC interneurons are a new kind of swallowing phase interneurons. Their connections with the buccal feeding interneurons can account for their modulatory effects on the feeding rhythm. As they contain octopamine, this is the first example in Lymnaea that monoaminergic modulation and reconfiguration are provided by an intrinsic member of the buccal feeding network.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Elliott, Christopher J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.792},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {792--808},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Activation and reconfiguration of fictive feeding by the octopamine-containing modulatory OC interneurons in the snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.792},\nvolume = {86},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n We describe the role of the octopamine-containing OC interneurons in the buccal feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis. OC neurons are swallowing phase interneurons receiving inhibitory inputs in the N1 and N2 phases, and excitatory inputs in the N3 phase of fictive feeding. Although the OC neurons do not always fire during feeding, the feeding rate is significantly (P \\textless 0.001) higher when both SO and OC fire in each cycle than when only the SO fires. In 28% of silent preparations, a single stimulation of an OC interneuron evokes the feeding pattern. Repetitive stimulation of the OC interneuron increases the proportion of responsive preparations to 41%. The OC interneuron not only changes both the feeding rate and reconfigures the pattern. Depolarization of the OC interneurons increases the feeding rate and removes the B3 motor neuron from the firing sequence. Hyperpolarization slows it down (increasing the duration of N1 and N3 phases) and recruits the B3 motor neuron. OC interneurons form synaptic connections onto buccal motor neurons and interneurons but not onto the cerebral (cerebral giant cell) modulatory neurons. OC interneurons are electrically coupled to all N3 phase (B4, B4Cl, B8) feeding motor neurons. They form symmetrical connections with the N3p interneurons having dual electrical (excitatory) and chemical (inhibitory) components. OC interneurons evoke biphasic synaptic inputs on the protraction phase interneurons (SO, N1L, N1M), with a short inhibition followed by a longer lasting depolarization. N2d interneurons are hyperpolarized, while N2v interneurons are slowly depolarized and often fire a burst after OC stimulation. Most motor neurons also receive synaptic responses from the OC interneurons. Although OC and N3p interneurons are both swallowing phase interneurons, their synaptic contacts onto follower neurons are usually different (e.g., the B3 motor neurons are inhibited by OC, but excited by N3p interneurons). Repetitive stimulation of OC interneuron facilitates the excitatory component of the biphasic responses evoked on the SO, N1L, and N1M interneurons, but neither the N2 nor the N3 phase interneurons display a similar longer-lasting excitatory effect. OC interneurons are inhibited by all the buccal feeding interneurons, but excited by the serotonergic modulatory CGC neurons. We conclude that OC interneurons are a new kind of swallowing phase interneurons. Their connections with the buccal feeding interneurons can account for their modulatory effects on the feeding rhythm. As they contain octopamine, this is the first example in Lymnaea that monoaminergic modulation and reconfiguration are provided by an intrinsic member of the buccal feeding network.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nicotinic receptors in Lymnaea stagnalis neurons are blocked by $α$-neurotoxins from cobra venoms.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vulfius, C. A.; Krasts, I. V.; Utkin, Y. N.; and Tsetlin, V. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 309(3): 189–192. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nicotinic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{Vulfius2001,\nabstract = {The influence of cobra neurotoxins on the Cl-dependent responses to acetylcholine (ACh) of Lymnaea neurons was studied by the voltage-clamp technique. It was found that a short chain neurotoxin II (NT II), a long chain cobratoxin (CTX) and weak neurotoxin (WTX) diminished the ACh-induced currents, the block being concentration-dependent and competitive. The IC50 values of 130 nM for CTX, 11 $\\mu$M for NT II, and 67 $\\mu$M for WTX were determined. The block induced by NT II was quickly reversible upon toxin washout, whereas the action of CTX and WTX was only partially reversible even after an hour of intensive washing. The data obtained suggest that acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in Lymnaea neurons have common features with cation-selective $\\alpha$7 AChRs of vertebrates and one type of Aplysia Cl-conducting AChRs. {\\textcopyright} 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},\nauthor = {Vulfius, C. A. and Krasts, I. V. and Utkin, Yu N. and Tsetlin, V. I.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02081-X},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine,Lymnaea neurons,Nicotinic receptors,Voltage-clamp,$\\alpha$-Neurotoxins,$\\alpha$7, Cl- current},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {189--192},\ntitle = {{Nicotinic receptors in Lymnaea stagnalis neurons are blocked by $\\alpha$-neurotoxins from cobra venoms}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439400102081X},\nvolume = {309},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Regulation of seasonal reproduction in mollusks.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wayne, N. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Rhythms, 16(4): 391–402. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Regulation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00660,\nabstract = {Understanding the physiological basis of environmental regulation of reproduction at the cellular level has been difficult or unfeasible in vertebrate species because of the highly complex and diffuse nature of vertebrate neuroendocrine systems. This is not the case with the simple nervous system of mollusks in which reproductive neuroendocrine cells are often readily identifiable in living tissue. Given that there are mollusks that are seasonal breeders, that the neuroendocrine cells controlling reproduction have been identified in several molluskan species, that these neurons are conducive to cell physiological analysis, and that basic features of cell biology have been highly conserved between mammals and mollusks, it seems that the mollusk would provide an excellent model system to investigate cell-physiological events that mediate effects of environmental signals on reproduction. The purpose of this review is to explore this idea in three species in which the topic of the neural basis of seasonal reproduction has been studied: the giant garden slug Limax maximus, the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, and the marine snail Aplysia californica.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wayne, N. L.},\ndoi = {10.1177/074873001129002097},\nissn = {07487304},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Rhythms},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Limax,Lymnaea,Pheromone,Photoperiod},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {391--402},\npublisher = {journals.sagepub.com},\ntitle = {{Regulation of seasonal reproduction in mollusks}},\nurl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/074873001129002097},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lymnaea epidermal growth factor promotes axonal regeneration in CNS organ culture.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wildering, W. C.; Hermann, P. M.; and Bulloch, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 21(23): 9345–9354. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lymnaea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00155,\nabstract = {Members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family are frequently implicated in the injury response of the mammalian nervous system. Although this implication is supported by extensive molecular evidence, it is not underpinned by conclusive functional data. Recently, we found that expression of an EGF homolog from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L-EGF) is upregulated after axotomy in the adult CNS, suggesting a role for this molecule in the injury response of the CNS. In the present study we asked whether L-EGF can promote axonal regeneration of three types of identified neurons in organ-cultured CNS. Treatment with purified L-EGF substantially enhanced axonal regeneration of all three types of neurons, an effect inhibited by submicromolar doses of PD153035, a specific EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In addition, PD153035 and K252a, a nonspecific kinase inhibitor, also reduced the degree of axonal regeneration that occurs without L-EGF supplementation, indicating that L-EGF or other EGFR ligands synthesized in the CNS participate in the regenerative response. An intriguing aspect of these results is that axonal regeneration of different, intrinsically L-EGF responsive and unresponsive neurons occurred in a coordinated manner. This observation suggests that indirect in addition to direct actions contribute to the beneficial effect of L-EGF. In conclusion, we provide functional evidence that an EGF homolog can promote axonal regeneration, substantiating existing molecular evidence implicating the EGF family in peripheral nerve regeneration and emphasizes the therapeutic potential of these molecules.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wildering, W. C. and Hermann, P. M. and Bulloch, A. G.M.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09345.2001},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Axonal regeneration,CNS,Epidermal growth factor,Invertebrate,L-EGF,Mollusk,Neurotrauma,Neurotrophic factor,Peripheral nerve regeneration},\nnumber = {23},\npages = {9345--9354},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Lymnaea epidermal growth factor promotes axonal regeneration in CNS organ culture}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/23/9345.short},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide up-regulates ferritin mRNA level in snail neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xie, M.; Hermann, A.; Richter, K.; Engel, E.; and Kerschbaum, H. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 13(8): 1479–1486. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00663,\nabstract = {We cloned and sequenced the ferric ion-binding protein, ferritin, from the nervous system of the pulmonate snail, Helix pomatia. Helix H-ferritin cDNA contains a 519-bp open reading frame (ORF) and predicts an iron-responsive element (IRE) at the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the ferritin mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed 86{\\%} similarity with Lymnaea stagnalis ferritin and about 70{\\%} similarity with vertebrate H-ferritin. While secreted ferritin isoforms contain a signalling sequence at their N-terminal end, Helix ferritin does not contain this sorting signal indicating that it is restricted to the cytoplasm. The amino acid ligands at positions Glu25, Tyr30, Glu59, Glue0, His63, Glul05 and Gin139 indicate an active ferroxidase site in Helix ferritin. In situ hybridization visualized ferritin mRNA in neuronal cell bodies but not in the neuropil. In contrast, ferritin-immunoreactive protein was localized in cell bodies and neurites. We further demonstrate that the NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), or hydroxylamine (HA), increase the intracellular ferritin mRNA level by about 55{\\%}. In conclusion, our findings show that Helix neurons express an intracellular H-ferritin isoform and suggest that iron and NO metabolism are coupled.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Xie, Mingqiang and Hermann, Anton and Richter, Klaus and Engel, Edwin and Kerschbaum, Hubert H.},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01526.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cytochemistry,Helix pomatia,Molecular biology},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1479--1486},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide up-regulates ferritin mRNA level in snail neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01526.x},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Noninvasive neuroelectronic interfacing with synaptically connected snail neurons immobilized on a semiconductor chip.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zeck, G.; and Fromherz, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(18): 10457–10462. aug 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Noninvasive$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00621,\nabstract = {A hybrid circuit of a semiconductor chip and synaptically connected neurons was implemented and characterized. Individual nerve cells from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis were immobilized on a silicon chip by microscopic picket fences of polyimide. The cells formed a network with electrical synapses after outgrowth in brain conditioned medium. Pairs of neurons were electronically interfaced for noninvasive stimulation and recording. Voltage pulses were applied to a capacitive stimulator on the chip to excite the attached neuron. Signals were transmitted in the neuronal net and elicited an action potential in a second neuron. The postsynaptic excitation modulated the current of a transistor on the chip. The implementation of the silicon-neuron-neuron-silicon circuit constitutes a proof-of-principle experiment for the development of neuroelectronic systems to be used in studies on neuronal signal processing, neurocomputation, and neuroprosthetics.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Zeck, G. and Fromherz, P.},\ndoi = {10.1073/pnas.181348698},\nissn = {0027-8424},\njournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {18},\npages = {10457--10462},\npmid = {11526244},\npublisher = {National Acad Sciences},\ntitle = {{Noninvasive neuroelectronic interfacing with synaptically connected snail neurons immobilized on a semiconductor chip}},\nurl = {https://www.pnas.org/content/98/18/10457/ http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.181348698},\nvolume = {98},\nyear = {2001}\n}\n

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\n \n 2000\n \n \n (32)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Appetitive Learning Using Visual Conditioned Stimuli in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Andrew, R.; and Savage, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 73(3): 258–273. may 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Appetitive$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00209,\nabstract = {Feeding can be conditioned in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis to two different visual stimuli (a black panel or a 5-mm black and white check surround) by pairing the potential conditioned stimulus (CS) with sucrose. Exclusion of chemical cues (associated with differences between the water in home tank and that in training apparatus) that could serve as CS is important for successful visual conditioning. A featureless gray surround, used as an alternative to the check (to which it was matched in luminance) in counterbalanced training designs, was discriminated from the check, showing that resolution (for which the eyes would be necessary) was occurring. The gray surround was largely ineffective as a CS. Single-trial learning was possible with the black panel, but not with the check; it is argued that this may be due to lack of prior experience of stimuli like the check. Conditioning of feeding has now been obtained in Lymnaea to chemical, tactile, and visual cues, opening the way to comparative studies of the neural circuitry underlying appetitive conditioning in different senses, so far explored in Lymnaea only for tactile CS. Such comparative studies are as yet largely lacking in invertebrates. (C) 2000 Academic Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Andrew, R.J. and Savage, H.},\ndoi = {10.1006/nlme.1999.3933},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Appetitive learning in gastropods,Visual conditioning in snail},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {258--273},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Appetitive Learning Using Visual Conditioned Stimuli in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742799939333 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742799939333},\nvolume = {73},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Systems Approach to the Cellular Analysis of Associative Learning in the Pond Snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning & Memory, 7(3): 124–131. may 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00151,\nabstract = {We show that appetitive and aversive conditioning can be analyzed at the cellular level in the well-described neural circuitries underlying rhythmic feeding and respiration in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. To relate electrical changes directly to behavior, the snails were first trained and the neural changes recorded at multiple sites in reduced preparations made from the same animals. Changes in neural activity following conditioning could be recorded at the level of motoneurons, central pattern generator interneurons and modulatory neurons. Of significant interest was recent work showing that neural correlates of long-term memory could be recorded in the feeding network following single-trial appetitive chemical conditioning. Available information on the synaptic connectivity and transmitter content of identified neurons within the Lymnaea circuits will allow further work on the synaptic and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.7.3.124},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning {\\&} Memory},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {124--131},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{A Systems Approach to the Cellular Analysis of Associative Learning in the Pond Snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/7/3/124.short http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/lm.7.3.124},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Insights into early molluscan neuronal development through studies of transmitter phenotypes in embryonic pond snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Croll, R. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Microscopy Research and Technique, 49(6): 570–578. jun 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Insights$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00907,\nabstract = {Pond snails have long been the subject of intense scrutiny by researchers interested in general principles of development and also cellular and molecular neurobiology. Recent work has exploited both these fields of study by examining the ontogeny of the nervous system in these animals. Much of this work has focussed upon the development of specific transmitter phenotypes to provide vignettes of neuronal subpopulations that can be traced from early embryonic life through to adulthood. While such studies have generally confirmed previous explanations of gangliogenesis in gastropods, they have also indicated the presence of several neurons that appear earlier and in positions inconsistent with classical views of gastropods neurogenesis. The earliest of these cells contain FMRFamide-related peptides and have anteriorly projections that mark the future locations of ganglia and interconnecting pathways that will comprise the postembryonic central nervous system. These posterior, peptidergic cells, as well as certain, apical, monoaminergic neurons, disappear and apparently die near the end of embryonic life. Finally, populations of what appear to be peripheral sensory neurons begin to express catecholamines by around midway through embryonic life. Like several of the neurons expressing a variety of transmitters in the developing central ganglia, the catecholaminergic peripheral cells persist into postembryonic life. Transmitter phenotypes, cell shapes and locations, and neuritic morphologies all suggest that many of the neurons observed in early embryonic pond snails have recognizable homologues across the molluscs. Such observations have profoundly altered our views of neurogenesis in gastropods over the last few years. They also suggest the promise for pond snails as fruitful models for studying the roles and mechanisms for pioneering fibres, cues triggering apoptosis, and contrasting origins and mechanisms employed for generating central vs. peripheral neurons within a single organism. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Croll, Roger P.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6<570::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-Q},\nissn = {1059-910X},\njournal = {Microscopy Research and Technique},\nkeywords = {Biomphalaria,Catechola mine,FMRFamide,Gastropod,Helisoma,Lymnaea,Mollusc,Serotonin},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {570--578},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Insights into early molluscan neuronal development through studies of transmitter phenotypes in embryonic pond snails}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6{\\%}3C570::AID-JEMT7{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-Q?casa{\\_}token=M3FA69lkY4oAAAAA:0G6RUKhixpyyTHl58sTbFeL8Txd{\\_}8Cbiv7lM{\\_}DQta0rO6iAifdJYy7rq8m9RFFfLpNbTU8qCK5lp http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1097-0029{\\%}2820000615{\\%}2949{\\%}3A6{\\%}3C570{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-JEMT7{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-Q},\nvolume = {49},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Pond snails have long been the subject of intense scrutiny by researchers interested in general principles of development and also cellular and molecular neurobiology. Recent work has exploited both these fields of study by examining the ontogeny of the nervous system in these animals. Much of this work has focussed upon the development of specific transmitter phenotypes to provide vignettes of neuronal subpopulations that can be traced from early embryonic life through to adulthood. While such studies have generally confirmed previous explanations of gangliogenesis in gastropods, they have also indicated the presence of several neurons that appear earlier and in positions inconsistent with classical views of gastropods neurogenesis. The earliest of these cells contain FMRFamide-related peptides and have anteriorly projections that mark the future locations of ganglia and interconnecting pathways that will comprise the postembryonic central nervous system. These posterior, peptidergic cells, as well as certain, apical, monoaminergic neurons, disappear and apparently die near the end of embryonic life. Finally, populations of what appear to be peripheral sensory neurons begin to express catecholamines by around midway through embryonic life. Like several of the neurons expressing a variety of transmitters in the developing central ganglia, the catecholaminergic peripheral cells persist into postembryonic life. Transmitter phenotypes, cell shapes and locations, and neuritic morphologies all suggest that many of the neurons observed in early embryonic pond snails have recognizable homologues across the molluscs. Such observations have profoundly altered our views of neurogenesis in gastropods over the last few years. They also suggest the promise for pond snails as fruitful models for studying the roles and mechanisms for pioneering fibres, cues triggering apoptosis, and contrasting origins and mechanisms employed for generating central vs. peripheral neurons within a single organism. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mytilus inhibitory peptides (MIP) in the central and peripheral nervous system of the pulmonate gastropods, Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix pomatia : distribution and physiological actions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elekes, K.; Kiss, T.; Fujisawa, Y.; Hernádi, L.; Erdélyi, L.; and Muneoka, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 302(1): 115–134. sep 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mytilus$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00216,\nabstract = {The distribution and neuroanatomy of Mytilus inhibitory peptides (MIP)-containing neurons in the central nervous system and their innervation pattern in the peripheral nervous system of the pulmonate snail species, Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix pomatia, have been investigated immunocytochemically, by applying an antibody raised to GSPMFVamide. A significant number of immunoreactive neurons occurs in the central nervous system of both species (Lymnaea: ca 600-700, Helix: ca 400-500), but their distribution is different. In Lymnaea, labeled neurons are found in all central ganglia where a number of large and giant neurons, previously identified physiologically, reveal MIP immunoreactivity. In Helix, most of the immunolabeled neurons are small (12-30 $\\mu$m) and concentrated in the buccal and cerebral ganglia; the parietal ganglia are free of labeled cells. In both species, the ganglionic neuropils, peripheral nerves, connectives, and commissures are richly supplied with immunolabeled fibers. The MIP-immunoreactive innervation pattern in the heart, intestine, buccal mass and radula, and foot is similar in both species, with labeled axonal bundles and terminal-like arborizations (buccal mass, foot) or a network of varicose fibers (heart, intestine). Intrinsic neurons are not present in these tissues. The application of GSPYFVamide inhibits the spontaneous contractions of the esophageal longitudinal musculature in Helix, indicating the bioactivity of the peptide. An outside-out patch-clamp technique has demonstrated that GSPYFVamide opens the K+ channels in central nerve cells of Helix. Injection of GSPYFVamide into the body cavity inhibits the feeding of starved Helix. A wide modulatory role of MIP at central and peripheral levels is suggested in Lymnaea and Helix, including the participation in intercellular signalling processes and remote neurohormonal-like control effects.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly and Kiss, Tibor and Fujisawa, Yuko and Hern{\\'{a}}di, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}} and Erd{\\'{e}}lyi, Lajos and Muneoka, Yojiro},\ndoi = {10.1007/s004410000252},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Central and peripheral nervous system,Helix pomatia (Gastropoda,Immunocytochemistry,Invertebrates,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusca),Mytilus inhibitory peptides (MIP),Neuropeptides},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {115--134},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Mytilus inhibitory peptides (MIP) in the central and peripheral nervous system of the pulmonate gastropods, Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix pomatia : distribution and physiological actions}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004410000252 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s004410000252},\nvolume = {302},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Target cell contact suppresses neurite outgrowth from soma-soma paired Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Feng, Z.; Hasan, S. U.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 42(3): 357–369. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Target$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00616,\nabstract = {Neurite extension from developing and/or regenerating neurons is terminated on contact with their specific synaptic partner cells. However, a direct relationship between the effects of target cell contact on neurite outgrowth suppression and synapse formation has not yet been demonstrated. To determine whether physical/synaptic contacts affect neurite extension from cultured cells, we utilized soma-soma synapses between the identified Lymnaea neurons. A presynaptic cell (right pedal dorsal 1, RPeD1) was paired either with its postsynaptic partner cells (visceral dorsal 4, VD4, and visceral dorsal 2, VD2) or with a non-target cell (visceral dorsal 1, VD1), and the interactions between their neurite outgrowth patterns and synapse formation were examined. Specifically, when cultured in brain conditioned medium (CM, contains growth-promoting factors), RPeD1, VD4, and VD2 exhibited robust neurite outgrowth within 12-24 h of their isolation. Synapses, similar to those seen in vivo, developed between the neurites of these cells. RPeD1 did not, however, synapse with its non-target cell VD1, despite extensive neuritic overlap between the cells. When placed in a soma-soma configuration (somata juxtaposed against each other), appropriate synapses developed between the somata of RPeD1 and VD4 (inhibitory) and between RPeD1 and VD2 (excitatory). Interestingly, pairing RPeD1 with either of its synaptic partner (VD4 or VD2) resulted in a complete suppression of neurite outgrowth from both pre- and postsynaptic neurons, even though the cells were cultured in CM. A single cell in the same dish, however, extended elaborate neurites. Similarly, a postsynaptic cell (VD4) contact suppressed the rate of neurite extension from a previously sprouted RPeD1. This suppression of the presynaptic growth cone motility was also target cell contact specific. The neurite suppression from soma-soma paired cells was transient, and neuronal sprouting began after a delay of 48-72 h. In contrast, when paired with VD1, both RPeD1 and this non-target cell exhibited robust neurite outgrowth. We demonstrate that this neurite suppression from soma-soma paired cells was target cell contact/synapse specific and Ca2+ dependent. Specifically, soma-soma pairing in CM containing either lower external Ca2+ concentration (50{\\%} of its control level) or Cd2+ resulted in robust neurite outgrowth from both cells; however, the incidence of synapse formation between the paired cells was significantly reduced. Taken together, our data show that contact (physical and/or synaptic) between synaptic partners strongly influence neurite outgrowth patterns of both pre- and postsynaptic neurons in a time-dependent and cell-specific manner. Moreover, our data also suggest that neurite outgrowth and synapse formation are differentially regulated by external Ca2+ concentration. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Feng, Zhong-Ping and Hasan, Shabih U. and Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(20000215)42:3<357::AID-NEU7>3.0.CO;2-F},\nissn = {00223034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Calcium,In vitro,Neurite outgrowth,Regeneration,Soma-soma synapse,Synapse formation},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {357--369},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Target cell contact suppresses neurite outgrowth from soma-soma paired Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(20000215)42:3{\\%}3C357::AID-NEU7{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-F},\nvolume = {42},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Neurite extension from developing and/or regenerating neurons is terminated on contact with their specific synaptic partner cells. However, a direct relationship between the effects of target cell contact on neurite outgrowth suppression and synapse formation has not yet been demonstrated. To determine whether physical/synaptic contacts affect neurite extension from cultured cells, we utilized soma-soma synapses between the identified Lymnaea neurons. A presynaptic cell (right pedal dorsal 1, RPeD1) was paired either with its postsynaptic partner cells (visceral dorsal 4, VD4, and visceral dorsal 2, VD2) or with a non-target cell (visceral dorsal 1, VD1), and the interactions between their neurite outgrowth patterns and synapse formation were examined. Specifically, when cultured in brain conditioned medium (CM, contains growth-promoting factors), RPeD1, VD4, and VD2 exhibited robust neurite outgrowth within 12-24 h of their isolation. Synapses, similar to those seen in vivo, developed between the neurites of these cells. RPeD1 did not, however, synapse with its non-target cell VD1, despite extensive neuritic overlap between the cells. When placed in a soma-soma configuration (somata juxtaposed against each other), appropriate synapses developed between the somata of RPeD1 and VD4 (inhibitory) and between RPeD1 and VD2 (excitatory). Interestingly, pairing RPeD1 with either of its synaptic partner (VD4 or VD2) resulted in a complete suppression of neurite outgrowth from both pre- and postsynaptic neurons, even though the cells were cultured in CM. A single cell in the same dish, however, extended elaborate neurites. Similarly, a postsynaptic cell (VD4) contact suppressed the rate of neurite extension from a previously sprouted RPeD1. This suppression of the presynaptic growth cone motility was also target cell contact specific. The neurite suppression from soma-soma paired cells was transient, and neuronal sprouting began after a delay of 48-72 h. In contrast, when paired with VD1, both RPeD1 and this non-target cell exhibited robust neurite outgrowth. We demonstrate that this neurite suppression from soma-soma paired cells was target cell contact/synapse specific and Ca2+ dependent. Specifically, soma-soma pairing in CM containing either lower external Ca2+ concentration (50% of its control level) or Cd2+ resulted in robust neurite outgrowth from both cells; however, the incidence of synapse formation between the paired cells was significantly reduced. Taken together, our data show that contact (physical and/or synaptic) between synaptic partners strongly influence neurite outgrowth patterns of both pre- and postsynaptic neurons in a time-dependent and cell-specific manner. Moreover, our data also suggest that neurite outgrowth and synapse formation are differentially regulated by external Ca2+ concentration. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Immunohistochemical analyses of calexcitin in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hatakeyama, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research, 38: S97. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Immunohistochemical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00469,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hatakeyama, Dai},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0168-0102(00)81430-3},\nissn = {01680102},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research},\npages = {S97},\npublisher = {infona.pl},\ntitle = {{Immunohistochemical analyses of calexcitin in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-801eb883-3a33-3c5e-98be-3c152ebadbed https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010200814303},\nvolume = {38},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Complement receptor 3-like immunoreactivity in the light green cells and the canopy cells of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hatakeyama, D.; Ito, I.; Kojima, S.; Fujito, Y.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 865(1): 102–106. may 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Complement$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00064,\nabstract = {We observed CR3-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system (CNS) and its surrounding peripheral nerves of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. In the CNS of L. stagnalis, the immunoreactivity presenting meshwork-like structure was detected in some neurosecretory cells, which are the light green cells (LGCs) and the canopy cells (CCs), both controlling the body growth. The immunoreactivity was also observed along the edges of median lip nerves. The immunoreactive regions in the median lip nerves appeared to form the axonal plates, from which the LGCs and the CCs release molluscan insulin-related peptides (MIPs) into the blood. By contrast, no immunoreactivity was detected in other neurosecretory cells or their release sites, for example the caudodorsal cells and the cerebral commissure, which release ovulation hormones. The present findings, therefore, suggested that CR3 expresses only in the neurosecretory cells releasing MIPs in L. stagnalis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hatakeyama, Dai and Ito, Iori and Kojima, Satoshi and Fujito, Yutaka and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02203-4},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Canopy cell,Immunohistochemistry,Light green cell,Mollusc},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {102--106},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Complement receptor 3-like immunoreactivity in the light green cells and the canopy cells of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899300022034 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899300022034},\nvolume = {865},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neurotrophic actions of a novel molluscan epidermal growth factor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Van Kesteren, R. E.; Wildering, W. C.; Painter, S. D.; Reno, J. M.; Smith, J. S.; Kumar, S. B.; Geraerts, W. P.; Ericsson, L. H.; Smit, A. B.; Bulloch, A. G.; and Nagle, G. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 20(17): 6355–6364. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neurotrophic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00328,\nabstract = {The mammalian epidermal growth factor (EGF) is expressed in the developing and adult CNS, and it has been implicated in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and neurotrophic events. Despite extensive evolutionary conservation of the EGF motif in a range of different types of proteins, secreted EGF homologs with neurotrophic actions have not been reported in invertebrates. In this study, we present a novel member of the family of EGF-like growth factors, an EGF homolog from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis (L-EGF), and we demonstrate that this protein has neurotrophic activity. Purified L-EGF is a 43-residue peptide and retains the typical structural characteristics of the EGF motif. The L-EGF cDNA reveals a unique precursor organization. In contrast to the multidomain mammalian EGFs, it consists of only two domains, a signal peptide and a single EGF motif. Conspicuously, the L-EGF precursor lacks a transmembrane domain, setting it apart from all other members of the EGF-family. L-EGF mRNA is expressed throughout embryonic development, in the juvenile CNS, but not in the normal adult CNS. However, expression in the adult CNS is upregulated after injury, suggesting a role of L-EGF in repair functions. This notion is supported by the observation that L-EGF evokes neurite outgrowth in specific adult Lymnaea neurons in vitro, which could be inhibited by an EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings further substantiate the notion that the EGF family has an early phylogenetic origin, and our data support a neurotrophic role for L-EGF during development and injury repair.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and {Van Kesteren}, Ronald E. and Wildering, Willem C. and Painter, Sherry D. and Reno, John M. and Smith, John S. and Kumar, Santosh B. and Geraerts, Wijnand P.M. and Ericsson, Lowell H. and Smit, August B. and Bulloch, Andrew G.M. and Nagle, Gregg T.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.20-17-06355.2000},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Development,Epidermal growth factor,Mollusc,Neurite outgrowth,Neurotrophic factors,Regeneration},\nnumber = {17},\npages = {6355--6364},\npmid = {10964941},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Neurotrophic actions of a novel molluscan epidermal growth factor}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/17/6355.short},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Functional recovery of respiratory behavior during axonal regeneration in snails (Lymnaea stagnalis) is experience dependent.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Wildering, W. C.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral Neuroscience, 114(2): 410–423. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Functional$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00041,\nabstract = {This study investigated the role of experience in recovery of pulmonary respiration during axonal regeneration in Lymnaea stagnalis. Pulmonary respiration occurs when snails break the water surface and open the lung orifice, the pneumostome. It was shown that axotomy of all the axons innervating the pneumostome and surrounding area prevents the occurrence of lung respiration in 69{\\%} of snails. In the remaining 31{\\%}, lung respiration persisted, indicating that peripheral components alone are capable of initiating pneumostome openings and closures. Five weeks postsurgery, all snails with previous nerve crashes showed opening of the pneumostome with normal latency after breaking the water surface. However, prevention of pulmonary respiration during the recovery period dramatically changed the recovered behavior. Thus, experience in pulmonary respiration during axonal regeneration plays a role in the recovery of this behavior.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Wildering, Willem C. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1037/0735-7044.114.2.410},\nissn = {1939-0084},\njournal = {Behavioral Neuroscience},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {410--423},\npublisher = {psycnet.apa.org},\ntitle = {{Functional recovery of respiratory behavior during axonal regeneration in snails (Lymnaea stagnalis) is experience dependent.}},\nurl = {https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2000-15286-017 http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0735-7044.114.2.410},\nvolume = {114},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide suppresses fictive feeding response in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kobayashi, S.; Ogawa, H.; Fujito, Y.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 285(3): 209–212. may 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Kobayashi2000,\nabstract = {Fictive feeding activity was monitored in the buccal ganglia of semi-intact preparations of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, to examine the effects of nitric oxide (NO) released from motoneurons innervating the esophagus on the feeding response. The present results suggest that first; even the low concentration of constitutive NO precisely regulates the feeding rhythm by suppressing high frequency feeding responses; second, that the high concentration of NO released after activation of the feeding central pattern generator following appetitive stimulation of the lips suppresses the feeding rate, resulting in recurrent inhibition. This is the first direct evidence that NO can function to suppress rhythmic activity in the brain. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.},\nauthor = {Kobayashi, Suguru and Ogawa, Hiroto and Fujito, Yutaka and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01079-X},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Central pattern generator,Cyclic guanosine monophosphate,Feeding,Lymnaea,Nitric oxide,Recurrent inhibition},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {209--212},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide suppresses fictive feeding response in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439400001079X?casa{\\_}token=O-MbM5QrzSUAAAAA:ZSp16Q1ClChPdTVZrtWwNtUzSblxRJhtHI3CVF4SNaAEUZxSXHUqpxD9suDTiaMehrSgGKub https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030439400001079X},\nvolume = {285},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide generation around buccal ganglia accompanying feeding behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kobayashi, S.; Sadamoto, H.; Ogawa, H.; Kitamura, Y.; Oka, K.; Tanishita, K.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research, 38(1): 27–34. sep 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Kobayashi2000a,\nabstract = {Although there are many lines of evidence for both the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the central nervous system (CNS) and the effects of NO on activating and modulating the feeding circuit in Lymnaea stagnalis, there has been no direct evidence that NO generation in the CNS accompanies feeding behavior. In the present study, we used a NO specific electrode to measure the increase in NO concentration around the buccal ganglia when the lips of semi-intact preparations of L. stagnalis were stimulated by sucrose. The NO concentration of the buccal ganglia was significantly increased by an application of sucrose to the lips. A NO scavenger and a NOS inhibitor suppressed this increase in NO concentration. A pair of putative NO-generative neurons in the buccal ganglia, the B2 cells, are active during the inter-feeding phase, and the bursting of the B2 cell elicited by sucrose application starts simultaneously with the feeding response. The rhythmic pulses of NO generation corresponded well with the rhythmic bursting of the B2 cells, which itself corresponds to the 'fictive feeding response'. The present data provide the first direct evidence that NO is generated in the buccal ganglia of L. staganalis and is involved in a specific behavior such as feeding. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.},\nauthor = {Kobayashi, Suguru and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Ogawa, Hiroto and Kitamura, Yoshiichiro and Oka, Kotaro and Tanishita, Kazuo and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0168-0102(00)00136-X},\nissn = {01680102},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {Feeding behavior,Lymnaea stagnalis,NO electrode,Nitric Oxide},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {27--34},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide generation around buccal ganglia accompanying feeding behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016801020000136X?casa{\\_}token=xyxNBw{\\_}b8pwAAAAA:E83FGIBQASBhi{\\_}HOn{\\_}7--REJLV4oQI{\\_}hBrHKRuKxpPSUYCFg1xu91gc65SCgj0XvymPv{\\_}qmL https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016801020000136X},\nvolume = {38},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuron-independent Ca2+ signaling in glial cells of snail's brain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kojima, S.; Ogawa, H.; Kouuchi, T.; Nidaira, T.; Hosono, T.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 100(4): 893–900. oct 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuron-independent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00303,\nabstract = {To directly monitor the glial activity in the CNS of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, we optically measured the electrical responses in the cerebral ganglion and median lip nerve to electrical stimulation of the distal end of the median lip nerve. Using a voltage-sensitive dye, RH155, we detected a composite depolarizing response in the cerebral ganglion, which consisted of a fast transient depolarizing response corresponding to a compound action potential and a slow depolarizing response. The slow depolarizing response was observed more clearly in an isolated median lip nerve and also detected by extracellular recording. In the median lip nerve preparation, the slow depolarizing response was suppressed by an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, nifedipine, and was resistant to tetrodotoxin and Na+-free conditions. Together with the fact that a delay from the compound action potential to the slow depolarizing response was not constant, these results suggested that the slow depolarizing response was not a postsynaptic response. Because the signals of the action potentials appeared on the saturated slow depolarizing responses during repetitive stimulation, the slow depolarizing response was suggested to originate from glial cells. The contribution of the L-type Ca2+ current to the slow depolarizing response was confirmed by optical recording in the presence of Ba2+ and also supported by intracellular Ca2+ measurement.Our results suggested that electrical stimulation directly triggers glial Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels, providing evidence for the generation of glial depolarization independent of neuronal activity in invertebrates. Copyright (C) 2000 IBRO.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kojima, S. and Ogawa, H. and Kouuchi, T. and Nidaira, T. and Hosono, T. and Ito, E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00338-9},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Gastropod mollusc,Glial cell,L-type Ca2+ channel,Optical recording,Slow depolarizing response,Voltage-sensitive dye},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {893--900},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Neuron-independent Ca2+ signaling in glial cells of snail's brain}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452200003389 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452200003389},\nvolume = {100},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Operant Conditioning in Lymnaea: Evidence for Intermediate- and Long-term Memory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning & Memory, 7(3): 140–150. may 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Operant$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00238,\nabstract = {Aerial respiration of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can be operantly conditioned; however, the parameters necessary to produce long-term (LTM) or intermediate term memory (ITM) have not previously been investigated. We conducted training using procedures that varied in the duration of the training session, the number of training sessions per day or the amount of time between subsequent training sessions (SI). We found that by varying the duration and frequency of the training session learning could be differentially produced. Furthermore, the ability to form LTM was dependent not only on the duration of the training session was also the interval between training sessions, the SI. Thus it was possible to produce ITM, which persists for up to 3 hr, and not form LTM, which persists at least 18 hr. Learning, ITM, and LTM can be differentially produced by altering the SI, the duration of the training session, or the number of training sessions per day. These findings may allow us to begin to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms of learning, ITM, and LTM},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.7.3.140},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning {\\&} Memory},\nkeywords = {Animal,Conditioning,It,Lymnaea,Memory,Non-U.S.Gov't,Operant,Short-Term,Support,Time Factors,United States,conditioning,form,learning,memory,physiology,time},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {140--150},\npmid = {10837503},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Operant Conditioning in Lymnaea: Evidence for Intermediate- and Long-term Memory}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/7/3/140.short http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/lm.7.3.140},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Stability and variability of synapses in the adult molluskan CNS.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magoski, N. S.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 42(4): 410–423. mar 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Stability$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00450,\nabstract = {Synaptic transmission was examined between identified neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the freshwater mollusk, Lymnaea stagnalis. Four identified neurons were used: Right Pedal Dorsal one (RPeD1; a dopaminergic respiratory interneuron), Visceral Dorsal two and three (VD2/3), and Visceral Dorsal four (VD4; a cardiorespiratory interneuron). Neuron RPeD1 synapses onto both VD2/3 and VD4, while VD4 makes a reciprocal synapse onto RPeD1. When compared from animal to animal, the connections were variable in sign. Previously, we demonstrated that, in a given animal, the RPeD1 → VD4 synapse could be either inhibitory, biphasic, or undetectable. The present study now expands this concept of variability by showing that the RPeD1 → VD2/3 synapse was either excitatory or undetectable from animal to animal, while the synapse from VD4 to RPeD1 was observed as inhibitory, biphasic, depolarizing, excitatory, or undetectable. Next, we used 1-day organ culture to determine if the variability observed between animals is a product of ongoing change to the sign of these identified synapses and whether or not the extent of change could be influenced by the culture conditions. Changes to the sign of transmission occurred within minutes and, more commonly, after 24-h organ culture. All three synapses were investigated before and after 1- day organ culture, in either defined medium (DM) or brain-conditioned medium (CM). Regardless of culture conditions, the RPeD1 VD2/3 synapse showed no change of sign, i.e., it was relatively stable. However, the synapses between RPeD1 and VD4 did change sign, and when cultured in CM, the VD4 → RPeD1 synapse changed significantly more than in DM. These data indicate that variability of some synapses reflects changes at these synapses. This is the first report that specific synapses in an adult CNS can change sign, and that the sign of transmission can be modulated by environmental conditions. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons. Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Magoski, Neil S. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(200003)42:4<410::AID-NEU3>3.0.CO;2-G},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Freshwater mollusk,RPeD1,Synaptic transmission,VD2/3,VD4},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {410--423},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Stability and variability of synapses in the adult molluskan CNS}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(200003)42:4{\\%}3C410::AID-NEU3{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-G http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291097-4695{\\%}28200003{\\%}2942{\\%}3A4{\\%}3C410{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NEU3{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-G},\nvolume = {42},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Fourier analysis of the firing patterns of neurons in the respiratory and feeding networks of Lymnaea stagnalis L.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Molnár, G.; Szucs, A.; Salánki, J.; and S.-Rózsa, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 12(Suppl 11): 155. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00492,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moln{\\'{a}}r, G. and Szucs, A. and Sal{\\'{a}}nki, J. and S.-R{\\'{o}}zsa, Katalin},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nnumber = {Suppl 11},\npages = {155},\npublisher = {{\\ldots} SCIENCE LTD PO BOX 88, OSNEY {\\ldots}},\ntitle = {{Fourier analysis of the firing patterns of neurons in the respiratory and feeding networks of Lymnaea stagnalis L.}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Giant identified NO-releasing neurons and comparative histochemistry of putative nitrergic systems in gastropod molluscs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moroz, L. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Microscopy Research and Technique, 49(6): 557–569. jun 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Giant$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00912,\nabstract = {Gastropod molluscs provide attractive model systems for behavioral and cellular analyses of the action of nitric oxide (NO), specifically due to the presence of many relatively giant identified nitrergic neurons in their CNS. This paper reviews the data relating to the presence and distribution of NO as well as its synthetic enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in the CNS and peripheral tissues in ecologically and systematically different genera representing main groups of gastropod molluscs. Several species (Lymnaea, Pleurobranchaea, and Aplysia) have been analyzed in greater detail with respect to immunohistochemical, biochemical, biophysical, and physiological studies to further clarify the functional role of NO in these animals. (C) 2000 Wiley- Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moroz, Leonid L.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6<557::AID-JEMT6>3.0.CO;2-S},\nissn = {1059-910X},\njournal = {Microscopy Research and Technique},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Lymnaea,Molluscs,NADPH-diaphorase,Nitric oxide,Pleurobranchaea,capillary electrophoresis,feeding},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {557--569},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Giant identified NO-releasing neurons and comparative histochemistry of putative nitrergic systems in gastropod molluscs}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6{\\%}3C557::AID-JEMT6{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-S?casa{\\_}token=PNckqEfN5WwAAAAA:8PgSZFL8CB6Hfju3p53utgStW5YN2D31{\\_}hP8yeeZI6ls9Ot2DpGVDs2WQHh5{\\_}N3p2kaQ79HQA-Rz http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1097-0029{\\%}2820000615{\\%}2949{\\%}3A6{\\%}3C557{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-JEMT6{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-S},\nvolume = {49},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Different extrinsic trophic factors regulate neurite outgrowth and synapse formation between identifiedLymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Munno, D. W.; Woodin, M. A.; Lukowiak, K.; Syed, N. I.; and Dickinson, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 44(1): 20–30. jul 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Different$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00746,\nabstract = {The requirement for trophic factors in neurite outgrowth is well established, though their role in synapse formation is yet to be determined. Moreover, the issue of whether the trophic factors mediating neurite outgrowth are also responsible for synapse specification has not yet been resolved. To test whether trophic factors mediating neurite outgrowth and synapse formation between identified neurons are conserved in two molluscan species and whether these developmental processes are differentially regulated by different trophic factors, we used soma-soma and neurite-neurite synapses between identified Lymnaea neurons. We demonstrate here that the trophic factors present in Aplysia hemolymph, although sufficient to induce neurite outgrowth from Lymnaea neurons, do not promote specific synapse formation between excitatory partners. Specifically, the identified presynaptic neuron visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and postsynaptic neuron left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1) were either paired in a somasoma configuration or plated individually to allow neuritic contacts. Cells were cultured in either Lymnaea brain-conditioned medium (CM) or on poly-L-lysine dishes that were pretreated with Aplysia hemolymph (ApHM), but contained only Lymnaea defined medium (DM; does not promote neurite outgrowth). In ApHM- coated dishes containing DM, Lymnaea neurons exhibited extensive neurite outgrowth, but appropriate excitatory synapses failed to develop between the cells. Instead, inappropriate reciprocal inhibitory synapses formed between VD4 and LPeD1. Similar inappropriate inhibitory synapses were observed in Aplysia hemolymph- pretreated dishes that contained dialyzed Aplysia hemolymph. These inhibitory synapses were novel and inappropriate, because they do not exist in vivo. A receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Lavendustin A) blocked neurite outgrowth induced by both Lymnaea CM and ApHM. However, it did not affect inappropriate inhibitory synapse formation between the neurons. These data demonstrate that neurite outgrowth but not inappropriate inhibitory synapse formation involves receptor tyrosine kinases. Together, our data provide direct evidence that trophic factors required for neurite outgrowth are conserved among two different molluscan species, and that neurite extension and synapse specification between excitatory partners are likely mediated by different trophic factors. (C) 2000 John Wiley and 'Sons, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Munno, David W. and Woodin, Melanie A. and Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed I. and Dickinson, Patsy S.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1097-4695(200007)44:1<20::AID-NEU3>3.0.CO;2-M},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {In vitro,Neurite outgrowth,Regeneration,Synapse formation,Trophic factors},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {20--30},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Different extrinsic trophic factors regulate neurite outgrowth and synapse formation between identifiedLymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-4695(200007)44:1{\\%}3C20::AID-NEU3{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-M http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1097-4695{\\%}28200007{\\%}2944{\\%}3A1{\\%}3C20{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NEU3{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-M},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The requirement for trophic factors in neurite outgrowth is well established, though their role in synapse formation is yet to be determined. Moreover, the issue of whether the trophic factors mediating neurite outgrowth are also responsible for synapse specification has not yet been resolved. To test whether trophic factors mediating neurite outgrowth and synapse formation between identified neurons are conserved in two molluscan species and whether these developmental processes are differentially regulated by different trophic factors, we used soma-soma and neurite-neurite synapses between identified Lymnaea neurons. We demonstrate here that the trophic factors present in Aplysia hemolymph, although sufficient to induce neurite outgrowth from Lymnaea neurons, do not promote specific synapse formation between excitatory partners. Specifically, the identified presynaptic neuron visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) and postsynaptic neuron left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1) were either paired in a somasoma configuration or plated individually to allow neuritic contacts. Cells were cultured in either Lymnaea brain-conditioned medium (CM) or on poly-L-lysine dishes that were pretreated with Aplysia hemolymph (ApHM), but contained only Lymnaea defined medium (DM; does not promote neurite outgrowth). In ApHM- coated dishes containing DM, Lymnaea neurons exhibited extensive neurite outgrowth, but appropriate excitatory synapses failed to develop between the cells. Instead, inappropriate reciprocal inhibitory synapses formed between VD4 and LPeD1. Similar inappropriate inhibitory synapses were observed in Aplysia hemolymph- pretreated dishes that contained dialyzed Aplysia hemolymph. These inhibitory synapses were novel and inappropriate, because they do not exist in vivo. A receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Lavendustin A) blocked neurite outgrowth induced by both Lymnaea CM and ApHM. However, it did not affect inappropriate inhibitory synapse formation between the neurons. These data demonstrate that neurite outgrowth but not inappropriate inhibitory synapse formation involves receptor tyrosine kinases. Together, our data provide direct evidence that trophic factors required for neurite outgrowth are conserved among two different molluscan species, and that neurite extension and synapse specification between excitatory partners are likely mediated by different trophic factors. (C) 2000 John Wiley and 'Sons, Inc.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Embryogenesis of the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. An ultrastructural study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nagy, T.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurocytology, 29(1): 43–60. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Embryogenesis$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00167,\nabstract = {The ultrastructural characteristics of the developing CNS of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, were investigated, with special attention paid to three specific stages of embryonic development, representing distinctly different phases of both the body morphogenesis and gangliogenesis. These were the 35{\\%} (veliger), the 50-55{\\%} (metamorphic), and the 75{\\%} (post-metamorphic, adult-like) stages of embryonic development. Also, a brief comparison was done with the CNS of hatchlings (100{\\%} of embryonic development). During embryogenesis specialized axo-axonic synapses and elements of the glial system, including the ganglionic (neural) sheath, were rarely observed, whereas the frequent occurrence of unspecialized axo-somatic contacts could be demonstrated. Synapse-like axo-axonic connections could be found first in 75{\\%} embryos, showing asymmetric vesicle clustering on the 'presynaptic' side and increased electron density of the apposed membranes. These phenomena may reflect the dominance of modulatory processes in the CNS during embryogenesis, and the absence of the neural sheath may facilitate trophic and/or hormonal influences within the developing ganglia. The gradual increase in the size of ganglia and the diameter of their neuropils was not accompanied by any widening of the cell body layer or increasing diameter of the nerve cell bodies until the very end of embryogenesis. With respect to the ultrastructural organization of the neuropil, and possibly the entire CNS, a determining stage seems to be that of metamorphosis. Two types of neuropil could be observed at this time; the metamorphosing neuropil with an irregular organization of wavy axon profiles, and well-structured neuropil with a regular organization of axon profiles. Ganglia with irregular or regular neuropil occurred simultaneously in the developing CNS.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nagy, T. and Elekes, K.},\ndoi = {10.1023/A:1007112130414},\nissn = {03004864},\njournal = {Journal of Neurocytology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {43--60},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Embryogenesis of the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. An ultrastructural study}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007112130414},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development of an antagonist of molluscan neuropeptide APGWamide with a peptide library.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ohtani, M.; Aimoto, S.; and Muneoka, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Peptides, 21(8): 1193–1201. aug 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00391,\nabstract = {Fifty-seven kinds of APGWamide-related peptides and a peptide library consisting of 38 peptide mixtures, each of which contained 19 kinds of APGWamide-related peptides, were synthesized with a multipeptide synthesizer, and their APGWamide-agonistic or -antagonistic effects were examined on the anterior byssus retractor muscle of the bivalve Mytilus edulis and the crop of the land snail Euhadra congenita. The peptide mixtures having agonistic or antagonistic effects were subjected to HPLC purification to isolate the active peptides using the muscles as bioassay systems. Many peptides having agonistic or antagonistic effects were obtained. Of the antagonists, APGWGNamide, isolated from the peptide mixture of APGWGXamide, was the most potent. At 10-4 M, APGWGNamide almost completely blocked the actions of 10-6 M APGWamide on the anterior byssus retractor muscle of M. edulis and the crop of E. congenita. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ohtani, M. and Aimoto, S. and Muneoka, Y.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00259-X},\nissn = {01969781},\njournal = {Peptides},\nkeywords = {APGWGNamide,APGWamide,Antagonist,Molluscan,Multipeptide synthesizer,Neuropeptide},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1193--1201},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Development of an antagonist of molluscan neuropeptide APGWamide with a peptide library}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019697810000259X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019697810000259X},\nvolume = {21},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The measurement of NO in the central circuitry for feeding in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sadamoto, H.; Kobayashi, S; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 12: 91. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00479,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sadamoto, Hisayo and Kobayashi, S and Ito, Etsuro},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\npages = {91},\ntitle = {{The measurement of NO in the central circuitry for feeding in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transmitter-dependent switching of respiratory interneurons to the locomotor rhythm in the pulmonate mollusk Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sakharov, D. A.; and Tsyganov, V. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 30(1): 45–52. jan 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transmitter-dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00496,\nabstract = {Cell RPeD1 of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a dopaminergic neuron known to be involved in generating the respiratory rhythm. This report describes conditions in which RPeD1 follows the rhythm of another central generator, identified as the generator of muscular locomotion. This rhythmic activity of RPeD1 developed in isolated CNS preparations treated with 0.05 mM serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) or 0.1 mM 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). It was coordinated by cyclic synaptic currents with the activities of other pedal neurons and with trains of spikes in the motor (pedal and columellar) nerves. Only the pedal ganglia (both of them) retained the ability to generate 5-HT-dependent cyclic activity after complete isolation, indicating a pedal localization and paired nature for the central generator. In intact animals, injection of 100 $\\mu$g/g of 5-HTP induced coordinated cyclic movements of the foot and shell which had similar periods and resembled movements during terrestrial (non-ciliary) locomotion. These results, along with the known role of dopamine in generating the respiratory pattern, show that switching of RPeD1 from one central rhythm to another is a transmitter-dependent phenomenon.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sakharov, D. A. and Tsyganov, V. V.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02461391},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Central rhythm generator,Dopaminergic interneuron,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusks,Serotonin},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {45--52},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Transmitter-dependent switching of respiratory interneurons to the locomotor rhythm in the pulmonate mollusk Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02461391 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02461391},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants: The effects of tin (Sn2+) on acetylcholine-induced currents in greater pond snail neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Salánki, Y.; D'eri, Y.; Platokhin, A.; and S.-Rózsa, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 30(1): 63–73. jan 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00326,\nabstract = {Inorganic and organic tin compounds present in aqueous ecosystems have diverse effects on the behavior of living organisms. With the aim of identifying possible correlates of these actions, we studied the effects of both types of Sn2+. The effects of SnCl2 and Sn(CH3)2 on acetylcholine-activate currents were studied on identified neurons of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis L. using a two-microelectrode membrane potential clamping technique and by intracellular dialysis with potential and ion concentration clamping. Experiments were performed on single neurons after isolation and on whole ganglion preparations. SnCl2 decreased acetylcholine-induced influx currents; the effect was dose-dependent. The effective threshold concentration, measured by the two-microelectrode membrane potential clamping method, was 0.1 $\\mu$M, with saturation occurring at 5 $\\mu$M SnCl2. After a 10-min preapplication of SnCl2, the effect was stronger (20{\\%}) than after treatment for 3 min (7{\\%}). Similar results were obtained after application of tin using the intracellular dialysis method with potential and ion concentration clamping. After preapplication of 10 $\\mu$M SnCl2 for 1 min, acetylcholine-induced influx currents decreased by 41{\\%}, we compared differences in the effects induced by inorganic and organic tin compounds. Sn(CH3) induced a decrease in the amplitude of acetylcholine-induced currents in the same way as inorganic tin. The effect of Sn(CH3)2 was irreversible and stronger as the preapplication time increased. These results support the previous conclusion that agonist-activated channels are an important target for the actions of toxic metals. It is concluded that direct actions on neuron membranes represent an important component in the modulation of synaptic transmission and that this should be considered in studies of the mechanisms of toxicity of tin. {\\textcopyright} 2000 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sal{\\'{a}}nki, Ya and D'eri, Ya and Platokhin, A. and S.-R{\\'{o}}zsa, K.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02461393},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine,Ligand-dependent ion channels,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusks,Sn(CH3)2,SnCl2},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {63--73},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants: The effects of tin (Sn2+) on acetylcholine-induced currents in greater pond snail neurons}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02461393 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02461393},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gene expression and function of FMRFamide-related neuropeptides in the snailLymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Microscopy Research and Technique, 49(6): 547–556. jun 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Gene$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00543,\nabstract = {FMRFamide and a large family of related peptides (FaRPs) have been identified in every major metazoan phylum examined, including chordates. In the pulmonate snail Lymnaea this family of neuropeptides is encoded by a five-exon locus that is subject to alternative splicing. The two alternative mRNA transcripts are expressed in the CNS in a mutually exclusive manner at the single cell level, resulting in the differential distribution of the distinct sets of FaRPs that they encode in defined neuronal networks. Biochemical peptide purification, single-cell analysis by mass spectroscopy, and immunocytochemistry have led to an understanding of the post- translational processing patterns of the two alternative precursor proteins and identified at least 12 known and novel peptides contained in neuronal networks involved in cardiorespiration, penial control and withdrawal response. The pharmacological actions of single or co-expressed peptides are beginning to emerge for the cardiorespiratory network and its central and peripheral targets. Peptides derived from protein precursor 1 and contained in the heart excitatory central motoneurons E(he) have distinct functions and also act in concert in cardiac regulation, based on their unique effects on heartbeat and their differential stimulatory effects on second messenger pathways. Precursor-2 derived peptides, contained in the Visceral White Interneuron, a key neuron of the cardiorespiratory network, have mostly inhibitory effects on the VWI's central postsynaptic target neurons but with some of the peptides also exhibiting excitatory effects on the same cells. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6<547::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-Y},\nissn = {1059-910X},\njournal = {Microscopy Research and Technique},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide,Lymnaea,Neuropeptides},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {547--556},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Gene expression and function of FMRFamide-related neuropeptides in the snailLymnaea}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6{\\%}3C547::AID-JEMT5{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-Y http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1097-0029{\\%}2820000615{\\%}2949{\\%}3A6{\\%}3C547{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-JEMT5{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-Y},\nvolume = {49},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multimeric CREB-binding sites in the promoter regions of a family of G-protein-coupled receptors related to the vertebrate galanin and nociceptin/orphanin-FQ receptor families.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saunders, S. E.; Burke, J. F.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 12(7): 2345–2353. jul 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multimeric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00288,\nabstract = {Four related genes encoding a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been isolated from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. The coding regions of this family of receptors share 97-99{\\%} sequence similarity at both the protein and nucleotide level, and they also share high sequence identity with vertebrate galanin and orphanin-FQ/nociceptin GPCR families. Analysis of the promoter regions reveals shared domains, some of which encode highly conserved repeating units. One 27-bp repeating unit, which encodes a c-AMP response element (CRE) and binds CREB protein, is repeated 14 times in one promoter. In situ hybridization showed expression of these receptors in identified neurons of several behaviourly important networks including those involved in feeding and ion and water regulation. These Lymnaea receptors are likely to represent members of a novel family of invertebrate neuropeptide receptors extensively regulated in response to intracellular signalling cascades.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Saunders, Susan E. and Burke, Julian F. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00124.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Expression in CNS,Lymnaea stagnalis,Regulation},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {2345--2353},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Multimeric CREB-binding sites in the promoter regions of a family of G-protein-coupled receptors related to the vertebrate galanin and nociceptin/orphanin-FQ receptor families}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00124.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00124.x},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Synthesis and functional integration of a neurotransmitter receptor in isolated invertebrate axons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spencer, G. E.; Syed, N. I.; Van Kesteren, E.; Lukowiak, K.; Geraerts, W. P.; and Van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 44(1): 72–81. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Synthesis$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00963,\nabstract = {Neurotransmitter receptors are considered an important class of membrane proteins that are involved in plasticity-induced changes underlying learning and memory. Recent studies, which demonstrated that the mRNAs encoding for various receptor proteins are localized to specific dendritic domains, allude toward the possibility that these membrane bound molecules may be synthesized locally. However, direct evidence for the local axonal or dendritic synthesis and functional integration of receptor proteins in either vertebrates or invertebrates is still lacking. In this study, using an invertebrate model system we provide the first direct evidence that isolated axons (in the absence of the soma) can intrinsically synthesize and functionally integrate a membrane-bound receptor protein from an axonally injected mRNA. Surgically isolated axons from identified neurons were injected with mRNA encoding a G- protein-coupled conopressin receptor. Immunocytochemical and electrophysiological techniques were used to demonstrate functional integration of the receptor protein into the membrane of the isolated axon. Ultrastructural analysis of axonal compartments revealed polyribosomes, suggesting that some components of the protein synthesizing machinery are indeed present in these extrasomal compartments. Such axonal propensity to locally synthesize and functionally insert transmitter receptors may be instrumental in plasticity induced changes, for instance those that underlie learning and memory. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spencer, G. E. and Syed, N. I. and {Van Kesteren}, E. and Lukowiak, K. and Geraerts, W. P.M. and {Van Minnen}, J.},\ndoi = {10.1002/1097-4695(200007)44:1<72::aid-neu7>3.0.co;2-%23},\nissn = {00223034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Axon,Electrophysiology,Molluse,Protein synthesis,Synaptic plasticity,Transmitter receptor,mRNA},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {72--81},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Synthesis and functional integration of a neurotransmitter receptor in isolated invertebrate axons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-4695(200007)44:1{\\%}3C72::AID-NEU7{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-{\\%}23?casa{\\_}token=ya12kexwqIUAAAAA:xRpWz42D26ie1LENgNbjJskhtpJ0snzOZnW2B7kqQjL0gq-1GpFMeUAAaXP1V{\\_}2QoLrG9hw9Bcfl},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transmitter–Receptor Interactions between Growth Cones of Identified Lymnaea Neurons Determine Target Cell Selection In Vitro.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spencer, G. E.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 20(21): 8077–8086. nov 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transmitter–Receptor$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00113,\nabstract = {In addition to their involvement in transsynaptic communication in the adult nervous system, neurotransmitters also participate in many developmental events, such as neurite initiation and outgrowth. Although growth cones can release transmitters and are themselves sensitive to exogenously applied neurotransmitters, a direct causal relationship between the release of transmitter from one growth cone and its effect on another has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we provide evidence that dopamine release from the growth cones of an identified Lymnaea neuron, right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), differentially regulates the growth cone behavior of its in vivo target and nontarget neurons in vitro. In coculture, RPeD1 growth cones enhanced the rate of growth cone advance from target cells and synaptic connections developed immediately after contact. In contrast, RPeD1 growth cones not only inhibited the rate of growth cone advance from nontarget cells but they also induced growth cone collapse. Using a 'sniffer cell' approach, we demonstrated that both RPeD1 growth cones and somata released dopamine, which can be detected at a distance of several hundred micrometers. RPeD1 somata were used to demonstrate that spontaneous release of dopamine also acted as a chemoattractant for target growth cones but as a chemorepellent for nontarget growth cones. These effects were mimicked by exogenous dopamine application, and both RPeD1 growth cone and soma-induced effects were also blocked in the presence of dopamine receptor antagonists. This study emphasizes the importance of transmitter-receptor interactions between growth cones in target cell selection.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spencer, Gaynor E. and Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08077.2000},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Culture,Dopamine,Growth cone,Mollusc,Neurite outgrowth,Regeneration,Target selection,Transmitter},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {21},\npages = {8077--8086},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Transmitter–Receptor Interactions between Growth Cones of Identified Lymnaea Neurons Determine Target Cell Selection In Vitro}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/21/8077.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08077.2000},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The respiratory central pattern generator of Lymnaea: A model, measured and malleable.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Taylor, B. E.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Respiration Physiology, 122(2-3): 197–207. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00440,\nabstract = {Great progress has been made, and continues to be made in our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying respiration in a wide variety of model systems. The central pattern generator (CPG) controlling aerial respiration in the pond-snail Lymnaea is a particularly well-studied model. Using in vitro and semi-intact preparations, the neural circuitry that controls aerial respiration has been characterized as consisting of three identified interneurons. Furthermore, insight has been gained into the behavioural, cellular and synaptic mechanisms by which this circuit controls respiratory rhythmogenesis. It has also been demonstrated that aerial respiratory behaviour can be modified both by experience and by environmental factors. Studies have shown that, in a behavioural hierarchy, respiration is subservient to the whole-body withdrawal response that respiratory behaviour can be modified through operant conditioning, and that respiratory behaviour is altered by hypoxia. Through research on the Lymnaea respiratory CPG we are coming to a better understanding of the construction and malleability of a CPG network. The malleability of this CPG is of particular interest. No longer can neuronal networks underlying respiratory behaviour be considered hard-wired; they have inherent plasticity. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Taylor, Barbara E. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0034-5687(00)00159-6},\nissn = {00345687},\njournal = {Respiration Physiology},\nkeywords = {Learning, respiratory behavior,Model, respiratory pattern,Mollusc, snail (Lymnaea stagnalis),Network, neuronal, plasticity,Pattern of breathing, neuronal network},\nnumber = {2-3},\npages = {197--207},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{The respiratory central pattern generator of Lymnaea: A model, measured and malleable}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034568700001596},\nvolume = {122},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Activation of Protein Kinase C by Oxytocin-Related Conopressin Underlies Pacemaker Current in Lymnaea Central Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Soest, P. F.; Lodder, J. C.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 84(5): 2541–2551. nov 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Activation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00680,\nabstract = {The vasopressin/oxytocin-related neuropeptide Lys-conopressin activates two pacemaker currents in central neurons of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. A high-voltage–activated current ( I-HVA) is activated at potentials greater than −40 mV and resembles pacemaker currents found in many molluscan neurons. A low-voltage–activated current ( I-LVA) activates throughout the range of −90 to 0 mV. Based on sequence homologies, Lymnaea conopressin receptors are thought to couple to Q-type G proteins and protein kinase C (PKC). Alternatively, agonist-induced pacemaker currents in molluscan neurons have traditionally been attributed to cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activation. Accordingly, this study aimed at resolving possible involvement of cAMP/PKA and diacylglycerol/PKC in the conopressin response. Injection of cAMP into anterior lobe neurons induced a slow inward current with a voltage dependence resembling that of I LVA (and not I HVA ). However, lack of effect of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and the absence of cross-desensitization between cAMP and conopressin suggest that neither current is dependent on intracellular cAMP. The PKC-activating phorbol ester 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (but not inactive phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) mimicked activation of I HVA , but not I LVA , and occluded subsequent responses to conopressin. Activation of I HVA was blocked by general protein kinase inhibitors and the PKC-inhibitor GF-109203X. Modulation of the calcium buffering capacity of the pipette medium did not affect the conopressin response, suggesting that calcium dynamics are not of major importance. We conclude that conopressin activates the ion channels carrying I LVA and I HVA through different second-messenger cascades and that PKC-dependent phosphorylation underlies activation of I HVA .},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Van Soest}, Paul F. and Lodder, Johannes C. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2541},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2541--2551},\npmid = {11067996},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Activation of Protein Kinase C by Oxytocin-Related Conopressin Underlies Pacemaker Current in Lymnaea Central Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2541 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2541},\nvolume = {84},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The octopamine-containing buccal neurons are a new group of feeding interneurons in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; and Elliott, C. J. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 51(2-4): 165–176. jun 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00534,\nabstract = {In the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, the paired buccal ganglia contain 3 octopamine-immunoreactive neurons, which have previously been shown to be part of the feeding network. All 3 OC cells are electrically coupled together and interact with all the known buccal feeding motoneurons, as well as with all the modulatory and central pattern generating interneurons in the buccal ganglia. N1 (protraction) phase neurons: Motoneurons firing in this phase of the feeding cycle receive either single excitatory (depolarising) synaptic inputs (B1, B6 neurons) or a biphasic response (hyperpolarisation followed by depolarisation) (B5, B7 motoneurons). Protraction phase feeding interneurons (SO, NIL, NIM) also receive this biphasic synaptic input after OC stimulation. All of protraction phase interneurons inhibit the OC neurons. N2 (retraction) phase neurons: These motoneurons (B2, B3, B9, B10) and N2 interneurons are hyperpolarised by OC stimulation. N2 interneurons have a variable (probably polysynaptic) effect on the activity of the OC neurons. N3 (swallowing) phase: OC neurons are strongly electrically coupled to both N3 phase (B4, B4cluster, B8) motoneurons and to the N3p interneurons. In case of the interneuronal connection (OC mutually implies N3) the electrical synapse is supplemented by reciprocal chemical inhibition. However, the synaptic connections formed by the OC neurons or N3p interneurons to the other members of the feeding network are not identical. CGC: The cerebral, serotonergic CGC neurons excite the OC cells, but the OC neurons have no effect on the CGC activity. In addition to direct synaptic effects, the OC neurons also evoke long-lasting changes in the activity of feeding neurons. In a silent preparation, OC stimulation may start the feeding pattern, but when fictive feeding is already occurring, OC stimulation decreases the rate of the fictive feeding. Our results suggest that the octopaminergic OC neurons form a sub-population of N3 phase feeding interneurons, different from the previously identified N3p and N3t interneurons. The long-lasting effects of OC neurons suggest that they straddle the boundary between central pattern generator and modulatory neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Elliott, C. J. H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF03543215},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Feeding,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,Neuromodulation,Octopamine},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {2-4},\npages = {165--176},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The octopamine-containing buccal neurons are a new group of feeding interneurons in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnate}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03543215 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03543215},\nvolume = {51},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n In the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, the paired buccal ganglia contain 3 octopamine-immunoreactive neurons, which have previously been shown to be part of the feeding network. All 3 OC cells are electrically coupled together and interact with all the known buccal feeding motoneurons, as well as with all the modulatory and central pattern generating interneurons in the buccal ganglia. N1 (protraction) phase neurons: Motoneurons firing in this phase of the feeding cycle receive either single excitatory (depolarising) synaptic inputs (B1, B6 neurons) or a biphasic response (hyperpolarisation followed by depolarisation) (B5, B7 motoneurons). Protraction phase feeding interneurons (SO, NIL, NIM) also receive this biphasic synaptic input after OC stimulation. All of protraction phase interneurons inhibit the OC neurons. N2 (retraction) phase neurons: These motoneurons (B2, B3, B9, B10) and N2 interneurons are hyperpolarised by OC stimulation. N2 interneurons have a variable (probably polysynaptic) effect on the activity of the OC neurons. N3 (swallowing) phase: OC neurons are strongly electrically coupled to both N3 phase (B4, B4cluster, B8) motoneurons and to the N3p interneurons. In case of the interneuronal connection (OC mutually implies N3) the electrical synapse is supplemented by reciprocal chemical inhibition. However, the synaptic connections formed by the OC neurons or N3p interneurons to the other members of the feeding network are not identical. CGC: The cerebral, serotonergic CGC neurons excite the OC cells, but the OC neurons have no effect on the CGC activity. In addition to direct synaptic effects, the OC neurons also evoke long-lasting changes in the activity of feeding neurons. In a silent preparation, OC stimulation may start the feeding pattern, but when fictive feeding is already occurring, OC stimulation decreases the rate of the fictive feeding. Our results suggest that the octopaminergic OC neurons form a sub-population of N3 phase feeding interneurons, different from the previously identified N3p and N3t interneurons. The long-lasting effects of OC neurons suggest that they straddle the boundary between central pattern generator and modulatory neurons.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Octopamine is the synaptic transmitter between identified neurons in the buccal feeding network of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á.; Hiripi, L.; and Elliott, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 867(1-2): 188–199. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Octopamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00211,\nabstract = {We report the pharmacological properties of synaptic connections from the three octopamine-containing OC interneurons to identified buccal feeding neurons in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Intracellular stimulation of an OC interneuron evokes inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the B3 motoneurons and N2 (d) interneurons, while the synapse between OC and N3 (phasic) interneurons has two components: an initial electrical excitation followed by chemical inhibition. All synaptic responses persist in a saline with elevated calcium and magnesium suggesting that the connections are monosynaptic. Local perfusion of 10-4 M octopamine produces the same inhibitory membrane responses from these buccal neurons as OC stimulation. These responses also persist in high Mg2+/Ca2+ saline indicating direct membrane effects. The similarities in reversal potentials for the synaptic hyperpolarization evoked on B3 neurons after OC stimulation (-89.0 mV, S.E.M.=14.1, n=10) and the octopamine response of the B3 neurons (-84.7 mV, S.E.M.=6.6, n=6) indicate that increased K+-conductance underlies both responses. Bath application of the octopaminergic drugs phentolamine (10-6 M), epinastine (10-6 M) or DCDM (10-4 M) blocks the inhibitory synapse onto B3 or N2 neurons and the chemical component of the N3 response. They also block the octopamine-evoked inhibition of B3, N2 and N3 neurons. NC-7 (2 x 10-5 M) has a hyperpolarizing agonist effect (like octopamine) on these neurons and also blocks their chemical synaptic input from the OC interneurons. These results provide pharmacological evidence that the neurotransmitter between the octopamine-immunopositive OC interneurons and its followers is octopamine. This is the first example of identified octopaminergic synaptic connections within the snail CNS. {\\textcopyright} 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}}gnes and Hiripi, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}} and Elliott, Christopher J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02315-5},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {,Feeding system,Lymnaea stagnalis,Octopamine,Pharmacology,Snail,Synaptic connections},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {188--199},\npublisher = {{\\ldots} SCIENCE LTD PO BOX 88, OSNEY {\\ldots}},\ntitle = {{Octopamine is the synaptic transmitter between identified neurons in the buccal feeding network of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899300023155},\nvolume = {867},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development of key neurons for learning stimulates learning ability in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yamanaka, M.; Hatakeyama, D.; Sadamoto, H.; Kimura, T.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 278(1-2): 113–116. 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Yamanaka2000,\nabstract = {The pond snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, change their ability of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) during their development, for example, stage 29 embryos can acquire the CTA, whereas immature snails come to use a long-term memory to maintain the conditioned response. We thus examined the relationships between the learning ability and the development of key neurons (cerebral giant cells: CGCs) for this CTA. The immunoreactivity of serotonin, which is a main neurotransmitter employed in the feeding circuitry, was first observed in the CGCs at the stage 29. After hatching, the CGCs developed their neuropile faster than other cells in the buccal and cerebral ganglia, resulting in their early innervation at the immature stage. The present results, therefore, indicate that the development of key neurons for learning stimulates the developmental changes in learning ability.},\nauthor = {Yamanaka, Mari and Hatakeyama, Dai and Sadamoto, Hisayo and Kimura, Tetsuya and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00916-7},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Adult,Conditioned taste aversion,Development,Embryo,Feeding,Immature,Learning,Serotonin},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {113--116},\ntitle = {{Development of key neurons for learning stimulates learning ability in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394099009167},\nvolume = {278},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The effects of the dynamic state of the cytoskeleton on neuronal plasticity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zapara, T. A.; Simonova, O. G.; Zharkikh, A. A.; and Ratushnyak, A. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 30(3): 347–355. may 2000.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00783,\nabstract = {The effects of degrading and stabilizing microtubules and microfilaments on the formation of plastic reactions were studied in isolated nerve cells from the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Degradation of the cytoskeleton affected the performance, retention, and repeated acquisition of plastic reactions. Stabilization of microtubules led to the appearance of a relationship between the dynamics of the development and retention of plastic reactions and the series of stimulation. Stabilization of microfilaments led to transient plastic reaction, along with long-term reactions. These results show that rearrangements of the cytoskeleton have a key role in the processes of neuronal plasticity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Zapara, T. A. and Simonova, O. G. and Zharkikh, A. A. and Ratushnyak, A. S.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02471789},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Cytoskeleton,Learning,Neuron,Plasticity},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {347--355},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The effects of the dynamic state of the cytoskeleton on neuronal plasticity}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02471789 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02471789},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {2000}\n}\n

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\n \n 1999\n \n \n (31)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n FMRFamide-Activated Ca 2+ Channels in Lymnaea Heart Cells Are Modulated by “SEEPLY,” a Neuropeptide Encoded on the Same Gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brezden, B. L.; Yeoman, M. S.; Gardner, D. R.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 81(4): 1818–1826. apr 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"FMRFamide-Activated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00228,\nabstract = {FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channels in Lymnaeaheart cells are modulated by “SEEPLY,” a neuropeptide encoded on the same gene. The cell-attached, patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the modulatory role of the neuropeptide SEQPDVDDYLRDVVLQSEEPLY (“SEEPLY”) on FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channels in isolated Lymnaea heart ventricular cells. Both SEEPLY and FMRFamide are encoded on the same neuropeptide gene and are coexpressed in a pair of excitatory motor neurons that innervate the heart. FMRFamide applied alone was capable of significantly increasing the P (open) time of a Ca 2+ channel in isolated heart muscle cells. However, SEEPLY applied alone did not significantly alter the basal level of Ca 2+ channel activity in the same cells. Repeated applications of FMRFamide (15 s every min) resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of Ca 2+ channel openings and the overall P (open) time of the channel. The fifth successive 15-s application of FMRFamide failed to cause the Ca 2+ channels to open in the majority of cells tested. When FMRFamide and SEEPLY were repeatedly applied together (2-min applications every 4 min) the FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channels continued to respond after the fifth application of the two peptides. Indeed channel activity was seen to continue after repeated 2-min applications of FMRFamide and SEEPLY for as long as the patch lasted (≤60 min). As well as preventing the loss of response to FMRFamide, SEEPLY was also capable of both up- and down-regulating the response of the Ca 2+ channel to FMRFamide. The direction of the response depended on the P (open) time of the channel before the application of SEEPLY. When the P (open) time for the FMRFamide-activated channel was initially 0.004 ± 0.002 (means ± SE), subsequent perfusion with a mixture of FMRFamide and SEEPLY produced a statistically significant increase in Ca 2+ channel activity (13 cells). In two cells where no channel activity was observed in response to an initial application of FMRFamide, superfusing the heart cells with a mixture of FMRFamide and SEEPLY induced openings of the Ca 2+ channel. When the P (open) time of FMRFamide-induced Ca 2+ channel openings was 0.058 ± 0.017 the subsequent application of a mixture of SEEPLY and FMRFamide caused a statistically significant decrease in Ca 2+ channel activity (8 cells). As up- and down-regulation of FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channel openings by SEEPLY were observed in the same cells (8 cells), this suggested that corelease of the two peptides might act together to regulate the level of Ca 2+ channel activity within a defined range.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brezden, B. L. and Yeoman, M. S. and Gardner, D. R. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1818},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1818--1826},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{FMRFamide-Activated Ca 2+ Channels in Lymnaea Heart Cells Are Modulated by “SEEPLY,” a Neuropeptide Encoded on the Same Gene}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1818 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1818},\nvolume = {81},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channels in Lymnaeaheart cells are modulated by “SEEPLY,” a neuropeptide encoded on the same gene. The cell-attached, patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the modulatory role of the neuropeptide SEQPDVDDYLRDVVLQSEEPLY (“SEEPLY”) on FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channels in isolated Lymnaea heart ventricular cells. Both SEEPLY and FMRFamide are encoded on the same neuropeptide gene and are coexpressed in a pair of excitatory motor neurons that innervate the heart. FMRFamide applied alone was capable of significantly increasing the P (open) time of a Ca 2+ channel in isolated heart muscle cells. However, SEEPLY applied alone did not significantly alter the basal level of Ca 2+ channel activity in the same cells. Repeated applications of FMRFamide (15 s every min) resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of Ca 2+ channel openings and the overall P (open) time of the channel. The fifth successive 15-s application of FMRFamide failed to cause the Ca 2+ channels to open in the majority of cells tested. When FMRFamide and SEEPLY were repeatedly applied together (2-min applications every 4 min) the FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channels continued to respond after the fifth application of the two peptides. Indeed channel activity was seen to continue after repeated 2-min applications of FMRFamide and SEEPLY for as long as the patch lasted (≤60 min). As well as preventing the loss of response to FMRFamide, SEEPLY was also capable of both up- and down-regulating the response of the Ca 2+ channel to FMRFamide. The direction of the response depended on the P (open) time of the channel before the application of SEEPLY. When the P (open) time for the FMRFamide-activated channel was initially 0.004 ± 0.002 (means ± SE), subsequent perfusion with a mixture of FMRFamide and SEEPLY produced a statistically significant increase in Ca 2+ channel activity (13 cells). In two cells where no channel activity was observed in response to an initial application of FMRFamide, superfusing the heart cells with a mixture of FMRFamide and SEEPLY induced openings of the Ca 2+ channel. When the P (open) time of FMRFamide-induced Ca 2+ channel openings was 0.058 ± 0.017 the subsequent application of a mixture of SEEPLY and FMRFamide caused a statistically significant decrease in Ca 2+ channel activity (8 cells). As up- and down-regulation of FMRFamide-activated Ca 2+ channel openings by SEEPLY were observed in the same cells (8 cells), this suggested that corelease of the two peptides might act together to regulate the level of Ca 2+ channel activity within a defined range.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development of catecholaminergic neurons in the pond snail,Lymnaea stagnalis: II. Postembryonic development of central and peripheral cells.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Croll, R. P.; Voronezhskaya, E. E.; Hiripi, L.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 404(3): 297–309. feb 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00134,\nabstract = {Catecholamines have long been thought to play important roles in different mollusc neural functions. The present study used glyoxylate- and aldehyde-induced histofluorescence to identify central and peripheral catecholaminergic neurons in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The majority of these cells were also found to react to antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxylase. A minority of the catecholaminergic neurons, however, exhibited no such immunoreactivity. The number of central catecholaminergic neurons nearly doubled (from about 45 to about 80 cells) during the first 2-3 days of postembryonic development. Thereafter, catecholaminergic neurons again doubled in number and generally grew by about 100-200{\\%} in soma diameter as the snails grew by 1,000{\\%} in overall linear measurements. In contrast to the relatively meager addition of central catecholaminergic neurons, several thousand catecholaminergic somata were added to different peripheral tissues during postembryonic development. These small, centrally projecting neurons were particularly concentrated in the lips, esophagus, anterior margin of the foot, and different regions of the male and female reproductive tracts. Chromatographic analyses indicated that dopamine was the major catecholamine present in the central ganglia, foot, and esophagus, although detectable levels of norepinephrine (approximately 20{\\%} of dopamine levels) were also found in the ganglia. The total content but not the concentration of dopamine increased within the tissue samples during postembryonic development. The companion study (Voronezhskaya et al. [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 404:285-296) and the present study furnish a complete description of central and peripheral catecholaminergic neurons from their first appearance in early embryonic development to adulthood.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Croll, Roger P. and Voronezhskaya, Elena E. and Hiripi, L{\\'{a}}szl{\\'{o}} and Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990215)404:3<297::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-I},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {Gastropod,Mollusc,Monoamine,Norepinephrine,Tyrosine hydroxylase},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {297--309},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Development of catecholaminergic neurons in the pond snail,Lymnaea stagnalis: II. Postembryonic development of central and peripheral cells}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990215)404:3{\\%}3C285::AID-CNE1{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-S http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291096-9861{\\%}2819990215{\\%}29404{\\%}3A3{\\%}3C297{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-CNE2{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-I},\nvolume = {404},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Small cardioactive peptide gene: structure, expression and mass spectrometric analysis reveals a complex pattern of co-transmitters in a snail feeding neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dobbins, S. J. P. a. C.; Schofield, M. G.; Piper, M. R.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 11(2): 655–662. feb 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Small$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00636,\nabstract = {The small cardioactive peptides (SCPs) are an important group of neural cotransmitters in molluscs where they are known to play both central and peripheral modulatory roles in the control of feeding behaviour. Here we show that in the snail Lymnaea the SCP gene exists in one interrupted copy that produces a single species of transcript which encodes a prepropeptide containing two structurally related SCPs SGYLAFPRMamide (SCP(A)) and pQNYLAFPRMamide (SCP(B)). In situ hybridization was used to localize expression specifically to the soma of several types of motoneurons in the feeding system of Lymnaea, including the giant B2 foregut motoneurons. The peptide content of individual B2 cell bodies was analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and the structures of the SCPs predicted from the cloned gene were confirmed in these cells by post-source decay fragmentation analysis. Identical stimulatory activity for the two SCP peptides was demonstrated by their application to the isolated foregut, suggesting that their co-release from the B2 cells may play an important part in the co-modulation of gut motility, together with acetylcholine and the myomodulin family of peptides.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dobbins, Stephen J. Perry andrew C. and Schofield, Michael G. and Piper, Marian R. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00472.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Feeding,Small cardioactive peptides,Snail neurons},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {655--662},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Small cardioactive peptide gene: structure, expression and mass spectrometric analysis reveals a complex pattern of co-transmitters in a snail feeding neuron}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00472.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00472.x},\nvolume = {11},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pigment-dispersing hormone-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the gastropods, Helix pomatia and Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elekes, K.; and Nässei, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 295(2): 339–348. jan 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pigment-dispersing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00276,\nabstract = {By using an antiserum raised against a crustacean $\\beta$-pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH), the distribution and chemical neuroanatomy of PDH-like immunoreactive neurons was investigated in the central nervous system of the gastropod snails, Helix pomatia and Lymnaea stagnalis. The number of immunoreactive cells in the Helix central nervous system was found to be large (700-900), whereas in Lymnaea, only a limited number (50-60) of neurons showed immunoreactivity. The immunostained neurons in Helix were characterized by rich arborizations in all central ganglia and revealed massive innervation of all peripheral nerves and the neural (connective tissue) sheath around the ganglia and peripheral nerve trunks. A small number of Helix nerve cell bodies in the viscero-parietal ganglion complex were also found to be innervated by PDH-like immunoreactive processes. Hence, a complex central and peripheral regulatory role, including neurohormonal actions, is suggested for a PDH-like substance in Helix, whereas the sites of action may be more limited in Lymnaea.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Elekes, K{\\'{a}}roly and N{\\"{a}}ssei, Dick R.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s004410051240},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Gastropoda,Helix pomatia,Immunohistochemistry,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Pigment-dispersing hormone},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {339--348},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Pigment-dispersing hormone-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the gastropods, Helix pomatia and Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004410051240 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s004410051240},\nvolume = {295},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sevoflurane Induced Suppression of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission Between Soma-Soma Paired Lymnaea Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hamakawa, T.; Feng, Z.; Grigoriv, N.; Inoue, T.; Takasaki, M.; Roth, S.; Lukowiak, K.; Hasan, S. U.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 82(5): 2812–2819. nov 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sevoflurane$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00178,\nabstract = {The cellular and synaptic mechanisms by which general anesthetics affect cell-cell communications in the nervous system remain poorly defined. In this study, we sought to determine how clinically relevant concentrations of sevoflurane affected inhibitory synaptic transmission between identified Lymnaea neurons in vitro. Inhibitory synapses were reconstructed in cell culture, between the somata of two functionally well-characterized neurons, right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1, the giant dopaminergic neuron) and visceral dorsal 4 (VD4). Clinically relevant concentrations of sevoflurane (1–4{\\%}) were tested for their effects on synaptic transmission and the intrinsic membrane properties of soma-soma paired cells. RPeD1- induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in VD4 were completely and reversibly blocked by sevoflurane (4{\\%}). Sevoflurane also suppressed action potentials in both RPeD1 and VD4 cells. To determine whether the anesthetic-induced synaptic depression involved postsynaptic transmitter receptors, dopamine was pressure applied to VD4, either in the presence or absence of sevoflurane. Dopamine (10 −]5 M) activated a voltage-insensitive K + current in VD4. The same K + current was also altered by sevoflurane; however, the effects of two compounds were nonadditive. Because transmitter release from RPeD1 requires Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, we next tested whether the anesthetic-induced synaptic depression involved these channels. Individually isolated RPeD1 somata were whole cell voltage clamped, and Ca 2+ currents were analyzed in control and various anesthetic conditions. Clinically relevant concentrations of sevoflurane did not significantly affect voltage-activated Ca 2+ channels in RPeD1. Taken together, this study provides the first direct evidence that sevoflurane-induced synaptic depression involves both pre- and postsynaptic ion channels.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hamakawa, Toshiro and Feng, Zhong-Ping and Grigoriv, Nikita and Inoue, Takuya and Takasaki, Mayumi and Roth, Sheldon and Lukowiak, Ken and Hasan, Shabih U. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2812},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2812--2819},\npmid = {10561448},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Sevoflurane Induced Suppression of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission Between Soma-Soma Paired Lymnaea Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2812 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2812},\nvolume = {82},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Excitatory Synaptogenesis between Identified Lymnaea Neurons Requires Extrinsic Trophic Factors and Is Mediated by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hamakawa, T.; Woodin, M. A.; Bjorgum, M. C.; Painter, S. D.; Takasaki, M.; Lukowiak, K.; Nagle, G. T.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(21): 9306–9312. nov 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Excitatory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00331,\nabstract = {Neurotrophic factors have well established roles in neuronal development and adult synaptic plasticity, but their precise role in synapse formation has yet to be determined. This paper provides the first direct evidence that neurotrophic factors in brain conditioned medium (CM) differentially regulate excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation. Somata of identified presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons were isolated from the CNS of Lymnaea and were cultured in a soma-soma configuration in the presence (CM) or absence [defined medium (DM)] of trophic factors. In DM, excitatory synapses did not form. When they were paired in CM or in DM containing Lymnaea epidermal growth factor (EGF); however, all presynaptic neurons reestablished their specific excitatory synapses, which had electrical properties similar to those seen in vivo. CM-induced formation of excitatory synapses required transcription and de novo protein synthesis, as indicated by the observations that synapse formation was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin and the protein transcription blocker actinomycin D; the CM factor was inactivated by boiling. They were also blocked by receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (lavendustin A, genistein, K252a, and KT5926) but not by inactive analogs (genistin and lavendustin B), suggesting that the effect was mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases. These results, together with our previously published data, demonstrate that trophic factors are required for excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapse formation and extends the role of EGF from cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth, and survival to excitatory synapse formation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hamakawa, Toshiro and Woodin, Melanie A. and Bjorgum, Micki C. and Painter, Sherry D. and Takasaki, Mayumi and Lukowiak, Ken and Nagle, Gregg T. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09306.1999},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {EGF,Lymnaea,Protein synthesis,Soma-soma synapses,Synapse formation,Trk receptors,Trophic factors},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {21},\npages = {9306--9312},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Excitatory Synaptogenesis between Identified Lymnaea Neurons Requires Extrinsic Trophic Factors and Is Mediated by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/21/9306.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09306.1999},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Excitability and branching of neuroendocrine cells during reproductive senescence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Janse, C.; Peretz, B.; van der Roest, M.; and Dubelaar, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Aging, 20(6): 675–683. nov 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Excitability$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00641,\nabstract = {In the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs) were studied physiologically and morphologically from egg layers (EL) (aged 154-400), and animals 4 weeks (CEL-4) (342-455 days), and 8 weeks (CEL-8) (477-660 days) after production of their last egg mass. After recording chemical transmission, electrical coupling and stimulation induced afterdischarges (ADs), CDCs then were filled with Lucifer Yellow. Based on the axonal branching revealed by Lucifer Yellow, CDCs were classified as extensively, moderately, or minimally branched. In EL-CDCs, induction of AD activity, which normally (9) precedes egg-laying, only was initiated in the resting state. CEL-4 CDCs exhibited ADs whereas CEL-8 CDCs did not. CEL-8 CDCs exhibited significantly reduced chemical and electrical transmission, and CEL-4 CDCs did not differ from resting state EL-CDCs. CDC branching was significantly reduced with both increasing age and declining egg-laying. Minimally branched CDCs most frequently failed to exhibit an AD and exhibited reduced electrical coupling. We conclude that both physiology and morphology of CDCs are related to age and reproductive state. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Janse, C. and Peretz, B. and van der Roest, M. and Dubelaar, E.J.G.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00021-4},\nissn = {01974580},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Aging},\nkeywords = {Afterdischarge,Aging,Axonal branching,Egg-laying,Electrical coupling,Lymnaea,Mollusc,Neuroendocrine cells,Neuronal states of excitability,Peptidergic transmission,Reproductive senescence},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {675--683},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Excitability and branching of neuroendocrine cells during reproductive senescence}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458099000214 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0197458099000214},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cellular analysis of appetitive learning in invertebrates.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 50(1-3): 117–129. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00563,\nabstract = {In recent years significant progress has been made in the analysis of the cellular mechanisms underlying appetitive learning in two invertebrate species, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and the honeybee Apis mellifera. In Lymnaea, both chemical (taste) and tactile appetitive conditioning paradigms were used and cellular traces of behavioural classical conditioning were recorded at several specific sites in the nervous system. These sites included sensory pathways, central pattern generator and modulatory interneurones as well as motoneurones of the feeding network. In the honeybee, a chemical (odour) appetitive conditioning paradigm resulted in cellular changes at different sites in the nervous system. In both the pond snail and the honeybee the activation of identified modulatory interneurones could substitute for the use of the chemical unconditioned stimulus, making these paradigms even more amenable to more detailed cellular and molecular analysis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF03543036},\nissn = {02365383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Apis mellifera,Appetitive learning,Cellular mechanisms,Classical conditioning,Lymnaea stagnalis},\nnumber = {1-3},\npages = {117--129},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Cellular analysis of appetitive learning in invertebrates}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03543036},\nvolume = {50},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n NO responses in the central nervous system accompanied with feeding behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kobayashi, S.; Sadamoto, H.; Ogawa, H.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 124: S25. aug 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"NO$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00424,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kobayashi, S. and Sadamoto, H. and Ogawa, H. and Ito, E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S1095-6433(99)90097-1},\nissn = {10956433},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular {\\&} Integrative Physiology},\nmonth = {aug},\npages = {S25},\npublisher = {Pergamon},\ntitle = {{NO responses in the central nervous system accompanied with feeding behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1095643399900971},\nvolume = {124},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuronal Expression of Neural Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Protein Is Suppressed by an Antisense RNA Transcribed from an NOS Pseudogene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korneev, S. A.; Park, J.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(18): 7711–7720. sep 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuronal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00225,\nabstract = {Here, we show that a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pseudogene is expressed in the CNS of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The pseudo-NOS transcript includes a region of significant antisense homology to a previously reported neuronal NOS (nNOS)-encoding mRNA. This suggested that the pseudo-NOS transcript acts as a natural antisense regulator of nNOS protein synthesis. In support of this, we show that both the nNOS-encoding and the pseudo-NOS transcripts are coexpressed in giant identified neurons (the cerebral giant cells) in the cerebral ganglion. Moreover, reverse transcription-PCR experiments on RNA isolated from the CNS establish that stable RNA-RNA duplex molecules do form between the two transcripts in vivo. Using an in vitro translation assay, we further demonstrate that the antisense region of the pseudogene transcript prevents the translation of nNOS protein from the nNOS-encoding mRNA. By analyzing NOS RNA and nNOS protein expression in two different identified neurons, we find that when both the nNOS-encoding and the pseudo-NOS transcripts are present in the same neuron, nNOS enzyme activity is substantially suppressed. Importantly, these results show that a natural antisense mechanism can mediate the translational control of nNOS expression in the Lymnaea CNS. Our findings also suggest that transcribed pseudogenes are not entirely without purpose and are a potential source of a new class of regulatory gene in the nervous system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Korneev, Sergei A. and Park, Ji-Ho and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-18-07711.1999},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Antisense,Pseudogene,RNA interface,Translational regulation,dsRNA,nNOS},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {18},\npages = {7711--7720},\npmid = {10479675},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Neuronal Expression of Neural Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Protein Is Suppressed by an Antisense RNA Transcribed from an NOS Pseudogene}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/18/7711.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-18-07711.1999},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Methods and methodological approaches to studies of isolated neurons of brains from adult animals (Lymnaea stagnalis) in tissue culture.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kostenko, M. A.; Sotnikov, O. S.; Chistyakova, I. A.; and Sergeeva, S. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 29(4): 455–459. jul 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Methods$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00485,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} METHODS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO STUDIES OF ISOLATED NEURONS OF BRAINS FROM ADULT ANIMALS (LYMNAEA STAGNALIS) IN TISSUE CULTURE. SERGEEVA SS 1 , SOTNIKOV OS 2 , KOSTENKO MA, CHISTYAKOVA IA 1 Laboratory of Nerve Cell {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kostenko, M. A. and Sotnikov, O. S. and Chistyakova, I. A. and Sergeeva, S. S.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02461085},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {455--459},\npublisher = {elibrary.ru},\ntitle = {{Methods and methodological approaches to studies of isolated neurons of brains from adult animals (Lymnaea stagnalis) in tissue culture}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02461085 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=13330970 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02461085},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Learning, memory and a respiratory central pattern generator.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 124(3): 265–274. nov 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Learning,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00545,\nabstract = {In an attempt to elucidate the causal mechanisms underlying learning and memory we have developed a model system, aerial respiration in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A three-neuron central pattern generator (CPG) whose sufficiency and necessity have been demonstrated mediates this behaviour. Aerial respiration, while an important homeostatic behaviour, is inhibited by the activation of the whole body withdrawal response that the animal uses to protect itself. We found that it was possible to operantly condition snails not to perform aerial respiration in a situation, a hypoxic environment, where aerial respiration should predominate. Operant conditioning was achieved by eliciting the pneumostome withdrawal response, part of the whole body withdrawal response, each time the animal attempted to open its pneumostome to breathe. Yoked control animals did not demonstrate an alteration in breathing behaviour. Subsequently we determined neural correlates of this associative behaviour and found that neuronal changes are distributed throughout the CPG. This preparation may afford us the opportunity to determine the casual neuronal changes that underlie learning and memory of associative conditioning.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed},\ndoi = {10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00114-2},\nissn = {10956433},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular {\\&} Integrative Physiology},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Central pattern generators,Invertebrate learning and memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neural correlates of learning and memory,Operant conditioning,Respiratory behaviour},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {265--274},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Learning, memory and a respiratory central pattern generator}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643399001142 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1095643399001142},\nvolume = {124},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dopamine Activates Two Different Receptors to Produce Variability in Sign at an Identified Synapse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magoski, N. S.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 81(3): 1330–1340. mar 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dopamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00335,\nabstract = {Dopamine activates two different receptors to produce variability in sign at an identified synapse. Chemical synaptic transmission was investigated at a central synapse between identified neurons in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The presynaptic neuron was the dopaminergic cell, Right Pedal Dorsal one (RPeD1). The postsynaptic neuron was Visceral Dorsal four (VD4). These neurons are components of the respiratory central pattern generator. The synapse from RPeD1 to VD4 showed variability of sign, i.e., it was either inhibitory (monophasic and hyperpolarizing), biphasic (depolarizing followed by hyperpolarizing phases), or undetectable. Both the inhibitory and biphasic synapse were eliminated by low Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline and maintained in high Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline, indicating that these two types of connections were chemical and monosynaptic. The latency of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in high Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline was ∼43 ms, whereas the biphasic postsynaptic potential (BPSP) had ∼12-ms latency in either normal or high Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline. For a given preparation, when dopamine was pressured applied to the soma of VD4, it always elicited the same response as the synaptic input from RPeD1. Thus, for a VD4 neuron receiving an IPSP from RPeD1, pressure application of dopamine to the soma of VD4 produced an inhibitory response similar to the IPSP. The reversal potentials of the IPSP and the inhibitory dopamine response were both approximately −90 mV. For a VD4 neuron with a biphasic input from RPeD1, pressure-applied dopamine produced a biphasic response similar to the BPSP. The reversal potentials of the depolarizing phase of the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response were both approximately −44 mV, whereas the reversal potentials for the hyperpolarizing phases were both approximately −90 mV. The hyperpolarizing but not the depolarizing phase of the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response was blocked by the d-2 dopaminergic antagonist (±) sulpiride. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that both IPSP and the inhibitory dopamine response are blocked by (±) sulpiride. Conversely, the depolarizing phase of both the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response was blocked by the Cl − channel antagonist picrotoxin. Finally, both phases of the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response were desensitized by continuous bath application of dopamine. These results indicate that the biphasic RPeD1 → VD4 synapse is dopaminergic. Collectively, these data suggest that the variability in sign (inhibitory vs. biphasic) at the RPeD1 → VD4 synapse is due to activation of two different dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron VD4. This demonstrates that two populations of receptors can produce two different forms of transmission, i.e., the inhibitory and biphasic forms of the single RPeD1 → VD4 synapse.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Magoski, Neil S. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1330},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1330--1340},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Dopamine Activates Two Different Receptors to Produce Variability in Sign at an Identified Synapse}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1330 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1330},\nvolume = {81},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Dopamine activates two different receptors to produce variability in sign at an identified synapse. Chemical synaptic transmission was investigated at a central synapse between identified neurons in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The presynaptic neuron was the dopaminergic cell, Right Pedal Dorsal one (RPeD1). The postsynaptic neuron was Visceral Dorsal four (VD4). These neurons are components of the respiratory central pattern generator. The synapse from RPeD1 to VD4 showed variability of sign, i.e., it was either inhibitory (monophasic and hyperpolarizing), biphasic (depolarizing followed by hyperpolarizing phases), or undetectable. Both the inhibitory and biphasic synapse were eliminated by low Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline and maintained in high Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline, indicating that these two types of connections were chemical and monosynaptic. The latency of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in high Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline was ∼43 ms, whereas the biphasic postsynaptic potential (BPSP) had ∼12-ms latency in either normal or high Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ saline. For a given preparation, when dopamine was pressured applied to the soma of VD4, it always elicited the same response as the synaptic input from RPeD1. Thus, for a VD4 neuron receiving an IPSP from RPeD1, pressure application of dopamine to the soma of VD4 produced an inhibitory response similar to the IPSP. The reversal potentials of the IPSP and the inhibitory dopamine response were both approximately −90 mV. For a VD4 neuron with a biphasic input from RPeD1, pressure-applied dopamine produced a biphasic response similar to the BPSP. The reversal potentials of the depolarizing phase of the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response were both approximately −44 mV, whereas the reversal potentials for the hyperpolarizing phases were both approximately −90 mV. The hyperpolarizing but not the depolarizing phase of the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response was blocked by the d-2 dopaminergic antagonist (±) sulpiride. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that both IPSP and the inhibitory dopamine response are blocked by (±) sulpiride. Conversely, the depolarizing phase of both the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response was blocked by the Cl − channel antagonist picrotoxin. Finally, both phases of the BPSP and the biphasic dopamine response were desensitized by continuous bath application of dopamine. These results indicate that the biphasic RPeD1 → VD4 synapse is dopaminergic. Collectively, these data suggest that the variability in sign (inhibitory vs. biphasic) at the RPeD1 → VD4 synapse is due to activation of two different dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron VD4. This demonstrates that two populations of receptors can produce two different forms of transmission, i.e., the inhibitory and biphasic forms of the single RPeD1 → VD4 synapse.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Genealogy of neuronal NO signaling: an overview.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moroz, L. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 124: S25. aug 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Genealogy$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00582,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moroz, Leonid L.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S1095-6433(99)90096-X},\nissn = {10956433},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular {\\&} Integrative Physiology},\nmonth = {aug},\npages = {S25},\npublisher = {Pergamon},\ntitle = {{Genealogy of neuronal NO signaling: an overview}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564339990096X},\nvolume = {124},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Single-cell analyses of nitrergic neurons in simple nervous systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moroz, L. L.; Gillette, R.; and Sweedler, J. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 202(4): 333–341. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Single-cell$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00846,\nabstract = {Understanding the role of the gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) in the nervous system is complicated by the heterogeneity of its nerve cells; analyses carried out at the single cell level are therefore important, if not critical. Some invertebrate preparations, most especially those from the gastropod molluscs, provide large, hardy and identified neurons that are useful both for the development of analytical methodologies and for cellular analyses of NO metabolism and its actions. Recent modifications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) allow the use of a small fraction of an individual neuron to perform direct, quantitative and simultaneous assays of the major metabolites of the NO-citrulline cycle and associated biochemical pathways. These chemical species include the products of NO oxidation (NO2-/NO3-), L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-ornithine, L-argininosuccinate, as well as selected NO synthase inhibitors and cofactors such as NADPH, biopterin, FMN and FAD. Diverse cotransmitters can also be identified in the same nitrergic neuron. The sensitivity of CE methods is in the femtomole to attomole range, depending on the species analysed and on the specific detector used. CE analysis can be combined with prior in vivo electrophysiological and pharmacological manipulations and measurements to yield multiple physiological and biochemical values from single cells. The methodologies and instrumentation developed and tested using the convenient molluscan cell model can be adapted to the smaller and more delicate neurons of other invertebrates and chordates.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moroz, Leonid L. and Gillette, Rhanor and Sweedler, Jonathan V.},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Aplysia californica,Capillary electrophoresis,Feeding,Invertebrate,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,NADPH diaphorase,Nitric oxide synthase},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {333--341},\npmid = {9914142},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Single-cell analyses of nitrergic neurons in simple nervous systems}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/202/4/333.short},\nvolume = {202},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PKA-Dependent Regulation of Synaptic Enhancement between a Buccal Motor Neuron and Its Regulatory Interneuron in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nakamura, H.; Kobayashi, S.; Kojima, S.; Urano, A.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Zoological Science, 16(3): 387–394. jun 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PKA-Dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00173,\nabstract = {The cerebral giant cell (CGC) is known to play a crucial role in the regulation of feeding response in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. However, the mechanisms of signal transduction from the CGC to the following buccal motor neurons are not clear. In the present study, we examined whether cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) contributes to enhancement of a monosynaptic connection between the presynaptic CGC and the postsynaptic buccal motor neuron 1 (B1 cell). Injection of cAMP into the CGC or inhibition of phosphodiesterase by isobutylmethylxanthine in the CGC increased the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the B1 cell, whereas no changes were detected in the electrical properties of the CGC. The synaptic enhancement in the B1 cell was completely blocked by inhibition of PKA in the CGC but did not require a de novo protein synthesis due to a PKA phosphorylation. The increase in the EPSP amplitude of B1 cell was associated with the increase in the amount of serotonin release from the CGC. These results hence provided the physiological evidence of the direct regulation of a synaptic enhancement by PKA in the CNS of L. stagnalis, indicating the completely different mechanism from that in the well-studied siphon-and gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nakamura, Hiroshi and Kobayashi, Suguru and Kojima, Satoshi and Urano, Akihisa and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.2108/zsj.16.387},\nissn = {0289-0003},\njournal = {Zoological Science},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {387--394},\npublisher = {BioOne},\ntitle = {{PKA-Dependent Regulation of Synaptic Enhancement between a Buccal Motor Neuron and Its Regulatory Interneuron in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://bioone.org/journals/Zoological-Science/volume-16/issue-3/zsj.16.387/PKA-Dependent-Regulation-of-Synaptic-Enhancement-between-a-Buccal-Motor/10.2108/zsj.16.387.short http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2108/zsj.16.387},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Physiological characterization of lip and tentacle nerves in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nakamura, H.; Kojima, S.; Kobayashi, S.; Ito, I.; Fujito, Y.; Suzuki, H.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research, 33(4): 291–298. apr 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Physiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Nakamura1999a,\nabstract = {The lip and tentacle nerves of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, were characterized using electrophysiological techniques. When the activity of those nerves was induced in lip-tentacle preparations, aversive taste signals were transmitted through all the lip and tentacle nerves, but appetitive signals could be recorded only through the superior lip nerve. In the CNS immersed in high Mg2+-high Ca2+ saline, electrical stimuli applied to any of the nerves failed to induce action potentials in one of the regulatory neurons (cerebral giant cell: CGC) involved in feeding responses, implying that the signals are polysynaptically transmitted to the CGC. Intracellular recordings revealed that the CGCs in semi-intact half-body preparations received both appetitive and aversive taste signals not only through the superior lip nerve but also through the median lip nerve. In addition, an osphradium was ruled out as a candidate for appetitive reception. The present results, together with our preceding data arrived at by the histochemical analyses, indicate that the appetitive taste transduction responsible for generating feeding responses is performed through the superior lip nerve with some contribution of the median lip nerve. The data showing that the CGC can receive various taste signals suggests that it may play a crucial role in feeding behavior as demonstrated in the study of conditioned taste-aversion. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.},\nauthor = {Nakamura, Hiroshi and Kojima, Satoshi and Kobayashi, Suguru and Ito, Iori and Fujito, Yutaka and Suzuki, Hideo and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0168-0102(99)00020-6},\nissn = {01680102},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {Buccal ganglion,Cerebral ganglion,Cerebral giant cell,Chemosensory,Feeding,Median lip nerve,Semi-intact preparation,Superior lip nerve,Tentacle nerve},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {291--298},\ntitle = {{Physiological characterization of lip and tentacle nerves in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168010299000206 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168010298001217 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010299000206},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide selectively enhances cAMP levels and electrical coupling between identified RPaD2/VD1 neurons in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sidorov, A. V.; Kazakevich, V. B.; and Moroz, L. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Biologica Hungarica, 50: 229–233. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00139,\nabstract = {The isolated CNS of the freshwater mollusc Lymnaea stagnails was used as a model to study the role Of cAMP in NO-mediated mechanisms. The NO donor, DEA/NO (10-5- 10-3 M) increased cAMP concentrations in the cerebral, pedal, pleural, parietal and visceral ganglia. In contrast, in the buccal ganglia the same doses of DEA/NO decreased the level of cAMP production. The NOS inhibitor, L-NNA (10-4 M) increased cAMP concentrations in all areas of the CNS. L.-arginine (1 mM), a metabolic precursor of NO, mimicked the action of the NO-donor. The coefficient of electrical coupling between two viscero-parietal peptidergic neurons (VD1/RPaD2) was enhanced by both DEA/NO (10-4 M) and 8-Br-cAMP (10-4 M) whereas 8-Br-cGMP (2 x 10-4 M) reduced the coupling. We suggest that cAMP-dependent mechanisms are involved in neuronal NO signaling in this simpler nervous system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sidorov, A. V. and Kazakevich, V. B. and Moroz, Leonid L.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF03543044},\nissn = {02365383},\njournal = {Acta Biologica Hungarica},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Electrical synapses,Lymnaea,Molluscs,Nitric oxide,cAMP},\npages = {229--233},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide selectively enhances cAMP levels and electrical coupling between identified RPaD2/VD1 neurons in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03543044},\nvolume = {50},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The kinetics of neurite structure after isolation from the Mollusk brain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sotnikov, O. S.; Podol'skaya, L. A.; and Chistyakova, I. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 29(3): 243–249. may 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00901,\nabstract = {Page 1. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol {\\ldots} MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were carried out on brain neurons of adult marine Clione limacina mollusks (54 individu- als, 108 neurons) and freshwater Lymnaea stagnalis mollusks (22 individuals, 58 neurons) {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sotnikov, O. S. and Podol'skaya, L. A. and Chistyakova, I. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02465334},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {243--249},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The kinetics of neurite structure after isolation from the Mollusk brain}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02465334{\\&}casa{\\_}token=mHJAXJtc-2QAAAAA:UW1veTBWBQUV1{\\_}{\\_}aPgSQx7Urhf3Jqdn0FdD-ZljupT0wCglffOAffGdFnwQ7jvNoiMcBwahM5vmAaww http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02465334},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neural Changes after Operant Conditioning of the Aerial Respiratory Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spencer, G. E.; Syed, N. I.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(5): 1836–1843. mar 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Spencer1999,\nabstract = {In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning.},\nauthor = {Spencer, Gaynor E. and Syed, Naweed I. and Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01836.1999},\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/julia/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Spencer, Syed, Lukowiak - 1999 - Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis.pdf:pdf},\nisbn = {0270-6474},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiration,Central pattern generator,Intemeuron,Invertebrate,Learning,Motoneuron,Neuronal mechanisms,Operant conditioning},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1836--1843},\npmid = {10024367},\ntitle = {{Neural Changes after Operant Conditioning of the Aerial Respiratory Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01836.1999},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A molluscan peptide $α$‐amidating enzyme precursor that generates five distinct enzymes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spijker, S.; Smit, A. B.; Eipper, B. A.; Malik, A.; Mains, R. E.; and Geraerts, W. P. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The FASEB Journal, 13(6): 735–748. apr 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00878,\nabstract = {Mechanisms underlying the specificity and efficiency of enzymes, which modify peptide messengers, especially with the variable requirements of synthesis in the neuronal secretory pathway, are poorly understood. Here, we examine the process of peptide alpha-amidation in individually identifiable Lymnaea neurons that synthesize multiple proproteins, yielding complex mixtures of structurally diverse peptide substrates. The alpha-amidation of these peptide substrates is efficiently controlled by a multifunctional Lymnaea peptidyl glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (LPAM), which contains four different copies of the rate-limiting Lymnaea peptidyl glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (LPHM) and a single Lymnaea peptidyl alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. Endogenously, this zymogen is converted to yield a mixture of monofunctional isoenzymes. In vitro, each LPHM displays a unique combination of substrate affinity and reaction velocity, depending on the penultimate residue of the substrate. This suggests that the different isoenzymes are generated in order to efficiently amidate the many peptide substrates that are present in molluscan neurons. The cellular expression of the LPAM gene is restricted to neurons that synthesize amidated peptides, which underscores the critical importance of regulation of peptide alpha-amidation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spijker, Sabine and Smit, August B. and Eipper, Betty A. and Malik, Adnan and Mains, Richard E. and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M.},\ndoi = {10.1096/fasebj.13.6.735},\nissn = {0892-6638},\njournal = {The FASEB Journal},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {735--748},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{A molluscan peptide $\\alpha$‐amidating enzyme precursor that generates five distinct enzymes}},\nurl = {https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.13.6.735?casa{\\_}token=qG86OC4csqsAAAAA:NY7ToOjmZml9tRy{\\_}F5Baioa8cR8Ot38MgoP3nkS2d1UoegrVHf0F6Tf2O8y3QGk{\\_}z{\\_}2T1Gm4hAqr https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.13.6.735},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Family of prohormone convertases inlymnaea: characterization of two alternatively spliced furin-like transcripts and cell-specific regulation of their expression.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spijker, S.; Smit, A. B.; Sharp-Baker, H. E.; Van Elk, R.; Van Kesteren, E. R.; Van Minnen, J.; Kurosky, A.; and Geraerts, W. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 41(3): 399–413. nov 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Family$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00724,\nabstract = {The majority of neuropeptides in Lymnaea stagnalis are proteolytically processed from larger precursors at sites composed of single or multiple basic amino acid residues. Previous studies have identified several putative prohormone convertases in the brain of Lymnaea. To characterize the complete family, we undertook three independent approaches: reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction screening, and low-stringency cDNA and genomic library screenings. The central nervous system cDNA library screening yielded two cDNAs encoding Lfurin1 and its variant form, Lfurin1-X. Both proteins show the characteristic organization of (human) furin with a putative catalytic domain, a P domain, a Cys-rich domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Lfurin1 and Lfurin1-X are identical, apart from a putative alternatively spliced noncatalytic luminal protein domain, which is present exclusively in Lfurin1-X. In situ hybridization revealed that the Lfur1 gene is expressed throughout the Lymnaea brain, but that the level varies considerably from one neuron to another. Quantitative analysis of the expression level of the two alternatively spliced transcripts revealed that it is neuron type-specifically regulated. This probably indicates the functional importance of noncatalytic luminal protein domains in these enzymes. In addition, our findings suggest that apart from the identified convertases LPC2, Lfurin1/Lfurin1-X, and Lfurin2, additional prohormone convertase diversity is either not present or present only at low levels in the Lymnaea brain. Alternatively, additional prohormone convertases could exist with a lower degree of sequence conservation than the other Lymnaea prohormone convertase members. From our findings, it appears that the majority of prohormone processing in Lymnaea is carried out by the three thus far identified types of Kex2-related prohormone convertases despite the large number of neuropeptide precursors and diverse multiple basic cleavage sites hydrolyzed.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spijker, Sabine and Smit, August B. and Sharp-Baker, Hilary E. and {Van Elk}, Ren{\\'{e}} and {Van Kesteren}, Ellen R. and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Kurosky, Alexander and Geraerts, Wijnand P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(19991115)41:3<399::AID-NEU8>3.0.CO;2-Z},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuropeptide biosynthesis,Quantitative in situ hybridization,Subtilisin- like prohormone convertases},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {399--413},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Family of prohormone convertases inlymnaea: characterization of two alternatively spliced furin-like transcripts and cell-specific regulation of their expression}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(19991115)41:3{\\%}3C399::AID-NEU8{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-Z http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291097-4695{\\%}2819991115{\\%}2941{\\%}3A3{\\%}3C399{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NEU8{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-Z},\nvolume = {41},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n The majority of neuropeptides in Lymnaea stagnalis are proteolytically processed from larger precursors at sites composed of single or multiple basic amino acid residues. Previous studies have identified several putative prohormone convertases in the brain of Lymnaea. To characterize the complete family, we undertook three independent approaches: reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction screening, and low-stringency cDNA and genomic library screenings. The central nervous system cDNA library screening yielded two cDNAs encoding Lfurin1 and its variant form, Lfurin1-X. Both proteins show the characteristic organization of (human) furin with a putative catalytic domain, a P domain, a Cys-rich domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Lfurin1 and Lfurin1-X are identical, apart from a putative alternatively spliced noncatalytic luminal protein domain, which is present exclusively in Lfurin1-X. In situ hybridization revealed that the Lfur1 gene is expressed throughout the Lymnaea brain, but that the level varies considerably from one neuron to another. Quantitative analysis of the expression level of the two alternatively spliced transcripts revealed that it is neuron type-specifically regulated. This probably indicates the functional importance of noncatalytic luminal protein domains in these enzymes. In addition, our findings suggest that apart from the identified convertases LPC2, Lfurin1/Lfurin1-X, and Lfurin2, additional prohormone convertase diversity is either not present or present only at low levels in the Lymnaea brain. Alternatively, additional prohormone convertases could exist with a lower degree of sequence conservation than the other Lymnaea prohormone convertase members. From our findings, it appears that the majority of prohormone processing in Lymnaea is carried out by the three thus far identified types of Kex2-related prohormone convertases despite the large number of neuropeptide precursors and diverse multiple basic cleavage sites hydrolyzed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Electrophysiological and behavioral analysis of lip touch as a component of the food stimulus in the snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Staras, K.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 81(3): 1261–1273. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Electrophysiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00218,\nabstract = {Electrophysiological and video recording methods were used to investigate the function of lip touch in feeding ingestion behavior of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Although this stimulus was used successfully as a conditioning stimulus (CS) in appetitive learning experiments, the detailed role of lip touch as a component of the sensory stimulus provided by food in unconditioned feeding behavior was never ascertained. Synaptic responses to lip touch in identified feeding motoneurons, central pattern generator interneurons, and modulatory interneurons were recorded by intracellular electrodes in a semi-intact preparation. We showed that touch evoked a complex but characteristic sequence of synaptic inputs on each neuron type. Touch never simply activated feeding cycles but provided different types of synaptic input, determined by the feeding phase in which the neuron was normally active in the rhythmic feeding cycle. The tactile stimulus evoked mainly inhibitory synaptic inputs in protraction-phase neurons and excitation in rasp-phase neurons. Swallow-phase neurons were also excited after some delay, suggesting that touch first reinforces the rasp then swallow phase. Video analysis of freely feeding animals demonstrated that during normal ingestion of a solid food flake the food is drawn across the lips throughout the rasp phase and swallow phase and therefore provides a tactile stimulus during both these retraction phases of the feeding cycle. The tactile component of the food stimulus is strongest during the rasp phase when the lips are actively pressed onto the substrate that is being moved across them by the radula. By using a semi-intact preparation we demonstrated that application of touch to the lips during the rasp phase of a sucrose-driven fictive feeding rhythm increases both the regularity and frequency of rasp- phase motoneuron firing compared with sucrose applied alone.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Staras, Kevin and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1261},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1261--1273},\npmid = {10085353},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Electrophysiological and behavioral analysis of lip touch as a component of the food stimulus in the snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1261},\nvolume = {81},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cellular traces of behavioral classical conditioning can be recorded at several specific sites in a simple nervous system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Staras, K.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 19(1): 347–357. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00441,\nabstract = {We used a behavioral learning paradigm followed by electrophysiological analysis to find sites in the Lymnaea feeding network in which electrical changes could be recorded after appetitive conditioning. Specifically, we analyzed conditioning-induced changes in cellular responses in the mechanosensory conditioned stimulus (CS) pathway, in the central pattern generator (CPG) network, and in feeding motoneurons. During training, experimental animals received 15 pairings of lip touch (the CS) with sucrose (the unconditioned stimulus, US). Control animals received 15 random CS and US presentations. Electrophysiological tests on semi-intact preparations made from conditioned animals demonstrated a network correlate of the overall feeding conditioned response, a touch-evoked CPG-driven fictive feeding rhythm. At the motoneuronal level, we found significant conditioning-induced increases in the amplitude of an early touch-evoked EPSP and spike activity, recorded from the B3 feeding motoneuron. Increases in EPSP amplitude and motoneuronal spike activity could occur independently of conditioned fictive feeding. These changes in response recorded at the level of CPG interneurons, and motoneurons were preceded by changes recorded in the CS pathway. This was demonstrated by recording a conditioning-induced increase in the number of touch-evoked spikes in the cerebrobuccal connective, which forms part of the CS pathway. The finding that electrophysiological changes after conditioning can be recorded at multiple sites in this simple system provided an important intermediate level of analysis between whole animal behavior and cellular studies on the synaptic sites of plasticity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Staras, Kevin and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00347.1999},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Cellular plasticity,Classical conditioning,Feeding behavior,Invertebrates,Lymnaea,Memory trace,Semi-intact preparations},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {347--357},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Cellular traces of behavioral classical conditioning can be recorded at several specific sites in a simple nervous system}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/1/347.short},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The kinin peptide family in invertebrates.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Torfs, P.; Nieto, J.; Veelaert, D.; Boon, D.; Van de Water, G.; Waelkens, E.; Derua, R.; Calderón, J.; De Loof, A.; and Schoofs, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 897: 361–373. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00844,\nabstract = {Kinins comprise a family of peptides that were first found in the central nervous system of insects and recently also in mollusks and crustaceans. After the isolation of the first members of the kinin family, the leukokinins from Leucophaea maderae, leukokinin-related peptides were found in the cricket Acheta domesticus and the locust Locusta migratoria, all through their ability to induce Leucophaea maderae hindgut contraction. Subsequently, kinins were found in the mosquitoes Culex salinarius and Aedes aegypti and in the earworm Helicoverpa zea. The first noninsect member of this family was isolated from a mollusk, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Most recently our group has isolated the first kinins from crustaceans. Six kinins were isolated from the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. To date, 35 members of this family have been isolated. The first relatively small family of insect kinins has grown into an expanding and rather large family with members in insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. In this paper we discuss the kinin family in terms of method of isolation, structure, in vitro and in vivo activity, distribution, receptors, and signal transduction. We will compare the crustacean and insect members of the kinin family, using the data available on crustacea.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Torfs, Pieter and Nieto, Julie and Veelaert, Dirk and Boon, Doris and {Van de Water}, Geert and Waelkens, Etienne and Derua, Rita and Calder{\\'{o}}n, Jorge and {De Loof}, Arnold and Schoofs, Liliane},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07906.x},\nissn = {00778923},\njournal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},\npages = {361--373},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{The kinin peptide family in invertebrates}},\nurl = {https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07906.x},\nvolume = {897},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Roles of G-Protein $β$$γ$, Arachidonic Acid, and Phosphorylation in Convergent Activation of an S-Like Potassium Conductance by Dopamine, Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH 2 , and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH 2.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Tol-Steye, H.; Lodder, J. C.; Mansvelder, H. D.; Planta, R. J.; van Heerikhuizen, H.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(10): 3739–3751. may 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Roles$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00368,\nabstract = {Dopamine and the neuropeptides Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2 (APGWamide or APGWa) and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide or FMRFa) all activate an S-like potassium channel in the light green cells of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, neuroendocrine cells that release insulin-related peptides. We studied the signaling pathways underlying the responses, the role of the G-protein $\\beta$$\\gamma$, subunit, and the interference by phosphorylation pathways. All responses are blocked by an inhibitor of arachidonic acid (AA) release, 4- bromophenacylbromide, and by inhibitors of lipoxygenases (nordihydroguaiaretic acid and AA-861) but not by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. AA and phospholipase A2 (PEA2) induced currents with similar I-V characteristics and potassium selectivity as dopamine, APGWa, and FMRFa. PLA2 occluded the response to FMRFa. We conclude that convergence of the actions of dopamine, APGWa, and FMRFa onto the S-like channel occurs at or upstream of the level of AA and that formation of lipoxygenase metabolites of AA is necessary to activate the channel. Injection of a synthetic peptide, which interferes with G-protein $\\beta$$\\gamma$, subunits, inhibited the agonist-induced potassium current. This suggests that $\\beta$$\\gamma$, subunits mediate the response, possibly by directly coupling to a phospholipase. Finally, the responses to dopamine, APGWa, and FMRFa were inhibited by activation of PKA and PKC, suggesting that the responses are counteracted by PKA- and PKC-dependent phosphorylation. The PLA2-activated potassium current was inhibited by 8-chlorophenylthio-cAMP but not by 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). However, TPA did inhibit the potassium current induced by irreversible activation of the G-protein using GTP-$\\gamma$-S. Thus, it appears that PKA targets a site downstream of AA formation, e.g., the potassium channel, whereas PKC acts at the active G-protein or the phospholipase.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Tol-Steye, Hind and Lodder, Johannes C. and Mansvelder, Huibert D. and Planta, Rudi J. and van Heerikhuizen, Harm and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03739.1999},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Arachidonic acid,Convergence,Dopamine,FMRFamide,G-protein $\\beta$$\\gamma$ subunits,K+-current,Molluscs,Neuron,Neuropeptide,S- current,Signal transduction},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {3739--3751},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Roles of G-Protein $\\beta$$\\gamma$, Arachidonic Acid, and Phosphorylation in Convergent Activation of an S-Like Potassium Conductance by Dopamine, Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH 2 , and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH 2}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/10/3739.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03739.1999},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate are second messenger targets for cardioactive neuropeptides encoded on the FMRFamide gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Willoughby, D.; Yeoman, M. S.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 202(19): 2581–2593. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00667,\nabstract = {This paper examines the importance of the calcium-mobilizing inositol phosphate pathway in mediating the effects of FMRFamide and its gene-related neuropeptides on the myogenic heart beat of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. These peptides are encoded on a single exon of the FMRFamide gene and mediate diverse physiological effects in the isolated heart. The rate of production of inositol-l,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P4], measured using an HPLC method, were both significantly elevated in a concentration-dependent manner by FMRFamide (and were also elevated by FLRFamide). The threshold for increasing inositol phosphate production was low (100 pmol 1-1) with a peak response occurring at 1 $\\mu$mol 1-1 FMRFamide. The shape of the dose-response curve for FMRFamide-induced elevation of heart-beat frequency, obtained in pharmacological experiments on the isolated whole heart, was similar to that for stimulation of inositol phosphate levels in homogenized heart tissue. FMRFamide and Ins(1,4,5)P3 produced similar effects on the rate of heart beat in permeabilized whole hearts. In addition, the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin (2.5 mmol l-1), blocked the stimulatory effects of FMRFamide on Ins(1,4,5)P3 production in heart homogenate, and attenuated the excitatory effects of this neuropeptide in the isolated heart. The 'isoleucine' pentapeptides, EFLRIamide and pQFYRIamide, also encoded by the FMRFamide gene, produced no significant effects on inositol phosphate production when applied alone or in combination with FMRFamide. These results suggested that FMRFamide (and FLRFamide), but not EFLRIamide and pQFYRIamide, mediated their main effects on heart beat via the inositol phosphate pathway. The fifth peptide, SEQPDVDDYLRDVVLQSEEPLY ('SEEPLY') had no effect when applied alone but appeared to modulate the effects of FMRFamide by delaying the time-to-peak of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 response from 5 s to 20 s by an unknown mechanism.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Willoughby, Debbie and Yeoman, Mark S. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide-related peptide,Heart,Inositol phosphate,Lymnaea stagnalis,Multiple peptide signalling},\nnumber = {19},\npages = {2581--2593},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate are second messenger targets for cardioactive neuropeptides encoded on the FMRFamide gene}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/202/19/2581.short},\nvolume = {202},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n This paper examines the importance of the calcium-mobilizing inositol phosphate pathway in mediating the effects of FMRFamide and its gene-related neuropeptides on the myogenic heart beat of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. These peptides are encoded on a single exon of the FMRFamide gene and mediate diverse physiological effects in the isolated heart. The rate of production of inositol-l,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P4], measured using an HPLC method, were both significantly elevated in a concentration-dependent manner by FMRFamide (and were also elevated by FLRFamide). The threshold for increasing inositol phosphate production was low (100 pmol 1-1) with a peak response occurring at 1 $μ$mol 1-1 FMRFamide. The shape of the dose-response curve for FMRFamide-induced elevation of heart-beat frequency, obtained in pharmacological experiments on the isolated whole heart, was similar to that for stimulation of inositol phosphate levels in homogenized heart tissue. FMRFamide and Ins(1,4,5)P3 produced similar effects on the rate of heart beat in permeabilized whole hearts. In addition, the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin (2.5 mmol l-1), blocked the stimulatory effects of FMRFamide on Ins(1,4,5)P3 production in heart homogenate, and attenuated the excitatory effects of this neuropeptide in the isolated heart. The 'isoleucine' pentapeptides, EFLRIamide and pQFYRIamide, also encoded by the FMRFamide gene, produced no significant effects on inositol phosphate production when applied alone or in combination with FMRFamide. These results suggested that FMRFamide (and FLRFamide), but not EFLRIamide and pQFYRIamide, mediated their main effects on heart beat via the inositol phosphate pathway. The fifth peptide, SEQPDVDDYLRDVVLQSEEPLY ('SEEPLY') had no effect when applied alone but appeared to modulate the effects of FMRFamide by delaying the time-to-peak of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 response from 5 s to 20 s by an unknown mechanism.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cyclic AMP is involved in cardioregulation by multiple neuropeptides encoded on the FMRFamide gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Willoughby, D.; Yeoman, M. S.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 202(19): 2595–2607. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cyclic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00858,\nabstract = {We have used a combination of biochemical and pharmacological techniques to investigate the role of the cyclic nucleotides, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), in mediating the cardioregulatory effects of FMRFamide and other neuropeptides encoded on exon II of the FMRFamide gene of Lymnaea stagnalis. The 'isoleucine' peptides (EFLRIamide and pQFYRIamide) produced complex biphasic effects on the frequency, force of contraction and tonus of the isolated heart of L. stagnalis, which were dependent on adenylate cyclase (AC) activity of the heart tissue. At a control rate of cyclic AMP production of ≤10 pmoles min-1 mg-1 protein, the 'isoleucine' peptides produced a significant increase in AC activity in heart membrane preparations. This suggested that the enhanced AC activity is responsible for the stimulatory effects of the 'isoleucine' peptides on frequency and force of contraction of heart beat. This excitation sometimes followed an initial 'inhibitory phase' where the frequency of beat, force of contraction and tonus of the heart were reduced by the 'isoleucine' peptides. Hearts that showed the inhibitory phase of the 'isoleucine' response, but characteristically lacked the delayed excitatory phase, were found to have high levels of membrane AC activity ≥10 pmoles min-1 mg-1 protein in controls. Application of the 'isoleucine' peptides to membrane homogenate preparation from these hearts failed to increase AC activity. The addition of FMRFamide produced significant increases in the rate of cyclic AMP production in the heart membrane preparations, which could account, at least in part, for the cardioexcitatory effects of this peptide in the isolated whole heart. A membrane-permeable cyclic AMP analogue (8-bromo-cyclic AMP) and an AC activator (forskolin) were also cardioexcitatory. The peptide SEEPLY had no effects on the beat properties of the isolated heart and did not alter AC activity. The activity of the membrane-bound (particulate) guanylate cyclase (GC) was not significantly affected by any of the peptides.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Willoughby, Debbie and Yeoman, Mark S. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate,3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate,FMRFamide-related peptide,Heart,Lymnaea stagnalis,Multiple second messenger,Peptide signalling},\nnumber = {19},\npages = {2595--2607},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Cyclic AMP is involved in cardioregulation by multiple neuropeptides encoded on the FMRFamide gene}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/202/19/2595.short},\nvolume = {202},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n We have used a combination of biochemical and pharmacological techniques to investigate the role of the cyclic nucleotides, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), in mediating the cardioregulatory effects of FMRFamide and other neuropeptides encoded on exon II of the FMRFamide gene of Lymnaea stagnalis. The 'isoleucine' peptides (EFLRIamide and pQFYRIamide) produced complex biphasic effects on the frequency, force of contraction and tonus of the isolated heart of L. stagnalis, which were dependent on adenylate cyclase (AC) activity of the heart tissue. At a control rate of cyclic AMP production of ≤10 pmoles min-1 mg-1 protein, the 'isoleucine' peptides produced a significant increase in AC activity in heart membrane preparations. This suggested that the enhanced AC activity is responsible for the stimulatory effects of the 'isoleucine' peptides on frequency and force of contraction of heart beat. This excitation sometimes followed an initial 'inhibitory phase' where the frequency of beat, force of contraction and tonus of the heart were reduced by the 'isoleucine' peptides. Hearts that showed the inhibitory phase of the 'isoleucine' response, but characteristically lacked the delayed excitatory phase, were found to have high levels of membrane AC activity ≥10 pmoles min-1 mg-1 protein in controls. Application of the 'isoleucine' peptides to membrane homogenate preparation from these hearts failed to increase AC activity. The addition of FMRFamide produced significant increases in the rate of cyclic AMP production in the heart membrane preparations, which could account, at least in part, for the cardioexcitatory effects of this peptide in the isolated whole heart. A membrane-permeable cyclic AMP analogue (8-bromo-cyclic AMP) and an AC activator (forskolin) were also cardioexcitatory. The peptide SEEPLY had no effects on the beat properties of the isolated heart and did not alter AC activity. The activity of the membrane-bound (particulate) guanylate cyclase (GC) was not significantly affected by any of the peptides.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trophic factor-induced plasticity of synaptic connections between identified Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woodin, M. A.; Hamakawa, T.; Takasaki, M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Learning and Memory, 6(3): 307–316. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trophic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00156,\nabstract = {Neurotrophic factors participate in both developmental and adult synaptic plasticity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using soma-soma synapses between the identified Lymnaea neurons, we demonstrate that the brain conditioned medium (CM)-derived trophic factors are required for the formation of excitatory but not the inhibitory synapse. Specifically, identified presynaptic [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) and visceral dorsal 4 (VD4)] and postsynaptic [visceral dorsal 2/3 (VD2/3) and left pedal dorsal 1 (LPeD1)] neurons were soma-soma paired either in the absence or presence of CM. We show that in defined medium (DM-does not contain extrinsic trophic factors), appropriate excitatory synapses failed to develop between RPeD1 and VD2/3. Instead, inappropriate inhibitory synapses formed between VD2/3 and RPeD1. Similarly, mutual inhibitory synapses developed between VD4 and LPeD1 in DM. These inhibitory synapses were termed novel because they do not exist in the intact brain. To test whether DM-induced, inappropriate inhibitory synapses could be corrected by the addition of CM, cells were first paired in DM for an initial period of 12 hr. DM was then replaced with CM, and simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from paired cells after 6-12 hr of CM substitution. Not only did CM induce the formation of appropriate excitatory synapses between both cell pairs, but it also reduced the incidence of inappropriate inhibitory synapse formation. The CM-induced plasticity of synaptic connections involved new protein synthesis and transcription and was mediated via receptor tyrosine kinases. Taken together, our data provide the first direct insight into the cellular mechanism underlying trophic factor-induced specificity and plasticity of synaptic connections between soma-soma paired Lymnaea neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Woodin, Melanie A. and Hamakawa, Toshiro and Takasaki, Mayumi and Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1101/lm.6.3.307},\nissn = {10720502},\njournal = {Learning and Memory},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {307--316},\npublisher = {learnmem.cshlp.org},\ntitle = {{Trophic factor-induced plasticity of synaptic connections between identified Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/6/3/307.short},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Two types of voltage-gated K+ currents in dissociated heart ventricular muscle cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M. S.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 82(5): 2415–2427. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Two$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00078,\nabstract = {We have used a combination of current-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques to characterize the electrophysiological properties of enzymatically dissociated Lymnaea heart ventricle cells. Dissociated ventricular muscle cells had average resting membrane potentials of -55 ± 5 mV. When hyperpolarized to potentials between -70 and -63 mV, ventricle cells were capable of firing repetitive action potentials (8.5 ± 1.2 spikes/min) that failed to overshoot 0 mV. The action potentials were either simple spikes or more complex spike/plateau events. The latter were always accompanied by strong contractions of the muscle cell. The waveform of the action potentials were shown to be dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and K+ ions. With the use of the single-electrode voltage-clamp technique, two types of voltage-gated K+ currents were identified that could be separated by differences in their voltage sensitivity and time-dependent kinetics. The first current activated between -50 and -40 mV. It was relatively fast to activate (time-to-peak; 13.7 ± 0.7 ms at +40 mV) and inactivated by 53.3 ± 4.9{\\%} during a maintained 200-ms depolarization. It was fully available for activation below -80 mV and was completely inactivated by holding potentials more positive than -40 mV. It was completely blocked by 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and by concentrations of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) {\\textgreater} 10 mM. These properties characterize this current as a member of the A-type family of voltage-dependent K+ currents. The second voltage-gated K+ current activated at more depolarized potentials (-30 to -20 mV). It activated slower than the A-type current (time-to-peak; 74.1 ± 3.9 ms at +40 mV) and showed little inactivation (6.2 ± 2.1{\\%}) during a maintained 200-ms depolarization. The current was fully available for activation below -80 mV with a proportion of the current still available for activation at potentials as positive as 0 mV. The current was completely blocked by 1-3 mM TEA. These properties characterize this current as a member of the delayed rectifier family of voltagedependent K+ currents. The slow activation rates and relatively depolarized activation thresholds of the two K+ currents are suggestive that their main role is to contribute to the repolarization phase of the action potential.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. S. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2415},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2415--2427},\npmid = {10561415},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Two types of voltage-gated K+ currents in dissociated heart ventricular muscle cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2415},\nvolume = {82},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n We have used a combination of current-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques to characterize the electrophysiological properties of enzymatically dissociated Lymnaea heart ventricle cells. Dissociated ventricular muscle cells had average resting membrane potentials of -55 ± 5 mV. When hyperpolarized to potentials between -70 and -63 mV, ventricle cells were capable of firing repetitive action potentials (8.5 ± 1.2 spikes/min) that failed to overshoot 0 mV. The action potentials were either simple spikes or more complex spike/plateau events. The latter were always accompanied by strong contractions of the muscle cell. The waveform of the action potentials were shown to be dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and K+ ions. With the use of the single-electrode voltage-clamp technique, two types of voltage-gated K+ currents were identified that could be separated by differences in their voltage sensitivity and time-dependent kinetics. The first current activated between -50 and -40 mV. It was relatively fast to activate (time-to-peak; 13.7 ± 0.7 ms at +40 mV) and inactivated by 53.3 ± 4.9% during a maintained 200-ms depolarization. It was fully available for activation below -80 mV and was completely inactivated by holding potentials more positive than -40 mV. It was completely blocked by 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and by concentrations of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) \\textgreater 10 mM. These properties characterize this current as a member of the A-type family of voltage-dependent K+ currents. The second voltage-gated K+ current activated at more depolarized potentials (-30 to -20 mV). It activated slower than the A-type current (time-to-peak; 74.1 ± 3.9 ms at +40 mV) and showed little inactivation (6.2 ± 2.1%) during a maintained 200-ms depolarization. The current was fully available for activation below -80 mV with a proportion of the current still available for activation at potentials as positive as 0 mV. The current was completely blocked by 1-3 mM TEA. These properties characterize this current as a member of the delayed rectifier family of voltagedependent K+ currents. The slow activation rates and relatively depolarized activation thresholds of the two K+ currents are suggestive that their main role is to contribute to the repolarization phase of the action potential.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n LVA and HVA Ca2+ currents in ventricular muscle cells of the Lymnaea heart.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M. S.; Brezden, B. L.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 82(5): 2428–2440. 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"LVA$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00353,\nabstract = {The single-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to characterize voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in dissociated Lymnaea heart ventricular cells. In the presence of 30 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA), two distinct Ca2+ currents could be identified. The first current activated between -70 and -60 mV. It was fully available for activation at potentials more negative than - 80 mV. The current was fast to activate and inactivate. The inactivation of the current was voltage dependent. The current was larger when it was carried by Ca2+ compared with Ba2+, although changing the permeant ion had no observable effect on the kinetics of the evoked currents. The current was blocked by Co2+ and La3+ (1 mM) but was particularly sensitive to Ni2+ ions (≃50{\\%} block with 100 $\\mu$M Ni2+) and insensitive to low doses of the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonist, nifedipine. All these properties classify this current as a member of the low-voltage-activated (LVA) T-type family of Ca2+ currents. The activation threshold of the current (-70 mV) suggests that it has a role in pacemaking and action potential generation. Muscle contractions were first seen at -50 mV, indicating that this current might supply some of the Ca2+ necessary for excitation-contraction coupling. The second, a high-voltage-activated (HVA) current, activated at potentials between -40 and -30 mV and was fully available for activation at potentials more negative than -60 mV. This current was also fast to activate and with Ca2+ as the permeant ion, inactivated completely during the 200-ms voltage step. Substitution of Ba2+ for Ca2+ increased the amplitude of the current and significantly slowed the rate of inactivation. The inactivation of this current appeared to be current rather than voltage dependent. This current was blocked by Co2+ and La3+ ions (1 mM) but was sensitive to micromolar concentrations of nifedipine (≃50{\\%} block 10 $\\mu$M nifedipine) that were ineffective at blocking the LVA current. These properties characterize this current as a L-type Ca2+ current. The voltage sensitivity of this current suggests that it is also important in generating the spontaneous action potentials, and in providing some of the Ca2+ necessary for excitation-contraction coupling. These data provide the first detailed description of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents present in the heart muscle cells of an invertebrate and indicate that pacemaking in the molluscan heart has some similarities with that of the mammalian heart.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. S. and Brezden, B. L. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2428},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2428--2440},\npmid = {10561416},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{LVA and HVA Ca2+ currents in ventricular muscle cells of the Lymnaea heart}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2428},\nvolume = {82},\nyear = {1999}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The single-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to characterize voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in dissociated Lymnaea heart ventricular cells. In the presence of 30 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA), two distinct Ca2+ currents could be identified. The first current activated between -70 and -60 mV. It was fully available for activation at potentials more negative than - 80 mV. The current was fast to activate and inactivate. The inactivation of the current was voltage dependent. The current was larger when it was carried by Ca2+ compared with Ba2+, although changing the permeant ion had no observable effect on the kinetics of the evoked currents. The current was blocked by Co2+ and La3+ (1 mM) but was particularly sensitive to Ni2+ ions (≃50% block with 100 $μ$M Ni2+) and insensitive to low doses of the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonist, nifedipine. All these properties classify this current as a member of the low-voltage-activated (LVA) T-type family of Ca2+ currents. The activation threshold of the current (-70 mV) suggests that it has a role in pacemaking and action potential generation. Muscle contractions were first seen at -50 mV, indicating that this current might supply some of the Ca2+ necessary for excitation-contraction coupling. The second, a high-voltage-activated (HVA) current, activated at potentials between -40 and -30 mV and was fully available for activation at potentials more negative than -60 mV. This current was also fast to activate and with Ca2+ as the permeant ion, inactivated completely during the 200-ms voltage step. Substitution of Ba2+ for Ca2+ increased the amplitude of the current and significantly slowed the rate of inactivation. The inactivation of this current appeared to be current rather than voltage dependent. This current was blocked by Co2+ and La3+ ions (1 mM) but was sensitive to micromolar concentrations of nifedipine (≃50% block 10 $μ$M nifedipine) that were ineffective at blocking the LVA current. These properties characterize this current as a L-type Ca2+ current. The voltage sensitivity of this current suggests that it is also important in generating the spontaneous action potentials, and in providing some of the Ca2+ necessary for excitation-contraction coupling. These data provide the first detailed description of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents present in the heart muscle cells of an invertebrate and indicate that pacemaking in the molluscan heart has some similarities with that of the mammalian heart.\n

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\n \n 1998\n \n \n (27)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Membrane Tension in Swelling and Shrinking Molluscan Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dai, J.; Sheetz, M. P.; Wan, X.; and Morris, C. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(17): 6681–6692. sep 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Membrane$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00575,\nabstract = {When neurons undergo dramatic shape and volume changes, how is surface area adjusted appropriately? The membrane tension hypothesis-namely that high tensions favor recruitment of membrane to the surface whereas low tensions favor retrieval-provides a simple conceptual framework for surface area homeostasis. With membrane tension and area in a feedback loop, tension extremes may be averted even during excessive mechanical load variations. We tested this by measuring apparent membrane tension of swelling and shrinking Lymnaea neurons. With hypotonic medium (50{\\%}), tension that was calculated from membrane tether forces increased from 0.04 to as much as 0.4 mN/m, although at steady state, swollen-cell tension (0.12 mN/m) exceeded controls only threefold. On reshrinking in isotonic medium, tension reduced to 0.02 mN/m, and at the substratum, membrane invaginated, creating transient vacuole-like dilations. Swelling increased membrane tension with or without BAPTA chelating cytoplasmic Ca2+, but with BAPTA, unmeasurably large (although not lytic) tension surges occurred in approximately two-thirds of neurons. Furthermore, in unarborized neurons voltage-clamped by perforated- patch in 50{\\%} medium, membrane capacitance increased 8{\\%}, which is indicative of increasing membrane area. The relatively damped swelling-tension responses of Lymnaea neurons (no BAPTA) were consistent with feedback regulation. BAPTA did not alter resting membrane tension, but the large surges during swelling of BAPTA-loaded neurons demonstrated that 50{\\%} medium was inherently treacherous and that tension regulation was impaired by subnormal cytoplasmic [Ca2+]. However, neurons did survive tension surges in the absence of Ca2+ signaling. The mechanism to avoid high-tension rupture may be the direct tension-driven recruitment of membrane stores.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dai, Jianwu and Sheetz, Michael P. and Wan, Xiaodong and Morris, Catherine E.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-17-06681.1998},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {BAPTA,Cell volume,Laser tweezers,Mechanosensitive,Surface area,Vacuole- like dilations},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {17},\npages = {6681--6692},\npmid = {9712640},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Membrane Tension in Swelling and Shrinking Molluscan Neurons}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/17/6681.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-17-06681.1998},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transmitter identification in neurons involved in male copulation behavior inLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Lange, R. P. J.; de Boer, P.; ter Maat, A.; Tensen, C.; and van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 395(4): 440–449. jun 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transmitter$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{DeLange1998a,\nabstract = {In this paper, we have mapped the cellular localization of various transmitters onto the central neurons which are involved in male copulation behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis, by combining retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Evidence; is provided that neurons which were backfilled from the penis nerve, the sole nerve to innervate the male copulatory organ, synthesize a multitude of neuropeptides (APGWamide, Lymnaea neuropeptide tyrosin [LNPY], conopressin, pedal peptide, SEEPLY, DEILSR, myomodulin, and Lymnaea inhibitory peptide [LIP]) as well as the classical neurotransmitter, serotonin. In the anterior lobe, the backfilled neurons mainly contain the tetrapeptide APGWamide and conopressin, and not LNPY or pedal peptide. The results suggest a central role in the regulation of copulation activity for the anterior lobe neurons that produce APGWamide and conopressin. Immunostainings of backfilled nervous systems revealed immunopositive axons originating from these neurons to form varicosities on the cell somata of neurons in the other clusters contributing to the innervation of the male sexual system. Neurons from the right parietal ganglion projecting into the penis nerve were electrophysiologically and morphologically identified by simultaneously recording from the cell body intracellularly and the penis nerve extracellularly and subsequently filling them with an anterograde tracer and subjecting them to immunocytochemistry. This method has provided links between morphology, physiology, and the transmitter contents of these neurons.},\nauthor = {de Lange, R. P. J. and de Boer, P.A.C.M. and ter Maat, A. and Tensen, C.P. and van Minnen, J.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4<440::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-1},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {5HT,FMRFamide,Myomodulin,NPY,Retrograde fills},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {440--449},\ntitle = {{Transmitter identification in neurons involved in male copulation behavior inLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4{\\%}3C440::AID-CNE2{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-1?casa{\\_}token=G5qNKTdOT6MAAAAA:WADoQrj7cIYJTWrVVyhTAsGbWO2nTDWb2o5Cm7rbwbQf35XULoGQeO4x97UZY{\\_}gEz87MTEnnDCHd http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291096-9861{\\%}2819980615{\\%}29395{\\%}3A4{\\%}3C440{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-CNE2{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-1},\nvolume = {395},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multi-messenger innervation of the male sexual system ofLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Lange, R. P. J.; Joosse, J.; and Van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 390(4): 564–577. jan 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multi-messenger$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{DeLange1998,\nabstract = {The male copulation behavior of the hermaphrodite pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is under the control of five groups of central neurons that produce a variety of neuropeptides and a classical transmitter, 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5HT). In this article, we describe how the male sexual organs of this snail are innervated by axons from these central neurons. We carried out immunocytochemistry with antisera against the tetra peptide Ala-Pro-Gly-TRP- NH2 (APG-Wamide), the Lymnaea form of neuropeptide tyrosine (LNPY, conopressin, pedal peptide, the FRMFamide copeptide SEEPLY, the GDPFLRFamide co-peptide DEILSR, myomodulin, Lymnaea inhibitory peptide, and 5HT on tissue sections of the following male sexual organs that receive input from the penis nerve: the prostate gland, vas deferens, preputium, and penis. The results demonstrate that the axons of the separate muscle systems contain particular combinations of transmitters. In addition, two networks of peripheral neurons were revealed. In the tip of the everted preputium lies what appears to be a network of conopressin-containing sensory neurons, which is possibly involved in probing; probing is the part of copulation behaviour in which the male searchers for the female genital pore. The other network of peripheral neurons surrounds the most proximal part of the vas deferens and is most likely involved in the pacemaker control of vas deferens motility. On the basis of the data obtained, we hypothesize how the preputium and penis are everted during copulation and which transmitters and central neurons might be involved.},\nauthor = {de Lange, R. P. J. and Joosse, J. and {Van Minnen}, J.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980126)390:4<564::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-Z},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {5HT,Copulation behaviour,FMRFamide,Myomodulin,NPY},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {564--577},\ntitle = {{Multi-messenger innervation of the male sexual system ofLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980126)390:4{\\%}3C564::AID-CNE8{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-Z?casa{\\_}token=v4SiPj2a0ZMAAAAA:I3MQTbiA06vIuQP8XPxGddsvszwhTK7yDOnmhieAZcPobSH5-Slply7AB7ekdQqyx0WgZebPIa3W http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291096-9861{\\%}2819980126{\\%}29390{\\%}3A4{\\%}3C564{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-CNE8{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-Z},\nvolume = {390},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Localization of the Neuropeptide APGWamide in Gastropod Molluscs byin SituHybridization and Immunocytochemistry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Lange, R. P. J.; and van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General and Comparative Endocrinology, 109(2): 166–174. feb 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Localization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00267,\nabstract = {The amidated tetrapeptide Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2 (APGW amide) plays a key role in the control of male copulation behavior in the basommatophoran pulmonate freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The morphological basis for a conserved role of APGWamide in the control of male reproduction in gastropod molluscs is presented. The prosobranch Littorina littorea, the opisthobranch Aplysia californica, the basommatophoran pulmonate Bulinus truncatus, and the stylommatophoran pulmonates Arion ater and Limax maximus have been examined for the presence of APGWamide producing neurons using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. In all species investigated a cluster of APGWamide expressing neurons is present in the anteromedial region of the cerebral ganglia. The asymmetrical distribution which exists in Lymnaea and which coincides with the innervation of the asymmetrically located penial complex is also found in the opisthobranch Aplysia, as well as in the stylommatophoran pulmonate slugs Arion and Limax, in which APGWamide immunoreactive neurons are only found in the mesocerebrum of the right cerebral ganglion. APGWamide immunoreactive neurons are only found in the mesocerebrum of the right cerebral ganglion. APGWamide immunoreactive varicose fibers innervate muscles of the male accessory sex organs in Bulinus and Apylsia, confirming the hypothesis that APGWamide may be a biochemically and functionally conserved factor in the regulation of gastropod mullusc reproduction.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Lange, R. P. J. and van Minnen, J.},\ndoi = {10.1006/gcen.1997.7001},\nissn = {00166480},\njournal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {166--174},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Localization of the Neuropeptide APGWamide in Gastropod Molluscs byin SituHybridization and Immunocytochemistry}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016648097970015 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016648097970015},\nvolume = {109},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pronase modifies synaptic transmission and activity of identifiedLymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 3(4): 295–304. mar 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pronase$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00556,\nabstract = {Proteolytic enzymes can have significant effects on the physiological properties of neurons. Although several actions of proteolytic enzymes on the physiology of single neurons have been described, the effects of these enzymes on network properties in the central nervous system (CNS) have received less attention. The effects of bath-applied pronase (0.05{\\%}) on synaptic connections and spontaneous activity in the Lymnaea CNS were examined. Brief application (i.e. 2-3 min) of pronase modified some, but not all, synapses in the CNS. For example, the chemical synapse between two interneurons, RPeD11 and RPeD1, and between the interneuron, RPeDI, and RPA motoneurons were examined. Both these synapses were either biphasic or monophasic (depolarizing) under control conditions. Pronase exposure eliminated the depolarizing phase of the RPeD11→RPeD1 synapse, but had no effect on the connection between RPeD1 and RPA neurons. In addition, the effects of pronase on electrical-coupling between two peptidergic neurons, VD1 and RPD2, in the CNS were investigated. Pronase decreased the total network input resistance and cell input resistances as well as the steady-state coupling ratio. Furthermore, exposure to pronase induced various changes (i.e. depolarization, hyperpolarization, bursting patterns and afterdischarges) in the activity pattern of different identified neurons in the CNS. Collectively, these data show that even brief exposure to a low concentration of pronase can acutely modify both synapses and neuronal activity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Bulloch, A. G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02577689},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Electrical activity,Mollusc,Network properties,Pronase,Proteolytic enzymes,Synapses},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {295--304},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Pronase modifies synaptic transmission and activity of identifiedLymnaea neurons}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02577689.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02577689},\nvolume = {3},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Developmental plasticity of respiratory behavior in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral Neuroscience, 112(3): 656–667. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Developmental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00021,\nabstract = {The authors investigated the contribution of experience to development and maintenance of pulmonary respiration in Lymnaea stagnalis. Respiration in L. stagnalis is bimodal via both the skin and the lung. Rearing snails from eggs to adulthood while preventing lung respiration (differentially reared snails) showed that L. stagnalis can develop and survive without pulmonary respiration. These snails were able to open and close their pneumostome when given the opportunity as adults. However, quantitative aspects of their respiratory behavior were significantly altered. Prevention of pulmonary respiration in adult, normally reared snails also induced behavioral changes. Comparison of these changes with those in differentially reared snails revealed specific developmental effects, which were reversible. Thus, this is a suitable model system for studying questions related to behavioral plasticity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1037/0735-7044.112.3.656},\nissn = {1939-0084},\njournal = {Behavioral Neuroscience},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {656--667},\npublisher = {psycnet.apa.org},\ntitle = {{Developmental plasticity of respiratory behavior in Lymnaea.}},\nurl = {https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-02941-017 http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0735-7044.112.3.656},\nvolume = {112},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular characterization of NOS in a mollusc: Expression in a giant modulatory neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korneev, S. A.; Piper, M. R.; Picot, J.; Phillips, R.; Korneeva, E. I.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 35(1): 65–76. apr 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00547,\nabstract = {Here we report on the molecular characterization of the first molluscan NOS in the CNS of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. This Lymnaea NOS (Lymnaea NOS) which is expressed preferentially in the CNS is most similar to mammalian neuronal NOS but contains tandem repeats of a seven amino acid motif not found in any other known NOS. We have localized Lym-nNOS to the serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) which modulate synaptic transmission within a neural network that generates feeding behavior. Our results suggest that the CGCs employ both NO and serotonin in the modulation of the central neural network underlying feeding.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Korneev, Sergei A. and Piper, Marian R. and Picot, Joanna and Phillips, Rose and Korneeva, Elena I. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199804)35:1<65::AID-NEU6>3.0.CO;2-9},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Identified neuron,Lymnaea,Nitric oxide synthase,Serotonin,cDNA cloning},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {65--76},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Molecular characterization of NOS in a mollusc: Expression in a giant modulatory neuron}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199804)35:1{\\%}3C65::AID-NEU6{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-9 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291097-4695{\\%}28199804{\\%}2935{\\%}3A1{\\%}3C65{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NEU6{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-9},\nvolume = {35},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Long-term memory of an operantly conditioned respiratory behaviour pattern in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Cotter, R.; Westly, J.; Ringseis, E.; Spencer, G.; and Syed, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 201(6): 877–882. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Long-term$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00128,\nabstract = {The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis breaths bimodally either through its skin (cutaneous respiration) or via a rudimentary lung opening called the pneumostome (aerial respiration). Aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned. Animals placed in an aquatic, hypoxic environment received a tactile stimulus to the pneumostome area every time they attempted to breathe. Over a period of five training sessions (2.5 days), the animals learned not to breathe, and the number of stimuli received in the fifth session was significantly lower than in the first session. These changes in the respiratory behaviour following the operant paradigm were shown to persist for at least 24 h. We aimed to determine whether the changes in the learned behaviour would persist for longer. We obtained direct evidence that the behavioural changes following operant conditioning persisted for at least 4 weeks following the last training session. However, we found that the persistence of this memory was dependent upon the training procedure used. Memory persisted longer following a spaced training procedure (4 weeks) as opposed to a massed training procedure (2 weeks). Yoked control animals showed no changes in their respiratory behaviour over the same time periods. However, if these yoked control animals were subjected to an operant conditioning procedure, their ability to learn was not impeded. This study demonstrated that operant conditioning of a behaviour pattern in a molluscan preparation can result in long-term memory and that the persistence of the memory is contingent on the training procedure used.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Cotter, Ralph and Westly, Jackie and Ringseis, Erika and Spencer, Gaynor and Syed, Naweed},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Learning,Long-term memory,Lymnaea stagnalis,Mollusc,Operant conditioning,Snail},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {877--882},\npmid = {9464968},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Long-term memory of an operantly conditioned respiratory behaviour pattern in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/6/877.short},\nvolume = {201},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trophic and Contact Conditions Modulate Synapse Formation Between Identified Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magoski, N. S.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 79(6): 3279–3283. jun 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trophic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00332,\nabstract = {Magoski, Neil S. and Andrew G. M. Bulloch. Trophic and contact conditions modulate synapse formation between identified neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3279–3283, 1998. We tested the ability of an identified interneuron from the mollusk, Lymnaea stagnalis, to reestablish appropriate synapses in vitro. In the CNS, the giant dopaminergic neuron, designated as right pedal dorsal one (RPeD1), makes an excitatory, chemical synapse with a pair of essentially identical postsynaptic cells known as visceral dorsal two and three (VD2/3). When the somata of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons were juxtaposed and cultured in vitro in defined medium, i.e., a soma-soma synapse, only an inappropriate electrical synapse was observed. The postsynaptic cell still responded to applied dopamine, the presynaptic transmitter, indicating that the lack of chemical synapse formation was not due to lack of dopamine receptors. When the somata were cultured apart in conditioned medium (medium previously incubated with Lymnaea CNS, thereby deriving trophic factors), the cells exhibited overlapping neurite outgrowth that resulted in an appropriate excitatory, chemical synapse from RPeD1 to VD2/3. On the other hand, when the cell pair was cultured in a soma-soma configuration, but in conditioned medium, a mixed chemical-electrical synapse was observed. Because conditioned medium could partially overcome the limitations of the soma-soma configuration and initiate chemical synapse formation, this data suggests that conditioned medium contains a factor(s) that supports synaptogenesis.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Magoski, Neil S. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3279},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3279--3283},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Trophic and Contact Conditions Modulate Synapse Formation Between Identified Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3279 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3279},\nvolume = {79},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of target tissue on growth of snail neurones in collagen gel culture.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCulloch, F.; and Breckenridge, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n NeuroReport, 9(10): 2391–2397. jul 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00521,\nabstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the effect of potential target tissue on regenerating neurones of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis using the three-dimensional collagen gel culture system. Mammalian type I collagen supported the regenerative outgrowth of snail neurones, and the neurofilament antibody SMI31 specifically labelled regenerating processes both within the gel and those growing over the surface of the ganglia. Using these techniques we tested the effect of co-culturing ganglia with either additional nervous tissue, previously shown to produce trophic substances, or buccal muscle on both the amount and direction of outgrowth. We conclude that, under the conditions used, neither target tissue provided trophic or tropic support in collagen gel cultures.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McCulloch, Fiona and Breckenridge, Lorna},\ndoi = {10.1097/00001756-199807130-00044},\nissn = {0959-4965},\njournal = {NeuroReport},\nkeywords = {Buccal muscle,Collagen gel,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurofilament,Regeneration,Target-derived factors},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {2391--2397},\npublisher = {journals.lww.com},\ntitle = {{Effects of target tissue on growth of snail neurones in collagen gel culture}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Fulltext/1998/07130/Effects{\\_}of{\\_}target{\\_}tissue{\\_}on{\\_}growth{\\_}of{\\_}snail.44.aspx http://journals.lww.com/00001756-199807130-00044},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Serotonergic innervation of the foot of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mckenzie, J. D.; Caunce, M.; Hetherington, M. S.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurocytology, 27(6): 459–470. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Serotonergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00142,\nabstract = {The aminergic innervation of the foot of Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated using electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and HPLC. The foot was found to contain large amounts of serotonin and dopamine, though at lower concentrations than are found in nervous tissue. Serotonin containing tissue was concentrated in the ventral surface of the foot, under ciliated areas of the epidermis where it occurred in varicosities, with fine tracts joining these varicosities. Varicosities also occurred in deeper tissues, probably adjacent to mucus cells. Positive fluorescence for serotonin in axons was found in nerves innervating the foot, but few neuronal cell bodies containing serotonin were detected, indicating that most of the innervation was coming from the central ganglia. Axon varicosities were found using TEM on ciliated cells, mucus cells, and muscle cells as well as interaxonal junctions (possibly non-synaptic) within nerves. The neuronal varicosities contacting the ciliated cells and mucus cells contained mostly dense-cored vesicles of between 60 and 100 nm in diameter. Smaller, lucent vesicles also occurred in these terminals. The origin and significance of this innervation is discussed. It is suggested that both serotonin and dopamine may play a large role in controlling ciliary gliding by the foot.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Mckenzie, J. Douglas and Caunce, Maria and Hetherington, Mark S. and Winlow, William},\ndoi = {10.1023/A:1006944829563},\nissn = {03004864},\njournal = {Journal of Neurocytology},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {459--470},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Serotonergic innervation of the foot of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006944829563},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Anterograde Signaling by Nitric Oxide: Characterization and In Vitro Reconstitution of an Identified Nitrergic Synapse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Park, J.; Straub, V. A.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(14): 5463–5476. jul 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Anterograde$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00376,\nabstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a signaling molecule in the CNS where it is a candidate retrograde neurotransmitter. Here we provide direct evidence that NO mediates slow excitatory anterograde transmission between the NO synthase (NOS)-expressing B2 neuron and an NO-responsive follower neuron named B7nor. Both are motoneurons located in the buccal ganglia of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis where they participate in feeding behavior. Transmission between B2 and B7nor is blocked by inhibiting NOS and is suppressed by extracellular scavenging of NO. Furthermore, focal application of NO to the cell body of the B7nor neuron causes a depolarization that mimics the effect of B2 activity. The slow interaction between the B2 and B7nor neurons can be re-established when the two neurons are cocultured, and it shows the same susceptibility to NOS inhibition and NO scavenging. In cell culture we have also examined spatial aspects of NO signaling. We show that before the formation of an anatomical connection, the presynaptic neuron can cause depolarizing potentials in the follower neuron at distances up to 50 ??m. The strength of the interaction increases when the distance between the cells is reduced. Our results suggest that NO can function as both a synaptic and a nonsynaptic signaling molecule.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Park, Ji-Ho and Straub, Volko A. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05463.1998},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Feeding behavior,Lymnaea,Nitrergic synapse,Nitric oxide,Nonsynaptic},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {14},\npages = {5463--5476},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Anterograde Signaling by Nitric Oxide: Characterization and In Vitro Reconstitution of an Identified Nitrergic Synapse}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/14/5463.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05463.1998},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neural Modulation of Gut Motility by Myomodulin Peptides and Acetylcholine in the Snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Perry, S. J.; Straub, V. A.; Kemenes, G.; Santama, N.; Worster, B. M.; Burke, J. F.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 79(5): 2460–2474. may 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00514,\nabstract = {Perry, Stephen J., Volko A. Straub, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy Kemenes, Niovi Santama, Belinda M. Worster, Julian F. Burke, and Paul R. Benjamin. Neural modulation of gut motility by myomodulin peptides and acetylcholine in the snail Lymnaea. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2460–2474, 1998. Families of peptide neuromodulators are believed to play important roles in neural networks that control behaviors. Here, we investigate the expression and role of one such group of modulators, the myomodulins, in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis. Using a combination of in situ hybridization and antibody staining, expression of the myomodulin gene was confirmed in a number of identified behaviorally significant neuronal types, including the paired B2 motor neurons. The B2 cells were shown to project axons to the proesophagus, where they modulate foregut contractile activity. The presence of the five myomodulin peptide structures was confirmed in the B2 cells, the proesophagus, and the intervening nerve by mass spectrometry. Using a sensitive cell culture assay, evidence that the B2 cells are cholinergic also is presented. Application of four of the five myomodulin peptides to the isolated foregut increased both contraction frequency and tonus, whereas the main effect of acetylcholine (ACh) application was a large tonal contraction. The fifth myomodulin peptide (pQIPMLRLamide) appeared to have little or no effect on gut motility. Coapplication of all five myomodulin peptides gave a greater increase in tonus than that produced by the peptides applied individually, suggesting that corelease of the peptides onto the gut would produce an enhanced response. The combined effects that the myomodulin peptides and ACh have on foregut motility can mimic the main actions of B2 cell stimulation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Perry, Stephen J. and Straub, Volko A. and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Santama, Niovi and Worster, Belinda M. and Burke, Julian F. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2460},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2460--2474},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Neural Modulation of Gut Motility by Myomodulin Peptides and Acetylcholine in the Snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2460 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2460},\nvolume = {79},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Histochemical study on the relation between NO-generative neurons and central circuitry for feeding in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sadamoto, H.; Hatakeyama, D.; Kojima, S.; Fujito, Y.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research, 32(1): 57–63. sep 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Histochemical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00470,\nabstract = {To examine whether nitric oxide (NO)-generative neurons are included in the central circuitry for generation of feeding pattern in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, two staining techniques for NADPH diaphorase and serotonin (5-HT) were applied for its central nervous system (CNS). The former technique is known to show localization of NO synthase; the latter is well employed as a marker for the feeding circuitry because 5-HT is a main transmitter in it. In the buccal ganglion, B2 motoneuron was found to be a putative NO-generative neuron. This motoneuron is not involved directly in the coordination of feeding pattern but is activated simultaneously with the feeding to control the oesophageal and gut tissues for the digestion. Taking account of the diffusion effects of NO, the NO released from B2 motoneuron, when the feeding is started, is thought to sufficiently modulate the feeding circuitry. In the cerebral ganglion, the superior lip nerve, the median lip nerve and the tentacle nerve included both putative NO-generative fibers and serotonergic fibers. These fibers are not identical, but the NO released in the nerves may activate the serotonergic fibers, resulting in the influence upon the initiation of the feeding. Therefore, our present findings clearly showed that NO is not involved in transmission within the central circuitry for the feeding, but suggested that NO can crucially affect the feeding behavior, such as initiation and modulation of the feeding pattern. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.},\nannote = {From Duplicate 2 (Histochemical study on the relation between NO-generative neurons and central circuitry for feeding in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis - Sadamoto, Hisayo; Hatakeyama, Dai; Kojima, Satoshi; Fujito, Yutaka; Ito, Etsuro)\n\nQuery date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sadamoto, Hisayo and Hatakeyama, Dai and Kojima, Satoshi and Fujito, Yutaka and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0168-0102(98)00066-2},\nissn = {01680102},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research},\nkeywords = {Buccal ganglion,Central pattern generator,Cerebral ganglion,Feeding rhythm,NADPH diaphorase,Nitric oxide,Serotonin},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {57--63},\npublisher = {infona.pl},\ntitle = {{Histochemical study on the relation between NO-generative neurons and central circuitry for feeding in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168010298000662 https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-99bca403-3041-305b-bdc2-5cf6d56b80c9 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010298000662},\nvolume = {32},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Associative Learning of Visual and Vestibular Stimuli in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sakakibara, M.; Kawai, R.; Kobayashi, S.; and Horikoshi, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 69(1): 1–12. jan 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Associative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00580,\nabstract = {A conditioned withdrawal response was characterized in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Using light as the conditioned stimulus and high-speed orbital rotation as the unconditioned stimulus, experimental animals were trained with 30 paired presentations of light and orbital rotation per day for 3 days. After training, all experimental animals responded to light with a withdrawal response, the conditioned response. Control animals exposed to the same number of explicitly unpaired presentations of light and orbital rotation, light alone, or no stimulation did not respond to light. Thirty paired presentations per day for 2 days produced less than optimal acquisition of the conditioned withdrawal response. Neither 45 paired presentations per day for 2 days nor 90 paired presentations for 1 day resulted in complete acquisition of the conditioned withdrawal response. The conditioned withdrawal response observed following 30 paired presentations per day for 3 to 5 days persisted to Day 10, regardless of the number of training days. As a measure of savings, reacquisition of the conditioned response after extinction was investigated. After the conditioned withdrawal response was extinguished, only 2 to 5 paired presentations of light and orbital rotation were required for reacquisition of the conditioned response for most animals. This study further establishes Lymnaea as an animal model of basic associative learning.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sakakibara, Manabu and Kawai, Ryo and Kobayashi, Suguru and Horikoshi, Tetsuro},\ndoi = {10.1006/nlme.1997.3805},\nissn = {10747427},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\nkeywords = {Associative learning,Reacquisition,Savings,Spaced training,Withdrawal response},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {1--12},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Associative Learning of Visual and Vestibular Stimuli in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742797938053 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074742797938053},\nvolume = {69},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Embryogenesis of the nitric oxidergic system in Lymnaea stagnalis: Histochemical and pharmacological studies.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Serfozo, Z; Elekes, K; and Varga, V\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 10(27): 27. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00494,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Serfozo, Z and Elekes, K and Varga, V},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nnumber = {27},\npages = {27},\npublisher = {{\\ldots} SCIENCE LTD PO BOX 88, OSNEY {\\ldots}},\ntitle = {{Embryogenesis of the nitric oxidergic system in Lymnaea stagnalis: Histochemical and pharmacological studies.}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Towards understanding the role of insulin in the brain: Lessons from insulin-related signaling systems in the invertebrate brain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A. B.; Van Kesteren, R. E.; Li, K. W.; Van Minnen, J.; Spijker, S.; Van Heerikhuizen, H.; and Geraerts, W. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Progress in Neurobiology, 54(1): 35–54. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Towards$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00958,\nabstract = {Insulin is a molecule that has played a key role in several of the most important landmarks in medical and biological research. It is one of the most extensively studied protein hormones, and its structure and function have been elucidated in many vertebrate species, ranging from man to hagfish and turkey. The structure, function as well as tissue of synthesis of vertebrate insulins are strictly conserved. The structural identification of insulin- related peptides from invertebrates has disrupted the picture of an evolutionary stable peptide hormone. Insulin-related peptides in molluscs and insects turned out to be a structurally diverse group encoded by large multi- gene families that are uniquely expressed in the brain and serve functions different from vertebrate insulin. In this review, we discuss invertebrate insulins in detail. We examine how these peptides relate to the model role that vertebrate insulin has played over the years; however, more importantly, we discuss several unique principles that can be learned from them. We show how diversity of these peptides is generated at the genetic level and how the structural diversity of the peptides is linked to the exclusive presence of a single type of neuronal insulin receptor-related receptor. We also discuss the fact that the invertebrate peptides, in addition to a hormonal role, may also act in a synaptic and/or nonsynaptic fashion as transmitters/neuromodulators on neurons in the brain. It can be expected that the use of well-defined neuronal preparations in invertebrates may lead to a further understanding of these novel functions and may act as guide preparations for a possible role of insulin and its relatives in the vertebrate brain.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smit, A. B. and {Van Kesteren}, R. E. and Li, K. W. and {Van Minnen}, J. and Spijker, S. and {Van Heerikhuizen}, H. and Geraerts, W. P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00063-4},\nissn = {03010082},\njournal = {Progress in Neurobiology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {35--54},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Towards understanding the role of insulin in the brain: Lessons from insulin-related signaling systems in the invertebrate brain}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008297000634?casa{\\_}token=MAbkJf55KC8AAAAA:vma1OBNpXLK69sJ31sOXvCBRrlir9QUNOW42ymnM8PtzjXLA2nl903WUaSdq{\\_}r93AKkUMp2H},\nvolume = {54},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neurophysiological correlates of unconditioned and conditioned feeding behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Staras, K.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 6, 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neurophysiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{Staras1998,\nabstract = {We used a behavioral appetitive learning paradigm followed by electrophysiological analysis to investigate the neuronal expression of appetite conditioning in Lymnaea. We first established the levels of unconditioned and conditioned feeding responses in intact animals. We then demonstrated that neuronal correlates of both unconditioned responses to touch and food and a conditioned response to touch could be found in semi- intact preparations of the same animals that had been subjected to behavioral tests and conditioning trials. In the conditioning experiments, the experimental animals received 15 trials in which touch to the lips, the conditioned stimulus (CS), was paired with sucrose, the unconditioned food stimulus (US). Control animals received 15 presentations of either CS or US, or both, applied in a random manner. After training, a strong conditioned response to touch was established in the experimental but not in the control groups. For subsequent electrophysiological analysis of posttraining neuronal responses to the touch CS, semi-intact preparations were set up from the same animals that had been behaviorally conditioned or subjected to control procedures. Intracellular recordings, made from previously identified motoneurons of the feeding system, allowed the fictive feeding response to the CS to be monitored. In experimental preparations, touch applied to the lips evoked significantly more fictive feeding cycles than in controls, and this demonstrated the existence of a neurophysiological correlate of the appetitively conditioned response observed in the whole animals.},\nauthor = {Staras, Kevin and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\nbooktitle = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3030},\nissn = {00223077},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3030--3040},\npmid = {9636106},\ntitle = {{Neurophysiological correlates of unconditioned and conditioned feeding behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3030},\nvolume = {79},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pattern-generating role for motoneurons in a rhythmically active neuronal network.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Staras, K.; Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 18(10): 3669–3688. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pattern-generating$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00312,\nabstract = {The role of motoneurons in central motor pattern generation was investigated in the feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, an important invertebrate model of behavioral rhythm generation. The neuronal network responsible for the three-phase feeding motor program (fictive feeding) has been characterized extensively and divided into populations of central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons, modulatory interneurons, and motoneurons. A previous model of the feeding system considered that the motoneurons were passive followers of CPG interneuronal activity. Here we present new, detailed physiological evidence that motoneurons that innervate the musculature of the feeding apparatus have significant electrotonic motoneuron→interneuron connections, mainly confined to cells active in the same phase of the feeding cycle (protraction, rasp, or swallow). This suggested that the motoneurons participate in rhythm generation. This was assessed by manipulating firing activity in the motoneurons during maintained fictive feeding rhythms. Experiments showed that motoneurons contribute to the maintenance and phase setting of the feeding rhythm and provide an efficient system for phase-locking muscle activity with central neural activity. These data indicate that the distinction between motoneurons and interneurons in a complex CNS network like that involved in snail feeding is no longer justified and that both cell types are important in motor pattern generation. This is a distributed type of organization likely to be a general characteristic of CNS circuitries that produce rhythmic motor behavior.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Staras, Kevin and Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.18-10-03669.1998},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Electrotonic coupling,Feedback,Feeding system,Lymnaea,Molluscs,Motoneuron,Pattern generation},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {3669--3688},\npmid = {9570798},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Pattern-generating role for motoneurons in a rhythmically active neuronal network}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/10/3669.short},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Applications of the spike density function in analysis of neuronal firing patterns.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Szucs, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 81(1-2): 159–167. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Applications$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00407,\nabstract = {Firing rate histogram is a widely used mathematical method for representing the activity of single neurons and small neural networks. Nevertheless, observation of fine temporal modulation or correlations of spike trains might be troublesome if the mean firing rate is low or rapid local changes occur. The spike density function (SDF) obtained by convolving the spike train with smooth and continuous kernel function proves to be a more appropriate approach in characterization of the firing pattern. The resulting time-function is a continuous and derivable one, thus it can be used as a dynamical variable of the neuronal activity. In the present paper applications of SDF in analysis of the firing patterns of Lymnaea neurons are described and its performance is compared to other quantitative methods.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Szucs, Attila},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0165-0270(98)00033-8},\nissn = {01650270},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},\nkeywords = {Cross- correlation,Firing pattern analysis,Lymnaea neurons,Phase-plots,Return map,Spike density function},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {159--167},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Applications of the spike density function in analysis of neuronal firing patterns}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027098000338},\nvolume = {81},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular cloning and characterization of an invertebrate homologue of a neuropeptide Y receptor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tensen, C. P.; Cox, K. J. A.; Burke, J. F.; Leurs, R.; Van Der Schors, R. C.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and Van Heerikhuizen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 10(11): 3409–3416. nov 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00559,\nabstract = {Neuropeptide Y is an abundant and physiologically important peptide in vertebrates having effects on food intake, sexual behaviour, blood pressure and circadian rhythms. Neuropeptide Y homologues have been found in invertebrates, where they are very likely to play similar, important roles. Although five neuropeptide Y-receptor subtypes have been identified in mammals, none has been reported from invertebrates. Here we describe the cloning of a neuropeptide Y-receptor from the brain of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The identity of the receptor was deduced by expressing the neuropeptide Y-receptor-encoding cDNA in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, which were subsequently challenged with size-fractionated Lymnaea brain extracts. An active peptide, selected on the basis of its ability to induce changes in cAMP levels, was purified to homogeneity, analysed by mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence determination, and turned out to be a Lymnaea homologue of neuropeptide Y.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tensen, Cornelis P. and Cox, Kingsley J. A. and Burke, Julian F. and Leurs, Rob and {Van Der Schors}, Roel C. and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Vreugdenhil, Erno and {Van Heerikhuizen}, Harm},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00350.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {G-protein-coupled receptor,Ligand screening,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuropeptide receptor},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {3409--3416},\npmid = {9824454},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Molecular cloning and characterization of an invertebrate homologue of a neuropeptide Y receptor}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00350.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00350.x},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP) receptor: A G-protein- coupled receptor for a novel member of the RFamide neuropeptide family.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tensen, C. P.; Cox, K. J.; Smit, A. B.; Van Der Schors, R. C.; Meyerhof, W.; Richter, D.; Planta, R. J.; Hermann, P. M.; Van Minnen, J.; Geraerts, W. P.; Knol, J. C.; Burke, J. F.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and Van Heerikhuizen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 18(23): 9812–9821. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00162,\nabstract = {A novel G-protein-coupled receptor (GRL106) resembling neuropeptide Y and tachykinin receptors was cloned from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Application of a peptide extract from the Lymnaea brain to Xenopus oocytes expressing GRL106 activated a calcium-dependent chloride channel. Using this response as a bioassay, we purified the ligand for GRL106, Lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP), an RFamide-type decapeptide (TPHWRPQGRF- NH2) displaying significant similarity to the Achatina cardioexcitatory peptide (ACEP-1) as well as to the recently identified family of mammalian prolactin-releasing peptides. In the Lymnaea brain, the cells that produce egg-laying hormone are the predominant site of GRL106 gene expression and appear to be innervated by LyCEP-containing fibers. Indeed, LyCEP application transiently hyperpolarizes isolated egg-laying hormone cells. In the Lymnaea pericardium, LyCEP-containing fibers end blindly at the pericardial lumen, and the heart is stimulated by LyCEP in vitro. These data confirm that LyCEP is an RFamide ligand for GRL106.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tensen, Cornelis P. and Cox, Kingsley J.A. and Smit, August B. and {Van Der Schors}, Roel C. and Meyerhof, Wolfgang and Richter, Dietmar and Planta, Rudi J. and Hermann, Petra M. and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Geraerts, Wijnand P.M. and Knol, Jaco C. and Burke, Julian F. and Vreugdenhil, Erno and {Van Heerikhuizen}, Harm},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09812.1998},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {HPLC,Mollusc,Neuropeptide receptor,Orphan receptor,RFamide,Xenopus oocyte},\nnumber = {23},\npages = {9812--9821},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{The lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP) receptor: A G-protein- coupled receptor for a novel member of the RFamide neuropeptide family}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/23/9812.short},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Early evolutionary origin of the neurotrophin receptor family.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The EMBO Journal, 17(9): 2534–2542. may 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Early$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00482,\nabstract = {Neurotrophins and their Trk receptors play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system, but to date no component of this signalling system has been found in invertebrates. We describe a molluscan Trk receptor, designated Ltrk, from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The full-length sequence of Ltrk reveals most of the characteristics typical of Trk receptors, including highly conserved transmembrane and intracellular tyrosine kinase domains, and a typical extracellular domain of leucine-rich motifs flanked by cysteine clusters. In addition, Ltrk has a unique N-terminal extension and lacks immunoglobulin-like domains. Ltrk is expressed during development in a stage-specific manner, and also in the adult, where its expression is confined to the central nervous system and its associated endocrine tissues. Ltrk has the highest sequence identity with the TrkC mammalian receptor and, when exogenously expressed in fibroblasts or COS cells, binds human NT-3, but not NGF or BDNF, with an affinity of 2.5 nM. These findings support an early evolutionary origin of the Trk family as neuronal receptor tyrosine kinases and suggest that Trk signalling mechanisms may be highly conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, R.E.},\ndoi = {10.1093/emboj/17.9.2534},\nissn = {14602075},\njournal = {The EMBO Journal},\nkeywords = {Gastropod mollusc,Growth factor receptor,Ltrk,Neurotrophin-3,Receptor tyrosine kinase},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {2534--2542},\npmid = {9564036},\npublisher = {embopress.org},\ntitle = {{Early evolutionary origin of the neurotrophin receptor family}},\nurl = {https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1093/emboj/17.9.2534 http://emboj.embopress.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/emboj/17.9.2534},\nvolume = {17},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conopressin Affects Excitability, Firing, and Action Potential Shape Through Stimulation of Transient and Persistent Inward Currents in Mulluscan Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Soest, P. F.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 79(4): 1619–1632. apr 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Conopressin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00671,\nabstract = {van Soest, Paul F. and Karel S. Kits. Conopressin affects excitability, firing, and action potential shape through stimulation of transient and persistent inward currents in mulluscan neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1619–1632, 1998. The molluscan vasopressin/oxytocin-related neuropeptide conopressin activates two persistent inward currents in neurons from the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion of Lymnaea stagnalis that are involved in the control of male copulatory behavior. The low-voltage–activated (LVA) current is activated at a wide range of membrane potentials, its amplitude being only weakly voltage dependent. The high-voltage–activated (HVA) current is activated at potentials positive to −40 mV only and shows a steep voltage dependence. Occurrence of both currents varies from cell to cell, some expressing both and others only the HVA current. In most neurons that have the LVA current, a conopressin-independent persistent inward current ( I NSR ) is found that resembles the HVA current in its voltage dependence. The functional importance of the LVA and HVA currents was studied under current-clamp conditions in isolated anterior lobe neurons. In cells exhibiting both current types, the effect of activation of the LVA current alone was investigated as follows: previously recorded LVA current profiles were injected into the neurons, and the effects were compared with responses induced by conopressin. Both treatments resulted in a strong depolarization and firing activity. No differences in firing frequency and burst duration were observed, indicating that activation of the LVA current is sufficient to evoke bursts. In cells exhibiting only the HVA current, the effect of conopressin on the response to a depolarizing stimulus was tested. Conopressin reversibly increased the number of action potentials generated by the stimulus, suggesting that the HVA current enhances excitability and counteracts accommodation. Conopressin enhanced action potential broadening during depolarizing stimuli in many neurons. Voltage-clamp experiments performed under ion-selective conditions revealed the presence of transient sodium and calcium currents. Using the action potential clamp technique, it was shown that both currents contribute to the action potential. The calcium current, which is activated mainly during the repolarizing phase of the action potential, is augmented by conopressin. Thus conopressin may directly modulate the shape of the action potential. In summary, conopressin may act simultaneously on multiple inward currents in anterior lobe neurons of Lymnaea to affect firing activity, excitability, and action potential shape.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Soest, Paul F. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1619},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1619--1632},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Conopressin Affects Excitability, Firing, and Action Potential Shape Through Stimulation of Transient and Persistent Inward Currents in Mulluscan Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1619 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1619},\nvolume = {79},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n\n\n

\n van Soest, Paul F. and Karel S. Kits. Conopressin affects excitability, firing, and action potential shape through stimulation of transient and persistent inward currents in mulluscan neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1619–1632, 1998. The molluscan vasopressin/oxytocin-related neuropeptide conopressin activates two persistent inward currents in neurons from the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion of Lymnaea stagnalis that are involved in the control of male copulatory behavior. The low-voltage–activated (LVA) current is activated at a wide range of membrane potentials, its amplitude being only weakly voltage dependent. The high-voltage–activated (HVA) current is activated at potentials positive to −40 mV only and shows a steep voltage dependence. Occurrence of both currents varies from cell to cell, some expressing both and others only the HVA current. In most neurons that have the LVA current, a conopressin-independent persistent inward current ( I NSR ) is found that resembles the HVA current in its voltage dependence. The functional importance of the LVA and HVA currents was studied under current-clamp conditions in isolated anterior lobe neurons. In cells exhibiting both current types, the effect of activation of the LVA current alone was investigated as follows: previously recorded LVA current profiles were injected into the neurons, and the effects were compared with responses induced by conopressin. Both treatments resulted in a strong depolarization and firing activity. No differences in firing frequency and burst duration were observed, indicating that activation of the LVA current is sufficient to evoke bursts. In cells exhibiting only the HVA current, the effect of conopressin on the response to a depolarizing stimulus was tested. Conopressin reversibly increased the number of action potentials generated by the stimulus, suggesting that the HVA current enhances excitability and counteracts accommodation. Conopressin enhanced action potential broadening during depolarizing stimuli in many neurons. Voltage-clamp experiments performed under ion-selective conditions revealed the presence of transient sodium and calcium currents. Using the action potential clamp technique, it was shown that both currents contribute to the action potential. The calcium current, which is activated mainly during the repolarizing phase of the action potential, is augmented by conopressin. Thus conopressin may directly modulate the shape of the action potential. In summary, conopressin may act simultaneously on multiple inward currents in anterior lobe neurons of Lymnaea to affect firing activity, excitability, and action potential shape.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Octopamine: A new feeding modulator in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, Á; Elliott, C. J.; Voronezhskaya, E. E.; Hiripi, L.; and Elekes, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 353(1375): 1631–1643. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Octopamine:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00577,\nabstract = {The role of octopamine (OA) in the feeding system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, was studied by applying behavioural tests on intact animals, and a combination of electrophysiological analysis and morphological labelling in the isolated central nervous system (CNS). OA antagonists phentolamine, demethylchlordimeform (DCDM) and 2-chloro-4-methyl-2-(phenylimino)-imidazolidine (NC-7) were injected into intact snails and the sucrose-induced feeding response of animals was monitored. Snails that received 25-50 mg kg-1 phentolamine did not start feeding in sucrose, and the same dose of NC-7 reduced the number of feeding animals by 80-90{\\%} 1-3 hours after injection. DCDM treatment reduced feeding by 20-60{\\%}. In addition, both phentolamine and NC-7 significantly decreased the feeding rate of those animals that still accepted food after 1-6 hours of injection. In the CNS a pair of buccal neurons was identified by electrophysiological and morphological criteria. After double labelling (intracellular staining with Lucifer yellow followed by OA-immunocytochemistry) these neurons were shown to be OA immunoreactive, and electrophysiological experiments confirmed that they are members of the buccal feeding system. Therefore the newly identified buccal neurons were called OC neurons (putative OA containing neurons or OAergic cells). Synchronous intracellular recordings demonstrated that the OC neurons share a common rhythm with feeding neurons either appearing spontaneously or evoked by intracellularly stimulated feeding interneurons. OC neurons also have synaptic connections with identified members of the feeding network: electrical coupling was demonstrated between OC neurons and members of the B4 cluster motoneurons, furthermore, chemically transmitted synaptic responses were recorded both on feeding motoneurons (B1, B2 cells) and the SO modulatory interneuron after the stimulation of OC neurons. However, elementary synaptic potentials could not be recorded on the follower cells of OC neurons. Prolonged (20-30 s) intracellular stimulation of OC cells activated the buccal feeding neurons leading to rhythmic activity pattern (fictive feeding) in a way similar to OA applied by perfusion onto isolated CNS preparations. Our results suggest that OA acts as a modulatory substance in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis and the newly identified pair of OC neurons belongs to the buccal feeding network.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\'{A}} and Elliott, C. J.H. and Voronezhskaya, E. E. and Hiripi, L. and Elekes, K.},\ndoi = {10.1098/rstb.1998.0315},\nissn = {09628436},\njournal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},\nkeywords = {Feeding,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuromodulation,Octopamine},\nnumber = {1375},\npages = {1631--1643},\npublisher = {royalsocietypublishing.org},\ntitle = {{Octopamine: A new feeding modulator in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.1998.0315},\nvolume = {353},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The role of octopamine (OA) in the feeding system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, was studied by applying behavioural tests on intact animals, and a combination of electrophysiological analysis and morphological labelling in the isolated central nervous system (CNS). OA antagonists phentolamine, demethylchlordimeform (DCDM) and 2-chloro-4-methyl-2-(phenylimino)-imidazolidine (NC-7) were injected into intact snails and the sucrose-induced feeding response of animals was monitored. Snails that received 25-50 mg kg-1 phentolamine did not start feeding in sucrose, and the same dose of NC-7 reduced the number of feeding animals by 80-90% 1-3 hours after injection. DCDM treatment reduced feeding by 20-60%. In addition, both phentolamine and NC-7 significantly decreased the feeding rate of those animals that still accepted food after 1-6 hours of injection. In the CNS a pair of buccal neurons was identified by electrophysiological and morphological criteria. After double labelling (intracellular staining with Lucifer yellow followed by OA-immunocytochemistry) these neurons were shown to be OA immunoreactive, and electrophysiological experiments confirmed that they are members of the buccal feeding system. Therefore the newly identified buccal neurons were called OC neurons (putative OA containing neurons or OAergic cells). Synchronous intracellular recordings demonstrated that the OC neurons share a common rhythm with feeding neurons either appearing spontaneously or evoked by intracellularly stimulated feeding interneurons. OC neurons also have synaptic connections with identified members of the feeding network: electrical coupling was demonstrated between OC neurons and members of the B4 cluster motoneurons, furthermore, chemically transmitted synaptic responses were recorded both on feeding motoneurons (B1, B2 cells) and the SO modulatory interneuron after the stimulation of OC neurons. However, elementary synaptic potentials could not be recorded on the follower cells of OC neurons. Prolonged (20-30 s) intracellular stimulation of OC cells activated the buccal feeding neurons leading to rhythmic activity pattern (fictive feeding) in a way similar to OA applied by perfusion onto isolated CNS preparations. Our results suggest that OA acts as a modulatory substance in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis and the newly identified pair of OC neurons belongs to the buccal feeding network.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intracellular Ca2+ modulates Cl- current evoked by acetylcholine in Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vulfius, C. A.; Ryazansky, V. D.; Krasts, I. V.; and Ilyasov, F. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 249(1): 5–8. 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Intracellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00215,\nabstract = {The influence of voltage-gated Ca2+ current (I(Ca)) on Cl- current (I(Cl)) initiated by nicotinic receptors (AChRs) in dialysed voltage-clamped Lymnaea neurons was studied. Depolarising steps applied before or during ACh application decreased I(Cl) transiently and slowed down both the rising phase and decay of I(Cl). The effect of Ica depended on the interval between I(Ca) and I(Cl); it was prevented by intracellular buffering with BAPTA or Ca2+ channel blocking with Ni2+. I(Sr) had a similar action but the recovery was slower than after I(Ca); I(Ba) was ineffective. The data suggest that inactivation of AChR channels is mediated by Ca2+ binding to a site in the AChR or the regulatory protein.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vulfius, Catherine A. and Ryazansky, Vladimir D. and Krasts, Igor V. and Ilyasov, Fuat E.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00338-3},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Acetylcholine,Cl- current,Intracellular Ca2+,Lymnaea neurons,Nicotinic receptors,Voltage-clamp},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {5--8},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Intracellular Ca2+ modulates Cl- current evoked by acetylcholine in Lymnaea neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394098003383},\nvolume = {249},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometric analysis of the pattern of peptide expression in single neurons resulting from alternative mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Worster, B. M.; Yeoman, M. S.; and Benjamin, P. R\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 10(11): 3498–3507. nov 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Matrix-assisted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00645,\nabstract = {MALDI-ToF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) has become a fast, reliable and sensitive technique for the identification of neuropeptides in biological tissues. Here, we applied this technique to identified neurons of the cardioregulatory network in the snail Lymnaea that express the FMRFamide gene. This enabled us to study the complex processing of the FMRFamide gene at the level of single identified neurons. In the CNS of Lymnaea, FMRFamide-like and additional peptides are encoded by a common, multiexon gene. Alternate mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene leads to the production of two different mRNAs. Type 1 mRNA (exon II) encodes for the tetrapeptides (FLRF/FMRFamide), whereas Type 2 (exons III-V) encodes for the heptapeptides (SDPFLRFamide/GDPFLRFamide). Previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies indicated that these two transcripts are expressed in the CNS neurons of Lymnaea in a differential and mutually exclusive manner. Two single identified neurons of the cardiorespiratory network, the Ehe neuron and the visceral white interneuron (VWI), were known to express the FMRFamide gene (Ehe, type 1 mRNA; VWI, type 2 mRNA). MALDI-ToF MS analysis of these neurons and other neurons expressing the FMRFamide gene confirmed the mutually exclusive expression of the distinct sets of peptides encoded on the two transcripts and revealed the pattern of post-translational processing of both protein precursors. From the gene sequence it was predicted that 16 final peptide products from the two precursor proteins could possibly exist. We showed that most of these peptides were indeed present in the identified neurons (13) while others were not (three), suggesting that not all of the potential cleavage sites within the two precursors are utilized. In this way, the neuronal expression of the full range of the peptide products resulting from alternative mRNA splicing was revealed for the first time. {\\textcopyright} European Neuroscience Association.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Worster, Belinda M. and Yeoman, Mark S. and Benjamin, Paul R},\ndoi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00361.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide gene,Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time o,Precursor processing,Snail neurons},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {3498--3507},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometric analysis of the pattern of peptide expression in single neurons resulting from alternative mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00361.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00361.x},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {1998}\n}\n

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\n MALDI-ToF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) has become a fast, reliable and sensitive technique for the identification of neuropeptides in biological tissues. Here, we applied this technique to identified neurons of the cardioregulatory network in the snail Lymnaea that express the FMRFamide gene. This enabled us to study the complex processing of the FMRFamide gene at the level of single identified neurons. In the CNS of Lymnaea, FMRFamide-like and additional peptides are encoded by a common, multiexon gene. Alternate mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene leads to the production of two different mRNAs. Type 1 mRNA (exon II) encodes for the tetrapeptides (FLRF/FMRFamide), whereas Type 2 (exons III-V) encodes for the heptapeptides (SDPFLRFamide/GDPFLRFamide). Previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies indicated that these two transcripts are expressed in the CNS neurons of Lymnaea in a differential and mutually exclusive manner. Two single identified neurons of the cardiorespiratory network, the Ehe neuron and the visceral white interneuron (VWI), were known to express the FMRFamide gene (Ehe, type 1 mRNA; VWI, type 2 mRNA). MALDI-ToF MS analysis of these neurons and other neurons expressing the FMRFamide gene confirmed the mutually exclusive expression of the distinct sets of peptides encoded on the two transcripts and revealed the pattern of post-translational processing of both protein precursors. From the gene sequence it was predicted that 16 final peptide products from the two precursor proteins could possibly exist. We showed that most of these peptides were indeed present in the identified neurons (13) while others were not (three), suggesting that not all of the potential cleavage sites within the two precursors are utilized. In this way, the neuronal expression of the full range of the peptide products resulting from alternative mRNA splicing was revealed for the first time. © European Neuroscience Association.\n

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\n \n 1997\n \n \n (25)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Functional Role of Peptidergic Anterior Lobe Neurons in Male Sexual Behavior of the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n A.C.M. De Boer, P.; Maat, A. T.; Pieneman, A. W.; Croll, R. P.; Kurokawa, M.; and Jansen, R. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(6): 2823–2833. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Functional$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00082,\nabstract = {De Boer, Pamela A.C.M., Andries Ter Maat, Anton W. Pieneman, Roger P. Croll, Makoto Kurokawa, and Ren{\\'{e}} F. Jansen. Functional role of peptidergic anterior lobe neurons in male sexual behavior of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2823–2833, 1997. A morphologically defined group of peptidergic neurons in the CNS of the hermaphroditic snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is concerned with the control of a very specific element of male sexual behavior. These neurons are located in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion (rAL). By using chronically implanted electrodes, we show that the rAL neurons are selectively active during eversion of the penis-carrying structure, the preputium. The preputium is normally contained inside the body cavity and is everted during copulation in the male role. Electrical stimulation of the rAL neurons through the implanted electrodes, induced eversion of the preputium in vivo. Injection of APGWamide (Ala-Pro-Gly-Try-NH 2 ), a small neuropeptide that is present in all rAL neurons, induced eversion of the preputium. Application of APGWamide to in vitro preparations of the preputium caused relaxation of this organ. In contrast, injection of the neuropeptide conopressin, which is co-localized with APGWamide in 60{\\%} of the rAL neurons, did not induce any behavior associated with male sexual activities. These results show that the neurons of the rAL can induce an eversion of the preputium as occurs during male copulation by release of APGWamide during a period of electrical activity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{A.C.M. De Boer}, Pamela and Maat, Andries Ter and Pieneman, Anton W. and Croll, Roger P. and Kurokawa, Makoto and Jansen, Ren{\\'{e}} F.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.2823},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {2823--2833},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Functional Role of Peptidergic Anterior Lobe Neurons in Male Sexual Behavior of the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.2823 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.2823},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Glutamatergic N2v Cells Are Central Pattern Generator Interneurons of the Lymnaea Feeding System: New Model for Rhythm Generation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brierley, M. J.; Yeoman, M. S.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(6): 3396–3407. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Glutamatergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00278,\nabstract = {Brierley, M. J., M. S. Yeoman, and P. R. Benjamin. Glutamatergic N2v cells are central pattern generator interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system: new model for rhythm generation. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3396–3407, 1997. We aimed to show that the paired N2v (N2 ventral) plateauing cells of the buccal ganglia are important central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system. N2v plateauing is phase-locked to the rest of the CPG network in a slow oscillator (SO)-driven fictive feeding rhythm. The phase of the rhythm is reset by artificially evoked N2v bursts, a characteristic of CPG neurons. N2v cells have extensive input and output synaptic connections with the rest of the CPG network and the modulatory SO cell and cerebral giant cells (CGCs). Synaptic input from the protraction phase interneurons N1M (excitatory), N1L (inhibitory), and SO (inhibitory-excitatory) are likely to contribute to a ramp-shaped prepotential that triggers the N2v plateau. The prepotential has a highly complex waveform due to progressive changes in the amplitude of the component synaptic potentials. Most significant is the facilitation of the excitatory component of the SO → N2v monosynaptic connection. None of the other CPG interneurons has the appropriate input synaptic connections to terminate the N2v plateaus. The modulatory function of acetylcholine (ACh), the transmitter of the SO and N1M/N1Ls, was examined. Focal application of ACh (50-ms pulses) onto the N2v cells reproduced the SO → N2v biphasic synaptic response but also induced long-term plateauing (20–60 s). N2d cells show no endogenous ability to plateau, but this can be induced by focal applications of ACh. The N2v cells inhibit the N3 tonic (N3t) but not the N3 phasic (N3p) CPG interneurons. The N2v → N3t inhibitory synaptic connection is important in timing N3t activity. The N3t cells recover from this inhibition and fire during the swallow phase of the feeding pattern. Feedback N2v inhibition to the SO, N1L protraction phase interneurons prevents them firing during the retraction phase of the feeding cycle. The N2v → N1M synaptic connection was weak and only found in 50{\\%} of preparations. A weak N2v → CGC inhibitory connection prevents the CGCs firing during the rasp (N2) phase of the feeding cycle. These data allowed a new model for the Lymnaea feeding CPG to be proposed. This emphasizes that each of the six types of CPG interneuron has a unique set of synaptic connections, all of which contribute to the generation of a full CPG pattern.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brierley, M. J. and Yeoman, M. S. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3396},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3396--3407},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Glutamatergic N2v Cells Are Central Pattern Generator Interneurons of the Lymnaea Feeding System: New Model for Rhythm Generation}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3396?view=long{\\&}pmid=9405553 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3396},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Brierley, M. J., M. S. Yeoman, and P. R. Benjamin. Glutamatergic N2v cells are central pattern generator interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system: new model for rhythm generation. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3396–3407, 1997. We aimed to show that the paired N2v (N2 ventral) plateauing cells of the buccal ganglia are important central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system. N2v plateauing is phase-locked to the rest of the CPG network in a slow oscillator (SO)-driven fictive feeding rhythm. The phase of the rhythm is reset by artificially evoked N2v bursts, a characteristic of CPG neurons. N2v cells have extensive input and output synaptic connections with the rest of the CPG network and the modulatory SO cell and cerebral giant cells (CGCs). Synaptic input from the protraction phase interneurons N1M (excitatory), N1L (inhibitory), and SO (inhibitory-excitatory) are likely to contribute to a ramp-shaped prepotential that triggers the N2v plateau. The prepotential has a highly complex waveform due to progressive changes in the amplitude of the component synaptic potentials. Most significant is the facilitation of the excitatory component of the SO → N2v monosynaptic connection. None of the other CPG interneurons has the appropriate input synaptic connections to terminate the N2v plateaus. The modulatory function of acetylcholine (ACh), the transmitter of the SO and N1M/N1Ls, was examined. Focal application of ACh (50-ms pulses) onto the N2v cells reproduced the SO → N2v biphasic synaptic response but also induced long-term plateauing (20–60 s). N2d cells show no endogenous ability to plateau, but this can be induced by focal applications of ACh. The N2v cells inhibit the N3 tonic (N3t) but not the N3 phasic (N3p) CPG interneurons. The N2v → N3t inhibitory synaptic connection is important in timing N3t activity. The N3t cells recover from this inhibition and fire during the swallow phase of the feeding pattern. Feedback N2v inhibition to the SO, N1L protraction phase interneurons prevents them firing during the retraction phase of the feeding cycle. The N2v → N1M synaptic connection was weak and only found in 50% of preparations. A weak N2v → CGC inhibitory connection prevents the CGCs firing during the rasp (N2) phase of the feeding cycle. These data allowed a new model for the Lymnaea feeding CPG to be proposed. This emphasizes that each of the six types of CPG interneuron has a unique set of synaptic connections, all of which contribute to the generation of a full CPG pattern.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Glutamate is the Transmitter for N2v Retraction Phase Interneurons of the Lymnaea Feeding System.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brierley, M. J.; Yeoman, M. S.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(6): 3408–3414. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Glutamate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00283,\nabstract = {Brierley, Matthew J., Mark S. Yeoman, and Paul R. Benjamin. Glutamate is the transmitter for the N2v retraction phase interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3408–3414, 1997. Electrophysiological and pharmacological methods were used to examine the role of glutamate in mediating the excitatory and inhibitory responses produced by the N2v rasp phase neurons on postsynaptic cells of the Lymnaea feeding network. The N2v → B3 motor neuron excitatory synaptic response could be mimicked by focal or bath application of l-glutamate at concentrations of ≥10 −3 M. Quisqualate and $\\alpha$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) were potent agonists for the B3 excitatory glutamate receptor (10 −3 M), whereas kainate only produced very weak responses at the same concentration. This suggested that non- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA/quisqualate receptors were present on the B3 cell. The specific non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 10 −5 M) blocked 85{\\%} of the excitatory effects on the B3 cell produced by focal application of glutamate (10 −3 M), confirming the presence of non-NMDA receptors. CNQX also blocked the major part of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials on the B3 cell produced by spontaneous or current-evoked bursts of spikes in the N2v cell. As with focal application of glutamate, a small delayed component remained that was CNQX insensitive. This provided direct evidence that glutamate acting via receptors of the non-NMDA, AMPA/quisqualate type were responsible for mediating the main N2v → B3 cell excitatory response. NMDA at 10 −2 M also excited the B3 cell, but the effects were much more variable in size and absent in one-third of the 25 B3 cells tested. NMDA effects on B3 cells were not enhanced by bath application of glycine at 10 −4 M or reduction of Mg 2+ concentration in the saline to zero, suggesting the absence of typical NMDA receptors. The variability of the B3 cell responses to NMDA suggested these receptors were unlikely to be the main receptor type involved with N2v → B3 excitation. Quisqualate and AMPA at 10 −3 M also mimicked N2v inhibitory effects on the B7 and B8 feeding motor neurons and the modulatory slow oscillator (SO) interneuron, providing further evidence for the role of AMPA/quisqualate receptors. Similar effects were seen with glutamate at the same concentration. However, CNQX could not block either glutamate or N2v inhibitory postsynaptic responses on the B7, B8, or SO cells, suggesting a different glutamate receptor subtype for inhibitory responses compared with those responsible for N2v → B3 excitation. We conclude that glutamate is a strong candidate transmitter for the N2v cells and that AMPA/quisquate receptors of different subtypes are likely to be responsible for the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic responses.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brierley, M. J. and Yeoman, M. S. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3408},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3408--3414},\npmid = {9405554},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Glutamate is the Transmitter for N2v Retraction Phase Interneurons of the Lymnaea Feeding System}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3408 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3408},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Brierley, Matthew J., Mark S. Yeoman, and Paul R. Benjamin. Glutamate is the transmitter for the N2v retraction phase interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3408–3414, 1997. Electrophysiological and pharmacological methods were used to examine the role of glutamate in mediating the excitatory and inhibitory responses produced by the N2v rasp phase neurons on postsynaptic cells of the Lymnaea feeding network. The N2v → B3 motor neuron excitatory synaptic response could be mimicked by focal or bath application of l-glutamate at concentrations of ≥10 −3 M. Quisqualate and $α$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) were potent agonists for the B3 excitatory glutamate receptor (10 −3 M), whereas kainate only produced very weak responses at the same concentration. This suggested that non- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA/quisqualate receptors were present on the B3 cell. The specific non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 10 −5 M) blocked 85% of the excitatory effects on the B3 cell produced by focal application of glutamate (10 −3 M), confirming the presence of non-NMDA receptors. CNQX also blocked the major part of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials on the B3 cell produced by spontaneous or current-evoked bursts of spikes in the N2v cell. As with focal application of glutamate, a small delayed component remained that was CNQX insensitive. This provided direct evidence that glutamate acting via receptors of the non-NMDA, AMPA/quisqualate type were responsible for mediating the main N2v → B3 cell excitatory response. NMDA at 10 −2 M also excited the B3 cell, but the effects were much more variable in size and absent in one-third of the 25 B3 cells tested. NMDA effects on B3 cells were not enhanced by bath application of glycine at 10 −4 M or reduction of Mg 2+ concentration in the saline to zero, suggesting the absence of typical NMDA receptors. The variability of the B3 cell responses to NMDA suggested these receptors were unlikely to be the main receptor type involved with N2v → B3 excitation. Quisqualate and AMPA at 10 −3 M also mimicked N2v inhibitory effects on the B7 and B8 feeding motor neurons and the modulatory slow oscillator (SO) interneuron, providing further evidence for the role of AMPA/quisqualate receptors. Similar effects were seen with glutamate at the same concentration. However, CNQX could not block either glutamate or N2v inhibitory postsynaptic responses on the B7, B8, or SO cells, suggesting a different glutamate receptor subtype for inhibitory responses compared with those responsible for N2v → B3 excitation. We conclude that glutamate is a strong candidate transmitter for the N2v cells and that AMPA/quisquate receptors of different subtypes are likely to be responsible for the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic responses.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Behavioral Function of Glutamatergic Interneurons in the Feeding System of Lymnaea : Plateauing Properties and Synaptic Connections with Motor Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brierley, M. J.; Staras, K.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(6): 3386–3395. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Behavioral$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00287,\nabstract = {Brierley, Matthew J., Kevin Staras, and Paul R. Benjamin. Behavioral function of glutamatergic interneurons in the feeding system of Lymnaea: plateauing properties and synaptic connections with motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3386–3395, 1997. Intracellular recording techniques were used to examine the electrical properties and behavioral function of a novel type of retraction phase interneuron, the N2 ventral (N2v) cells in the feeding network of the snail Lymnaea. The N2vs were compared with the previously identified N2 cells that now are renamed the N2 dorsal (N2d) cells. The N2vs are a bilaterally symmetrical pair of electrotonically coupled plateauing interneurons that are located on the ventral surfaces of the buccal ganglia. Their main axons project to the opposite buccal ganglion, but they have an additional fine process in the postbuccal nerve. N2v plateaus that outlast the duration of the stimulus can be triggered by depolarizing current pulses and prematurely terminated by applied hyperpolarizing pulses. Gradually increasing the amplitude of depolarizing pulses reveals a clear threshold for plateau initiation. N2v plateauing persists in a high Mg 2+ /nominally zero Ca 2+ saline that blocks chemical synaptic connections, suggesting an endogenous mechanism for plateau generation. The N2vs fire sustained bursts of action potentials throughout the N2/rasp phase of the fictive feeding cycle and control the retraction phase feeding motor neurons. The N2vs excite the B3 and B9 feeding motor neurons to fire during the rasp phase of the feeding cycle. They also inhibit the B7 and B8 feeding motor neurons. The B8 cells recover from inhibition and fire during the following swallowing phase. These synaptic connections appear to be monosynaptic as they persist in high Mg 2+ /high Ca 2+ (HiDi) saline that blocks polysynaptic pathways. Strong current-induced plateaus in the N2vs generate brief inhibitory postsynaptic responses in the B4CL rasp phase motor neurons, but this was due to the indirect N2v → N2d → B4CL pathway. The N2vs are coupled electrotonically to the N2d cells, and triggering plateau in a N2v usually induced one or two spikes in a N2d. Previous experiments showed that the N2ds generate plateau potentials during a fictive feeding cycle. Here we show that the main component of the “plateauing” waveform is due to the electrotonic coupling with the N2v cells. The differential synaptic connections of the N2v and N2d cells with retraction phase motor neurons results in a sequence of motor neuron burst activity B9 → B4CL → B8 that produces the full retraction (rasp → swallow) movements of the feeding apparatus (buccal mass). We conclude that the N2v cells are an essential component of the interneuronal network required to produce feeding motor neuron activity.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brierley, Matthew J. and Staras, Kevin and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3386},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3386--3395},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Behavioral Function of Glutamatergic Interneurons in the Feeding System of Lymnaea : Plateauing Properties and Synaptic Connections with Motor Neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3386 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3386},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Brierley, Matthew J., Kevin Staras, and Paul R. Benjamin. Behavioral function of glutamatergic interneurons in the feeding system of Lymnaea: plateauing properties and synaptic connections with motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3386–3395, 1997. Intracellular recording techniques were used to examine the electrical properties and behavioral function of a novel type of retraction phase interneuron, the N2 ventral (N2v) cells in the feeding network of the snail Lymnaea. The N2vs were compared with the previously identified N2 cells that now are renamed the N2 dorsal (N2d) cells. The N2vs are a bilaterally symmetrical pair of electrotonically coupled plateauing interneurons that are located on the ventral surfaces of the buccal ganglia. Their main axons project to the opposite buccal ganglion, but they have an additional fine process in the postbuccal nerve. N2v plateaus that outlast the duration of the stimulus can be triggered by depolarizing current pulses and prematurely terminated by applied hyperpolarizing pulses. Gradually increasing the amplitude of depolarizing pulses reveals a clear threshold for plateau initiation. N2v plateauing persists in a high Mg 2+ /nominally zero Ca 2+ saline that blocks chemical synaptic connections, suggesting an endogenous mechanism for plateau generation. The N2vs fire sustained bursts of action potentials throughout the N2/rasp phase of the fictive feeding cycle and control the retraction phase feeding motor neurons. The N2vs excite the B3 and B9 feeding motor neurons to fire during the rasp phase of the feeding cycle. They also inhibit the B7 and B8 feeding motor neurons. The B8 cells recover from inhibition and fire during the following swallowing phase. These synaptic connections appear to be monosynaptic as they persist in high Mg 2+ /high Ca 2+ (HiDi) saline that blocks polysynaptic pathways. Strong current-induced plateaus in the N2vs generate brief inhibitory postsynaptic responses in the B4CL rasp phase motor neurons, but this was due to the indirect N2v → N2d → B4CL pathway. The N2vs are coupled electrotonically to the N2d cells, and triggering plateau in a N2v usually induced one or two spikes in a N2d. Previous experiments showed that the N2ds generate plateau potentials during a fictive feeding cycle. Here we show that the main component of the “plateauing” waveform is due to the electrotonic coupling with the N2v cells. The differential synaptic connections of the N2v and N2d cells with retraction phase motor neurons results in a sequence of motor neuron burst activity B9 → B4CL → B8 that produces the full retraction (rasp → swallow) movements of the feeding apparatus (buccal mass). We conclude that the N2v cells are an essential component of the interneuronal network required to produce feeding motor neuron activity.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cloning, Characterization, and Expression of a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor from Lymnaea stagnalis and Identification of a Leucokinin-Like Peptide, PSFHSWSamide, as Its Endogenous Ligand.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cox, K. J. A.; Tensen, C. P.; Van der Schors, R. C.; Li, K. W.; van Heerikhuizen, H.; Vreugdenhil, E.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(4): 1197–1205. feb 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cloning,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{Cox1997,\nabstract = {Neuropeptides are known to be important signaling molecules in several neural systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Although the functions of these peptides have been studied in many neurons, the nature of the postsynaptic signal transduction is mainly unknown. The cloning and characterization of neuropeptide receptors in Lymnaea thus would be very valuable in further elucidating peptidergic pathways. Indirect evidence suggests that these neuropeptides operate via G-protein-coupled mechanisms indicating the presence of G-protein-coupled receptors as the initial postsynaptic targets. Here we describe the cloning of a neuropeptide receptor from Lymnaea and the isolation of an endogenous ligand. This peptide, PSFHSWSamide, belongs to the leucokinin family of peptides, and, thus, this Lymnaea receptor is the first example of a leucokinin-like neuropeptide receptor, representing a new subfamily of G-protein-coupled neuropeptide receptors.},\nauthor = {Cox, Kingsley J. A. and Tensen, Cornelis P. and {Van der Schors}, Roel C. and Li, Ka Wan and van Heerikhuizen, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-04-01197.1997},\nfile = {:E$\\backslash$:/OneDrive - University of Toronto/Documents/School/Manuscripts/Snail RNAseq analysis/Sources/Cox et al 1997.pdf:pdf},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {CHO-K1,HPLC,calcium,mollusc,neural networks,neuropeptide receptor},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1197--1205},\ntitle = {{Cloning, Characterization, and Expression of a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor from Lymnaea stagnalis and Identification of a Leucokinin-Like Peptide, PSFHSWSamide, as Its Endogenous Ligand}},\nurl = {http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-04-01197.1997},\nvolume = {17},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of Peptides by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Direct Analysis of the Laterobuccal Nerve from the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Critchley, G.; and Worster, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropeptide Protocols, 73: 141–152. 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00309,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} 9. Reflectron MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the expected neuropeptides in the laterobuccal nerve from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis using the {\\ldots} Glenn Critchley: 1. Belinda Worster: 2. 1.Micromass UK LimitedManchesterUK; 2.Sussex Centre for NeuroscienceSchool of Biology {\\ldots}},\naddress = {New Jersey},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Critchley, Glenn and Worster, Belinda},\ndoi = {10.1385/0-89603-399-6:141},\nissn = {10643745},\njournal = {Neuropeptide Protocols},\npages = {141--152},\npublisher = {Humana Press},\ntitle = {{Identification of Peptides by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Direct Analysis of the Laterobuccal Nerve from the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1385/0-89603-399-6:141 http://link.springer.com/10.1385/0-89603-399-6:141},\nvolume = {73},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Schistosome Parasites Induce Physiological Changes in their Snail Hosts by Interfering with Two Regulatory Systems, the Internal Defense System and the Neuroendocrine System.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Jong-Brink, M.; Hoek, R. M.; Lageweg, W.; and Smit, A. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Parasites and Pathogens,57–75. 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Schistosome$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00801,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} The life cycle of T. ocellata involves two hosts: a duck as the definitive host (Anas platyrhynchos) and a freshwater snail as the intermedi- ate host (Lymnaea stagnalis) {\\ldots} Trichobilharzia ocellata in Lymnaea stagnalis: A flow cytometric approach to study its effects on hemocytes {\\ldots}},\naddress = {Boston, MA},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Jong-Brink, Marijke and Hoek, Robert M. and Lageweg, Wessel and Smit, August B.},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-5983-2_3},\njournal = {Parasites and Pathogens},\npages = {57--75},\npublisher = {Springer US},\ntitle = {{Schistosome Parasites Induce Physiological Changes in their Snail Hosts by Interfering with Two Regulatory Systems, the Internal Defense System and the Neuroendocrine System}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-5983-2{\\_}3 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-5983-2{\\_}3},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Diversity in cell specific co-expression of four neuropeptide genes involved in control of male copulation behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Lange, R. P. J.; van Golen, F.; and van Minnen, J\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 78(1): 289–299. feb 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Diversity$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00200,\nabstract = {We report here the neuron-specific co-expression of four genes coding for neuropeptides involved in the control of male behaviour. These neurons are located in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis and project via the penis nerve to the penial complex. In order to accomplish optimal assurance we applied in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The anterior lobe neurons express the gene encoding the amidated tetrapeptide APGWamide. Subsets of these cells are now shown to co-express the APGWamide gene exclusively with one of three other neuropeptide genes, encoding Lymnaea neuropeptide Y, conopressin or pedal peptide, respectively. All four genes are also expressed in other neurons in other centres projecting to the penial complex, but in these cells co-expression was not observed. The neuropeptides encoded by the genes could be identified in the anterior lobe cell bodies on the basis of immunocytochemistry and mass spectrometrical analysis. The neuropeptides APGWamide and Lymnaea neuropeptide Y, which are co-localized in the anterior lobe cells as well as in axons innervating the penis retractor muscle, do not induce muscle contraction but have a modulatory action by affecting the relaxation rate and amplitude of the contraction. APGWamide and conopressin had earlier been suggested to modulate peristalsis of the vas deferens. Thus, it seems that the neurons co-expressing the various combinations of neuropeptide genes in the anterior lobe represent functional units, each acting in the fine tuning of different muscles involved in specific aspects of male copulation behaviour.},\nannote = {From Duplicate 2 (Diversity in cell specific co-expression of four neuropeptide genes involved in control of male copulation behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis - De Lange, R. P.J.; Van Golen, F. A.; Van Minnen, J.)\n\nQuery date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Lange, R. P. J. and van Golen, F.A and van Minnen, J},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00576-3},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {co-expression,co-localization,copulation behaviour,immunocytochemistry,in situ hybridization,neuropeptides},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {289--299},\ntitle = {{Diversity in cell specific co-expression of four neuropeptide genes involved in control of male copulation behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452296005763 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452296005763},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n In Vitro Synaptogenesis between the Somata of Identified Lymnaea Neurons Requires Protein Synthesis But Not Extrinsic Growth Factors or Substrate Adhesion Molecules.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Feng, Z.; Klumperman, J.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(20): 7839–7849. oct 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"In$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00180,\nabstract = {Nerve growth factors, substrate and cell adhesion molecules, and protein synthesis are considered necessary for most developmental programs, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, axogenesis, pathfinding, and synaptic plasticity. Their direct involvement in synapse formation, however, has not yet been fully determined. The neurite outgrowth that precedes synaptogenesis is contingent on protein synthesis, the availability of externally supplied growth factors, and substrate adhesion molecules. It is therefore difficult to ascertain whether these factors are also needed for synapse formation. To examine this issue directly we reconstructed synapses between the cell somata of identified Lymnaea neurons. We show that when paired in the presence of brain conditioned medium (CM), mutual inhibitory chemical synapses between neurons right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) and visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) formed in a soma-soma configuration (86{\\%}; n = 50). These synapses were reliable and target cell specific and were similar to those seen in the intact brain. To test whether synapse formation between RPeD1 and VD4 required de novo protein synthesis, the cells were paired in the presence of anisomycin (a nonspecific protein synthesis blocker). Chronic anisomycin treatment (18 hr) after cell pairing completely blocked synaptogenesis between RPeD1 and VD4 (n = 24); however, it did not affect neuronal excitability or responsiveness to exogenously applied transmitters (n = 7), nor did chronic anisomycin treatment affect synaptic transmission between pairs of cells that had formed synapses (n = 5). To test the growth and substrate dependence of synapse formation, RPeD1 and VD4 were paired in the absence of CM [defined medium; (n = 22)] on either plain plastic culture dishes (n = 10) or glass coverslips (n = 10). Neither CM nor any exogenous substrate was required for synapse formation. In summary, our data provide direct evidence that synaptogenesis in this system requires specific, cell contact-induced, de novo protein synthesis but does not depend on extrinsic growth factors or substrate adhesion molecules.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Feng, Zhong-Ping and Klumperman, Judith and Lukowiak, Ken and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-20-07839.1997},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Growth factors,In vitro,Lymnaea,Mollusks,Soma-soma synapses,Synapse formation},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {20},\npages = {7839--7849},\npmid = {9315904},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{In Vitro Synaptogenesis between the Somata of Identified Lymnaea Neurons Requires Protein Synthesis But Not Extrinsic Growth Factors or Substrate Adhesion Molecules}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/20/7839.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-20-07839.1997},\nvolume = {17},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

\n

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\n Nerve growth factors, substrate and cell adhesion molecules, and protein synthesis are considered necessary for most developmental programs, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, axogenesis, pathfinding, and synaptic plasticity. Their direct involvement in synapse formation, however, has not yet been fully determined. The neurite outgrowth that precedes synaptogenesis is contingent on protein synthesis, the availability of externally supplied growth factors, and substrate adhesion molecules. It is therefore difficult to ascertain whether these factors are also needed for synapse formation. To examine this issue directly we reconstructed synapses between the cell somata of identified Lymnaea neurons. We show that when paired in the presence of brain conditioned medium (CM), mutual inhibitory chemical synapses between neurons right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) and visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) formed in a soma-soma configuration (86%; n = 50). These synapses were reliable and target cell specific and were similar to those seen in the intact brain. To test whether synapse formation between RPeD1 and VD4 required de novo protein synthesis, the cells were paired in the presence of anisomycin (a nonspecific protein synthesis blocker). Chronic anisomycin treatment (18 hr) after cell pairing completely blocked synaptogenesis between RPeD1 and VD4 (n = 24); however, it did not affect neuronal excitability or responsiveness to exogenously applied transmitters (n = 7), nor did chronic anisomycin treatment affect synaptic transmission between pairs of cells that had formed synapses (n = 5). To test the growth and substrate dependence of synapse formation, RPeD1 and VD4 were paired in the absence of CM [defined medium; (n = 22)] on either plain plastic culture dishes (n = 10) or glass coverslips (n = 10). Neither CM nor any exogenous substrate was required for synapse formation. In summary, our data provide direct evidence that synaptogenesis in this system requires specific, cell contact-induced, de novo protein synthesis but does not depend on extrinsic growth factors or substrate adhesion molecules.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differential patterns of expression of two novel invertebrate (Lymnaea stagnalis) ionotropic glutamate receptor genes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harvey, R. J.; Stühmer, T.; van Minnen, J.; and Darlison, M. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research Communications, 20(1): 31–40. jan 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differential$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00265,\nabstract = {We report the isolation of molluscan (Lymnaea stagnalis) partial complementary DNAs (cDNAs) that encode two new putative glutamate-gated cation-channel polypeptides. These proteins, which we have named Lym-eGluR4 and Lym-eGluR5, exhibit 56{\\%} identity to each other, and strong similarity (56{\\%} to 61{\\%}, and 56{\\%} to 68{\\%} identity, respectively) to the corresponding portions of vertebrate and invertebrate $\\alpha$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-selective (or AMPA-like) glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits. Using in situ hybridisation, we have shown that the Lym-eGluR4 and Lym-eGluR5 genes are both transcribed in all 11 central ganglia of the molluscan nervous system; however, their patterns of expression are different. Interestingly, the Lym-eGluR5 mRNA is present in an identifiable neuron (RPeD1), within the right pedal ganglion, that has recently been shown to possess a GluR that can be readily activated by L-glutamate, quisqualic acid and kainic acid.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Harvey, Robert J. and St{\\"{u}}hmer, Thorsten and van Minnen, Jan and Darlison, Mark G.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6769(199701)20:1<31::AID-NRC183>3.0.CO;2-6},\nissn = {0893-6609},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research Communications},\nkeywords = {Complementary DNA cloning,Gene family,Glutamate receptor,Glutamate-gated cation channel,In situ hybridisation,Mollusc (Lymnaea stagnalis)},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {31--40},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Differential patterns of expression of two novel invertebrate (Lymnaea stagnalis) ionotropic glutamate receptor genes}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6769(199701)20:1{\\%}3C31::AID-NRC183{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-6 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291520-6769{\\%}28199701{\\%}2920{\\%}3A1{\\%}3C31{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NRC183{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-6},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Role of Neuropeptides Encoded on CDCH-1 Gene in the Organization of Egg-Laying Behavior in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; de Lange, R. P. J.; Pieneman, A. W.; ter Maat, A.; and Jansen, R. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(6): 2859–2869. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Role$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Hermann1997,\nabstract = {Hermann, Petra M., Robert P. J. de Lange, Anton W. Pieneman, Andries ter Maat, and Rene F. Jansen. Role of neuropeptides encoded on CDCH-1 gene in the organization of egg-laying behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2859–2869, 1997. Egg laying in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is triggered by a discharge of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs). The CDCs expresses three different caudorsal cell hormone (CDCH) genes. This gene family expresses, in total, 11 different peptides among which is the ovulation hormone. Besides the CDCs, the CDCH gene family is expressed in other central and peripheral neurons. In this study, we investigated the roles the different CDCH peptides play in the organization of egg-laying behavior. Egg-laying behavior is a sequence of stereotyped movements in which three phases can be distinguished: resting, turning, and oviposition. We have used the excitation of right pedal N (RPeN) motor neurons as a simple analogue of shell-turning behavior, one of the elements of egg-laying behavior. RPeN motor neurons were inhibited during the resting phase of egg laying but were subsequently excited at the onset of and during the turning phase. The excitatory effect could be evoked by application of beta3-CDCP on RPeN motor neurons in the CNS as well as in isolation but not by the ovulation hormone, alpha-CDCP or Calfluxin, the other CDCH-1 peptides tested. The ovulation hormone itself caused inhibition of RPeN motor neurons. Anti-CDCH–1 positive fiber tracts were found close to the cell bodies and axons of the RPeN motor neurons. Electrical stimulation of a nerve that contains these fibers resulted in excitation of the RPeN motor neurons. The effects of injection of CDCH-1 peptides into intact animals correlated well with the effects of these peptides on RPeN motor neurons. Injection of beta3-CDCP or alpha-CDCP into intact animals resulted in immediate turning behavior in the absence of egg laying itself. The ovulation hormone and Calfluxin had no immediate effect on the behavior. Furthermore, our data indicate that the individual CDCH-1 peptides act on different targets.},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and de Lange, Robert P. J. and Pieneman, Anton W. and ter Maat, Andries and Jansen, Rene F.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.2859},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {2859--2869},\npublisher = {American Physiological Society},\ntitle = {{Role of Neuropeptides Encoded on CDCH-1 Gene in the Organization of Egg-Laying Behavior in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.2859},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n Hermann, Petra M., Robert P. J. de Lange, Anton W. Pieneman, Andries ter Maat, and Rene F. Jansen. Role of neuropeptides encoded on CDCH-1 gene in the organization of egg-laying behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2859–2869, 1997. Egg laying in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is triggered by a discharge of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs). The CDCs expresses three different caudorsal cell hormone (CDCH) genes. This gene family expresses, in total, 11 different peptides among which is the ovulation hormone. Besides the CDCs, the CDCH gene family is expressed in other central and peripheral neurons. In this study, we investigated the roles the different CDCH peptides play in the organization of egg-laying behavior. Egg-laying behavior is a sequence of stereotyped movements in which three phases can be distinguished: resting, turning, and oviposition. We have used the excitation of right pedal N (RPeN) motor neurons as a simple analogue of shell-turning behavior, one of the elements of egg-laying behavior. RPeN motor neurons were inhibited during the resting phase of egg laying but were subsequently excited at the onset of and during the turning phase. The excitatory effect could be evoked by application of beta3-CDCP on RPeN motor neurons in the CNS as well as in isolation but not by the ovulation hormone, alpha-CDCP or Calfluxin, the other CDCH-1 peptides tested. The ovulation hormone itself caused inhibition of RPeN motor neurons. Anti-CDCH–1 positive fiber tracts were found close to the cell bodies and axons of the RPeN motor neurons. Electrical stimulation of a nerve that contains these fibers resulted in excitation of the RPeN motor neurons. The effects of injection of CDCH-1 peptides into intact animals correlated well with the effects of these peptides on RPeN motor neurons. Injection of beta3-CDCP or alpha-CDCP into intact animals resulted in immediate turning behavior in the absence of egg laying itself. The ovulation hormone and Calfluxin had no immediate effect on the behavior. Furthermore, our data indicate that the individual CDCH-1 peptides act on different targets.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pronase Acutely Modifies High Voltage-activated Calcium Currents and Cell Properties of Lymnaea Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Lukowiak, K.; Wildering, W. C.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 9(12): 2624–2633. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pronase$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00317,\nabstract = {Pronase E ('pronase') is one of the proteolytic enzymes that are used in preparative procedures such as cell isolation and to soften the sheath of invertebrate ganglia. Although several effects of proteolytic enzymes on the physiology of non-neuronal tissues have been described, the effects of these enzymes on central neurons have received little attention. We examined the effects of bath-applied pronase on neurons in the Lymnaea central nervous system and in vitro. Pronase caused action potential broadening in neurons that exhibit a shoulder on the repolarization phase of their action potentials. This effect of pronase was accompanied by, although unrelated to, a depolarization and decrease in action potential interval. Some, but not all, effects of pronase in the central nervous system were reversible. For example, the decreases in membrane potential and action potential interval were both reversed after {\\~{}}1 h of washing with saline. However, the effect of pronase on the action potential duration was not reversed after a period of 90 min. The modulation of action potential width prompted us to examine Ca2+ currents. Exposure to pronase resulted in an increase in both peak and late high voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in isolated neurons. Pronase neither changed the inactivation rate nor caused a shift in the current-voltage relationship of the current. The changes in action potential duration could be prevented by application of 0.1 mM Cd2+, indicating that the action potential broadening caused by pronase depends on Ca2+ influx. This is the first systematic study of the acute and direct actions of pronase on Ca2+ currents and cell properties both in the CNS and in vitro.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Lukowiak, K. and Wildering, W. C. and Bulloch, A. G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01692.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Action potential,Ion channels,Mollusc,Proteolytic enzyme},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {12},\npages = {2624--2633},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Pronase Acutely Modifies High Voltage-activated Calcium Currents and Cell Properties of Lymnaea Neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01692.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01692.x},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Altered gene expression in the host brain caused by a trematode parasite: Neuropeptide genes are preferentially affected during parasitosis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hoek, R. M.; van Kesteren, R. E.; Smit, A. B.; de Jong-Brink, M.; and Geraerts, W. P. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(25): 14072–14076. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Altered$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00698,\nabstract = {Schistosome parasites adjust the physiology and behavior of their intermediate molluscan hosts to their own benefit. Previous studies demonstrated effects of the avian-schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata on peptidergic centers in the brain of the intermediate snail host Lymnaea stagnalis. In particular, electrophysiological properties and peptide release of growth- and reproduction-controlling neuroendocrine neurons were affected. We now have examined the possibility that the expression of genes that control physiology and behavior of the host might be altered during parasitosis. A cDNA library of the brain of parasitized Lymnaea was constructed and differentially screened by using mRNA from the brain of both parasitized and nonparasitized snails. This screening yielded a number of clones, including previously identified cDNAs as well as novel neuronal transcripts, which appear to be differentially regulated. The majority of these transcripts encode neuropeptides. Reverse Northern blot analysis confirmed that neuropeptide gene expression is indeed affected in parasitized animals. Moreover, the expression profiles of 10 transcripts tested showed a differential, parasitic stage-specific regulation. Changes in expression could in many cases already be observed between 1.5 and 5 hr postinfection, suggesting that changes in gene expression are a direct effect of parasitosis. We suggest that direct regulation of neuropeptide gene expression is a strategy of parasites to induce physiological and behavioral changes in the host.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hoek, Robert M. and van Kesteren, R. E. and Smit, August B. and de Jong-Brink, M. and Geraerts, W. P. M.},\ndoi = {10.1073/pnas.94.25.14072},\nissn = {0027-8424},\njournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\nkeywords = {Avian schistosome parasite,Differential screening of cDNA libraries,Growth and reproduction,Intermediate molluscan host},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {25},\npages = {14072--14076},\npublisher = {National Acad Sciences},\ntitle = {{Altered gene expression in the host brain caused by a trematode parasite: Neuropeptide genes are preferentially affected during parasitosis}},\nurl = {https://www.pnas.org/content/94/25/14072.short http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.94.25.14072},\nvolume = {94},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Behavior-Dependent Activities of a Central Pattern Generator in Freely Behaving Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jansen, R. F.; Pieneman, A. W.; and ter Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(6): 3415–3427. dec 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Behavior-Dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Jansen1997,\nabstract = {Jansen, Rene F., Anton W. Pieneman, and Andries ter Maat. Behavior-dependent activities of a central pattern generator in freely behaving Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3415–3427, 1997. Cyclic or repeated movements are thought to be driven by networks of neurons (central pattern generators) that are dynamic in their connectivity. During two unrelated behaviors (feeding and egg laying), we investigated the behavioral output of the buccal pattern generator as well as the electrical activity of a pair of identified interneurons that have been shown to be involved in setting the level of activity of this pattern generator (PG). Analysis of the quantile plots of the parameters that describe the behavior (movements of the buccal mass) reveals that during egg laying, the behavioral output of the PG is different compared with that during feeding. Comparison of the average durations of the different parts of the buccal movements showed that during egg laying, the duration of one specific part of buccal movement is increased. Correlated with these changes in the behavioral output of the PG were changes in the firing rate of the cerebral giant neurons (CGC), a pair of interneurons that have been shown to modulate the activity of the PG by means of multiple synaptic contacts with neurons in the buccal ganglion. Interval- and autocorrelation histograms of the behavioral output and CGC spiking show that both the PG output and the spiking properties of the CGCs are different when comparing egg-laying animals with feeding animals. Analysis of the timing relations between the CGCs and the behavioral output of the PG showed that both during feeding and egg laying, the electrical activity of the CGCs is largely in phase with the PG output, although small changes occur. We discuss how these results lead to specific predictions about the kinds of changes that are likely to occur when the animal switches the PG from feeding to egg laying and how the hormones that cause egg laying are likely to be involved.},\nauthor = {Jansen, Rene F. and Pieneman, Anton W. and ter Maat, Andries},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3415},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {3415--3427},\ntitle = {{Behavior-Dependent Activities of a Central Pattern Generator in Freely Behaving Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3415 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3415},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n Jansen, Rene F., Anton W. Pieneman, and Andries ter Maat. Behavior-dependent activities of a central pattern generator in freely behaving Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3415–3427, 1997. Cyclic or repeated movements are thought to be driven by networks of neurons (central pattern generators) that are dynamic in their connectivity. During two unrelated behaviors (feeding and egg laying), we investigated the behavioral output of the buccal pattern generator as well as the electrical activity of a pair of identified interneurons that have been shown to be involved in setting the level of activity of this pattern generator (PG). Analysis of the quantile plots of the parameters that describe the behavior (movements of the buccal mass) reveals that during egg laying, the behavioral output of the PG is different compared with that during feeding. Comparison of the average durations of the different parts of the buccal movements showed that during egg laying, the duration of one specific part of buccal movement is increased. Correlated with these changes in the behavioral output of the PG were changes in the firing rate of the cerebral giant neurons (CGC), a pair of interneurons that have been shown to modulate the activity of the PG by means of multiple synaptic contacts with neurons in the buccal ganglion. Interval- and autocorrelation histograms of the behavioral output and CGC spiking show that both the PG output and the spiking properties of the CGCs are different when comparing egg-laying animals with feeding animals. Analysis of the timing relations between the CGCs and the behavioral output of the PG showed that both during feeding and egg laying, the electrical activity of the CGCs is largely in phase with the PG output, although small changes occur. We discuss how these results lead to specific predictions about the kinds of changes that are likely to occur when the animal switches the PG from feeding to egg laying and how the hormones that cause egg laying are likely to be involved.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n In Vivo neuropharmacological and In vitro laser ablation techniques as tools in the analysis of neuronal circuits underlying behavior in a molluscan model system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 29(1): 7–15. jul 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"In$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00510,\nabstract = {1. This paper reviews the selective lesioning techniques employed to elucidate the role of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin and single, identified interneurons in the feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. The pathway lesioning work reviewed in this paper showed that dopamine is necessary for the feeding response to occur and serotonin has a mainly modulatory role in the feeding system of Lymnaea. 3. The photoinactivation results reviewed here assist in the elucidation of the different roles that different types of interneurons play in the initiation and modulation of patterned neuronal activity un derlying feeding.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00520-4},\nissn = {03063623},\njournal = {General Pharmacology: The Vascular System},\nkeywords = {Dopamine,Feeding,Interneuron,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurotoxin,Photoinactivation,Serotonin},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {7--15},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{In Vivo neuropharmacological and In vitro laser ablation techniques as tools in the analysis of neuronal circuits underlying behavior in a molluscan model system}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306362396005204 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306362396005204},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n In vitro appetitive classical conditioning of the feeding response in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; Staras, K.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(5): 2351–2362. 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Kemenes1997,\nabstract = {An in vitro preparation was developed that allowed electrophysiological analysis of appetitive conditioning of feeding in the model molluscan system, Lymnaea. The network generating the feeding motor program (fictive feeding) is well characterized at the cellular level and consists of identified central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons, motor neurons, and modulatory interneurons. Activation of a modulatory interneuron, the slow oscillator (SO), evokes the three-phase fictive feeding rhythm in the same semi-intact preparations where tactile stimuli can be applied to the lips. By pairing touch as a conditioned stimulus (CS) with stimulation of the SO as an unconditioned stimulus (US), we established an effective in vitro paradigm for appetitive conditioning. Before training, touch to the lips evoked only brief and weak activity in the feeding interneurons and motor neurons. After 6-10 conditioning trials, there was a significant enhancement in the fictive feeding response to CS alone. This was not seen in controls (CS only, US only, random CS and US) and in preparations where there was no initial brief response to touch before conditioning. Direct recordings from the protraction phase N1M interneurons during in vitro conditioning indicated that the enhancement of the fictive feeding is due to an increased activation of these CPG cells by mechanosensory inputs from the lips. We also found that the conditioned response was not due to a facilitated activation of modulatory neurons in the feeding network, such as the SO or the cerebral giant cells (CGCs), because the activity of these cells remained unchanged after conditioning.},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Staras, Kevin and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.5.2351},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {2351--2362},\npmid = {9356387},\npublisher = {American Physiological Society},\ntitle = {{In vitro appetitive classical conditioning of the feeding response in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n High intracellular calcium levels during and after electrical discharges in molluscan peptidergic neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kits, K.; Dreijer, A.; Lodder, J.; Borgdorff, A.; and Wadman, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 79(1): 275–284. apr 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"High$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00236,\nabstract = {Intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+](i)) during and following electrical activity of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) were measured in situ and dissociated cells by combining electrical recordings and Fura-2 measurements. Caudodorsal cells are typical neuroendocrine cells that control egg laying via the release of a set of peptides during a stereotyped discharge of action potentials. Single action potentials or short trains for spikes in dissociated caudodorsal cells induced only small but consistent increases in [Ca2+](i). With longer or repeated spike trains, larger [Ca2+](i) transients were measured, indicating accumulation of calcium. The calcium channel blocker Ni2+ suppressed the calcium elevation, suggesting that calcium influx occurred through voltage-activated calcium channels. Calcium levels in caudodorsal cells in situ were measured before, during and after the stereotyped firing pattern, a {\\~{}}35-min discharge of regular spiking. Basal calcium levels in caudodorsal cells in situ were about 125 nM. During the initial phase of the discharge, the intracellular calcium level increased to {\\~{}}250 nM. Maximal calcium levels (300-600 nM) were only reached at the final phase of the discharge or several minutes after the cessation of firing. Calcium levels remained elevated for up to 1 h after the end of the discharge. During this time, caudodorsal cells were characterized by very low excitability. We suggest that the prolonged, elevated level of calcium following the discharge need not be directly dependent on action potentials. The long-lasting [Ca2+](i) elevation may cause the release of neuropeptides to outlast the duration of electrical activity, thus uncoupling release from spiking. In addition, it may cause reduced excitability of neuroendocrine cells following a period of spiking, thereby inducing a refractory period.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kits, K.S. and Dreijer, A.M.C. and Lodder, J.C. and Borgdorff, A. and Wadman, W.J.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00651-3},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,Calcium,Discharge,Excitation release coupling,Fura-2,Lymnaea,Neuroendocrine cells},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {275--284},\npmid = {9244856},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{High intracellular calcium levels during and after electrical discharges in molluscan peptidergic neurons}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452296006513 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452296006513},\nvolume = {79},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhancement of an inhibitory input to the feeding central pattern generator in Lymnaea stagnalis during conditioned taste-aversion learning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kojima, S.; Nanakamura, H.; Nagayama, S.; Fujito, Y.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 230(3): 179–182. jul 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Enhancement$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Kojima1997,\nabstract = {To study the neuronal mechanism of a conditioned taste-aversion (CTA) learning in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined the synaptic connection between the neuron 1 medial (N1M) cell and the cerebral giant cell (CGC), the former is an interneuron in central pattern generator for the feeding response and the latter is a regulatory neuron to the central pattern generator. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) which was evoked in the N1M cell by activation of the CGC was larger and lasted longer in the conditioned animal than that in the control animal. The electrical properties of the cell body of CGC and the responses of the CGC to the chemosensory inputs were not changed during the CTA learning. These results, together with the previous report indicating the existence of excitatory projection from the N1M cell to the feeding motoneuron, suggest that enhanced IPSP in the N1M cell may underlie the suppression of feeding responses in the Lymnaea CTA learning.},\nauthor = {Kojima, Satoshi and Nanakamura, Hiroshi and Nagayama, Shin and Fujito, Yutaka and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00507-7},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Central pattern generator,Conditioned taste aversion,Feeding,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential,Lymnaea,Withdrawal},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {179--182},\npmid = {9272690},\ntitle = {{Enhancement of an inhibitory input to the feeding central pattern generator in Lymnaea stagnalis during conditioned taste-aversion learning}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394097005077?casa{\\_}token=xS2saFKhymMAAAAA:IQ8l-Y0dTjbeJCmo17vwzNyqied3PDNOgHed3WirmCljJFNIUHCcW4aLeWTXulQuMMzMOo2{\\_} https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304394097005077},\nvolume = {230},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Localization, physiology, and modulation of a molluskan dopaminergic synapse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magoski, N. S.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 33(3): 247–264. sep 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Localization,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00425,\nabstract = {We investigated the location, physiology, and modulation of an identified synapse from the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Specifically, the excitatory synapse from interneuron right pedal dorsal one (RPeD1) to neurons visceral dorsal two and three (VD2/3) was examined. The gross and fine morphology of these neurons was determined by staining with Lucifer yellow or sulforhodamine. In preparations where RPeD1 was stained with Lucifer yellow and VD2/3 with sulforhodamine, the axon collaterals occupied similar regions, suggesting that these neurons make physical contact in the CNS. Digital confocal microscopy of these preparations revealed that presynaptic varicosities made apparent contact (synapses) with smooth postsynapti axon collaterals. The number of putative synapses per preparation was about five to 10. Regarding physiology, the synaptic latency was moderately rapid at 24.1 ± 5.2 ms. Previous work indicated that RPeD1 uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter. The RPeD1 → VD2/3 excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the VD2/3 bath-applied dopamine (100$\\mu$M) response displayed a similar decrease in input resistance and a similar predicted reversal potential (-31 vs. -26 mV), indicating that the synapse and exogenous dopamine activate the same conductance. Finally, bath- applied serotonin (10 $\\mu$M) rapidly and reversibly depressed the RPeD1 → VD2/3 synapse but did not affect the VD2/3 bath-applied dopamine (100$\\mu$M) response, suggesting a presynaptic locus of action for serotonin. The effect of serotonin was not associated with any changes to the pre- or postsynaptic membrane potential and input resistance, or the presynaptic action potential half-width. The RPeD1 → VD2/3 synapse provides an opportunity to examine the anatomy and physiology of transmission, and is amenable to the study of neuromodulation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Magoski, Neil S. and Bulloch, Andrew G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199709)33:3<247::AID-NEU4>3.0.CO;2-1},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {Chemical synapse,Contact,Double label,Identified neurons,Invertebrate,Lymnaea stagnails,Modulation,Mollusk,Serotonin},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {247--264},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Localization, physiology, and modulation of a molluskan dopaminergic synapse}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199709)33:3{\\%}3C247::AID-NEU4{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-1 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291097-4695{\\%}28199709{\\%}2933{\\%}3A3{\\%}3C247{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NEU4{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-1},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of an identified cerebrobuccal neuron containing the neuropeptide APGWamide (Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) in the snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCrohan, C. R.; and Croll, R. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 2(4): 273–282. mar 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00169,\nabstract = {A bilaterally symmetrical pair of cerebrobuccal neurons in Lymnaea stagnalis shows immunoreactivity for the molluscan neuropeptide APGWamide. The neuron somata are whitish in colour and located on the ventral surface of each cerebral ganglion between the roots of the labial nerves. A single axon travels via the ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective into the buccal ganglia, where it gives rise to fine neuritic branching. Based upon these characteristics, the neuron has been named the cerebrobuccal white cell (CBWC). In isolated CNS preparations, in the absence of feeding motor output, the CBWC is silent and receives few, low amplitude, synaptic inputs. During generation of fictive feeding, the CBWC bursts in phase with cycles of feeding motor output. Tonic or phasic stimulation of CBWC leads to initiation of rhythmic feeding motor output. However, evoked bursts of activity in CBWC, which mimic its normal burst pattern, cannot entrain the buccal rhythm, suggesting that CBWC is not itself a major component of the feeding central pattern generator (CPG). Strong stimulation of CBWC during ongoing feeding motor output leads to a reduction in frequency and/or intensity of the buccal rhythm. Bath application of synthetic APGWamide (10-7 M - 10-4 M) to the isolated CNS can activate feeding motor output in quiescent preparations after a delay, but disrupts ongoing buccal rhythms. This study represents the first description of a peptidergic cerebrobuccal neuron in the well described gastropod feeding system and also provides new information about the role of a novel molluscan neuropeptide.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McCrohan, Catherine R. and Croll, Roger P.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02211940},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {APGWamide,Feeding motor output,Lymnaea stagnalis,Molluscan nervous system,Neuropeptide},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {273--282},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Characterization of an identified cerebrobuccal neuron containing the neuropeptide APGWamide (Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) in the snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02211940.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02211940},\nvolume = {2},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Histological analyses of sensory-nervous system in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nakamura, H.; Kojima, S.; Ito, E.; Fujito, Y.; and Suzuki, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research, 28: S233. jan 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Histological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00354,\nabstract = {Using azan and Lucifer Yellow stainings, we investigated the distribution of sensory-neurons in lips and tentacles and that of interneurons in CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis. Some neurons in cerebral and buccal ganglia were mainly stained by Lucifer Yellow, and these neurons {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Nakamura, Hiroshi and Kojima, Satoshi and Ito, Etsuro and Fujito, Yutaka and Suzuki, Hideo},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0168-0102(97)90640-4},\nissn = {01680102},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {S233},\npublisher = {elibrary.ru},\ntitle = {{Histological analyses of sensory-nervous system in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=385525 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010297906404},\nvolume = {28},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of changes in dynamic equilibrium in microtubule and microfilament systems on the plastic responses of neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ratushnyak, A. S.; Zapara, T. A.; Zharkikh, A. A.; and Ratushnyak, O. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 27(4): 353–359. jul 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00772,\nabstract = {Studies were carried out on the effects of disruption and stabilization of microtubules and microfilaments on the formation of neuronal plastic responses in isolated nerve cells of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Disruption of these cytoskeletal elements prevented the development of neuronal plastic responses. Microtubule stabilization produced a dynamic relationship between the development and retention of neuronal plastic responses and series of stimuli. Stabilization of microfilaments blocked the development but promoted the retention of these neuronal responses. {\\textcopyright}1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ratushnyak, A. S. and Zapara, T. A. and Zharkikh, A. A. and Ratushnyak, O. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02462935},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {353--359},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Effects of changes in dynamic equilibrium in microtubule and microfilament systems on the plastic responses of neurons}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02462935.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02462935},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of a Molluscan Homologue of the Neuroendocrine Polypeptide 7B2.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spijker, S.; Smit, A. B.; Martens, G. J. M.; and Geraerts, W. P. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(7): 4116–4120. feb 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00778,\nabstract = {In vertebrates, interaction of prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) with the highly conserved polypeptide 7B2 is essential for transport and maturation of proPC2 in the regulated secretory pathway. In vitro, 7B2 displays a strong inhibitory activity toward PC2. Here, we characterize a cDNA encoding the first invertebrate 7B2-related protein (L7B2) from the brain of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnails. The overall amino acid sequence identity between L7B2 and its vertebrate counterparts is surprisingly low (29{\\%}) and is restricted to a few small stretches of amino acid residues. Of particular interest are a conserved proline-rich region in the middle portion of the L7B2 sequence and a repeated conserved region in the carboxyl-terminal domain. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal regions inhibit Lymnaea PC2 enzyme activity in extracts of insulin-producing neurons, in which both L7B2 and Lymnaea PC2 are abundantly expressed. Moreover, the peptides inhibit mouse PC2 enzyme activity. Our cloning of invertebrate 7B2 helps to delineate residues that are important for 7B2-PC2 interaction.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spijker, Sabine and Smit, August B. and Martens, Gerard J. M. and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M.},\ndoi = {10.1074/jbc.272.7.4116},\nissn = {0021-9258},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {4116--4120},\npublisher = {ASBMB},\ntitle = {{Identification of a Molluscan Homologue of the Neuroendocrine Polypeptide 7B2}},\nurl = {https://www.jbc.org/content/272/7/4116.short http://www.jbc.org/lookup/doi/10.1074/jbc.272.7.4116},\nvolume = {272},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Correspondence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Minnen, J.; Bergman, J. J.; Van Kesteren, R. E.; Smit, A. B.; Geraerts, W. P.; Lukowiak, K.; Hasan, S. U.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 80(1): 1–7. jun 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Correspondence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00150,\nabstract = {Neurons are highly polarized cells that contain a wealth of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins required for neurotransmission, synapse formation and various forms of neuronal plasticity. Typically, these proteins are differentially distributed over somatic, dendritic and axonal compartments. Until recently, it was believed that all proteins destined for various neuronal sites were synthesized exclusively in the somata and were subsequently targeted to appropriate extrasomal compartments. The discovery of various messenger RNA molecules in both dendrites and axons is suggestive of de novo protein synthesis in extrasomatic regions. The latter process has been demonstrated in few neuronal systems, but direct proof for the axonal transcription of a specific protein from a given messenger RNA is still lacking. This lack of fundamental knowledge in the field of cellular and molecular neurobiology is due primarily to both anatomical and experimental difficulties encountered in most animal preparations studied thus far. In this study we developed a neuronal experimental system comprising of individually identified neurons and their isolated axons from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. We injected a foreign messenger RNA encoding a peptide precursor into the isolated axons of cultured neurons; and utilizing cellular, molecular and immunocytochemical techniques, we provide direct evidence for specific protein synthesis in isolated axons. The Lymnaea model provides us with an opportunity to examine the role and specificity of de novo protein synthesis in the extrasomal regions.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Van Minnen}, J. and Bergman, J. J. and {Van Kesteren}, R. E. and Smit, A. B. and Geraerts, W. P.M. and Lukowiak, K. and Hasan, S. U. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00137-1},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Axons,Identified neurons,In situ hybridization,In vitro,Lymnaea,MRNA},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {1--7},\npublisher = {europepmc.org},\ntitle = {{Correspondence}},\nurl = {https://europepmc.org/article/med/9252215 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306452297001371},\nvolume = {80},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Related Conopressin Induces Two Separate Pacemaker Currents in an Identified Central Neuron of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Soest, P. F.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 78(3): 1384–1393. sep 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Related$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{VanSoest1997,\nabstract = {van Soest, Paul F. and Karel S. Kits. Vasopressin/oxytocin-related conopressin induces two separate pacemaker currents in an identified central neuron of Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1384–1393, 1997. The molluscan vasopressin/oxytocin analogue Lys-conopressin excites neurons in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Persistent inward currents that underlie the excitatory response were studied with the use of voltage-ramp protocols in the identified neuron RCB1 and other anterior lobe neurons. Under whole cell voltage-clamp conditions, two types of conopressin-activated current could be distinguished on the basis of their voltage dependence: 1) a pacemaker-like current that was activated at potentials above –40 mV (high-voltage-activated current, I HVA ) and 2) an inward current that was activated at all potentials between –90 and +10 mV (low-voltage-activated current, I LVA ). Ion substitution experiments indicate that sodium is the main charge carrier for I HVA and I LVA . Both currents are differentially affected by cadmium. I HVA and I LVA differ in dose dependence, with median effective concentration values of 7.7 × 10 −8 M and 2.2 × 10 −7 M, respectively. Vasopressin and oxytocin act as weak agonists for the conopressin responses. The kinetics of desensitization and washout of I HVA and I LVA are different. The HVA response shows little desensitization, whereas the LVA response desensitizes within minutes (time constant80 ± 28 s, mean ± SD). The time constant of washout on removal of conopressin is 159 ± 63 s for I HVA and 36 ± 13 s for I LVA . These results suggest that two distinct conopressin receptors are involved in the activation of both currents. The conopressin-activated currents induce or enhance a region of negative slope resistance in the steady-state current-voltage relation. They differ from a third persistent inward current that is carried by calcium and completely blocked by cadmium. The presumed functional roles of these currents, possibly including autoregulation, are discussed.},\nauthor = {van Soest, Paul F. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1384},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1384--1393},\npublisher = {American Physiological Society},\ntitle = {{Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Related Conopressin Induces Two Separate Pacemaker Currents in an Identified Central Neuron of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1384},\nvolume = {78},\nyear = {1997}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n van Soest, Paul F. and Karel S. Kits. Vasopressin/oxytocin-related conopressin induces two separate pacemaker currents in an identified central neuron of Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1384–1393, 1997. The molluscan vasopressin/oxytocin analogue Lys-conopressin excites neurons in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Persistent inward currents that underlie the excitatory response were studied with the use of voltage-ramp protocols in the identified neuron RCB1 and other anterior lobe neurons. Under whole cell voltage-clamp conditions, two types of conopressin-activated current could be distinguished on the basis of their voltage dependence: 1) a pacemaker-like current that was activated at potentials above –40 mV (high-voltage-activated current, I HVA ) and 2) an inward current that was activated at all potentials between –90 and +10 mV (low-voltage-activated current, I LVA ). Ion substitution experiments indicate that sodium is the main charge carrier for I HVA and I LVA . Both currents are differentially affected by cadmium. I HVA and I LVA differ in dose dependence, with median effective concentration values of 7.7 × 10 −8 M and 2.2 × 10 −7 M, respectively. Vasopressin and oxytocin act as weak agonists for the conopressin responses. The kinetics of desensitization and washout of I HVA and I LVA are different. The HVA response shows little desensitization, whereas the LVA response desensitizes within minutes (time constant80 ± 28 s, mean ± SD). The time constant of washout on removal of conopressin is 159 ± 63 s for I HVA and 36 ± 13 s for I LVA . These results suggest that two distinct conopressin receptors are involved in the activation of both currents. The conopressin-activated currents induce or enhance a region of negative slope resistance in the steady-state current-voltage relation. They differ from a third persistent inward current that is carried by calcium and completely blocked by cadmium. The presumed functional roles of these currents, possibly including autoregulation, are discussed.\n

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\n \n 1996\n \n \n (21)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Early Elements in Gastropod Neurogenesis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Croll, R. P.; and Voronezhskaya, E. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Developmental Biology, 173(1): 344–347. jan 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Early$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00655,\nabstract = {The first elements of the nervous system of pond snails appear in the very early veliger stage of development at much earlier times than any previously described neurons. The first three cells are reactive to antibodies raised against both the neuropeptide EMRFamide and tubulin and their somata are located posteriorly within the embryo, not in anterior regions, as would be consistent with current concepts of gastropod neurogenesis. furthermore, the extensive, anteriorly directed fibers from these cells appear to form a scaffold upon which the central ganglia and interconnecting pathways later develop. These findings challenge current thoughts on the origins of early embryonic neurons and on possible inductive cues and mechanisms of axonal navigation important in the development of the molluscan nervous system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Croll, Roger P. and Voronezhskaya, Elena E.},\ndoi = {10.1006/dbio.1996.0028},\nissn = {00121606},\njournal = {Developmental Biology},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {344--347},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Early Elements in Gastropod Neurogenesis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160696900287 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012160696900287},\nvolume = {173},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n CRNF, a Molluscan Neurotrophic Factor That Interacts with the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fainzilber, M.; Smit, A. B.; Syed, N. I.; Wildering, W. C.; Hermann, P. M.; van der Schors, R. C.; Jimenez, C.; Li, K. W.; van Minnen, J.; Bulloch, A. G. M.; Ibanez, C. F.; and Geraerts, W. P. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, 274(5292): 1540–1543. nov 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"CRNF,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00774,\nabstract = {A 13.1-kilodalton protein, cysteine-rich neurotrophic factor (CRNF), was purified from the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis by use of a binding assay on the p75 neurotrophin receptor. CRNF bound to p75 with nanomolar affinity but was not similar in sequence to neurotrophins or any other known gene product. CRNF messenger RNA expression was highest in adult foot subepithelial cells; in the central nervous system, expression was regulated by lesion. The factor evoked neurite outgrowth and modulated calcium currents in pedal motor neurons. Thus, CRNF may be involved in target-derived trophic support for motor neurons and could represent the prototype of another family of p75 ligands.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fainzilber, M. and Smit, A. B. and Syed, N. I. and Wildering, W. C. and Hermann, P. M. and van der Schors, R. C. and Jimenez, C. and Li, K. W. and van Minnen, J. and Bulloch, A. G. M. and Ibanez, C. F. and Geraerts, W. P. M.},\ndoi = {10.1126/science.274.5292.1540},\nissn = {0036-8075},\njournal = {Science},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {5292},\npages = {1540--1543},\npublisher = {science.sciencemag.org},\ntitle = {{CRNF, a Molluscan Neurotrophic Factor That Interacts with the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor}},\nurl = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/274/5292/1540.abstract https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5292.1540},\nvolume = {274},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of a putative mechanosensory neuron in Lymnaea: characterization of its synaptic and functional connections with the whole-body withdrawal interneuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Inoue, T.; Takasaki, M.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 76(5): 3230–3238. nov 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00760,\nabstract = {1. In this study, we identified a putative mechanosensory neuron in the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. This sensory neuron, termed right parietal dorsal 3 (RPD3), mediates part of the whole-body withdrawal behavior via the activation of a withdrawal interneuron. 2. RPD3 is located in the central ring ganglia, where its soma is situated on the dorsal surface of the right parietal ganglion. Intracellular injection of the dye Lucifer yellow revealed that RPD3 has both central and peripheral axonal projections. 3. In isolated-CNS preparations, RPD3 was quiescent. In semi-intact preparations, however, a gentle/moderate mechanical touch (by a pair of blunt forceps) to the mantle cavity or columellar musculature elicited action potentials in RPD3 in the absence of prepotential activity. Furthermore, mechanical stimulus-induced action potentials in RPD3 persisted in the presence of zero Ca2+/ high Mg2+ and high Ca2+/high Mg2+ salines. Together, these data suggest that RPD3 is most likely to be a primary sensory neuron. 4. In both isolated-CNS and semi-intact preparations, intracellular depolarization of RPD3 excited the whole-body withdrawal interneuron right pedal dorsal 11 (RPeD11). This synaptic connection persisted in the presence of high Ca2+ and high Mg2+ saline, suggesting that it is likely to be monosynaptic. Moreover, when stimulated electrically, the interneuron RPeD11 induced an hyperpolarizing response in RPD3. The possibility of this connection being monosynaptic was not tested, however, in the present study. Together, these data demonstrate that RPD3 excites RPeD11, which in turn may inhibit RPD3 activity. 5. In the semi-intact preparation, a mechanical touch to the mantle edge excited RPD3, which in turn generated action potentials in RPeD11. Zero Ca2+ saline blocked this synaptic connection between RPD3 and RPeD11, suggesting that it is chemical. 6. To demonstrate that RPD3 was sufficient to induce the withdrawal response and that the withdrawal behavior was mediated indirectly via RPeD11, we made simultaneous intracellular recordings from these two neurons while monitoring muscle contractions via a tension transducer. Intracellular depolarization of RPD3 elicited action potentials in RPeD11, followed by the contraction of the columellar muscle. Similar stimulation of RPD3 failed to excite a simultaneously hyperpolarized RPeD11 and as a result, no contraction of the columellar muscle occurred. Direct intracellular depolarization of RPeD11, however, induced the contraction of the columellar muscle. These data suggest that RPD3-induced withdrawal behavior is mediated in part via RPeD11.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Inoue, T. and Takasaki, M. and Lukowiak, K. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3230},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {3230--3238},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Identification of a putative mechanosensory neuron in Lymnaea: characterization of its synaptic and functional connections with the whole-body withdrawal interneuron}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3230 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3230},\nvolume = {76},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n 1. In this study, we identified a putative mechanosensory neuron in the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. This sensory neuron, termed right parietal dorsal 3 (RPD3), mediates part of the whole-body withdrawal behavior via the activation of a withdrawal interneuron. 2. RPD3 is located in the central ring ganglia, where its soma is situated on the dorsal surface of the right parietal ganglion. Intracellular injection of the dye Lucifer yellow revealed that RPD3 has both central and peripheral axonal projections. 3. In isolated-CNS preparations, RPD3 was quiescent. In semi-intact preparations, however, a gentle/moderate mechanical touch (by a pair of blunt forceps) to the mantle cavity or columellar musculature elicited action potentials in RPD3 in the absence of prepotential activity. Furthermore, mechanical stimulus-induced action potentials in RPD3 persisted in the presence of zero Ca2+/ high Mg2+ and high Ca2+/high Mg2+ salines. Together, these data suggest that RPD3 is most likely to be a primary sensory neuron. 4. In both isolated-CNS and semi-intact preparations, intracellular depolarization of RPD3 excited the whole-body withdrawal interneuron right pedal dorsal 11 (RPeD11). This synaptic connection persisted in the presence of high Ca2+ and high Mg2+ saline, suggesting that it is likely to be monosynaptic. Moreover, when stimulated electrically, the interneuron RPeD11 induced an hyperpolarizing response in RPD3. The possibility of this connection being monosynaptic was not tested, however, in the present study. Together, these data demonstrate that RPD3 excites RPeD11, which in turn may inhibit RPD3 activity. 5. In the semi-intact preparation, a mechanical touch to the mantle edge excited RPD3, which in turn generated action potentials in RPeD11. Zero Ca2+ saline blocked this synaptic connection between RPD3 and RPeD11, suggesting that it is chemical. 6. To demonstrate that RPD3 was sufficient to induce the withdrawal response and that the withdrawal behavior was mediated indirectly via RPeD11, we made simultaneous intracellular recordings from these two neurons while monitoring muscle contractions via a tension transducer. Intracellular depolarization of RPD3 elicited action potentials in RPeD11, followed by the contraction of the columellar muscle. Similar stimulation of RPD3 failed to excite a simultaneously hyperpolarized RPeD11 and as a result, no contraction of the columellar muscle occurred. Direct intracellular depolarization of RPeD11, however, induced the contraction of the columellar muscle. These data suggest that RPD3-induced withdrawal behavior is mediated in part via RPeD11.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inhibition of the respiratory pattern-generating neurons by an identified whole-body withdrawal interneuron of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Inoue; Takasaki; Lukowiak; and Syed\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of experimental biology, 199(Pt 9): 1887–98. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inhibition$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00812,\nabstract = {Respiration and the whole-body withdrawal are two incompatible behaviors in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Whole-body withdrawal behavior is believed to be higher on the behavioral hierarchy than respiratory behavior. A central pattern generator (CPG) underlies respiratory behavior; whole-body withdrawal is mediated by a network of electrically coupled neurons. In this study, we provide evidence that the behavioral hierarchy between the whole-body withdrawal and the respiratory behaviors is established at the interneuronal level. We demonstrate that an identified whole-body withdrawal interneuron inhibits both muscular and neuronal components of the respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. A pair of identified, electrically coupled interneurons, termed left and right pedal dorsal 11 (L/RPeD11), coordinates the whole-body withdrawal behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. In the present study, RPeD11 inhibited spontaneously occurring respiratory CPG activity in isolated brain preparations. In addition, electrical stimulation of RPeD11 in a semi-intact preparation also inhibited respiratory CPG interneuron RPeD1. The synaptic connections between RPeD11 and the respiratory CPG neurons RPeD1 and visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) persisted in the presence of high-Ca2+/high-Mg2+ saline, suggesting the possibility that they may be monosynaptic. In a semi-intact preparation (lung{\\&}shy;mantle, pneumostome and central nervous system), electrical stimulation of RPeD11 induced pneumostome and columellar muscle contractions while inhibiting the activity of RPeD1. Moreover, mechanical stimulation of the respiratory orifice, the pneumostome, excited RPeD11, while its effects on the respiratory CPG neuron (RPeD1) were inhibitory. To determine the monosynaptic nature of connections between RPeD11 and the respiratory CPG neurons in the intact nervous system, we constructed these synapses in culture. RPeD11 and individual respiratory interneurons were isolated from their respective ganglia and co-cultured under conditions that support neurite outgrowth. Following neuritic overlap, RPeD11 was found to establish inhibitory synapses with the respiratory interneurons, supporting the hypothesis that these synaptic connections are likely to be monosynaptic in the intact central nervous system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Inoue and Takasaki and Lukowiak and Syed},\nissn = {1477-9145},\njournal = {The Journal of experimental biology},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,central pattern generator,identified neuron,in vitro,mollusc,rhythmic behavior,synapse formation,withdrawal behavior},\nnumber = {Pt 9},\npages = {1887--98},\npmid = {9319800},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Inhibition of the respiratory pattern-generating neurons by an identified whole-body withdrawal interneuron of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.academia.edu/download/50873746/Inhibition{\\_}of{\\_}the{\\_}respiratory{\\_}pattern-ge20161213-26553-fvjgz3.pdf https://jeb.biologists.org/content/199/9/1887.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9319800},\nvolume = {199},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Respiration and the whole-body withdrawal are two incompatible behaviors in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Whole-body withdrawal behavior is believed to be higher on the behavioral hierarchy than respiratory behavior. A central pattern generator (CPG) underlies respiratory behavior; whole-body withdrawal is mediated by a network of electrically coupled neurons. In this study, we provide evidence that the behavioral hierarchy between the whole-body withdrawal and the respiratory behaviors is established at the interneuronal level. We demonstrate that an identified whole-body withdrawal interneuron inhibits both muscular and neuronal components of the respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. A pair of identified, electrically coupled interneurons, termed left and right pedal dorsal 11 (L/RPeD11), coordinates the whole-body withdrawal behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. In the present study, RPeD11 inhibited spontaneously occurring respiratory CPG activity in isolated brain preparations. In addition, electrical stimulation of RPeD11 in a semi-intact preparation also inhibited respiratory CPG interneuron RPeD1. The synaptic connections between RPeD11 and the respiratory CPG neurons RPeD1 and visceral dorsal 4 (VD4) persisted in the presence of high-Ca2+/high-Mg2+ saline, suggesting the possibility that they may be monosynaptic. In a semi-intact preparation (lungmantle, pneumostome and central nervous system), electrical stimulation of RPeD11 induced pneumostome and columellar muscle contractions while inhibiting the activity of RPeD1. Moreover, mechanical stimulation of the respiratory orifice, the pneumostome, excited RPeD11, while its effects on the respiratory CPG neuron (RPeD1) were inhibitory. To determine the monosynaptic nature of connections between RPeD11 and the respiratory CPG neurons in the intact nervous system, we constructed these synapses in culture. RPeD11 and individual respiratory interneurons were isolated from their respective ganglia and co-cultured under conditions that support neurite outgrowth. Following neuritic overlap, RPeD11 was found to establish inhibitory synapses with the respiratory interneurons, supporting the hypothesis that these synaptic connections are likely to be monosynaptic in the intact central nervous system.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Atrophy and degeneration of peptidergic neurons and cessation of egg laying in the aging pond snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Janse, C.; van der Roest, M.; Jansen, R. F.; Montagne-Wajer, C.; and Boer, H. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 29(2): 202–212. feb 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Atrophy$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00191,\nabstract = {The morphology of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs), which are involved in the regulation of female reproduction in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, was studied in young (200 to 234 days of age) and old (400 to 500 days) animals. Lucifer Yellow fills of ventral CDCs showed that in young animals ventral CDCs branch ipsilaterally as well as contralaterally in the cerebral commissure. In old animals these branches were reduced at different degrees and in some cases even lacking completely, leaving only an axon crossing the commissure. Immunocytochemical stainings with antibodies against CDC peptides (CDCH-1 and $\\alpha$CDCP) corroborated the finding that ventral CDCs degenerate. Among the other types of CDCs (dorsal, lateral), degeneration was found as well. The immunocytochemical findings showed that in old animals the axon terminals of the CDCs were strongly stained, indicating that they are packed with secretory vesicles containing peptides. It was also found that these darkly stained, peptide-containing axon terminals protruded into the perineurium. These findings suggest that accumulation of peptides in the terminals of the CDCs of old animals may be due to the impaired release. The relationship between atrophy and degenerations of CDCs and cessation of egg- laying activity in Lymnaea is discussed.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Janse, C. and van der Roest, M. and Jansen, R. F. and Montagne-Wajer, C. and Boer, H. H.},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199602)29:2<202::AID-NEU6>3.0.CO;2-E},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {mollusc,neuronal death,neuronal degeneration,peptidergic neurons,post- reproductive period},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {202--212},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Atrophy and degeneration of peptidergic neurons and cessation of egg laying in the aging pond snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199602)29:2{\\%}3C202::AID-NEU6{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-E http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\\%}28SICI{\\%}291097-4695{\\%}28199602{\\%}2929{\\%}3A2{\\%}3C202{\\%}3A{\\%}3AAID-NEU6{\\%}3E3.0.CO{\\%}3B2-E},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Spontaneous switching between ortho- and antidromic spiking as the normal mode of firing in the cerebral giant neurons of freely behaving Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jansen, R. F.; Pieneman, A. W.; and ter Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 76(6): 4206–4209. dec 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Spontaneous$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00255,\nabstract = {1. Action-potential generation at sites remote from the cell body leads to antidromic firing and occurs in a wide variety of animals and experimental circumstances. Remote sites of spike generation may play a role in the functional subdivision of the axonal branches of a neuron and are also thought to play a role in synaptic integration. 2. Spontaneous ortho- and antidromic firing was investigated by recording the electrical activity of somata and axons of a pair of identified giant neurons [cerebral giant cells (CGCs)] in freely behaving animals. 3. At the soma of each CGC, the shape of the extracellular action potential was not constant but jumped between two well-defined levels. Subsequent recordings of synchronous firing in both cell bodies showed that the shape of the extracellular action potential depended on the firing sequence of the two CGCs. 4. Simultaneous recordings of the cell body and the main axon of a single CGC showed that spontaneous changes in the direction of spike conduction (orthodromic or antidromic) occurred. These changes in the direction of spike conduction coincided with the changes in the shapes of the extracellular action potentials recorded from the somata. 5. These results show that, under physiological conditions, spontaneous switching occurs between ortho- and antidromic spiking in the CGCs, and that action-potential generation at sites remote from the cell body is a physiologically relevant mechanism.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Jansen, Rene F. and Pieneman, Anton W. and ter Maat, A.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4206},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {4206--4209},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Spontaneous switching between ortho- and antidromic spiking as the normal mode of firing in the cerebral giant neurons of freely behaving Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4206 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4206},\nvolume = {76},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Myomodulin Gene of Lymnaea : Structure, Expression, and Analysis of Neuropeptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kellett, E.; Perry, S. J.; Santama, N.; Worster, B. M.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 16(16): 4949–4957. aug 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Myomodulin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00204,\nabstract = {The myomodulin family of neuropeptides is an important group of neural cotransmitters in molluscs and is known to be present in the neural network that controls feeding behavior in the snail Lymnaea. Here we show that a single gene encodes five structurally similar forms of myomodulin: GLQMLRLamide, QIPMLRLamide, SMSMLRLamide, SLSMLRLamide, and PMSMLRLamide, the latter being present in nine copies. Analysis of the organization of the gene indicates that it is transcribed as a single spliced transcript from an upstream promoter region that contains multiple cAMP-responsive elements, as well as putative elements with homology to tissue-specific promoter-binding sites. The presence in nervous tissue of two of the peptides, GLQMLRLamide and PMSMLRLamide, is confirmed by mass spectrometry. In situ hybridization analysis indicates that the gene is expressed in specific cells in all ganglia of the CNS of Lymnaea, which will allow physiological analysis of the function of myomodulins at the level of single identified neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kellett, Elaine and Perry, Stephen J. and Santama, Niovi and Worster, Belinda M. and Benjamin, Paul R. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-04949.1996},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,gene,molluscs,myomodulin,neuronal modulation,neuropeptide},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {16},\npages = {4949--4957},\npmid = {8756426},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Myomodulin Gene of Lymnaea : Structure, Expression, and Analysis of Neuropeptides}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/16/4949.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-04949.1996},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cell Type-Specific Sorting of Neuropeptides: A Mechanism to Modulate Peptide Composition of Large Dense-Core Vesicles.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Klumperman, J.; Spijker, S.; van Minnen, J.; Sharp-Baker, H.; Smit, A. B.; and Geraerts, W. P. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 16(24): 7930–7940. dec 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cell$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00257,\nabstract = {The CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis contains two populations of egg-laying hormone (ELH)-producing neurons that differ in size and topology. In type I neurons, all peptides located C-terminally from the cleavage site Arg-Ser- Arg-Arg180-183 are sorted into secretory large dense-core vesicles (LDCV), whereas N-terminal-located peptides accumulate in a distinct type of vesicle, the large electrondense granule (LEG). Via immunoelectron microscopy, we now show that the second population of ELH-producing neurons, type II neurons, lack LEG and incorporate all proELH-derived peptides into LDCV. This finding provides the first example of a cell type-specific sorting of neuropeptides into LDCV. Furthermore, we provide evidence that LEG are formed through a differential condensation process in the trans-Golgi network and that these bodies are ultimately degraded. Analysis of the endoprotease composition of the two types of proELH-producing neurons suggests that the formation of LEG, and consequently the retention of N-terminal peptides from the secretory pathway, requires the action of a furin-like protein.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Klumperman, Judith and Spijker, Sabine and van Minnen, Jan and Sharp-Baker, Hilary and Smit, August B. and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-24-07930.1996},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {LDCV,Lymnaea,egg laying,furin,immunoelectron microscopy,neuropeptides,processing,sorting},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {24},\npages = {7930--7940},\npmid = {8987821},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Cell Type-Specific Sorting of Neuropeptides: A Mechanism to Modulate Peptide Composition of Large Dense-Core Vesicles}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/24/7930.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-24-07930.1996},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Ringseis, E.; Spencer, G.; Wildering, W.; and Syed, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Biology, 199(3): 683–691. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Operant$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00077,\nabstract = {In this study, we operantly conditioned the aerial respiratory behaviour of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnate. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea stagnalis is accomplished by the spontaneous opening and closing of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome, at the water surface. Weak tactile stimulation of the pneumostome area, when the pneumostome is open, evoked only the pneumostome closure response, which is one aspect of the escape-withdrawal reflex. Pneumostome stimulation resulted in its closure and the termination of aerial respiratory activity. A contingent tactile stimulation paradigm was used to operantly condition the animals. Stimulation of the pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe resulted in significantly fewer attempts to open the pneumostome as training progressed. The latency of the first breath (subsequent to stimulation), the number of breaths and the total breathing time were measured before and after each training period. Significant, quantifiable changes in these behavioural parameters were observed only in the operant conditioning group animals. Control animals receiving tactile stimulation to their pneumostome not contingent upon pneumostome opening movements (yoked controls) or those that were physically prevented from surfacing to breathe (hypoxic controls), did not exhibit significant changes in these behavioural parameters. Our data provide the first direct evidence for operant conditioning of respiration in any animal.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Ringseis, Erika and Spencer, Gaynor and Wildering, Wic and Syed, Naweed},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},\nkeywords = {Aerial respiratory behaviour,Associative learning,Hypoxia,Lymnaea stagnalis,Molluscan model system,Operant conditioning,Snail},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {683--691},\npmid = {9318425},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/199/3/683.short},\nvolume = {199},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Peptidergic neurohormonal control systems in invertebrates.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nässel, D. R\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6(6): 842–850. dec 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Peptidergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00712,\nabstract = {The concerted activity of many neuropeptides has been implicated in the neurohormonal control of specific behaviors and various physiological functions in some invertebrate model systems. What are the functional consequences of this neuropeptide multiplicity? The distinct actions of closely related neuropeptides have been detected in molluscs and insects; however, recent work provides examples of systems in which some of the multiple isoforms may be functionally redundant. Groups of functionally distinct neuropeptides encoded by the same gene can be expressed in different neurons by alternative gene splicing or cell-specific post-translational processing; therefore, as shown recently, they can be targeted for release as 'cocktails' to act on specific sets of muscles or neurons. One prominent role of neuropeptides is to modulate the activity of rhythm-generating circuits, as exemplified by recent research on mollusc neural networks, the crab stomatogastric ganglion, and fly circadian pacemakers.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {N{\\"{a}}ssel, Dick R},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80036-5},\nissn = {09594388},\njournal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {842--850},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Peptidergic neurohormonal control systems in invertebrates}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438896800365 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438896800365},\nvolume = {6},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Glutamate as a putative neurotransmitter in the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nesic, O.; Magoski, N.; McKenney, K.; Syed, N.; Lukowiak, K.; and Bulloch, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 75(4): 1255–1269. nov 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Glutamate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Nesic1996,\nabstract = {Bath-applied glutamate (10-1000 $\\mu$M) produced excitatory and inhibitory responses on numerous identified neurons of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Using both in situ and in vitro preparations, glutamate or glutamate agonists produced a depolarization in identified neurons right pedal dorsal 1 and right pedal dorsal 2 and 3. However, attempts to block glutamate-evoked responses with glutamate antagonists were unsuccessful. We examined a potential glutamatergic neuron, visceral dorsal 4. Exogenous application of the peptides (GDPFLRFamide and SDPFLRFamide) could mimic the inhibitory, but not the excitatory effects of visceral dorsal 4 on its postsynaptic cells, implying the presence of a second transmitter. We tested the possibility that glutamate is this second neurotransmitter by using excitatory synapses between visceral dorsal 4 and postsynaptic cells right pedal dorsal 2 and 3, right pedal dorsal 1, visceral F group and right parietal B group neurons. Of all the putative neurotransmitters tested, only glutamate had consistent excitatory effects on these postsynaptic cells. Also, the amplitude of the right pedal dorsal 2 and 3 excitatory postsynaptic potentials was reduced in the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate and other glutamate agonists, suggesting desensitization of the endogenous transmitter receptor. In conclusion, some identified Lymnaea neurons respond to glutamate via a receptor with novel pharmacological properties. Furthermore, a Lymnaea interneuron may employ glutamate as a transmitter at excitatory synapses.},\nauthor = {Nesic, O.B and Magoski, N.S and McKenney, K.K and Syed, N.I and Lukowiak, K. and Bulloch, A.G.M},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00241-2},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {CNS,excitatory amino acid,invertebrate,receptor,synapse},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1255--1269},\ntitle = {{Glutamate as a putative neurotransmitter in the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452296002412 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452296002412},\nvolume = {75},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Met-enkephalin and morphiceptin modulate a GABA-induced inward current in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis L.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n S.-Rózsa, K.; Rubakhin, S. S.; Szücs, A.; and Stefano, G. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 27(8): 1337–1345. dec 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Met-enkephalin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00197,\nabstract = {The interaction between GABA and opioid peptides (met-enkephalin and morphiceptin) was studied on the identified, isolated and internally perfused neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis L. (Gastropoda, Basommatophora). GABA (10-7-10-5 M) activated a Cl-dependent inward current with about -20 mV equilibrium potential. Slow and fast GABA-induced inward currents were recorded with different kinetic parameters in distinct identified neurons. Both types of GABA-induced inward currents were reduced or blocked by met-enkephalin (10-7-10-5 M) and morphiceptin (10-7-10-5 M) in a dose-dependent manner. GABA-activated fast inward current was modulated in a biphasic way in some neurons. Opioid reduction of the GABA-activated slow inward current was reversible, whereas the fast current was not. The reversible inhibition of the GABA-induced slow inward current produced by met-enkephalin or morphiceptin was naloxone (10-5-10-4 M)-sensitive, whereas the irreversible block of the fast GABA response was not antagonised by naloxone. Some additive effects between GABA and the peptides were also noted. The modulatory effect of the opioid peptides on the GABA response altered the peak current, the time-to-peak and inactivation time-course of the GABA-induced current. Thus, the identified, isolated and internally perfused neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis L. provide a useful model for studying postsynaptic mechanisms of interaction between GABA and opioid peptides. This interaction is a phenomenon of evolutionary significance because it is also found in mammals.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {S.-R{\\'{o}}zsa, Katalin and Rubakhin, Stanislav S. and Sz{\\"{u}}cs, Attila and Stefano, George B.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00147-4},\nissn = {03063623},\njournal = {General Pharmacology: The Vascular System},\nkeywords = {GABA,GABA-induced inward current,Lymnaea stagnalis,identified neurons,naloxone,opioid peptides},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1337--1345},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Met-enkephalin and morphiceptin modulate a GABA-induced inward current in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis L}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306362396001474 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306362396001474},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Post-translational Processing of the Alternative Neuropeptide Precursor Encoded by the FMRFamide Gene in the Pulmonate Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; Li, K.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 8(5): 968–977. may 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Post-translational$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Santama1996,\nabstract = {The neuropeptide gene encoding FMRFamide-like peptides in the pulmonate mollusc Lymnaea is subject to alternative splicing that generates cell-specific expression of distinct sets of peptides in the CNS. In this paper, we analyse the post-translational processing of the alternative protein precursor encoded by the exon I, Ill-V transcript (type 2 transcript). We raised anti-peptide antisera specific to distinct segments of the precursor in order to address the pattern of endoproteolytic cleavages, specifically around the tetrabasic site RRKR. We first showed that not all peptides predicted by the precursor structure are generated as final steady-state products. We then identified a novel peptide by biochemical purification, amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry-the 35 amino acid SDPFFRFGKQQVATDDSGELDDEILSRVSDDDKNI, which we termed the acidic peptide, previously not predicted on the basis of the precursor structure. This novel peptide, abundant in the snail brain (0.7 pmol per central nervous system), includes the N-terminal sequence SDPFFRF, which was previously considered to be a variant of the known heptapeptide SDPFLRFamide, also encoded within the same protein precursor. We showed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry that the acidic peptide is produced in all cells that transcribe type 2 FMRFamide mRNA. We mapped the expression of this novel peptide in the CNS and localized it mainly in three identifiable neuronal clusters - the E, F and B groups of cells - and some additional neurons, all situated in three of the eleven central ganglia. Immunoreactive neurons included the single identifiable visceral white interneuron (VWI or VD4), a key cell of the cardiorespiratory network.},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and Li, Ka and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Benjamin, Paul R. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01584.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Invertebrate neuron,Mass spectrometry,Neuropeptide precursor,Post-translational processing,Tetrabasic cleavage motif},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {968--977},\ntitle = {{Post-translational Processing of the Alternative Neuropeptide Precursor Encoded by the FMRFamide Gene in the Pulmonate Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01584.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01584.x},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Expression and characterization of molluscan insulin-related peptide VII from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A.; Spijker, S.; Van Minnen, J.; Burke, J.; De Winter, F.; Van Elk, R.; and Geraerts, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 70(2): 589–596. jan 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Expression$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Smit1996,\nabstract = {A complementary DNA clone encoding molluscan insulin-related peptide VII was identified from a complementary DNA library of the cerebral ganglia of the CNS of the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The novel molluscan insulin-related peptide VII complementary DNA encodes a preprohormone resembling the organization of preproinsulin, with a putative signal sequence, and an A and B chain, and is connected by an unusual long C peptide. The A and B chains, as well as the C peptide of molluscan insulin-related peptide VII, differ remarkably in primary structure with the previously identified molluscan insulin-related peptides. The C peptide of molluscan insulin-related peptide VII shares no significant sequence identity with counterparts in other molluscan insulin-related peptides. Both molluscan insulin-related peptide VII and the other molluscan insulin-related peptides exhibit structural features which make them a unique class of the insulin superfamily. Molluscan insulin-related peptide VII complementary DNA was shown to hybridize in situ with messenger RNA present in the cerebral light green cells, neuroendocrine cells that control growth and that have previously been shown to produce molluscan insulin-related peptides I-III and V. Uniquely, the molluscan insulin-related peptide VII gene is also expressed in neurons that may form part of the feeding circuitry in Lymnaea, indicating that it may function as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1995 IBRO. All rights reserved.},\nauthor = {Smit, A.B. and Spijker, S. and {Van Minnen}, J. and Burke, J.F. and {De Winter}, F. and {Van Elk}, R. and Geraerts, W.P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00378-9},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Feeding behavior,Growth},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {589--596},\ntitle = {{Expression and characterization of molluscan insulin-related peptide VII from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452295003789 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452295003789},\nvolume = {70},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Met-enkephalin Arg-Phe-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, F. G.; Parish, D. C.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 283(3): 479–491. feb 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Met-enkephalin$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00217,\nabstract = {The distribution of an opioid peptide related to YGGFMRF was determined in the CNS and other organs of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, by RIA and immunocytochemistry. RIA revealed the highest levels in the CNS (1 pmol/organ) and penis (400 fmol/organ). There were also significant levels in the haemolymph, most of which was not associated with haemocytes (580 fmol/ml). Both serial section and whole-mount immunocytochemistry of the CNS revealed immunoreactive cells in every ganglion with the majority in the cerebral and pedal ganglia. In the pedal ganglia some of the immunoreactive cells were close to the cells of the A-cluster, which are known to respond to opioids, and could innervate them. In the cerebral ganglia the immunoreactive cells included a group of neurosecretory cells, the caudo dorsal cells (CDCs) and the terminals of these cells in the cerebral commissure were also stained. The CDCs secrete peptides into the haemolymph and so could be the source of the YGGFMRF immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity (including the CDCs) was observed in locations that correspond to those reported for other fragments of proenkephalin, such as Met- and Leu-enkephalin, suggesting that they may share a common precursor, a Lymnaea proenkephalin. A map of the 358 YGGFMRF-immunoreactive cells in the CNS is presented, many of which have not been previously identified.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smith, F. G. and Parish, D. C. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1007/s004410050559},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Immunocytochemistry,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Met-enkephalin,Opioids},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {479--491},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Met-enkephalin Arg-Phe-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004410050559 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s004410050559},\nvolume = {283},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dopamine regulation of neurite outgrowth from identified Lymnaea neurons in culture.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spencer, G. E.; Lukowiak, K.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 16(5): 577–589. sep 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dopamine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00341,\nabstract = {1. An identified dopaminergic interneuron (RPeD1) of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, makes specific synaptic connections with a number of target (VI and VJ) but not non-target (VF and RPB) neurons in vivo. When cultured in vitro with both target and non-target cells, RPeD1 re-establishes synapses with target cells only. 2. To test whether exogenous dopamine exerts effects on the neurite outgrowth of both target and non-target neurons respectively, these cells were cultured in conditioned media (CM) in the presence of dopamine (10-5 M). The growth of the non-target cells was severely restricted and retarded in the presence of dopamine. These data suggest that dopamine may regulate neurite outgrowth of non-target cells in culture. 3. The growth regulatory effects of dopamine on the non-target cells were blocked in the presence of a dopamine receptor antagonist (R(+) SCH-23390, 10-4 M). These results indicate that dopamine-induced growth regulation of the non-target cells is mediated via dopamine receptors on these cells. 4. In the absence of conditioned media, dopamine was not sufficient to exert growth promoting effects on either target or non-target cells. 5. Taken together, our data show that dopamine differentially regulates growth of identified Lymnaea neurons in culture. Dopamine alone, however, is not sufficient to initiate and support neurite outgrowth from these cells. Rather, it functions to suppress the neurite outgrowth of the non-target cells, initiated by the conditioned media.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Spencer, G. E. and Lukowiak, K. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02152058},\nissn = {0272-4340},\njournal = {Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {development,dopamine,in vitro,molluscs,neurite outgrowth,neurotransmitters,synapse formation},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {577--589},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Dopamine regulation of neurite outgrowth from identified Lymnaea neurons in culture}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02152058.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02152058},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structure and pharmacological properties of a molluscan glutamate-gated cation channel and its likely role in feeding behavior.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Stühmer, T.; Amar, M.; Harvey, R. J.; Bermudez, I.; Van Minnen, J.; and Darlison, M. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 16(9): 2869–2880. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structure$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00330,\nabstract = {We describe the isolation of a molluscan (Lymnaea stagnalis) full-length complementary DNA that encodes a mature polypeptide (which we have named Lym- eGluR2) with a predicted molecular weight of 105 kDa that exhibits 44-48{\\%} identity to the mammalian kainate-selective glutamate receptor GluR5, GluR6, and GluR7 subunits. Injection of in vitro-transcribed RNA from this clone into Xenopus laevis oocytes results in the robust expression of homo- oligomeric cation channels that can be gated by L-glutamate (EC50 = 1.2 ± 0.3 $\\mu$M) and several other glutamate receptor agonists; rank order of potency: glutamate {\\textgreater}{\\textgreater} kainate {\\textgreater} ibotenate {\\textgreater} AMPA. These currents can be blocked by the mammalian non-NMDA receptor antagonists 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, and 1- (4-chlorobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. Ionic-replacement experiments have shown that the agonist-induced current is carried entirely by sodium and potassium ions. In situ hybridization has revealed that the Lym-eGluR2 transcript is present in all 11 ganglia of the Lymnaea CNS, including the 4-cluster motorneurons within the paired buccal ganglia. The pharmacological properties and deduced location of Lym-eGluR2 are entirely consistent with it being (a component of) the receptor, which has been identified previously on buccal motorneurons, that mediates the excitatory effects of glutamate released from neurons within the feeding central pattern generator.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {St{\\"{u}}hmer, Thorsten and Amar, Muriel and Harvey, Robert J. and Bermudez, Isabel and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Darlison, Mark G.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.16-09-02869.1996},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {4-cluster motorneurons,Xenopus oocyte expression,buccal ganglion,complementary DNA cloning,feeding behavior,in situ hybridization,ion channel,ionotropic glutamate receptor,kainate receptor,mollusc (Lymnaea stagnalis)},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {2869--2880},\npmid = {8622118},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Structure and pharmacological properties of a molluscan glutamate-gated cation channel and its likely role in feeding behavior}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/9/2869.short},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ciliary neurotrophic factor, unlike nerve growth factor, supports neurite outgrowth but not synapse formation by adult Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N.; Richardson, P.; and Bulloch, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 29(3): 293–303. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ciliary$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00540,\nabstract = {The nerve growth factor (NGF) family and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) support survival and/or neurite outgrowth of many cell types. However, it is not known whether the neurite outgrowth induced by neurotrophic factors results in the formation of synapses. We tested NGF and CNTF for their ability to induce neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in vitro by interneurons from the mollusc Lymnaea. Dopaminergic and peptidergic interneurons survived in the absence of neurotrophic factors but exhibited robust outgrowth in response to both NGF and CNTF. Chemical synapses formed between these interneurons and their target neurons cultured in NGF, but synapses were absent in CNTF. Survival, neurite outgrowth, and synaptogenesis are therefore differentially regulated in these neurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Syed, Naweed and Richardson, Peter and Bulloch, Andrew},\ndoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199603)29:3<293::AID-NEU2>3.0.CO;2-4},\nissn = {00223034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {culture,mollusc,neurotrophic factor,outgrowth,synaptogenesis},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {293--303},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Ciliary neurotrophic factor, unlike nerve growth factor, supports neurite outgrowth but not synapse formation by adult Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199603)29:3{\\%}3C293::AID-NEU2{\\%}3E3.0.CO;2-4},\nvolume = {29},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Co-evolution of ligand-receptor pairs in the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of bioactive peptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Kesteren, R. E.; Tensen, C. P.; Smit, A. B.; Van Minnen, J.; Kolakowski, L. F.; Meyerhof, W.; Richter, D.; Van Heerikhuizen, H.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and Geraerts, W. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271(7): 3619–3626. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Co-evolution$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00615,\nabstract = {In order to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the co- evolution of related yet functionally distinct peptide-receptor pairs, we study receptors for the vasopressin-related peptide Lys-conopressin in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. In addition to a previously cloned Lys-conopressin receptor (LSCPR1), we have now identified a novel Lys-conopressin receptor subtype, named LSCPR2. The two receptors have a differential distribution in the reproductive organs and the brain, which suggests that they are involved in the control of distinct aspects of reproduction and mediate transmitter- like and/or modulatory effects of Lys-conopressin on different types of central neurons. In contrast to LSCPR1, LSCPR2 is maximally activated by both Lys-conopressin and Ile-conopressin, an oxytocin-like synthetic analog of Lys-conopressin. Together with a study of the phylogenetic relationships of Lys-conopressin receptors and their vertebrate counterparts, these data suggest that LSCPR2 represents an ancestral receptor to the vasopressin/oxytocin receptor family in the vertebrates. Based on our findings, we provide a theory of the molecular co-evolution of the functionally distinct ligand-receptor pairs of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of bioactive peptides.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Van Kesteren}, Ronald E. and Tensen, Cornelis P. and Smit, August B. and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Kolakowski, Lee F. and Meyerhof, Wolfgang and Richter, Dietmar and {Van Heerikhuizen}, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno and Geraerts, Wijnand P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1074/jbc.271.7.3619},\nissn = {00219258},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},\nnumber = {7},\npages = {3619--3626},\npmid = {8631971},\npublisher = {ASBMB},\ntitle = {{Co-evolution of ligand-receptor pairs in the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of bioactive peptides}},\nurl = {https://www.jbc.org/content/271/7/3619.short},\nvolume = {271},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Food-related conditioning and neuronal correlates in the freshwater snail lymnaea stagna lis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Whelan, H. A.; and Mccrohan, C. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molluscan Studies, 62(4): 483–494. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Food-related$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00126,\nabstract = {The feeding response of Lymnaea stagnalis shows robust appetitive conditioning to a novel chemostimulus (amyl acetate), which is retained for more than 4 days. In semi-isolated central nervous system (CNS)-lip preparations taken from conditioned snails, application of amyl acetate to lip tissue led to the onset of fictive feeding in 5/17 individuals, and excitation of an identified c{\\'{e}}r{\\'{e}}bral-buccal feeding interneuron, CVla. in a further 8. Control group snails showed no response to amyl acetate. Attempts were made to aversively condition L. stagnalis using a food stimulus (sucrose) as the conditioned stimulus and either an electric shock or mechanical stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus. No conditioned response to sucrose (i.e. withdrawal) was seen following training. However, trained snails exhibited a reduction in responsiveness which was manifest as inhibition of the feeding response to sucrose and an increase in the time taken to emerge from the shell following handling. This reduced responsiveness was seen at 1 hr but was lost by 24 hr after training, and was not observed in control group snails. Semi-isolated CNS-lip preparations from experimental snails recorded 1-3 hr after training exhibited either inhibition of fictive feeding or no response following application of sucrose. Control group snails showed the normal excitatory response to sucrose including induction of feeding motor output. Differences in food-related learning between Lymnaea and other gastropod species are discussed in relation to lifestyle and feeding strategies. {\\textcopyright} The Malacological Society of London 1996.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Whelan, H. A. and Mccrohan, C. R.},\ndoi = {10.1093/mollus/62.4.483},\nissn = {02601230},\njournal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {483--494},\npublisher = {academic.oup.com},\ntitle = {{Food-related conditioning and neuronal correlates in the freshwater snail lymnaea stagna lis}},\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/62/4/483/1053949},\nvolume = {62},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Central pattern generator interneurons are targets for the modulatory serotonergic cerebral giant cells in the feeding system of Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M. S.; Brierley, M. J.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 75(1): 11–25. 1996.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Central$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00928,\nabstract = {1. The objective of the experiments was to explore the modulatory functions of the serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) of the Lymnaea feeding system by examining their synaptic connections with the central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons and the modulatory slow oscillator (SO) interneuron. 2. One type of modulatory function, 'gating,' requires that the CGCs fire tonically at a minimum of 7 spikes/min. Above this minimum level the CGCs control the frequency of CPG interneuron oscillation-'frequency control,' a second type of modulation. In an SO-driven fictive feeding rhythm, an increase in the frequency of the rhythm, with increased CGC firing rate, resulted from a reduction in the duration of the N1 (protraction) and N2 (rasp) phases of the feeding cycle with little effect on the N3 (swallow) phase. 3. The CGCs excited the N1 phase interneurons SO and N1M (N1 medial) cells but had no consistent effects on the N1 lateral cells. The CGC → SO postsynaptic response was probably monosynaptic (≤200 ms in duration) with unitary 1:1 excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) following each CGC spike. The CGC → N1M excitatory response was slow and nonunitary, and a burst of CGC spikes evoked a depolarization of the N1M cells that lasted up to 10 s and triggered N1M cell bursts. Both CGC → SO and CGC → N1M excitatory responses could be mimicked by the focal application of serotonin (5-HT). 4. Both CGC → SO and CGC → N1M excitatory connections systematically increased the N1M cell firing rate within the CGCs' physiological firing range (0-40 spikes/min). This was due to both the direct (CGC → N1M) and indirect (CGC → SO → N1M) excitatory synaptic pathways. The CGC-induced increase in N1M cell firing rate probably accounted for the reduced duration of the N1M cell feeding burst by causing a more rapid reversal of the feeding cycle from the N1 phase to the N2 phase. This phase reversal was due to the previously described recurrent inhibitory pathway (N1 → N2 excitation followed by N2 → N1 inhibition). 5. The CGCs' ability to provide a depolarizing drive to the N1M cells meant that this excitatory connection was also likely to be important for gating. 6. Activity in the CGCs produced nonunitary, long-lasting, excitatory postsynaptic responses on the N2 ventral (N2v) CPG interneurons, and these were likely to be involved in both the gating and the frequency control by the CGCs on the N2 phase of the feeding rhythm. Suppressing CGC tonic firing initially increased the duration of the N2v plateau (which determines the duration of the N2 phase of the feeding cycle, frequency function) but eventually led to a loss of N2v plateauing (gating function). 7. Nonunitary, weakly inhibitory CGC → N2 dorsal responses were recorded that could be mimicked by the application of 5-HT. 8. Spikes in the CGCs evoked 1:1 monosynaptic EPSPs in the N3 tonic (N3t) CPG interneurons. This excitatory effect could be mimicked by the application of 5-HT. Within the physiological range of CGC firing, this excitation did not appear to influence the firing rate of the N3t cells. 9. N3 phasic (N3p) CPG interneurons showed biphasic (hyperpolarizing followed by depolarizing) unitary responses to spikes evoked in the CGCs. The inhibitory synaptic response was maintained in a high-Ca2+/high-Mg2+ (Hi-Di) saline and was mimicked by the focal application of 5-HT, indicating that it was probably monosynaptic. The excitatory component was, however, reduced in a Hi-Di saline, indicating that it was probably polysynaptic. Suppressing the CGCs during an SO-driven feeding rhythm caused the N3p cells to fire less, suggesting that the removal of the excitatory component of the response might be significant. 10. We conclude that the general depolarizing effects of the CGCs on a number of the CPG cell types may provide one explanation of the CGCs' ability to gate the feeding CPG. These excitatory responses fell into two classes. Either the recorded responses were unitary, lasting {\\~{}}200 ms (cf. SO and N3p and N3t cells), or the responses lasted much longer, {\\~{}}- 10 s (cf. N1M and N2v cell types). Gating may also involve affects on the endogenous properties of a subset of the CPG interneurons. These include the N1M cells (triggering bursts) and N2v cells (necessary for plateauing). Several of the CGCs' effects on the CPG interneurons could explain their ability to control the frequency of an SO-driven rhythm. First, by exciting the SO, N1M, and N2v cell types, they could control the duration of the N1 phase of the feeding cycle. Second, by influencing the duration of the N2v plateau they could determine the duration of the N2 phase of the feeding cycle. 11. CGC stimulation or the application of 5-HT causes responses on the CPG interneurons that last a maximum of 10 s. However, the effects seen after suppression of CGC activity take many minutes to have complete effect.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. S. and Brierley, M. J. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1996.75.1.11},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {11--25},\npmid = {8822538},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Central pattern generator interneurons are targets for the modulatory serotonergic cerebral giant cells in the feeding system of Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1996.75.1.11},\nvolume = {75},\nyear = {1996}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n 1. The objective of the experiments was to explore the modulatory functions of the serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) of the Lymnaea feeding system by examining their synaptic connections with the central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons and the modulatory slow oscillator (SO) interneuron. 2. One type of modulatory function, 'gating,' requires that the CGCs fire tonically at a minimum of 7 spikes/min. Above this minimum level the CGCs control the frequency of CPG interneuron oscillation-'frequency control,' a second type of modulation. In an SO-driven fictive feeding rhythm, an increase in the frequency of the rhythm, with increased CGC firing rate, resulted from a reduction in the duration of the N1 (protraction) and N2 (rasp) phases of the feeding cycle with little effect on the N3 (swallow) phase. 3. The CGCs excited the N1 phase interneurons SO and N1M (N1 medial) cells but had no consistent effects on the N1 lateral cells. The CGC → SO postsynaptic response was probably monosynaptic (≤200 ms in duration) with unitary 1:1 excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) following each CGC spike. The CGC → N1M excitatory response was slow and nonunitary, and a burst of CGC spikes evoked a depolarization of the N1M cells that lasted up to 10 s and triggered N1M cell bursts. Both CGC → SO and CGC → N1M excitatory responses could be mimicked by the focal application of serotonin (5-HT). 4. Both CGC → SO and CGC → N1M excitatory connections systematically increased the N1M cell firing rate within the CGCs' physiological firing range (0-40 spikes/min). This was due to both the direct (CGC → N1M) and indirect (CGC → SO → N1M) excitatory synaptic pathways. The CGC-induced increase in N1M cell firing rate probably accounted for the reduced duration of the N1M cell feeding burst by causing a more rapid reversal of the feeding cycle from the N1 phase to the N2 phase. This phase reversal was due to the previously described recurrent inhibitory pathway (N1 → N2 excitation followed by N2 → N1 inhibition). 5. The CGCs' ability to provide a depolarizing drive to the N1M cells meant that this excitatory connection was also likely to be important for gating. 6. Activity in the CGCs produced nonunitary, long-lasting, excitatory postsynaptic responses on the N2 ventral (N2v) CPG interneurons, and these were likely to be involved in both the gating and the frequency control by the CGCs on the N2 phase of the feeding rhythm. Suppressing CGC tonic firing initially increased the duration of the N2v plateau (which determines the duration of the N2 phase of the feeding cycle, frequency function) but eventually led to a loss of N2v plateauing (gating function). 7. Nonunitary, weakly inhibitory CGC → N2 dorsal responses were recorded that could be mimicked by the application of 5-HT. 8. Spikes in the CGCs evoked 1:1 monosynaptic EPSPs in the N3 tonic (N3t) CPG interneurons. This excitatory effect could be mimicked by the application of 5-HT. Within the physiological range of CGC firing, this excitation did not appear to influence the firing rate of the N3t cells. 9. N3 phasic (N3p) CPG interneurons showed biphasic (hyperpolarizing followed by depolarizing) unitary responses to spikes evoked in the CGCs. The inhibitory synaptic response was maintained in a high-Ca2+/high-Mg2+ (Hi-Di) saline and was mimicked by the focal application of 5-HT, indicating that it was probably monosynaptic. The excitatory component was, however, reduced in a Hi-Di saline, indicating that it was probably polysynaptic. Suppressing the CGCs during an SO-driven feeding rhythm caused the N3p cells to fire less, suggesting that the removal of the excitatory component of the response might be significant. 10. We conclude that the general depolarizing effects of the CGCs on a number of the CPG cell types may provide one explanation of the CGCs' ability to gate the feeding CPG. These excitatory responses fell into two classes. Either the recorded responses were unitary, lasting \\ 200 ms (cf. SO and N3p and N3t cells), or the responses lasted much longer, \\ - 10 s (cf. N1M and N2v cell types). Gating may also involve affects on the endogenous properties of a subset of the CPG interneurons. These include the N1M cells (triggering bursts) and N2v cells (necessary for plateauing). Several of the CGCs' effects on the CPG interneurons could explain their ability to control the frequency of an SO-driven rhythm. First, by exciting the SO, N1M, and N2v cell types, they could control the duration of the N1 phase of the feeding cycle. Second, by influencing the duration of the N2v plateau they could determine the duration of the N2 phase of the feeding cycle. 11. CGC stimulation or the application of 5-HT causes responses on the CPG interneurons that last a maximum of 10 s. However, the effects seen after suppression of CGC activity take many minutes to have complete effect.\n

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\n \n 1995\n \n \n (23)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Channel gating in the absence of agonist by a homooligomeric molluscan GABA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes from a cloned cDNA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bhandal, N. S.; Ramsey, R. L.; Harvey, R. J.; Darlison, M. G.; and Usherwood, P. N. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 1(3): 267–272. dec 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Channel$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00403,\nabstract = {We have previously described the isolation of a complementary DNA (cDNA) from the freshwater mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis encoding a polypeptide that exhibits ∼50{\\%} identity to the {\\ss}-subunits of vertebrate $\\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A (GABAA) receptor. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes from in vitro-transcribed RNA, the snail subunit forms functional homo-oligomeric receptors possessing chloride-selective ion channels. In recordings from voltage-clamped oocytes held at -60 mV, GABA induced an inward current, whereas application of the chloride-channel blocker picrotoxin (in the absence of agonist) elicited an apparent outward current. Single channel recordings obtained from cell-attached patches have revealed a single population of ∼20 pS channels, with an open probability greater than 90{\\%} (at a pipette potential of -100 mV) in the absence of GABA. The relationship between single channel current and pipette potential was linear over the studied range (-100 mV to +60 mV), but the open probability was less for hyperpolarizations than for depolarizations. The spontaneous channel openings were blocked by micromolar concentrations of picrotoxin. Functional hetero-oligomeric receptors were formed when the molluscan subunit was co-expressed in oocytes with the bovine GABAA receptor $\\alpha$1-subunit, but the channels gated by these receptors did not open spontaneously. {\\textcopyright} 1995 Sheffield Academic Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bhandal, Narotam S. and Ramsey, Robert L. and Harvey, Robert J. and Darlison, Mark G. and Usherwood, Peter N. R.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02211028},\nissn = {1354-2516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {GABA receptors,Xenopus oocytes,mollusc (Lymnaea stagnalis),picrotoxin,single-channel recordings,spontaneous channel openings},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {267--272},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Channel gating in the absence of agonist by a homooligomeric molluscan GABA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes from a cloned cDNA}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02211028.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02211028},\nvolume = {1},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ultrastructural neuropathologic effects of Taxol on neurons of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Boer, H. H.; Moorer-van Delft, C. M.; Muller, L. J.; Kiburg, B.; Vermorken, J. B.; and Heimans, J. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 25(1): 49–57. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ultrastructural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00305,\nabstract = {Cerebral ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis were incubated in vitro in 10 $\\mu$M Taxol for 8 and 24 h. Cremophor EL (0.1{\\%}) was used as a diluant. The tissue was processed for electron microscopy. Various ultrastructural parameters were assessed quantitatively. Cremophor EL appeared to seriously affect the cell somata of the multipeptidergic caudodorsal cells. In the Cremophor-controls the mean area of Golgi zones, the percentage dense material (neuropeptides) in these zones, the number of large electron dense granules (these are involved in neuropeptide processing) and the mean nuclear heterochromatin clump size, were significantly smaller than in the Ringer-controls, whereas the number of lipid droplets was higher. All these parameters, except for the lipid droplets, were not different in the Cremophor-controls and the Taxol-treated specimens. After 24 h treatment, but not after 8 h, Cremophor EL furthermore induced an increase in the number of axonal microtubules. It is argued that the results might signify activation of the neurons by Cremophor EL. Taxol induced a significant increase in the number of microtubules in axons and cell somata. Furthermore an increase in the number of Golgi zones was observed, suggesting activated neuropeptide synthesis. In all groups immunostaining with antibodies to neuropeptides produced by the caudodorsal cells was normal. Release of neuropeptide (exocytosis) from axon endings was elevated after Taxol treatment, and exceptionally high in specimens cotreated with Taxol and Org 2766 (incubation time 22 h). The effect of Org 2766 and Taxol on the number of microtubules was cumulative. It is argued that transport of neuropeptide granules from the cell somata to the axon terminals was not affected by Taxol. It is concluded that Taxol neurotoxicity is probably not due to impeded microtubular axonal transport. {\\textcopyright} 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Boer, H. H. and {Moorer-van Delft}, Carry M. and Muller, Linda J. and Kiburg, Barbara and Vermorken, J. B. and Heimans, J. J.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF01054722},\nissn = {0167-594X},\njournal = {Journal of Neuro-Oncology},\nkeywords = {Cremophor EL,Lymnaea stagnalis,Org 2766,Taxol,microtubules,neuropeptidergic cells,peptide secretion},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {49--57},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Ultrastructural neuropathologic effects of Taxol on neurons of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01054722 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01054722},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Comparative aspects of gastropod neurobiology.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bulloch, A. G. M.; and Ridgway, R. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The nervous systems of invertebrates: An …,89–113. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Comparative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00766,\nabstract = {In this chapter, we compare the development, morphology, and behavioral function of identified neurons across a number of gastropod species. We first examine the origins of the earliest identifiable neurons and their corresponding behavioral roles. Several adult behaviors are then considered. We compare the transmitter phenotype and neuroanatomy of identified neurons known to be involved in three rhythmic behaviors: feeding, locomotion and respiration. Horizontal themes that are re-examined throughout this discussion are (1) the requirements for the neuroanatomy of a gastropod ancestor, (2) methods to identify neuronal homologues, and (3) the utility of identified gastropod neurons for studies at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bulloch, A. G. M. and Ridgway, R. L.},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-3-0348-9219-3_6},\njournal = {The nervous systems of invertebrates: An {\\ldots}},\npages = {89--113},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Comparative aspects of gastropod neurobiology}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-9219-3{\\_}6 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-0348-9219-3{\\_}6},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Multiple second messenger routes enhance two high-voltage-activated calcium currents in molluscan neuroendocrine cells.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dreijer, A. M.; and Kits, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 64(3): 787–800. feb 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Multiple$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00182,\nabstract = {Two types of high-voltage-activated calcium currents were identified in whole-cell voltage-clam recordings of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells, which control egg-laying in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The currents were: (i) a rapidly inactivating high-voltage-activated current, with an activation threshold of -40 mV and maximal amplitude at +10 mV; and (ii) a slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated current, with a threshold of -10 mV and a peak at +30 mV. Both currents were reduced by nifedipine and verapamil, but not by $\\omega$-conotoxin GVIA, suggesting that they belong to the L-type family of calcium currents. The voltage-dependence of inactivation of the rapidly inactivating high-voltage-activated current was bell-shaped. Time-constants of inactivation ranged from 10 to 25 ms. Steady-state inactivation was characterized by a potential of half maximal inactivation of -21.7 ± 3.4 mV and a slope factor of 8.1 ± 1.7 mV. The voltage-dependence of inactivation of the slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated current was S-shaped. Time-constants of inactivation increased with depolarization up to a maximum of 300 ms. The steady-state inactivation parameters were a potential of half maximal inactivation of +6.8 ± 2.2 mV and a slope factor of 6.0 ± 1.1 mV. The membrane-permeable analog of cAMP, 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP, predominantly increased the slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated current, and shifted its voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation 10 mV to the left. The rapidly inactivating high-voltage-activated current was slightly increased by 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP. 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP and the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate, had qualitatively similar effects. Both agents enhanced the rapidly inactivating current and, to a lesser degree, the slowly inactivating current, without affecting their voltage-dependence. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, Walsh inhibitor peptide, antagonized the stimulating effect of 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP. The broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine (H-7) strongly attenuated the effects of 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate, suggesting that all treatments increase both types of high-voltage-activated calcium currents through phosphorylation of the channel-complex. {\\textcopyright} 1995.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dreijer, Ang{\\'{e}}lique M.C. and Kits, K.S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00446-C},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {787--800},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Multiple second messenger routes enhance two high-voltage-activated calcium currents in molluscan neuroendocrine cells}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030645229400446C https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030645229400446C},\nvolume = {64},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n Two types of high-voltage-activated calcium currents were identified in whole-cell voltage-clam recordings of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells, which control egg-laying in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The currents were: (i) a rapidly inactivating high-voltage-activated current, with an activation threshold of -40 mV and maximal amplitude at +10 mV; and (ii) a slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated current, with a threshold of -10 mV and a peak at +30 mV. Both currents were reduced by nifedipine and verapamil, but not by $ω$-conotoxin GVIA, suggesting that they belong to the L-type family of calcium currents. The voltage-dependence of inactivation of the rapidly inactivating high-voltage-activated current was bell-shaped. Time-constants of inactivation ranged from 10 to 25 ms. Steady-state inactivation was characterized by a potential of half maximal inactivation of -21.7 ± 3.4 mV and a slope factor of 8.1 ± 1.7 mV. The voltage-dependence of inactivation of the slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated current was S-shaped. Time-constants of inactivation increased with depolarization up to a maximum of 300 ms. The steady-state inactivation parameters were a potential of half maximal inactivation of +6.8 ± 2.2 mV and a slope factor of 6.0 ± 1.1 mV. The membrane-permeable analog of cAMP, 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP, predominantly increased the slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated current, and shifted its voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation 10 mV to the left. The rapidly inactivating high-voltage-activated current was slightly increased by 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP. 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP and the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate, had qualitatively similar effects. Both agents enhanced the rapidly inactivating current and, to a lesser degree, the slowly inactivating current, without affecting their voltage-dependence. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, Walsh inhibitor peptide, antagonized the stimulating effect of 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP. The broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine (H-7) strongly attenuated the effects of 8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate, suggesting that all treatments increase both types of high-voltage-activated calcium currents through phosphorylation of the channel-complex. © 1995.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inhibition of a slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated calcium current by the neuropeptide FMRFa in molluscan neuroendocrine cells.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dreijer, A. M.; Verheule, S.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 1(1): 75–86. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inhibition$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00327,\nabstract = {Using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique, the effects of the neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFa) on two types of dihydropyridine-sensitive, high-voltage-activated calcium currents were investigated in isolated neuroendocrine caudo-dorsal cells (CDCs), which control egg-laying in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. These currents are: (1) a transient current (Τinact = ∼10-25 ms) with an activation threshold of -40 mV and maximal amplitude at +10 mV and (2) a sustained current (Τinact = ∼ 100-300 ms) with a threshold of -10 mV and apeak at +30 mV. FMRFa caused a partial block of the calcium current that was rapid, reversible and dose-dependent (ED50 = 4.3 nM). The FMRFa-sensitive and insensitive currents differed in voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation, steady-state inactivation characteristics and time course of recovery from inactivation, all indicating that FMRFa selectively suppressed the sustained calcium current. Internal perfusion of CDCs with GTP-$\\gamma$-S or GDP-Β-S depressed the FMRFa response, suggesting the involvement of G-proteins. Experiments aimed at elucidation of the signal transduction pathway between the FMRFa receptor and the calcium channel revealed no involvement of second messengers and protein kinases. The FMRFa-induced inhibition of the sustained calcium current probably results from a direct interaction between a G-protein, activated by the FMRFa receptor, and the calcium channel. The selective inhibition of this calcium current is likely to decrease the influx of calcium during the action potential, which will reduce the release of autoexcitatory CDC-peptides and contribute to a suppression of excitability. {\\textcopyright} 1995 Sheffield Academic Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dreijer, Ang{\\'{e}}lique M.C. and Verheule, S. and Kits, K. S.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02331834},\nissn = {13542516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {FMRFa,Lymnaea stagnalis,calcium currents,neuroendocrine cells,whole-cell voltage-clamp technique},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {75--86},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Inhibition of a slowly inactivating high-voltage-activated calcium current by the neuropeptide FMRFa in molluscan neuroendocrine cells}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02331834.pdf},\nvolume = {1},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neurotransmitter basis of mollusc behavior: Control of choice between the orienting and the defense response to the presentation of an unfamiliar object.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dyakonova, V. E.; and Sakharov, D. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 25(3): 247–251. may 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neurotransmitter$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00426,\nabstract = {The role of the serotoninergic and opioid systems in the choice between a passive defensive and an orienting response of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis to the presentation of an unfamiliar object was studied. Under the influence of 5-HTP, a metabolic precursor of serotonin, orienting and investigatory behavior was activated; the number of protective reactions decreased. Under the influence of naloxone, an antagonist of opiate receptors, the proportion of orienting responses decreased, and the number of passive defensive avoidance and freezing reactions increased. The influence of the agents investigated on the attitude of the snail to a novel object was found to be well coordinated with their influence on other forms of behavior and the behavioral state of the mollusc as a whole. {\\textcopyright} 1995 Plenum Publishing Corporation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dyakonova, Varvara E. and Sakharov, D. A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02360213},\nissn = {0097-0549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {247--251},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Neurotransmitter basis of mollusc behavior: Control of choice between the orienting and the defense response to the presentation of an unfamiliar object}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02360213.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02360213},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Behavioral role for nitric oxide in chemosensory activation of feeding in a mollusc.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elphick, M.; Kemenes, G.; Staras, K.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 15(11): 7653–7664. nov 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Behavioral$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00445,\nabstract = {A role for the NO-cGMP pathway in mediating chemosensory activation of feeding is suggested by intense NADPH diaphorase staining observed in nerve fibers that project from sensory cella in the lips to the CNS and by the presence in the CNS of a NO-activated guanylyl cyclase. In preparations reduced to isolated lips and CNS, intracellular recordings were made from motoneurons driven by the interneurons of the central pattern generator (CPG) for feeding. Fictive feeding in such preparations can be recorded from these motoneurons following the application of sucrose to the lips. Sucrose activation of fictive feeding is inhibited by the NO scavenger hemoglobin, the NO synthase inhibitor N($\\omega$)-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) and by methylene blue, an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase. Fictive feeding in isolated lip-CNS preparations can be activated without sucrose by superfusion of NO donor molecules such as SNAP and hydroxylamine and by the nonhydrolyzable analog of cGMP, 8-bromo-cGMP. The feeding CPG can also be activated centrally by depolarizing a modulatory interneuron, the slow oscillator (SO). When the CPG is activated in this way, fictive feeding is not susceptible to inhibition by hemoglobin, the most potent of the inhibitors of sucrose- activated fictive feeding. Behavioral experiments on intact snails confirm the findings from in vitro experiments and show that hemoglobin prevents feeding and methylene blue significantly delays the onset of feeding. These results indicate (1) that NO is a putative chemosensory transmitter in the snail L. stagnalis, (2) that the NO-cGMP pathway can mediate chemosensory activation of specific patterns of centrally generated behavior, (3) that NO is not involved in transmission within the central network of neurons responsible for the behavior, and more generally (4) that a freely diffusing and highly reactive gaseous signalling molecule can have restricted and specific behavioral functions.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Elphick, MR and Kemenes, G. and Staras, K. and O'Shea, M.},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07653.1995},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,NADPH diaphorase,central pattern generator,chemosensory,cyclic GMP,feeding,nitric oxide synthase},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {7653--7664},\npmid = {7472516},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Behavioral role for nitric oxide in chemosensory activation of feeding in a mollusc}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/11/7653.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07653.1995},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n New Sodium Channel-Blocking Conotoxins Also Affect Calcium Currents in Lymnaea Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fainzilber, M.; van der Schors, R.; Lodder, J. C.; Li, K. W.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biochemistry, 34(16): 5364–5371. apr 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"New$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00313,\nabstract = {Two new conotoxins that affect both sodium and calcium currents have been characterized from the venom of Conus marmoreus, using direct assays on voltage-gated currents in caudodorsal neurons (CDC) of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The designations and amino acid sequences of the new toxins are MrVIA, ACRKKWEYCIVPIIGFIYCCPGLICGPFVCV, and MrVIB, ACSKKWEY-CrVPILGFVYCCPGLICGPFVCV. Both toxins block voltage dependent sodium currents in snail neurons with ED50'S of 0.1-0.2 $\\mu$M. Effects are also observed on the fast-inactivating calcium current subtype in the CDC at ≥ 1 $\\mu$M. At concentrations of 1 -5 $\\mu$M, MrVIA acts as a calcium current agonist whereas MrVIB acts as a blocker. At higher doses both toxins block the fast-inactivating calcium current. Almost no effects of MrVIB are seen on the second (sustained kinetics) CDC calcium current subtype, while MrVIA also slightly blocks the sustained current. The calcium current block is rapidly reversible, whereas in contrast recovery of the sodium current requires extensive wash. MrVIA/B have the same cysteine framework as the $\\omega$- and 6-conotoxins and a high content of hydrophobic residues, in common with the (5-conotoxins. There is only one localized concentration of charged residues in MrVIA/B, in the first intercysteine loop. These two conotoxins provide unique probes for structure and function studies on voltage-gated sodium and L-type calcium channels. Their unusual cross-channel activity suggests they may represent an “intermediate” variant of conotoxin, in the diversification of one conotoxin structural family that selectively targets either sodium or calcium channels. {\\textcopyright} 1995, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Fainzilber, Michael and van der Schors, Roel and Lodder, Johannes C. and Li, Ka Wan and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1021/bi00016a007},\nissn = {0006-2960},\njournal = {Biochemistry},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {16},\npages = {5364--5371},\npublisher = {ACS Publications},\ntitle = {{New Sodium Channel-Blocking Conotoxins Also Affect Calcium Currents in Lymnaea Neurons}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bi00016a007 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi00016a007},\nvolume = {34},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Aging of neurons in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis small parietal ganglion: a morpho-functional comparison in the same neuron.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Frolkis, V. V.; Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova, T. Y.; and Martynenko, O. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Experimental Gerontology, 30(5): 533–544. sep 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Aging$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00229,\nabstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the functional and structural changes in similarly identified neurons of the small parietal ganglion in 56 molluscs (Lymnaea stagnalis) of two age groups: adult (10-12 months) and old (20-22 months). No age changes were found in the values of membrane potential, resistance of the neuronal membrane, amplitude, duration, or rate of increase of the anterior action potential front. With aging, the thresholds of direct stimulation were significantly increased, the rate of action potential repolarization decreased, and the amplitude of trace hyperpolarization decreased. The most marked age-dependent changes were observed in the frequency of neuronal spontaneous activity. A clear relationship was established between the frequency of action potentials of the neuron and its structure in adult and old individuals alike. In the molluscs of both age groups, the neurons with a high frequency of action potential displayed ultrastructural features of high activity in the organelles involved in protein biosynthesis. The cytoplasm of these neurons was filled with numerous ribosomes and had a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The structure of cells with low spontaneous activity in old molluscs differed considerably from that of the corresponding neurons of the adult individuals. The former had significantly marked morphological signs of reduction of the protein-synthesizing processes, as well as of destructive and dystrophic changes. A decrease in the lability of neurons may be an important mechanism of aging. {\\textcopyright} 1995.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Frolkis, Vladimir V. and Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova, Tatiana Yu and Martynenko, Olga A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0531-5565(95)00008-5},\nissn = {05315565},\njournal = {Experimental Gerontology},\nkeywords = {aging,electrical activity,neurons,ultrastructure},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {533--544},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Aging of neurons in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis small parietal ganglion: a morpho-functional comparison in the same neuron}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0531556595000085 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0531556595000085},\nvolume = {30},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cloning of a Molluscan G Protein alpha Subunit of the Gq Class which is Expressed Differentially in Identified Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Knol, J. C.; Ramnatsingh, S.; Kesteren, E. R.; Minnen, J.; Planta, R. J.; Heerikhuizen, H.; and Vreugdenhil, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Biochemistry, 230(1): 193–199. may 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cloning$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00731,\nabstract = {Through molecular cloning we have identified a molluscan G protein $\\alpha$ subunit which belongs to the G$\\alpha$q family and is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The deduced protein product shares a very high degree of amino acid sequence identity with vertebrate and invertebrate G$\\alpha$q/G$\\alpha$11 subunits (80–82{\\%} and 76–77{\\%}, respectively). Large parts of the protein have been completely conserved, among which are residues 25–58, including the nucleotide‐binding A domain. Especially the C‐terminal half (amino acids 195–353), implicated in receptor and effector interactions, is highly conserved (94{\\%} sequence identity with murine sequences). This region includes the nucleotide‐binding C., G, and I domains, which are identical to cognate motifs of vertebrate G$\\alpha$q/11. Like the latter proteins, the Lymnaea G$\\alpha$q C‐terminus lacks a cysteine that could serve as a substrate for pertussis toxin. In situ hybridization reveals Gaq‐encoding mRNA(s) to be present throughout the CNS. Interestingly, however, close inspection of two identified cell types in the cerebral ganglia, the light‐green cells, involved in the regulation of growth and metabolism and the anterior lobe cells which are involved in the control of male aspects of reproduction, indicates that they express the mRNA(s) at significantly different levels. Even within the heterologous cluster of light‐green cells there appears to be differential expression of the pertinent mRNA. Such observations have hitherto not been reported for specific cell types occurring in vivo. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Knol, Jaco C. and Ramnatsingh, Shantie and Kesteren, Ellen R. and Minnen, Jan and Planta, Rudi J. and Heerikhuizen, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20550.x},\nissn = {0014-2956},\njournal = {European Journal of Biochemistry},\nkeywords = {G protein $\\alpha$ subunit,Lymnaea stagnalis,cDNA cloning,central nervous system,differential expression},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {193--199},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Cloning of a Molluscan G Protein alpha Subunit of the Gq Class which is Expressed Differentially in Identified Neurons}},\nurl = {https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0193i.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20550.x},\nvolume = {230},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mutually Exclusive Neuronal Expression of Peptides Encoded By the FMRFa Gene Underlies a Differential Control of Copulation in Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Li, K. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(47): 28487–28493. nov 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mutually$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00603,\nabstract = {An innovative method, direct peptide profiling of small samples of nervous tissue by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, in combination with peptide characterization, immunocytochemistry in conjunction with specific neuronal labeling by backfilling of the penis nerve, and bioassay of peptides was used to study the intrinsic neuronal expression patterns of distinct sets of related FMRFa peptides and their significance for the organization of male copulation behavior in the mollusk, Lymnaea stagnalis. Previous studies indicate that the sets of FMRFa-related and GDPFLRFa-related peptides are encoded by two alternatively spliced transcripts of the single FMRFa gene. Direct mass spectrometry revealed that both FMRFa, related and GDPFLRFa-related peptides are present in the penis nerve, the sole nerve that innervates the penis complex. Accordingly, authentic FMRFa, GDPFLRFa, and related peptides were purified from the penis complex. The loci of synthesis of FMRFa and related peptides could be traced to the right cerebral ventral lobe, those of GDPFLRFa and related peptides to the B group neurons in the right parietal ganglion and to a few unidentified neurons in the right pleural ganglion. Notwithstanding their related structures, the two sets of peptides have distinctly different actions on the penis retractor muscle.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Li, K. W.},\ndoi = {10.1074/jbc.270.47.28487},\nissn = {00219258},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {47},\npages = {28487--28493},\npublisher = {ASBMB},\ntitle = {{Mutually Exclusive Neuronal Expression of Peptides Encoded By the FMRFa Gene Underlies a Differential Control of Copulation in Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.jbc.org/content/270/47/28487.short http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.270.47.28487},\nvolume = {270},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dopaminergic transmission between identified neurons from the mollusk, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magoski, N. S.; Bauce, L. G.; Syed, N. I.; and Bulloch, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 74(3): 1287–1300. sep 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dopaminergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00098,\nabstract = {1. Dopaminergic transmission was investigated in the central nervous system (CNS) of the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. The giant pedal neuron, designated as right pedal dorsal one (RPeD1), makes chemical, monosynaptic connections with a number of identified follower cells in the CNS. Previous work has shown that RPeD1 is an interneuron and a important component of the Lymnaea respiratory central pattern generator. In this study, the hypothesis that RPeD1 uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter was tested by chromatographic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological methods. Characterization of RPeD1's transmitter pharmacology is essential to clearly understand its role in Lymnaea. 3. Earlier studies demonstrated that the soma of RPeD1 contains dopamine. This was quantitated in the present study by high-performance liquid chromatography (with electrochemical detection) of isolated RPeD1 somata and growth cones, which yielded 0.8 +/- 0.3 and 0.10 +/- 0.08 pmol of dopamine per soma and growth cone, respectively. 4. Bath or pressure application of dopamine to follower cells of RPeD1, in situ, mimicked the effects of RPeD1 stimulation. Dose-response curves were constructed for the excitatory effect of dopamine on follower cells, visceral dorsal two and three (VD2/3) (ED50 = 39 microM; Hill coefficient = 1.03), and the inhibitory effect of dopamine on follower cell, visceral dorsal four (ED50 = 33 microM; Hill coefficient = 0.92). 5. The following dopamine agonists (100 microM) were tested by bath application: 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN), apopmorphine, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, deoxyepinephrine (DE), mesulergine, (-) quinpirole, SKF 38393, and tyramine. Only the general dopamine agonists, ADTN and DE, mimicked RPeD1's effects on its follower cells. 6. When VD2/3 was isolated and plated in vitro, it maintained a depolarizing response to dopamine. This response was reduced by intracellular injection of the G-protein blocker, GDP-beta-S (2 mM in electrode). Similarly, incubation of VD2/3, in vitro for approximately 18 h, with pertussis toxin (PTX; 5 micrograms/ml), the G-protein inactivating exotoxin, also reduced the dopamine response. Injecting GDP or incubating in heat-inactivated PTX did not effect the response. 7. Several dopamine antagonists were used in an attempt to block RPeD1's synapses: chlorpromazine, ergonovine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, 6-hydroxydopamine, SCH 23390, (+/-) sulpiride, and tubocurarine. Only the D-2 dopamine receptor antagonist, (+/-) sulpiride, reversibly blocked synaptic transmission from RPeD1 to its follower cells. Both the (+) and the (-) enantiomer of sulpiride also antagonized synaptic transmission. A dose-inhibition curve for (+/-) sulpiride was constructed (IC50 = 47 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Magoski, N. S. and Bauce, L. G. and Syed, N. I. and Bulloch, A. G.M.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1287},\nissn = {0022-3077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1287--1300},\npmid = {7500151},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Dopaminergic transmission between identified neurons from the mollusk, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1287 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1287},\nvolume = {74},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n 1. Dopaminergic transmission was investigated in the central nervous system (CNS) of the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. The giant pedal neuron, designated as right pedal dorsal one (RPeD1), makes chemical, monosynaptic connections with a number of identified follower cells in the CNS. Previous work has shown that RPeD1 is an interneuron and a important component of the Lymnaea respiratory central pattern generator. In this study, the hypothesis that RPeD1 uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter was tested by chromatographic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological methods. Characterization of RPeD1's transmitter pharmacology is essential to clearly understand its role in Lymnaea. 3. Earlier studies demonstrated that the soma of RPeD1 contains dopamine. This was quantitated in the present study by high-performance liquid chromatography (with electrochemical detection) of isolated RPeD1 somata and growth cones, which yielded 0.8 +/- 0.3 and 0.10 +/- 0.08 pmol of dopamine per soma and growth cone, respectively. 4. Bath or pressure application of dopamine to follower cells of RPeD1, in situ, mimicked the effects of RPeD1 stimulation. Dose-response curves were constructed for the excitatory effect of dopamine on follower cells, visceral dorsal two and three (VD2/3) (ED50 = 39 microM; Hill coefficient = 1.03), and the inhibitory effect of dopamine on follower cell, visceral dorsal four (ED50 = 33 microM; Hill coefficient = 0.92). 5. The following dopamine agonists (100 microM) were tested by bath application: 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN), apopmorphine, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, deoxyepinephrine (DE), mesulergine, (-) quinpirole, SKF 38393, and tyramine. Only the general dopamine agonists, ADTN and DE, mimicked RPeD1's effects on its follower cells. 6. When VD2/3 was isolated and plated in vitro, it maintained a depolarizing response to dopamine. This response was reduced by intracellular injection of the G-protein blocker, GDP-beta-S (2 mM in electrode). Similarly, incubation of VD2/3, in vitro for approximately 18 h, with pertussis toxin (PTX; 5 micrograms/ml), the G-protein inactivating exotoxin, also reduced the dopamine response. Injecting GDP or incubating in heat-inactivated PTX did not effect the response. 7. Several dopamine antagonists were used in an attempt to block RPeD1's synapses: chlorpromazine, ergonovine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, 6-hydroxydopamine, SCH 23390, (+/-) sulpiride, and tubocurarine. Only the D-2 dopamine receptor antagonist, (+/-) sulpiride, reversibly blocked synaptic transmission from RPeD1 to its follower cells. Both the (+) and the (-) enantiomer of sulpiride also antagonized synaptic transmission. A dose-inhibition curve for (+/-) sulpiride was constructed (IC50 = 47 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide synthase in invertebrates.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Martínez, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Histochemical Journal, 27(10): 770–776. oct 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00727,\nabstract = {The gas nitric oxide is now recognized as an important signalling molecule that is synthesized from l-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. This enzyme can be localized by different methods, including immunocytochemistry and the histochemical reaction for NADPH diaphorase. It has been demonstrated in various vertebrate cells and tissues, and recently several studies dealing with the production of nitric oxide in invertebrates have been published. Diploblastic animals, flatworms and nematodes seem to lack NADPH diaphorase activity but it has been found in the rest of the phyla studied. The most frequently reported sites for the production of nitric oxide are the central and peripheral nervous systems and, in primitive molluscs, the muscle cells. In insects, it has also been described in the Malpighian tubules. The roles of nitric oxide in invertebrates are closely related to the physiological actions described in vertebrates, namely, neurotransmission, defence, and salt and water balance. The recent cloning of the first nitric oxide synthase from an invertebrate source could open interesting avenues for further studies. {\\textcopyright} 1995 Chapman {\\&} Hall.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Mart{\\'{i}}nez, Alfredo},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02388302},\nissn = {0018-2214},\njournal = {The Histochemical Journal},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {10},\npages = {770--776},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide synthase in invertebrates}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02388302.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02388302},\nvolume = {27},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alternative RNA Splicing Generates Diversity of Neuropeptide Expression in the Brain of the Snail Lymnaea: In Situ Analysis of Mutually Exclusive Transcripts of the FMRF amide Gene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 7(1): 65–76. jan 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Alternative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00221,\nabstract = {In the CNS of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, Phe‐Met‐Arg‐Phe‐amide (FMRFamide)‐like and additional novel neuropeptides are encoded by a common, multi‐exon gene. This complex locus, comprising at least five exons, is subject to post‐transcriptional regulation at the level of alternative RNA splicing. Our aim was first to analyse the pattern by which exons of this neuropeptide locus combine during splicing of the primary RNA transcript, and second to investigate the functional significance of splicing by mapping the expression and neuronal localization in the CNS of the alternative mRNA transcripts, in the context of defined neuronal networks and single identified neurons. The approach was a combination of comparative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, using a battery of exon‐specific oligonucleotides and anti‐peptide antisera. The analysis illustrated that exons III, IV and V were always coexpressed and colocalized whereas the expression of exon II was always differential and mutually exclusive. Both sets of exons were, however, coexpressed with exon I: the total number of exon I‐expressing neurons was equal to the combined number of neurons expressing exon III/IVA/ and neurons expressing exon II. In addition, it was revealed that the extreme 5'of exon II, encoding a potential hydrophobic leader signal, was not expressed in the CNS of Lymnaea but was apparently spliced out during RNA processing. Both mRNA transcripts of the FMRFamide locus, type I (exons I/II) and type 2 (exons I/III/IV/V), were translated in the CNS and the resulting protein precursors were also expressed in a mutually exclusive fashion, as were their respective transcripts. The expression of alternative transcripts within identified networks or neuronal clusters was heterogeneous, as exemplified by the cardiorespiratory network. On the basis of this work and a previous cDNA analysis, we put forward a revised model of differential splicing and expression of the FMRFamide gene in the CNS of Lymnaea. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and Benjamin, Paul R. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01021.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {ORF,RNA processing,digoxygenin,hybridization,invertebrate neuron},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {65--76},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Alternative RNA Splicing Generates Diversity of Neuropeptide Expression in the Brain of the Snail Lymnaea: In Situ Analysis of Mutually Exclusive Transcripts of the FMRF amide Gene}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01021.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01021.x},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

\n

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\n In the CNS of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, Phe‐Met‐Arg‐Phe‐amide (FMRFamide)‐like and additional novel neuropeptides are encoded by a common, multi‐exon gene. This complex locus, comprising at least five exons, is subject to post‐transcriptional regulation at the level of alternative RNA splicing. Our aim was first to analyse the pattern by which exons of this neuropeptide locus combine during splicing of the primary RNA transcript, and second to investigate the functional significance of splicing by mapping the expression and neuronal localization in the CNS of the alternative mRNA transcripts, in the context of defined neuronal networks and single identified neurons. The approach was a combination of comparative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, using a battery of exon‐specific oligonucleotides and anti‐peptide antisera. The analysis illustrated that exons III, IV and V were always coexpressed and colocalized whereas the expression of exon II was always differential and mutually exclusive. Both sets of exons were, however, coexpressed with exon I: the total number of exon I‐expressing neurons was equal to the combined number of neurons expressing exon III/IVA/ and neurons expressing exon II. In addition, it was revealed that the extreme 5'of exon II, encoding a potential hydrophobic leader signal, was not expressed in the CNS of Lymnaea but was apparently spliced out during RNA processing. Both mRNA transcripts of the FMRFamide locus, type I (exons I/II) and type 2 (exons I/III/IV/V), were translated in the CNS and the resulting protein precursors were also expressed in a mutually exclusive fashion, as were their respective transcripts. The expression of alternative transcripts within identified networks or neuronal clusters was heterogeneous, as exemplified by the cardiorespiratory network. On the basis of this work and a previous cDNA analysis, we put forward a revised model of differential splicing and expression of the FMRFamide gene in the CNS of Lymnaea. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification, Distribution and Physiological Activity of Three Novel Neuropeptides of Lymnaea : FLRlamide and pQFYRlamide Encoded by the FMRFamide Gene, and a Related Peptide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; Wheeler, C. H.; Skingsley, D. R.; Yeoman, M. S.; Bright, K.; Kaye, I.; Burke, J. F.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 7(2): 234–246. feb 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00351,\nabstract = {We are interested in analysing the detailed modulation of defined neuronal systems by multiple neuropeptides encoded in the FMRFamide locus of the snail Lymnaea. Cloning of the FMRFamide gene has predicted the existence of two novel peptides previously unknown from biochemical analysis, the pentapeptides EFLRlamideand QFYRlamide. These peptides may form part of a new family of peptides sharing the sequence motif –FXRlamide. In this paper we adopt a novel approach to first identify and characterize –FXRlamide‐like peptides in extracts from the central nervous system of Lymnaea. By a combination of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and continuous‐flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, we identify three novel peptides: EFLRlamide, pQFYRlamide and pQFLRlamide. The first two are those predicted in exon II of the FMRFamide locus whereas the last is, interestingly, a product which cannot be derived from post‐translational modification of the predicted peptides but must be encoded by as yet unidentified nucleotide sequences. A specific antibody raised to EFLRlamide, and immuno reactive to all three peptides, revealed EFLRlamide‐like expression throughout the central nervous system in the same cells where exon II is transcribed and the peptide SEEPLY (a post‐translational product of exon II) was localized. Additional cells, however, were also identified. Immunoreactivity was mapped in a number of identified neurons in the central nervous system, including two heart cardio excitatory motoneurons, the Ehe cells (E heart excitors of the visceral ganglion) and penialmotoneurons in the right cerebral ganglion. The peripheral tissues (heart and penial complex) that the serespective classes of neurons innervate also exhibited EFLRlamide immunoreactivity. The central and peripheral localization of EFLRlamide‐like immunoreactivity suggested that EFLRlamide/pQFYRlamide may have an important physiological role in both these peripheral systems as well as in the central nervous system. This was confirmed by physiological experiments that showed that EFLRlamide and pQFYRlamide inhibited many centralneurons and in particular the Bgp neurons in the right parietal ganglion. EFLRlamide had complex biphasic effects on the frequency of heart‐beat: an initial inhibitory response was followed by a long‐lasting increase in the rate of beating. Taken together with earlier work, this study now completes the analysis and localization of the full set of post‐translational products of the FMRFamide precursor in Lymnaea and supplies further evidence towards the characterization of the physiological systems which such peptides may modulate in concert. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and Wheeler, Colin H. and Skingsley, David R. and Yeoman, Mark S. and Bright, Kerris and Kaye, Iain and Burke, Julian F. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01059.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {fast‐atom bombardment mass spectrometry,immunocytochernistry,in situ hybridization,invertebrate neuron,neuropeptides},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {234--246},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Identification, Distribution and Physiological Activity of Three Novel Neuropeptides of Lymnaea : FLRlamide and pQFYRlamide Encoded by the FMRFamide Gene, and a Related Peptide}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01059.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01059.x},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n We are interested in analysing the detailed modulation of defined neuronal systems by multiple neuropeptides encoded in the FMRFamide locus of the snail Lymnaea. Cloning of the FMRFamide gene has predicted the existence of two novel peptides previously unknown from biochemical analysis, the pentapeptides EFLRlamideand QFYRlamide. These peptides may form part of a new family of peptides sharing the sequence motif –FXRlamide. In this paper we adopt a novel approach to first identify and characterize –FXRlamide‐like peptides in extracts from the central nervous system of Lymnaea. By a combination of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and continuous‐flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, we identify three novel peptides: EFLRlamide, pQFYRlamide and pQFLRlamide. The first two are those predicted in exon II of the FMRFamide locus whereas the last is, interestingly, a product which cannot be derived from post‐translational modification of the predicted peptides but must be encoded by as yet unidentified nucleotide sequences. A specific antibody raised to EFLRlamide, and immuno reactive to all three peptides, revealed EFLRlamide‐like expression throughout the central nervous system in the same cells where exon II is transcribed and the peptide SEEPLY (a post‐translational product of exon II) was localized. Additional cells, however, were also identified. Immunoreactivity was mapped in a number of identified neurons in the central nervous system, including two heart cardio excitatory motoneurons, the Ehe cells (E heart excitors of the visceral ganglion) and penialmotoneurons in the right cerebral ganglion. The peripheral tissues (heart and penial complex) that the serespective classes of neurons innervate also exhibited EFLRlamide immunoreactivity. The central and peripheral localization of EFLRlamide‐like immunoreactivity suggested that EFLRlamide/pQFYRlamide may have an important physiological role in both these peripheral systems as well as in the central nervous system. This was confirmed by physiological experiments that showed that EFLRlamide and pQFYRlamide inhibited many centralneurons and in particular the Bgp neurons in the right parietal ganglion. EFLRlamide had complex biphasic effects on the frequency of heart‐beat: an initial inhibitory response was followed by a long‐lasting increase in the rate of beating. Taken together with earlier work, this study now completes the analysis and localization of the full set of post‐translational products of the FMRFamide precursor in Lymnaea and supplies further evidence towards the characterization of the physiological systems which such peptides may modulate in concert. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sensorin-A immunocytochemistry reveals putative mechanosensory neurons in Lymnaea CNS.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Steffensen, I.; Syed, N. I.; Lukowiak, K.; Bulloch, A. G.; and Morris, C. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 1(3): 207–213. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sensorin-A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00274,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a useful model system for studying the neural basis of behaviour but the mechanosensory inputs that impact on behaviours such as respiration, locomotion, reproduction and feeding are not known. In Aplysia, the peptide sensorin-A appears to be specific to a class of central mechanosensory neurons. We show that in the Lymnaea central nervous system sensorin-A immunocytochemistry reveals a discrete pattern of staining involving well over 100 neurons. Identifiable sensorin positive clusters of neurons are located in the buccal and cerebral ganglia, and a single large neuron is immunopositive in each pedal ganglion. These putative mechanosensory neurons are not in the same locations as previously identified motoneurons, interneurons or neurosecretory cells. As would be expected for a mechanoafferent, sensorin positive fibres were found in nerve tracts innervating the body wall. This study lays the foundation for future electrophysiological and behavioural analysis of these putative mechanosensory neurons. {\\textcopyright} 1995 Sheffield Academic Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Steffensen, I. and Syed, N. I. and Lukowiak, K. and Bulloch, A. G.M. and Morris, C. E.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02211022},\nissn = {13542516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Aplysia,mollusc,neuropeptide},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {207--213},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Sensorin-A immunocytochemistry reveals putative mechanosensory neurons in Lymnaea CNS}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02211022.pdf},\nvolume = {1},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Co-localized neuropeptides conopressin and ALA-PRO-GLY-TRP-NH2 have antagonistic effects on the vas deferens of lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Golen, F.; Li, K.; De Lange, R.; Van Kesteren, R.; Van Der Schors, R.; and Geraerts, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 69(4): 1275–1287. dec 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Co-localized$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{VanGolen1995,\nabstract = {We examined functional aspects of co-localization of neuropeptides involved in the regulation of male copulation behaviour in the simultaneous hermaphrodite snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The copulation behaviour is controlled by several types of peptidergic neurons that include a cluster of neurons in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion. All anterior lobe neurons express the gene encoding Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2 (APGWamide), and a subset of neurons also express the vasopressin-related conopressin gene. Immunocytochemical and peptide chemical experiments show that both APGWamide and conopressin are transported to the penis complex and the vas deferens via the penis nerve. Co-localization of the two peptides was also observed in some, but not all, axon bundles that run along the vas deferens. APGWamide and conopressin were structurally identified from the penis complex with vas deferens. Conopressin excites the vas deferens in vitro, whereas APGWamide inhibits the excitatory effects of conopressin, both in a dose-dependent fashion. We propose that the antagonistic effects of these peptides on the vas deferens underlie its peristalsis Thus, these peptides play an important role in the control of ejaculation of semen during copulation. {\\textcopyright} 1995 IBRO.},\nauthor = {{Van Golen}, F.A. and Li, K.W. and {De Lange}, R.P.J. and {Van Kesteren}, R.E. and {Van Der Schors}, R.C. and Geraerts, W.P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00311-6},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {bioassay,co-transmitters,copulation behaviour,hermaphrodite snail,peristalsis},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {1275--1287},\ntitle = {{Co-localized neuropeptides conopressin and ALA-PRO-GLY-TRP-NH2 have antagonistic effects on the vas deferens of lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452295003116 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452295003116},\nvolume = {69},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A novel G protein-coupled receptor mediating both vasopressin- and oxytocin-like functions of Lys-conopressin in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R. E.; Tensen, C. P.; Smit, A. B.; van Minnen, J.; van Soest, P. F.; Kits, K. S.; Meyerhof, W.; Richter, D.; van Heerikhuizen, H.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and Geraerts, W. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuron, 15(4): 897–908. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{VanKesteren1995,\nabstract = {We have cloned a receptor, named LSCPR, for vasopressin-related Lys-conopressin in Lymnaea stagnalis. Lys-conopressin evokes Ca2+-dependent Cl- currents in Xenopus oocytes injected with LSCPR cRNA. Expression of LSCPR mRNA was detected in central neurons and peripheral muscles associated with reproduction. Upon application of Lys-conopressin, both neurons and muscle cells depolarize owing to an enhancement of voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents and start firing action potentials. Some neurons coexpress LSCPR and Lys-conopressin, suggesting an autotransmitter-like function for this peptide. Lysconopressin also induces a depolarizing response in LSCPR-expressing neuroendocrine cells that control carbohydrate metabolism. Thus, in addition to oxytocin-like reproductive functions, LSCPR mediates vasopressin-like metabolic functions of Lys-conopressin as well. {\\textcopyright} 1995.},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, R. E. and Tensen, C. P. and Smit, A. B. and van Minnen, J. and van Soest, P. F. and Kits, K. S. and Meyerhof, W. and Richter, D. and van Heerikhuizen, H. and Vreugdenhil, E. and Geraerts, W. P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0896-6273(95)90180-9},\nissn = {08966273},\njournal = {Neuron},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {897--908},\npmid = {7576638},\ntitle = {{A novel G protein-coupled receptor mediating both vasopressin- and oxytocin-like functions of Lys-conopressin in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0896627395901809},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural and functional evolution of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily: vasopressin-related conopressin is the only member present in Lymnaea, and is involved in the control of sexual behavior.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R.; Smit, A.; De Lange, R.; Kits, K.; Van Golen, F.; Van Der Schors, R.; De With, N.; Burke, J.; and Geraerts, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 15(9): 5989–5998. sep 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00610,\nabstract = {It has been suggested that the gene duplication that led to the formation of the vasopressin/oxytocin two-gene family occurred early during vertebrate evolution. However, the existence of both vasopressin- and oxytocin-related peptides in invertebrates suggests that this duplication may have occurred much earlier, although there is no evidence for the co-occurrence of vasopressin- and oxytocin-related peptides in the same invertebrate species. We report here that in Lymnaea only the vasopressin-related peptide Lys- conopressin, but not an oxytocin-related peptide, is present. Moreover, it is very likely that an oxytocin-like cDNA or gene is absent. The conopressin gens is expressed in neurons that control male sexual behavior, and its gene products are present in the penis nerve and the vas deferens. Conopressin induces muscular contractions of the vas deferens and inhibits central neurons that control female reproductive behavior. Thus, although structurally related to vasopressin, conopressin has functional and behavioral characteristics typical for oxytocin. Physiological and receptor binding data suggest that conopressin and [Ile(a)]-conopressin, a synthetic oxytocin-like analog of conopressin, are functionally equivalent in Lymnaea, and that the chemical nature of the amino acid residue at position 8 does not result in a functional difference. Therefore, we suggest that invertebrates contain only a single member of the vasopressin/oxytocin gene family and that the amino acid change that distinguishes vasopressin from oxytocin is functionally neutral in invertebrates.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, RE and Smit, AB and {De Lange}, RP and Kits, KS and {Van Golen}, FA and {Van Der Schors}, RC and {De With}, ND and Burke, JF and Geraerts, WP},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-09-05989.1995},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,conopressin,evolution,gene cloning,male sexual behavior,peptide sequencing,receptor interaction,vasopressin/oxytocin gene family},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {5989--5998},\npmid = {7666183},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Structural and functional evolution of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily: vasopressin-related conopressin is the only member present in Lymnaea, and is involved in the control of sexual behavior}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/9/5989.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-09-05989.1995},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The hybrid modulatory/pattern generating N1L interneuron in the buccal feeding system of Lymnaea is cholinergic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vehovszky, à.; and Elliott, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Neuroscience, 1(1): 67–74. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00270,\nabstract = {This study examines neurotransmission between identified buccal interneurons in the feeding system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We compare the pharmacology of the individual synaptic connections from a hybrid modulatory/pattern generating interneuron (N1L) to a pattern generating interneuron (N1M) with that from a modulatory interneuron (SO) to the same follower cell (N1M). The pharmacological properties of the N1L to N1M and the SO to N1M connections closely resemble each other. Both interneurons produce fast cholinergic EPSPs as judged by the blocking effects of cholinergic antagonists hexamethonium, d-tubocurarine and the cholinergic neurotoxin AF-64A. A slower, more complex but non-cholinergic component of the synaptic response is also present after stimulating either the presynaptic N1L or SO interneurons. This second component of the postsynaptic response is not dopaminergic, on the basis of its persistence in the presence of dopaminergic antagonists ergometrine and fluphenazine and the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+. We conclude that, although there has been an evolutionary divergence in function, the modulatory SO and the hybrid modulatory/pattern generating N1L are pharmacologically similar. Neither of them contributes directly to dopaminergic modulation of the feeding activity. These neurons also resemble the N1M protraction phase pattern generating neurons which are cholinergic (Elliott and Kemenes, 1992). {\\textcopyright} 1995 Sheffield Academic Press.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vehovszky, {\\`{a}}gnes and Elliott, Christopher J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF02331833},\nissn = {13542516},\njournal = {Invertebrate Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,acetylcholine,dopamine,feeding interneurons,pharmacology,synaptic connections},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {67--74},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The hybrid modulatory/pattern generating N1L interneuron in the buccal feeding system of Lymnaea is cholinergic}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02331833.pdf},\nvolume = {1},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5-HT receptors on identified Lymnaea neurones in culture: Pharmacological characterization of 5-HT3 receptors.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Walcourt-Ambakederemo, A.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 26(3): 553–561. may 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"5-HT$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00609,\nabstract = {1. 1. The selective agonist, 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide (m-CPBG) and antagonist, 3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate (MDL 72222) were used to characterize the 5-HT3 receptors in cultured identified neurones; the serotonin-containing cerebral giant cells (CGCs) and some follower neurones in the buccal ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. 2. 5-HT and its agonists were pressure ejected, while the 5-HT antagonists were bath applied. 3. 3. Although m-CPBG evoked mostly depolarizing responses, hyperpolarizing responses were sometimes evoked. 4. 4. At 10-4 M, m-CPBG failed to mimic the responses of 5-HT, but at a concentration higher. 10-3 M, pressure-ejected m-CPBG mimicked most 5-HT responses. 5. 5. The 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin failed to block the m-CPBG-evoked responses, whilst partially blocking the 5-HT responses. 6. 6. These results suggest the presence of 5-HT3 receptors similar to those found in mammalian neurones, and that multiple subtypes of these receptors may be present in Lymnaea neurones. {\\textcopyright} 1995.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Walcourt-Ambakederemo, A. and Winlow, W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-3623(94)00216-A},\nissn = {03063623},\njournal = {General Pharmacology: The Vascular System},\nkeywords = {1-phenylbiguanide,5-HT,5-HT3 receptors,Lymnaea stagnalis,MDL 72222,ketanserin,m-CPBG,$\\alpha$-methylserotonin maleate},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {553--561},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{5-HT receptors on identified Lymnaea neurones in culture: Pharmacological characterization of 5-HT3 receptors}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1367828094900191 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030636239400216A},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nerve growth factor (NGF) acutely enhances high-voltage-activated calcium currents in molluscan neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wildering, W. C.; Lodder, J. C.; Kits, K. S.; and Bulloch, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 74(6): 2778–2781. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nerve$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00292,\nabstract = {1. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of a family of molecules (the neurotrophins) that can regulate the survival and/or outgrowth of many vertebrate cells. NGF also induces outgrowth from Lymnaea neurons under experimental conditions. Recent studies have shown that the neurotrophins can also acutely modulate some physiological properties of adult neurons. Here we examined the actions of NGF on high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents in Lymnaea motoneurons. 2. NGF induced a dose-dependent and reversible increase in HVA Ca2+ currents within 2 min. 3. The threshold dose of the NGF-induced enhancement of HVA Ca2+ currents ranged between 1 and 1,000 pg/ml. In the most sensitive cells, the response saturated at doses higher than 1 ng/ml. 4. The results indicate that neurotrophins acutely modulate voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in molluscan neurons through a high affinity signal transduction pathway. The data support the existence of neurotrophins in invertebrates. Moreover, this property of NGF may explain the neuromodulatory actions of neurotrophins observed in various preparations.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wildering, W. C. and Lodder, J. C. and Kits, K. S. and Bulloch, A. G.M.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2778},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {2778--2781},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Nerve growth factor (NGF) acutely enhances high-voltage-activated calcium currents in molluscan neurons}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2778},\nvolume = {74},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Novel interneuron having hybrid modulatory-central pattern generator properties in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M. S.; Vehovszky, A.; Kemenes, G.; Elliott, C. J.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 73(1): 112–124. 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Novel$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00114,\nabstract = {1. We used intracellular recording techniques to examine the role of a novel type of protraction phase interneuron, the lateral N1 (N1L) in the feeding system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. The N1Ls are a bilaterally symmetrical pair of electrotonically coupled interneurons located in the buccal ganglia. Each N1L sends a single axon to the contralateral buccal ganglia. Their neurite processes are confined to the buccal neuropile. 3. In the isolated CNS, depolarization of an N1L is capable of driving a full (N1 → N2 → N3), fast (1 cycle every 5 s) fictive feeding rhythm. This was unlike the previously described N1 medial (N1M) central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons that were only capable of driving a slow, irregular rhythm. Attempts to control the frequency of the fictive feeding rhythm by injecting varying amounts of steady current into the N1Ls were unsuccessful. This contrasts with a modulatory neuron, the slow oscillator (SO), that has very similar firing patterns to the N1Ls, but where the frequency of the rhythm depends on the level of injected current. 4. The N1Ls' ability to drive a fictive feeding rhythm in the isolated preparation was due to their strong, monosynaptic excitatory chemical connection with the N1M CPG interneurons. Bursts of spikes in the N1Ls generated summating excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the N1Ms to drive them to firing. The SO excited the N1M cells in a similar way, but the EPSPs are strongly facilitatory, unlike the N1L → N1M connection. 5. Fast (1 cycle every 5 s) fictive feeding rhythms driven by the N1L occurred in the absence of spike activity in the SO modulatory neuron. In contrast, the N1L was usually active in SO-driven rhythms. 6. The ability of the SO to drive the N1L was due to strong electrotonic coupling, SO → N1L. The weaker coupling in the opposite direction, N1L → SO, did not allow the N1L to drive the SO. 7. Experiments on semiintact lip-brain preparations allowed fictive feeding to be evoked by application of 0.1 M sucrose to the lips (mimicking the normal sensory input) rather than by injection of depolarizing current. Rhythmic bursting, characteristic of fictive feeding, began in both the SO and N1L at exactly the same time, indicating that these two cell types are activated in 'parallel' to drive the feeding rhythm. 8. The N1L is also part of the CPG network. It excited the N2s and inhibited the N3 phasic (N3p) and N3 tonic (N3t) CPG interneurons like the N1Ms. The N1L in turn was inhibited strongly by the N2, N3p, and N3t interneurons. These synaptic connections with other CPG interneurons were necessary for fictive feeding to occur. For instance, suppressing N1L activity in a food-driven rhythm in a semiintact preparation stopped activity in the whole CPG network. Similar experiments where activity in the modulatory SO was suppressed merely slowed the rhythm. 9. The N1L has a limited set of connections with the buccal motor neurons. It only excited the B1 salivary gland motor neuron and inhibited the B4 retractor motor neuron, making it similar to the SO modulatory interneuron, but different from the N1M cells that have widespread connections with all 10 previously described types of motor neurons. 10. The data shows that the N1Ls have some properties that resemble a modulatory neuron such as the SO, but their cells also form part of the CPG network. They are thus a hybrid cell type that is normally activated in parallel with the SO and CPG neurons (N1M, N2, N3p, and N3t) to generate the Lymnaea feeding rhythm.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. S. and Vehovszky, A. and Kemenes, G. and Elliott, C. J.H. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.112},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {112--124},\npmid = {7714557},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Novel interneuron having hybrid modulatory-central pattern generator properties in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.112},\nvolume = {73},\nyear = {1995}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n 1. We used intracellular recording techniques to examine the role of a novel type of protraction phase interneuron, the lateral N1 (N1L) in the feeding system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. The N1Ls are a bilaterally symmetrical pair of electrotonically coupled interneurons located in the buccal ganglia. Each N1L sends a single axon to the contralateral buccal ganglia. Their neurite processes are confined to the buccal neuropile. 3. In the isolated CNS, depolarization of an N1L is capable of driving a full (N1 → N2 → N3), fast (1 cycle every 5 s) fictive feeding rhythm. This was unlike the previously described N1 medial (N1M) central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons that were only capable of driving a slow, irregular rhythm. Attempts to control the frequency of the fictive feeding rhythm by injecting varying amounts of steady current into the N1Ls were unsuccessful. This contrasts with a modulatory neuron, the slow oscillator (SO), that has very similar firing patterns to the N1Ls, but where the frequency of the rhythm depends on the level of injected current. 4. The N1Ls' ability to drive a fictive feeding rhythm in the isolated preparation was due to their strong, monosynaptic excitatory chemical connection with the N1M CPG interneurons. Bursts of spikes in the N1Ls generated summating excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the N1Ms to drive them to firing. The SO excited the N1M cells in a similar way, but the EPSPs are strongly facilitatory, unlike the N1L → N1M connection. 5. Fast (1 cycle every 5 s) fictive feeding rhythms driven by the N1L occurred in the absence of spike activity in the SO modulatory neuron. In contrast, the N1L was usually active in SO-driven rhythms. 6. The ability of the SO to drive the N1L was due to strong electrotonic coupling, SO → N1L. The weaker coupling in the opposite direction, N1L → SO, did not allow the N1L to drive the SO. 7. Experiments on semiintact lip-brain preparations allowed fictive feeding to be evoked by application of 0.1 M sucrose to the lips (mimicking the normal sensory input) rather than by injection of depolarizing current. Rhythmic bursting, characteristic of fictive feeding, began in both the SO and N1L at exactly the same time, indicating that these two cell types are activated in 'parallel' to drive the feeding rhythm. 8. The N1L is also part of the CPG network. It excited the N2s and inhibited the N3 phasic (N3p) and N3 tonic (N3t) CPG interneurons like the N1Ms. The N1L in turn was inhibited strongly by the N2, N3p, and N3t interneurons. These synaptic connections with other CPG interneurons were necessary for fictive feeding to occur. For instance, suppressing N1L activity in a food-driven rhythm in a semiintact preparation stopped activity in the whole CPG network. Similar experiments where activity in the modulatory SO was suppressed merely slowed the rhythm. 9. The N1L has a limited set of connections with the buccal motor neurons. It only excited the B1 salivary gland motor neuron and inhibited the B4 retractor motor neuron, making it similar to the SO modulatory interneuron, but different from the N1M cells that have widespread connections with all 10 previously described types of motor neurons. 10. The data shows that the N1Ls have some properties that resemble a modulatory neuron such as the SO, but their cells also form part of the CPG network. They are thus a hybrid cell type that is normally activated in parallel with the SO and CPG neurons (N1M, N2, N3p, and N3t) to generate the Lymnaea feeding rhythm.\n

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\n \n 1994\n \n \n (25)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modulation of ionic currents by dopamine in an interneurone of the respiratory central pattern generator of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Barnes, S.; Syed, N. I.; Bulloch, A. G.; and Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Experimental biology, 189: 37–54. apr 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Modulation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00166,\nabstract = {Dopamine elicits alternating bursts of activity in the respiratory interneurones of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. One of the neurones (VD4) was isolated in culture, and the effects of dopamine on both membrane voltage and current were studied utilising the whole-cell tight-seal recording technique. Dopamine had little effect on resting potentials near -60 mV, nor did it affect spike threshold or input resistance measured near -60 mV. However, it did alter the excitability of the cell, changing the response to current injection from one of repetitive spiking to one of rapid accommodation. Under voltage-clamp, VD4 responded to dopamine (EC50 = 92 nmol l-1) with increased net outward current at all potentials more positive than -60 mV. This was due primarily to an increase in voltage-gated potassium current and a decrease in calcium current. A reduction of Cd(2+)-sensitive outward current, possibly calcium-gated potassium current, was also evident at potentials more positive than +60 mV. The physiological actions of dopamine on these cells in vivo are consistent with the inhibitory mechanisms presented in this study.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Barnes, S. and Syed, N. I. and Bulloch, A. G.M. and Lukowiak, K.},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {The Journal of Experimental biology},\nmonth = {apr},\npages = {37--54},\npmid = {7964386},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Modulation of ionic currents by dopamine in an interneurone of the respiratory central pattern generator of Lymnaea stagnalis.}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/189/1/37.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7964386},\nvolume = {189},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alternative mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene and its role in neuropeptidergic signalling in a defined neural network.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Benjamin, P. R.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BioEssays, 16(5): 335–342. may 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Alternative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00825,\nabstract = {Neuronal signalling involves multiple neuropeptides that are diverse in structure and function. Complex patterns of tissue‐specific expression arise from alternate RNA splicing of neuropeptide‐encoding gene transcripts. The pattern of expression and its role in cell signalling is diffecult to study at the level of single neurons in the complex vertebrate brain. However, in the model molluscan system, Lymnaea, it is possible to show that alternate mRNA expression of the FMRFamide gene is specific to single identified neurons. Two different transcripts are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner in different neurons. Post‐translational processing of the two precursor proteins leads to completely distinct sets of neuropeptide transmitters. The function of these transmitter cocktails, resulting from alternate mRNA splicing, was studied physiologically in identified neurons forming part of a behaviourally important network regulating heartbeat. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1994 Cambridge University Press},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Benjamin, Paul R. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1002/bies.950160508},\nissn = {0265-9247},\njournal = {BioEssays},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {335--342},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Alternative mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene and its role in neuropeptidergic signalling in a defined neural network}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.950160508 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bies.950160508},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Functional morphology of the light yellow cell and yellow cell (sodium influx-stimulating peptide) neuroendocrine systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Boer, H. H.; Montagne-Wajer, C.; Smith, F. G.; Parish, D. C.; Ramkema, M. D.; Hoek, R. M.; van Minnen, J.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 275(2): 361–368. feb 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Functional$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00163,\nabstract = {Neuroendocrine light yellow cells of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis express a neuropeptide gene encoding three different peptides. The morphology of the cell system has been studied by in situ hybridization, using two synthetic oligonucleotides encoding parts of light yellow cell peptides I and III, and by immunocytochemistry with antisera to synthetic light yellow cell peptide II and to two fragments of light yellow cell peptide I. One large cluster of light yellow cells was observed in the ventro-lateral protrusion of the right parietal ganglion, smaller clusters lying in the posterior dorsal part of this ganglion and in the visceral ganglion. The cells had an extended central neurohaemal area. Immunopositive axons projected into all nerves of the ganglia of the visceral complex, into the superior cervical and the nuchal nerves, and into the connective tissue surrounding the central nervous system. Axon tracts ramified between the muscle cells of the walls of the anterior aorta and of smaller blood vessels. Peripheral innervation by the light yellow cell system was only found in muscular tissue of the ureter papilla. The antisera to the two peptide fragments of light yellow cell peptide I not only stained the light yellow cells, but also the identified yellow cells, which have previously been shown to produce the sodium influx-stimulating neuropeptide. The latter cells were negative to the in situ hybridization probes and antisera specific to the light yellow cell system. It is therefore unlikely that the yellow cells express the light yellow cell neuropeptide gene. Nevertheless, the cells contain a neuropeptide sharing antigenic determinants with light yellow cell peptide I. Our observations support the hypothesis that light yellow cells are involved in maintaining the shape of the animal via the regulation of ion- and waterbalance processes and blood pressure. {\\textcopyright} 1994 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Boer, H. H. and Montagne-Wajer, Cora and Smith, F. G. and Parish, D. C. and Ramkema, Marja D. and Hoek, R. M. and van Minnen, J. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00319435},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Immunocytochemistry,In situ hybridization,Light yellow cells,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Neuroendocrine cells,Osmoregulation,Sodium influx-stimulating peptide,Yellow cells,mollusc},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {361--368},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Functional morphology of the light yellow cell and yellow cell (sodium influx-stimulating peptide) neuroendocrine systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00319435 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00319435},\nvolume = {275},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Expression and translation of the egg-laying neuropeptide hormone genes during post-embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Lange, R. P. J.; van Minnen, J.; and Boer, H. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 275(2): 369–375. feb 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Expression$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00119,\nabstract = {The neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis express two homologous genes, each encoding a polypeptide precursor. The precursors give rise to "cocktails" of neuropeptides that regulate egg-laying. The expression and translation of both egg-laying hormone genes during post-embryonic development were investigated by in situ hybridization and by electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Gene-II-specific transcripts and translation products were not found in caudodorsal cells in animals with shell heights smaller than 10 mm, in contrast to gene-I products that were present even at 3-mm shell height. The onset of expression of gene II coincides with the onset of release of products from the caudodorsal cells into the blood. Large electron-dense granules were found in caudodorsal cells of snails of all developmental stages investigated. These granules form part of the Golgi sorting and packaging pathway. Their presence suggests that differential sorting and packaging is possible during post-embryonic development, like in adults. The relationship of the differential expression of the two genes to the development of the caudodorsal cell system and its targets is discussed. {\\textcopyright} 1994 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Lange, R. P. J. and van Minnen, J. and Boer, H. H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00319436},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Caudodorsal cell hormones (CDCH),Gene expression,Immunocytochemistry,Immunogold labelling,In situ hybridization,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Post-embryonic development},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {369--375},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Expression and translation of the egg-laying neuropeptide hormone genes during post-embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00319436 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00319436},\nvolume = {275},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differential tracer coupling between pairs of identified neurones of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ewadinger; Syed; Lukowiak; and Bulloch\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of experimental biology, 192(1): 291–7. jul 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differential$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00111,\nabstract = {Electrical coupling is a common means of cell-to-cell communication in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues (Lowenstein, 1985). Within the nervous system, many electrically coupled neurones exhibit dye coupling (Bennett, 1973; Stewart, 1978; Glantz and Kirk, 1980; Spencer and Satterlie, 1980; Fraser and Heitler, 1993); however, some electrically coupled cells do not dye-couple (Audesirk et al. 1982; Murphy et al. 1983; Berdan, 1987; Robinson et al. 1993; Veenstra et al. 1993). Electrical coupling and dye coupling, often considered in parallel, are in fact two different parameters that can vary independently (e.g. Audesirk et al. 1982; Perez-Armendariz et al. 1991). The giant identified neurones of pulmonate and opisthobranch molluscs have frequently been used for studies of neuronal communication and its plasticity (Winlow and McCrohan, 1987; Bulloch, 1989). In the present study, we explored the relationship between electrical and tracer coupling in both strongly and weakly coupled pairs of molluscan neurones. Specifically, we examined electrically coupled, identified neurones in a freshwater pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L., and tested for tracer coupling with Lucifer Yellow CH and biocytin. The cells examined were the strongly electrically coupled neurones, visceral dorsal 1 (VD1) and right parietal dorsal 2 (RPD2) (Boer et al. 1979; Benjamin and Pilkington, 1986), and the weakly coupled neurones, left buccal 1 (LB1) and right buccal 1 (RB1) (Benjamin and Rose, 1979). The use of these particular neurones made it possible to compare electrical coupling with tracer coupling in the molluscan central nervous system (CNS). All experiments were performed on laboratory-bred Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca, Pulmonata), maintained as previously described (Ridgway et al. 1991). The CNS was dissected from mature animals (16{\\&}shy;18 mm shell length) and pinned to the silicone rubber (RTV 616 GE) base of a recording dish in normal saline (51.3 mmol l-1 NaCl, 1.7 mmol l-1 KCl, 4.1 mmol l-1 CaCl2, 1.5 mmol l-1 MgCl2 and 5 mmol l-1 Hepes, pH 7.9). Following removal of the outer connective tissue sheath, a small Pronase crystal (Sigma, type XIV, P-5147), held by forceps, was carefully applied to specific ganglia; this treatment softened the inner sheath and facilitated microelectrode penetration. The CNS was then rinsed several times at 5 {\\&}deg;C in normal saline.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ewadinger and Syed and Lukowiak and Bulloch},\nissn = {1477-9145},\njournal = {The Journal of experimental biology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {291--7},\npmid = {9317831},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Differential tracer coupling between pairs of identified neurones of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/192/1/291.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9317831},\nvolume = {192},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n Electrical coupling is a common means of cell-to-cell communication in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues (Lowenstein, 1985). Within the nervous system, many electrically coupled neurones exhibit dye coupling (Bennett, 1973; Stewart, 1978; Glantz and Kirk, 1980; Spencer and Satterlie, 1980; Fraser and Heitler, 1993); however, some electrically coupled cells do not dye-couple (Audesirk et al. 1982; Murphy et al. 1983; Berdan, 1987; Robinson et al. 1993; Veenstra et al. 1993). Electrical coupling and dye coupling, often considered in parallel, are in fact two different parameters that can vary independently (e.g. Audesirk et al. 1982; Perez-Armendariz et al. 1991). The giant identified neurones of pulmonate and opisthobranch molluscs have frequently been used for studies of neuronal communication and its plasticity (Winlow and McCrohan, 1987; Bulloch, 1989). In the present study, we explored the relationship between electrical and tracer coupling in both strongly and weakly coupled pairs of molluscan neurones. Specifically, we examined electrically coupled, identified neurones in a freshwater pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L., and tested for tracer coupling with Lucifer Yellow CH and biocytin. The cells examined were the strongly electrically coupled neurones, visceral dorsal 1 (VD1) and right parietal dorsal 2 (RPD2) (Boer et al. 1979; Benjamin and Pilkington, 1986), and the weakly coupled neurones, left buccal 1 (LB1) and right buccal 1 (RB1) (Benjamin and Rose, 1979). The use of these particular neurones made it possible to compare electrical coupling with tracer coupling in the molluscan central nervous system (CNS). All experiments were performed on laboratory-bred Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca, Pulmonata), maintained as previously described (Ridgway et al. 1991). The CNS was dissected from mature animals (1618 mm shell length) and pinned to the silicone rubber (RTV 616 GE) base of a recording dish in normal saline (51.3 mmol l-1 NaCl, 1.7 mmol l-1 KCl, 4.1 mmol l-1 CaCl2, 1.5 mmol l-1 MgCl2 and 5 mmol l-1 Hepes, pH 7.9). Following removal of the outer connective tissue sheath, a small Pronase crystal (Sigma, type XIV, P-5147), held by forceps, was carefully applied to specific ganglia; this treatment softened the inner sheath and facilitated microelectrode penetration. The CNS was then rinsed several times at 5 °C in normal saline.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n THE NEURAL CONTROL OF EGG-LAYING BEHAVIOUR IN THE POND SNAIL LYMNAEA STAGNALIS: MOTOR CONTROL OF SHELL TURNING.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hermann, P. M.; Maat, A. T.; and Jansen, R. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of experimental biology, 197(1): 79–99. dec 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"THE$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Hermann1994,\nabstract = {Behavioural and neurophysiological techniques were used to study the neuronal control of shell turning during egg-laying in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Egg-laying consists of three phases: resting, turning and oviposition, and is triggered by an electrical discharge in a group of neuroendocrine cells, the caudodorsal cells. During the discharge, several peptides encoded on two CDCH genes are known to be released. Behavioural experiments in which different combinations of nerves were lesioned indicated that the inferior cervical nerves are necessary for turning behaviour to occur. The right inferior cervical nerve innervates the right dorsal longitudinal muscle and contains axons of neurones that are active just prior to, and during, shell movements in freely behaving animals. These axons are probably the axons of motor neurones. The motor neurones of the dorsal longitudinal muscle were identified in the cerebral A and pedal N clusters. We have demonstrated that there is a correlation between the state of excitability of the caudodorsal cells and the electrical activity of the pedal N motor neurones. Our results indicate that the pedal N motor neurones are involved in executing the turning phase during egg-laying.},\nauthor = {Hermann, Petra M. and Maat, Andries Ter and Jansen, Ren{\\'{e}} F.},\nissn = {1477-9145},\njournal = {The Journal of experimental biology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {79--99},\npmid = {9317378},\ntitle = {{THE NEURAL CONTROL OF EGG-LAYING BEHAVIOUR IN THE POND SNAIL LYMNAEA STAGNALIS: MOTOR CONTROL OF SHELL TURNING}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/197/1/79.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9317378},\nvolume = {197},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Genomic organization of the FMRFamide gene in Lymnaea: multiple exons encoding novel neuropeptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kellett, E.; Saunders, S.; Li, K.; Staddon, J.; Benjamin, P.; and Burke, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 14(11): 6564–6570. nov 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Genomic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00260,\nabstract = {Based on the sequencing of genomic and cDNA clones, we were able to determine that the FMRFamide gene consists of five exons covering at least 20 kb and predict the presence of further novel peptides. The exons are alternatively spliced: exon I (hydrophobic leader sequence) to exon II (tetrapeptides) and exon I to exons III (heptapeptides), IV, and V. A cDNA clone encoding the heptapeptides is described and has also been shown to encode further novel peptides SKPYMRFamide, HDYMRFamide, and SSFPRY amide. Analysis of the right internal parietal nerve using mass spectrometry showed that the novel peptide SKPYMRFamide was cleaved from the precursor. This peptide excites neurons, suggesting a physiological function in the CNS.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kellett, Elaine and Saunders, SE and Li, KW and Staddon, JW and Benjamin, PR and Burke, JF},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-11-06564.1994},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide,Lymnaea,alternative splicing,genomic organization,mass spectroscopy,mollusk,neuropeptide},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {6564--6570},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Genomic organization of the FMRFamide gene in Lymnaea: multiple exons encoding novel neuropeptides}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/11/6564.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-11-06564.1994},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Training in a novel environment improves the appetitive learning performance of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral and Neural Biology, 61(2): 139–149. mar 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Training$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00088,\nabstract = {The effect of novelty, an environmental background variable affecting feeding and appetitive learning performance, was examined in a behavioral study of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Transfer of snails into a novel aquatic environment (clean water) evoked exploratory behavior which manifested itself in an increased number of spontaneous rasping movements of the mouth over the second to fifth minute after exposure to the novel environment. The intensity of this behavior was much weaker in a familiar environment (used water from the home tank). Similarly, sucrose-induced feeding rates were highest when the snails were given the sucrose stimulus in a novel environment. The effectiveness of appetitive conditioning using tactile stimulus paired with food (Kemenes {\\&} Benjamin, 1989a) improved when the snails were subjected to conditioning in a novel environment. Satiety, an internal variable, suppressed the stimulating effects of the novel environment on the spontaneous, unconditioned, and conditioned feeding alike. After training in the novel environment, the conditioned response was retained for up to 12 days and thus provided a robust behavioral paradigm for the extension of the analysis to the neurophysiological mechanisms of factors affecting appetitive learning in molluscs. {\\textcopyright} 1994 Academic Press, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, P.R.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0163-1047(05)80067-6},\nissn = {01631047},\njournal = {Behavioral and Neural Biology},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {139--149},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Training in a novel environment improves the appetitive learning performance of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163104705800676 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163104705800676},\nvolume = {61},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Analysis of the feeding motor pattern in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: photoinactivation of axonally stained pattern-generating interneurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; and Elliott, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 14(1): 153–166. jan 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Analysis$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00102,\nabstract = {We have photoinactivated identified feeding interneurons known as N1 and N2 neurons. These are pattern-generating neurons that are active in the protraction of the radula and rasping phases, respectively, of the feeding cycle of the pond snail. The N1 or N2 feeding interneurons in the buccal ganglia were filled with the fluorescent dye 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) from the cut end of the nerve that contains their axon. Filling the cerebrobuccal connective (N = 151) stained just one N1 cell in the contralateral buccal ganglion. Filling the postbuccal nerve stained neurons symmetrically in both buccal ganglia (N = 75): only one labeled cell in each ganglion is an N2 interneuron. The feeding rhythm was evoked by depolarizing a modulatory neuron, the SO, located in the buccal ganglia. The axonally filled N1 interneuron was irradiated at its axon in the buccal commissure with blue laser light (intensity of 0.5 MW {\\textperiodcentered} m-2). Irradiation of just one N1 completely blocked the feeding rhythm (seven preparations). In seven further preparations, N1 ablation slowed the SO-driven feeding rhythm and weakened the N1 input to the feeding neurons. Irradiation of the cell bodies of both the filled left and right N2 interneurons killed the cells but did not produce any consistent change in the feeding rate (15 preparations). The feeding interneurons and motoneurons still showed the characteristic N2 phase synaptic inputs, so more, as yet unidentified, N2 neurons must be located in other parts of the buccal ganglia. We conclude that the participation of the identified N1 interneurons is essential for the normal feeding pattern while other, still to be identified N2 neurons must be present and must contribute to the feeding rhythm. We suggest that the extra redundancy of the N2 network may be related to the greater necessity of sensory feedback control during rasping than during protraction of the radula.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Elliott, CJ},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-01-00153.1994},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,axon,carboxyfluorescein,feeding,interneuron,mollusk,photoinactivation},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {153--166},\npmid = {8283231},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Analysis of the feeding motor pattern in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: photoinactivation of axonally stained pattern-generating interneurons}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/1/153.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-01-00153.1994},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuroethological analysis of associative learnings in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kojima, S.; and Ito, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research Supplements, 19: S255. jan 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuroethological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00511,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kojima, Satoshi and Ito, Etsuro},\ndoi = {10.1016/0921-8696(94)92989-0},\nissn = {09218696},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research Supplements},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {S255},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Neuroethological analysis of associative learnings in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0921869694929890},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Direct peptide profiling by mass spectrometry of single identified neurons reveals complex neuropeptide-processing pattern.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Li, K. W.; Hoek, R. M.; Smith, F.; Jiménez, C. R.; Van Der Schors, R. C.; Van Veelen, P. A.; Chen, S.; Van Der Greef, J.; Parish, D. C.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Geraerts, W. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(48): 30288–30292. 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Direct$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00308,\nabstract = {A novel strategy combining peptide fingerprinting of single neurons by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, molecular cloning, peptide chemistry, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to study the intricate processing pattern of a preprohormone expressed in identified neurons, the neuroendocrine light yellow cells (LYCs) of the gastropod mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis. The cDNA encoding the precursor, named prepro-LYCP (LYCPs, light yellow cell peptides), predicts a straightforward processing into three peptides, LYCP I, II, and III, at conventional dibasic processing sites flanking the peptide domains on the precursor. However, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of single LYCs revealed trimmed variant peptides derived from LYCP I and II. The variants were much more abundant than the intact peptides, indicating that LYCP I and II serve as intermediates in a peptide-processing sequence. Using the molecular masses of the peptides as markers to guide their isolation by well established purification methods, the structural identities of the peptides could be confirmed by amino acid sequencing. Furthermore, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry could detect colocalization of a novel peptide with the LYCPs.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Li, Ka Wan and Hoek, Robert M. and Smith, Frank and Jim{\\'{e}}nez, Connie R. and {Van Der Schors}, Roel C. and {Van Veelen}, Peter A. and Chen, Su and {Van Der Greef}, Jan and Parish, David C. and Benjamin, Paul R. and Geraerts, Wijnand P.M.},\nissn = {00219258},\njournal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},\nnumber = {48},\npages = {30288--30292},\npmid = {7982940},\npublisher = {ASBMB},\ntitle = {{Direct peptide profiling by mass spectrometry of single identified neurons reveals complex neuropeptide-processing pattern}},\nurl = {https://www.jbc.org/content/269/48/30288.short},\nvolume = {269},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modulation of Ca currents by nitric oxide (NO) in cells isolated from Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.; Moroz, L.; Kurenny, D.; Barnes, S.; and Syed, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume 88 Elsevier, jan 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Modulation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{pop00422,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken and Moroz, L. and Kurenny, D. and Barnes, S. and Syed, N.},\nbooktitle = {Journal of Physiology-Paris},\ndoi = {10.1016/0928-4257(94)90072-8},\nissn = {09284257},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {406},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Modulation of Ca currents by nitric oxide (NO) in cells isolated from Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0928425794900728},\nvolume = {88},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A neuronal network from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magoski, N. S.; Syed, N. I.; and Bulloch, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 645(1-2): 201–214. may 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00141,\nabstract = {The morphology, electrophysiology, and synaptic inputs of a ventrally located neuronal network from the CNS of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated. Three large, previously identified neurons [55] known as right parietal ventral one, two, and three (RPV1,2,{\\&}3) were found to tbe electrically coupled to one another. Coupling between either RPV1{\\&}2 or RPV1{\\&}3 was weak while coupling between RPV2{\\&}3 was strong. Consistent bursting activity was observed in neuron RPV1 while neurons RPV2{\\&}3 were either silent or fired tonically. When isolated in vitro, similar patterns of activity could be elicited in neurons RPV1-3. Lucifer yellow staining revealed that these cells send axons through nerves innervating musculature involved in locomotion, while-body withdrawal, and cardio-respiratory function. Neurons RPV1-3 were found to be inhibited by an identified interneuron, visceral dorsal four, known to be directly involved in cardio-respiratory behavior [43]. Furthermore, neurons RPV1-3 were also inhibited by a wide-acting synaptic input, known as Input three [9], which is associated with respiratory pattern generation [43]. An interneuron, identified as right pedal dorsal eleven (RPeD11), which coordinates locomotory and withdrawal behavior [44], was found to excite neuron RPV1. When neurons RPeD11 and RPV1 were isolated in vitro and allowed to extend neurites, they formed a synaptic connection similar to that observed in the isolated brain. In vitro work on these neurons may make them an attractive model to study synapse formation and bursting activity. {\\textcopyright} 1994.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Magoski, Neil S. and Syed, Naweed I. and Bulloch, Andrew G.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91653-5},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Chemical synapse,Circuit,Conditional bursting,Electrical synapse,Synapse formation},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {201--214},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{A neuronal network from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899394916535 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006899394916535},\nvolume = {645},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Peptide processing and release by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis during an egg-laying cycle.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roubos, E.; and van Heumen, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 644(1): 83–89. apr 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Peptide$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00381,\nabstract = {The freshwater mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits an egg-laying cycle that takes about 24 h. The cycle is under control of the cerebral neuroendocrine Caudodorsal Cells (CDC), which release various peptides, one of which is the ovulation-inducing hormone, CDCH. During the egg-laying cycle the CDC reveal three consecutive states of electrical activity, the resting, the active and the inhibited state. Processing and release of CDCH have been studied in relation to the states of electrical (and secretory) activity of the CDC, with quantitative immuno-electron microscopy and a newly raised CDCH antiserum. In somata of CDC in the resting state 1 (just before activation of the CDC), in the active state (30 min after activation) and in the inhibited state (3 h after activation) more secretory granules are immunolabelled, and to a higher degree, than in somata of CDC in the resting state 2 (10 h after activation). Axon terminals of CDC in resting states 1 and 2 are equally immunoreactive, whereas in terminals in the active state more granules are labelled, and to a higher degree, than in the resting states. Secretory granules in terminals in the inhibited state are intermediate in both respects. Immuno-electron microscopy combined with the tannic acid method for the demonstration of exocytosis showed that in terminals in the active state, the percentage of immunolabelled exocytosed granule contents is much higher than in the other states. The same holds for the degree of immunopositivity of these contents. It is proposed that the activity of the CDC depends on their state of electrical and secretory activity, not only with respect to the rate of CDCH release (maximal in active state) but also with regard to the rate of precursor processing (maximal in resting state 2) and posttranslational modification of CDCH within secretory granules in the neurohemal axon terminals (maximal in active state). {\\textcopyright} 1994.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roubos, E.W. and van Heumen, W.R.A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90350-6},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Caudodorsal cell,Lymnaea stagnalis,Peptide processing and electrical activity,Peptide release by exocytosis,Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {83--89},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Peptide processing and release by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis during an egg-laying cycle}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899394903506 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006899394903506},\nvolume = {644},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neural network controlling feeding in Lymnaea stagnalis: Immunocytochemical localization of myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide, buccalin, and FMRFamide‐ related peptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; Brierley, M.; Burke, J. F.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Neurology, 342(3): 352–365. 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00108,\nabstract = {This paper investigates the distribution of four classes of neuropeptides, myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide (SCP), buccalin, and FMRFamide, in central neurons forming the network that underlies feeding behavior in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Intracellular dye‐marking and immunocytochemical analysis, using antisera to the different classes of peptides, were applied to identified neurons of all three levels of the hierarchy of the circuitry: modulatory interneurons (cerebral giant cells, CGC; slow oscillator, SO), central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons (N1, N2, N3), motoneurons (B1–B10), and their peripheral target organs. Myomodulin immunoreactivity was detected in the CGC interneurons, in the SO, and in ventral N2‐type CPG interneurons. Several large buccal motoneurons, the paired B1, B2, B3, B7, and neurons located in the dorsal posterior area (putative B4 cluster types) were also myomodulin immunoreactive. Target organs of buccal motoneurons, the buccal mass, salivary glands, and oesophagus contained myomodulin‐immunopositive fibers. SCP appeared in N2‐type interneurons and was found colocalized with myomodulin in the B1 and B2 motoneurons. SCP‐containing neurons in the B4 cluster area were also detected. The buccal mass and salivary glands exhibited SCP‐immunoreactive fibers. Buccalin immunoreactivity was scarce in the buccal ganglia and was identified only in N1‐type interneurons and three pairs of dorsal posterior neurons. In the periphery, immunoreactive fibers were localized in the oesophagus only. None of the buccal neuronal types examined revealed immunoreactivity to SEQPDVDDYLRDVVLQSEEPLY (“SEEPLY”), a peptide encoded in the FMRFamide precursor protein of Lymnaea. SEEPLY immunoreactivity was confined to a pair of novel ventral neurons with projections to the laterobuccal nerve innervating the buccal mass. Immunoreactive fibers were also traced in this organ. {\\textcopyright} 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and Brierley, Matthew and Burke, Julian F. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1002/cne.903420304},\nissn = {10969861},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {feeding behavior,mollusc,neuropeptides,pattern generator,slow oscillator},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {352--365},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Neural network controlling feeding in Lymnaea stagnalis: Immunocytochemical localization of myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide, buccalin, and FMRFamide‐ related peptides}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.903420304},\nvolume = {342},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n This paper investigates the distribution of four classes of neuropeptides, myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide (SCP), buccalin, and FMRFamide, in central neurons forming the network that underlies feeding behavior in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Intracellular dye‐marking and immunocytochemical analysis, using antisera to the different classes of peptides, were applied to identified neurons of all three levels of the hierarchy of the circuitry: modulatory interneurons (cerebral giant cells, CGC; slow oscillator, SO), central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons (N1, N2, N3), motoneurons (B1–B10), and their peripheral target organs. Myomodulin immunoreactivity was detected in the CGC interneurons, in the SO, and in ventral N2‐type CPG interneurons. Several large buccal motoneurons, the paired B1, B2, B3, B7, and neurons located in the dorsal posterior area (putative B4 cluster types) were also myomodulin immunoreactive. Target organs of buccal motoneurons, the buccal mass, salivary glands, and oesophagus contained myomodulin‐immunopositive fibers. SCP appeared in N2‐type interneurons and was found colocalized with myomodulin in the B1 and B2 motoneurons. SCP‐containing neurons in the B4 cluster area were also detected. The buccal mass and salivary glands exhibited SCP‐immunoreactive fibers. Buccalin immunoreactivity was scarce in the buccal ganglia and was identified only in N1‐type interneurons and three pairs of dorsal posterior neurons. In the periphery, immunoreactive fibers were localized in the oesophagus only. None of the buccal neuronal types examined revealed immunoreactivity to SEQPDVDDYLRDVVLQSEEPLY (“SEEPLY”), a peptide encoded in the FMRFamide precursor protein of Lymnaea. SEEPLY immunoreactivity was confined to a pair of novel ventral neurons with projections to the laterobuccal nerve innervating the buccal mass. Immunoreactive fibers were also traced in this organ. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuropeptides myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide, and buccalin in the central nervous system ofLymnaea stagnalis: Purification, immunoreactivity, and artifacts.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; Wheeler, C. H.; Burke, J. F.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 342(3): 335–351. apr 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuropeptides$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00117,\nabstract = {The neuropeptides myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide (SCP), and buccalin are widely distributed in the phylum Mollusca and have important physiological functions. Here, we describe the detailed distribution of each class of peptide in the central nervous system (CNS) of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by the use of immunocytochemical techniques combined with dye‐marking of electrophysiologically identified neurons. We report the isolation and structural characterization of a Lymnaea myomodulin, PMSMLRLamide, identical to myomodulin A of Aplysia californica. Myomodulin immunoreactivity was localized in all 11 ganglia, in their connectives, and in peripheral nerves. In many cases, myomodulin immunoreactivity appeared localized in neuronal clusters expressing FMRFamide‐like peptides, but also in a large number of additional neurons. Double‐labelling experiments demonstrated myomodulin immunoreactivity in the visceral white interneuron, involved in regulation of cardiorespiration. SCP‐like immunoreactivity also appeared in all ganglia, and double‐labelling experiments revealed that in many locations it was specifically associated with clusters expressing distinct exons of the FMRFamide gene that are differentially expressed in the CNS. Characterization of the two types of SCP‐antisera used in this study, however, suggested that they cross‐reacted with both FMRFamide and N‐terminally extended FMRFamide‐like peptides. Selective preadsorption with these cross‐reacting peptides resulted in elimination of the widespread staining and retention of bona fide SCP immunoreactivity in the buccal and pedal ganglia only. Buccalin immunoreactivity was limited to the buccal and pedal ganglia. It did not coincide with the distribution of either myomodulin or SCP. Most immunoreactive clusters were found in the pedal ganglia. {\\textcopyright} 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and Wheeler, Colin H. and Burke, Julian F. and Benjamin, Paul R.},\ndoi = {10.1002/cne.903420303},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide,colocalization,immunocytochemistry,molluscs,peptidergic neurons},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {335--351},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Neuropeptides myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide, and buccalin in the central nervous system ofLymnaea stagnalis: Purification, immunoreactivity, and artifacts}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.903420303 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.903420303},\nvolume = {342},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural characterization of a Lymnaea putative endoprotease related to human furin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A. B.; Spijker, S.; Nagle, G. T.; Knock, S. L.; Kurosky, A.; and Geraerts, W. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n FEBS Letters, 343(1): 27–31. apr 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00286,\nabstract = {A number of peptides have been identified in the central nervous system of the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, that function as hormones and neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. These peptides are typically proteolytically processed from larger prohormones mostly at sites composed of single or multiple basic amino acid residues. Previously we demonstrated a diversity of putative prohormone convertases that may be involved in prohormone processing in the Lymnaea brain. In the present report, we have characterized a cDNA clone encoding a putative endoprotease of 837 amino acids. The primary structure of the endoprotease (Lfur2) was comparable to that of human furin and contained a putative catalytic domain, a Cys-rich domain, and a transmembrane region. The catalytic domain of Lfur2 demonstrated about 70{\\%} residue identity when compared with human furin, PACE4 and Drosophila Dfur1 and dKLIP-1. The Lfur2 gene was expressed in the central nervous system as well as various peripheral tissues of Lymnaea. {\\textcopyright} 1994.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smit, August B. and Spijker, Sabine and Nagle, Gregg T. and Knock, Susan L. and Kurosky, Alexander and Geraerts, Wijnand P.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0014-5793(94)80600-4},\nissn = {00145793},\njournal = {FEBS Letters},\nkeywords = {Central nervous system,Furin-related endoprotease,Lymnaeastagnalis,Mollusc,Polymerase chain reaction,cDNA cloning},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {27--31},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Structural characterization of a Lymnaea putative endoprotease related to human furin}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0014579394806004 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/0014-5793{\\%}2894{\\%}2980600-4},\nvolume = {343},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n G protein-coupled receptors cloned from Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sugamori, K S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n elibrary.ru, 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"G$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{pop00526,\nabstract = {ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS CLONED FROM LYMNAEA STAGNALIS. SUGAMORI KS. Тип: диссертация Год: 1994 Язык: английский. Город: Число страниц: КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sugamori, K S},\npublisher = {elibrary.ru},\ntitle = {{G protein-coupled receptors cloned from Lymnaea stagnalis.}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5679464},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of chaos to memorized patterns and to long term memory in hierarchical neural network.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Takase, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Research Supplements, 19: S255. jan 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effect$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00558,\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Takase, Mitsuo},\ndoi = {10.1016/0921-8696(94)92990-4},\nissn = {09218696},\njournal = {Neuroscience Research Supplements},\nmonth = {jan},\npages = {S255},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Effect of chaos to memorized patterns and to long term memory in hierarchical neural network}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0921869694929904},\nvolume = {19},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A G protein-coupled receptor with low density lipoprotein-binding motifs suggests a role for lipoproteins in G-linked signal transduction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tensen, C. P.; Van Kesteren, E. R.; Planta, R. J.; Cox, K. J.; Burke, J. F.; Van Heerikhuizen, H.; and Vreugdenhil, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(11): 4816–4820. 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00716,\nabstract = {We have isolated and analyzed a cDNA from the central nervous system of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis encoding a putative receptor, which might be a natural hybrid between two different classes of receptor proteins. Preceded by a signal peptide, two types of repeated sequences are present in the N- terminal part of the protein. The first repeat displays a high sequence similarity to the extracellular binding domains of the low density lipoprotein receptor, which binds and internalizes cholesterol-containing apolipoproteins. The second repeat and the C-terminal part of the Lymnaea receptor are very similar to regions of a specific class of guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptors, the mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptors. The mRNA encoding the receptor is predominantly expressed in a small number of neurons within the central nervous system and to a lesser extent in the heart.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tensen, Cornelis P. and {Van Kesteren}, Ellen R. and Planta, Rudi J. and Cox, Kingsley J.A. and Burke, Julian F. and {Van Heerikhuizen}, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno},\ndoi = {10.1073/pnas.91.11.4816},\nissn = {00278424},\njournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,central nervous system,leucine-rich repeats,molluscs},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {4816--4820},\npublisher = {National Acad Sciences},\ntitle = {{A G protein-coupled receptor with low density lipoprotein-binding motifs suggests a role for lipoproteins in G-linked signal transduction}},\nurl = {https://www.pnas.org/content/91/11/4816.short},\nvolume = {91},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Physiological bases for parasite-induced alterations of host behaviour.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thompson, S. N.; and Kavaliers, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Parasitology, 109(S1): S119–S138. mar 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Physiological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00674,\nabstract = {Parasitism is defined in various ways as an intimate relationship in which one partner, the parasite, lives on or in another, the host, generally at the expense of the latter. Parasitism commonly results in a unique array of host physiological responses and adaptations. Most studies of the physiological effects of parasitism have focused on the pathological consequence of infection and disease. While many physiological changes contribute to pathogenesis, it is now recognized that parasitic infections at sub-clinical levels also produce physiological effects that either ameliorate or may not contribute to the disease process. Moreover, these physiological changes are often manifested by altered host behaviour. Behavioural studies have enabled an ecological- and evolutionary-oriented evaluation of host responses. In this fashion, physiological effects may be assessed as to whether they affect fitness and confer benefit or harm to one or both of the symbionts involved. We briefly examine how these physiological responses, specifically neural, endocrine, neuromodulatory, and immunomodulatory components, may interact to modify host behaviours. We consider the adaptiveness of these responses and how the behavioural patterns elicited may simultaneously appear adaptive for the parasite as well as the host. In addition, we address how parasite-host physiological and behavioural interactions may be altered during the course of parasitism.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Thompson, S. N. and Kavaliers, M.},\ndoi = {10.1017/S0031182000085139},\nissn = {0031-1820},\njournal = {Parasitology},\nkeywords = {Parasite,adaptation,behaviour,endocrine,hormone,immune response,neural,neuromodulation,opioid,parasitic castration,parasitism,pathology,sexual behaviour,sexual selection},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {S1},\npages = {S119--S138},\npublisher = {cambridge.org},\ntitle = {{Physiological bases for parasite-induced alterations of host behaviour}},\nurl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/physiological-bases-for-parasiteinduced-alterations-of-host-behaviour/2C74FBC1CC8B44049EA6602A066613C7 https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0031182000085139/type/journal{\\_}article},\nvolume = {109},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Novel Method To Study Diversity and Functions of Peptides in Neuronal Networks: Peptides of the Network Underlying Male Copulation Behaviour in the Mollusc Lymnaea Stagnvalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R.; Geraerts, W.; Van Golen, F.; Smit, A.; and Li, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 45(1-2): 57–63. 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00387,\nabstract = {Direct matrix-assisted laser dcsorption ionization mass spectrometry of neurons and nerves was used to study the diversity, localization and transport of neuropeptides that are produced in the neuronal network that underlies male copulation behaviour in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. These studies reveal a large peptide diversity and distinct peptide profiles in different parts of the network, suggesting a complex regulation of copulation behaviour. Two peptides, e.g., conopressin and APGWamide, which arc co- localized in neurons of the network, arc involved in the control of vas deferens activities. Conopressin, which is structurally related to vasopressin, induces muscular contractions of the vas deferens, whereas APGWamide inhibits the conopressin-induccd contractions. Together, these peptides may be involved in the modulation of peristaltic movements of the vas deferens. {\\textcopyright} 1994, Brill. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, R.E. and Geraerts, W.P.M. and {Van Golen}, F.A. and Smit, A.B. and Li, K.W.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854295X00582},\nissn = {0028-2960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {APGWamide,Lymnaea stagnalis,co-transmission of antagonistic peptides,conoprcssin,direct peptide profiling by mass spectrometry,male sexual behaviour,mollusc,peptidergic neurons,vas deferens},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {57--63},\npublisher = {brill.com},\ntitle = {{A Novel Method To Study Diversity and Functions of Peptides in Neuronal Networks: Peptides of the Network Underlying Male Copulation Behaviour in the Mollusc Lymnaea Stagnvalis}},\nurl = {https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/45/1-2/article-p57{\\_}13.xml},\nvolume = {45},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Novel Method To Study Diversity and Functions of Peptides in Neuronal Networks: Peptides of the Network Underlying Male Copulation Behaviour in the Mollusc Lymnaea Stagnvalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Kesteren, R.; Geraerts, W.; Van Golen, F.; Smit, A.; and Li, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 45(1-2): 57–63. 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00203,\nabstract = {The members of the vasopressin/oxytocin hormone superfamily are widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom, and all hormones belonging to this superfamily are structurally related nonapeptides, having five invariant amino acid residues, including two cysteines, that form a disulphide bridge and an amidated carboxyterminal glycine. This chapter discusses the presence of vasopressin- and oxytocin-related peptides in invertebrates as well as their functions and explores the structural characteristics of the Lymnaea conopressin precursor in an evolutionary perspective. Only four different vasopressin- and oxytocin-related peptides have been structurally identified in invertebrate species, including Lysconopressin from the gastropod molluscs Conus geographus and Lymnaea stagnalis, Arg-conopressin from the gastropod mollusc Conus striatus, the vasopressin-like diuretic hormone from the insect Locusta migratoria, and cephalotocin from the cephalopod mollusc Octopus vufgaris. The results presented in the chapter show for the first time that in invertebrates a vasopressin-related prohormone is present, which has the same organization as its vertebrate counterparts. {\\textcopyright} 1992, Academic Press Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Kesteren, R.E. and Geraerts, W.P.M. and {Van Golen}, F.A. and Smit, A.B. and Li, K.W.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854295X00582},\nissn = {0028-2960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {57--63},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{A Novel Method To Study Diversity and Functions of Peptides in Neuronal Networks: Peptides of the Network Underlying Male Copulation Behaviour in the Mollusc Lymnaea Stagnvalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612308611644 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612308611644 https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/45/1-2/article-p57{\\_}13.xml},\nvolume = {45},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Axonal localization of neuropeptide-encoding mRNA in identified neurons of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 276(1): 155–161. apr 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Axonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00099,\nabstract = {mRNA transcripts encoding neuropeptides were detected, by means of in situ hybridization, in the axonal compartments of different types of identified neurons in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. All cell types studied contained axonal mRNA although the relative intensities of the hybridization signals (i.e., the intensity of the signal over the cell body versus that over the axonal compartment of a particular cell) varied greatly between the different cell types studied. Strong signals over the axonal compartment were obtained with an oligonucleotide probe specific for the molluscan insulin-related peptide gene III mRNA, whereas low signals were obtained, e.g., with a probe for the mRNA encoding the neuropeptide APG-Wamide. Furthermore, some neurons are known to express more than one neuropeptide gene, e.g., the molluscan insulin-related peptide-producing light green cells and the egg-laying hormone-producing caudo-dorsal cells; these cell types express 4 and 2 related neuropeptide genes, respectively. The results may indicate that the different neuropeptide transcripts within a neuron are transported selectively to the axonal compartment. {\\textcopyright} 1994 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Minnen, J.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00354795},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Axonal compartment,In situ hybridization,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Neuropeptides,mRNA transcripts,molluscan},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {155--161},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Axonal localization of neuropeptide-encoding mRNA in identified neurons of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00354795 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00354795},\nvolume = {276},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modulatory role for the serotonergic cerebral giant cells in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea. I. Fine wire recording in the intact animal and pharmacology.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M. S.; Pieneman, A. W.; Ferguson, G. P.; Maat, A. T.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 72(3): 1357–1371. 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Modulatory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00533,\nabstract = {1. The role of the paired serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) in the feeding system of Lymnaea was examined by electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques. 2. The firing characteristics of the CGCs were recorded by fine wires attached to their cell bodies in freely moving intact snails (in vivo recording) and their 'physiological' rates of firing determined during feeding and other behaviors. 3. The mean CGC firing rates recorded in vivo varied between 1 and 20 spikes/min but never reached the average rates seen in the isolated CNS (60-120 spikes/min). Maximum rates of firing were seen during bouts of radula biting/rasping movements characteristic of the consummatory phase of feeding (15 ± 1.69 spikes/min, mean ± SE, range 7-20 spikes/min), with lower rates seen during locomotion (6.7 ± 0.75 spikes/min; range 5-9 spikes/min. The cells were rarely active when the animal was quiescent (1.45 ± 0.91 spikes/min; range 0-2 spikes/min). 4. In vivo recorded CGC firing was phase locked to the feeding movements of the animal, with spikes occurring just before the opening of the mouth, during the protraction phase of the feeding cycle. 5. Evoking firing rates on the CGCs in the isolated preparation similar to those seen in vivo during rasping movements (7-20 spikes/min) did not elicit a fictive feeding pattern in an inactive preparation. Neither did bath application of 10-9 M serotonin (5-HT; the transmitter of the CGCs). 6. To allow the modulatory role of the CGCs to be examined during patterned activity, the fictive feeding pattern was evoked in the isolated preparation by injecting depolarizing current into a modulatory neuron, the slow oscillator (SO). 7. The tonic firing activity of the CGCs was accurately maintained by current injection in the isolated preparation at rates equivalent to that occurring during feeding, locomotion, and quiescence in the intact snail. This was possible where the CGCs became silent after 1-2 h. Only when the CGCs activity was maintained at a rate ({\\~{}}15 spikes/min) similar to that occurring during rasping, was the SO able to drive a full, high-frequency fictive feeding pattern (15-20 cycles/min). At lower rates of CGC firing, the SO- driven rhythm was either of lower frequency or no rhythm occurred at all (CGCs silent). 8. In many isolated preparations (80{\\%}) the CGCs remained active, and it was difficult to maintain specific levels of tonic activity by current injection. Here attempts to completely suppress CGC activity produced a lowering of fictive feeding rates but did not lead to the complete loss of the SO-driven pattern in the isolated preparation. Residual levels of CGC activity (axon spikes recorded) were still likely to be present. 9. Low concentrations of 5-HT (10-9-10-8 M) perfused over the buccal ganglia allowed the SO to drive a full, high-frequency fictive feeding rhythm in preparations where the CGCs were already silent or spike activity had been suppressed by hyperpolarizing current injection. 10. Perfusion of a variety of serotonergic antagonists across the buccal ganglia [7-methyltryptamine (7- MT) and cinanserin], when the CGCs were tonically active, slowed the rate of the SO-driven motor program to values comparable with mean frequencies seen in the CGC spike suppression experiments. 11. It is concluded that the CGCs and their transmitter 5-HT have a modulatory rather than a command function in the feeding system of Lymnaea. One type of modulation (gating function) requires a sufficient level of activity in the CGCs to 'enable' a second type of neuron (the SO) to drive a feeding rhythm. Above this gating threshold (7 spikes/min), within the 7-to 20-spikes/min firing range, the CGCs influence the frequency of the motor pattern, a second type of modulatory function.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. S. and Pieneman, A. W. and Ferguson, G. P. and Maat, A. T. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1357},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1357--1371},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{Modulatory role for the serotonergic cerebral giant cells in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea. I. Fine wire recording in the intact animal and pharmacology}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1372 https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1357},\nvolume = {72},\nyear = {1994}\n}\n

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\n 1. The role of the paired serotonergic cerebral giant cells (CGCs) in the feeding system of Lymnaea was examined by electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques. 2. The firing characteristics of the CGCs were recorded by fine wires attached to their cell bodies in freely moving intact snails (in vivo recording) and their 'physiological' rates of firing determined during feeding and other behaviors. 3. The mean CGC firing rates recorded in vivo varied between 1 and 20 spikes/min but never reached the average rates seen in the isolated CNS (60-120 spikes/min). Maximum rates of firing were seen during bouts of radula biting/rasping movements characteristic of the consummatory phase of feeding (15 ± 1.69 spikes/min, mean ± SE, range 7-20 spikes/min), with lower rates seen during locomotion (6.7 ± 0.75 spikes/min; range 5-9 spikes/min. The cells were rarely active when the animal was quiescent (1.45 ± 0.91 spikes/min; range 0-2 spikes/min). 4. In vivo recorded CGC firing was phase locked to the feeding movements of the animal, with spikes occurring just before the opening of the mouth, during the protraction phase of the feeding cycle. 5. Evoking firing rates on the CGCs in the isolated preparation similar to those seen in vivo during rasping movements (7-20 spikes/min) did not elicit a fictive feeding pattern in an inactive preparation. Neither did bath application of 10-9 M serotonin (5-HT; the transmitter of the CGCs). 6. To allow the modulatory role of the CGCs to be examined during patterned activity, the fictive feeding pattern was evoked in the isolated preparation by injecting depolarizing current into a modulatory neuron, the slow oscillator (SO). 7. The tonic firing activity of the CGCs was accurately maintained by current injection in the isolated preparation at rates equivalent to that occurring during feeding, locomotion, and quiescence in the intact snail. This was possible where the CGCs became silent after 1-2 h. Only when the CGCs activity was maintained at a rate (\\ 15 spikes/min) similar to that occurring during rasping, was the SO able to drive a full, high-frequency fictive feeding pattern (15-20 cycles/min). At lower rates of CGC firing, the SO- driven rhythm was either of lower frequency or no rhythm occurred at all (CGCs silent). 8. In many isolated preparations (80%) the CGCs remained active, and it was difficult to maintain specific levels of tonic activity by current injection. Here attempts to completely suppress CGC activity produced a lowering of fictive feeding rates but did not lead to the complete loss of the SO-driven pattern in the isolated preparation. Residual levels of CGC activity (axon spikes recorded) were still likely to be present. 9. Low concentrations of 5-HT (10-9-10-8 M) perfused over the buccal ganglia allowed the SO to drive a full, high-frequency fictive feeding rhythm in preparations where the CGCs were already silent or spike activity had been suppressed by hyperpolarizing current injection. 10. Perfusion of a variety of serotonergic antagonists across the buccal ganglia [7-methyltryptamine (7- MT) and cinanserin], when the CGCs were tonically active, slowed the rate of the SO-driven motor program to values comparable with mean frequencies seen in the CGC spike suppression experiments. 11. It is concluded that the CGCs and their transmitter 5-HT have a modulatory rather than a command function in the feeding system of Lymnaea. One type of modulation (gating function) requires a sufficient level of activity in the CGCs to 'enable' a second type of neuron (the SO) to drive a feeding rhythm. Above this gating threshold (7 spikes/min), within the 7-to 20-spikes/min firing range, the CGCs influence the frequency of the motor pattern, a second type of modulatory function.\n

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\n \n 1993\n \n \n (15)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mutually exclusive expression of alternatively spliced FMRFamide transcripts in identified neuronal systems of the snail Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bright, K.; Kellett, E.; Saunders, S.; Brierley, M.; Burke, J.; and Benjamin, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 13(6): 2719–2729. jun 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mutually$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00254,\nabstract = {The FMRFamide gene of the snail Lymnaea encodes tetrapeptides (FMRFamide/FLRFamide) and heptapeptides (GDPFLRFamide/SDPFLRFamide) on separate exons. In situ hybridization probes specific to these exons were used to map the expression of the two exons in identified neuronal systems of the CNS. Analysis of more than 200 preparations showed that cytoplasmic expression of mRNA was exclusively of one type, with individual neurons expressing either the tetrapeptide or heptapeptide exon. Of the {\\~{}}340 neurons expressing the two exons, the majority (80{\\%}) expressed the tetrapeptide exon. The tetrapeptide exon was more widespread, occurring in neurons from all 11 ganglia of the CNS. The heptapeptide was mainly confined to two ganglia (visceral and right parietal), with a small number of cells in three other ganglia. Mapping studies combined with dye marking of identified neurons showed the presence of the tetrapeptide exon in several behaviorally important networks: heart motoneurons, whole body withdrawal response motoneurons, and probably penis motoneurons as well as giant identified neurons (LP1, RPD1). The heptapeptides were prominent in two main clusters of cells (Bgp and Fgp) together with a smaller number of tetrapeptide-expressing cells.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bright, K. and Kellett, E. and Saunders, SE and Brierley, M. and Burke, JF and Benjamin, PR},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-06-02719.1993},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {heart,in situ hybridization,mollusk,neuropeptide},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {2719--2729},\npmid = {8501534},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Mutually exclusive expression of alternatively spliced FMRFamide transcripts in identified neuronal systems of the snail Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/13/6/2719.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-06-02719.1993},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of central neurons in bivalves using antibodies raised against neuropeptides involved in gastropod egg-laying behavior.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n CROLL, R. P.; NASON, J.; and VAN MINNEN, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 24(3): 161–168. dec 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00926,\nabstract = {Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize central neurons which react to antibodies raised against neuropeptides known to control reproduction in other molluscs. Antibodies raised against $\\alpha$CDCP ($\\alpha$ caudodorsal cell peptide) and CDCH (caudodorsal cell hormone), peptides which control ovulation in the pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea, labelled numerous neurons in Mytilus, My a and Placopecten. The labelled neurons in the cerebral and visceral ganglia of Mytilus are consistent with descriptions of neurons implicated in the control of reproduction on the bases of earlier neurosecretory staining procedures. This study thus suggests that related peptides might be involved in the reproduction of gastropods and bivalve molluscs. The use of selective immunological markers for peptides which might control bivalve reproduction not only permits the tentative identification of neurosecretory cells in bivalves but also suggests a promising avenue for future research aimed at isolating and characterizing neuropeptides involved in the control of reproduction in these molluscs. {\\textcopyright} 1993 Taylor {\\&} Francis Group, LLC.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {CROLL, ROGER P. and NASON, JANETTE and {VAN MINNEN}, JAN},\ndoi = {10.1080/07924259.1993.9672348},\nissn = {0792-4259},\njournal = {Invertebrate Reproduction {\\&} Development},\nkeywords = {Mollusc,Mya,Mytilus,Ovulation,Placopecten,Reproduction,Spawning},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {161--168},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{Characterization of central neurons in bivalves using antibodies raised against neuropeptides involved in gastropod egg-laying behavior}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1993.9672348?casa{\\_}token=MnXAkB996qUAAAAA:HxmwqExtIx400bRkbSKxGR214HtISWATQVidn2v{\\_}4I7LtQUcYYRVD1n3FGI0vvZCqm-p{\\_}k{\\_}eEGA http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1993.9672348},\nvolume = {24},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ultrastructural evidence for the axonal localization of caudodorsal cell hormone mRNA in the central nervous system of the molluscLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dirks, R. W.; van Dorp, A. G. M.; van Minnen, J.; Fransen, J. A. M.; van der Ploeg, M.; and Raap, A. K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Microscopy Research and Technique, 25(1): 12–18. may 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ultrastructural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00115,\nabstract = {The technique of in situ hybridization has been used to evaluate the expression of an ovulation hormone mRNA (caudodorsal cell hormone; CDCH) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Hybridization with radioactive as well as with nonradioactive labeled oligonucleotide and plasmid probes revealed a specific labeling on cell bodies of caudodorsal cells (CDCs), which are known to produce CDCH, on the light microscopical level. In addition, specific labeling was observed outside the cell bodies, as far as the cerebral commissure, where CDCH is released in the haemolymph. To investigate whether these signals represent an axonal localization of the CDCH mRNA, we performed in situ hybridization at the electron microscopical (EM) level. The results showed an intraaxonal localization of CDCH mRNA with digoxigenin labeled oligonucleotide and plasmid probes. Gold labeling was observed in secretion granules, and double labeling experiments showed that these granules also contain CDCH. This specific intragranular localization suggest that CDCH mRNA is transported through the axon and released by exocytosis in the haemolymph. {\\textcopyright} 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dirks, Roeland W. and van Dorp, Annette G. M. and van Minnen, Jan and Fransen, Jack A. M. and van der Ploeg, Mels and Raap, Anton K.},\ndoi = {10.1002/jemt.1070250104},\nissn = {1059-910X},\njournal = {Microscopy Research and Technique},\nkeywords = {Cryosections,Digoxigenin,Electron microscopy,In situ hybridization},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {12--18},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Ultrastructural evidence for the axonal localization of caudodorsal cell hormone mRNA in the central nervous system of the molluscLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jemt.1070250104 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1070250104},\nvolume = {25},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Calcium Currents and Internal Calcium in Caudo-Dorsal Neuroendocrine Cells in the Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dreijer, A. M.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 44(3-4): 563–577. 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Calcium$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00356,\nabstract = {Voltage-activated calcium currents and changes in internal calcium in relation to electrical activity were studied in the neuroendocrine Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDCs) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The CDCs control egg-laying via the release of a number of peptidcs during a prolonged period of spiking activity called afterdischarge. Under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions two distinct dihydropyridine-sensitive high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents were demonstrated in isolated CDCs, which differed in voltage-dependence of activation and in kinetics and voltage-dependence of inactivation. Stimulation of several second messenger routes (cAMP, cGMP and PKC) increased the amplitudes of both HVA calcium currents. Phosphorylation by protein kinases appeared to be a critical step in the modulation of the HVA calcium channels. Fluctuations in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) during an afterdischarge were measured in CDCs in the intact central nervous system, using the fluorescent dye fura-2. During an electrically-induced discharge, the intracellular calcium level increased. However, maximal calcium levels were only reached at the final phase of the discharge or several minutes after the cessation of firing. This suggests that calcium rises during the discharge require action potential driven influx of extracellular calcium through calcium channels, whereas the prolonged high level of calcium following the discharge is not directly dependent on action potentials. {\\textcopyright} 1993, Brill. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dreijer, Ang{\\'{e}}lique M.C. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854293X00629},\nissn = {0028-2960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {afterdischarge,calcium,calcium currents,caudo-dorsal cells,fura-2,second messengers},\nnumber = {3-4},\npages = {563--577},\npublisher = {brill.com},\ntitle = {{Calcium Currents and Internal Calcium in Caudo-Dorsal Neuroendocrine Cells in the Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/44/3-4/article-p563{\\_}33.xml},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nitric oxide synthesis and action in an invertebrate brain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elphick, M. R.; Green, I. C.; and O'Shea, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 619(1-2): 344–346. aug 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nitric$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00894,\nabstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in mammalian neurons by Ca2+/calmodulin activated NO synthase and functions as a signalling molecule by activating soluble guanylyl cyclases in target cells. We demonstrate here that both NO synthase and NO-activated guanylyl cyclase are present in the brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Our observations indicate, for the first time, that the NO-cyclic GMP signalling pathway exists in invertebrate nervous systems. {\\textcopyright} 1993.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Elphick, Maurice R. and Green, Irene C. and O'Shea, Michael},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)91632-3},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Calmodulin,Locust,Nitric oxide synthase,Schistocerca gregaria,Soluble guanylyl cyclase,cGMP},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {344--346},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Nitric oxide synthesis and action in an invertebrate brain}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899393916323 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006899393916323},\nvolume = {619},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pharmacological, Electrophysiological and Molecular Analysis of a Dopamine Receptor in a Specific Subset of Neurons in the Central Nervous System of the Pond Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gerhardt, C. C.; Lodder, H. J.; van Kesteren, E.; Planta, R. J.; Kits, K. S.; van Heerikhuizen, H.; and Vreugdenhil, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n New Developments in Lipid-Protein Interactions and Receptor Function,115–128. 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Pharmacological,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00523,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} 3 {\\textless}l 2 {\\textgreater} {\\~{}} II,) {\\S} {\\textgreater}. i 'Vi ] {\\textless}Il {\\~{}} {\\textgreater}{\\textless} II,) {\\textperiodcentered}0 2 3 4 5 6 Figure 5. Expression of GRLOO2 in the ganglia of the Lymnaea stagnalis eNS {\\ldots} 127 Page 14. 37. Liu, L.-X., Chiodo, LA and Kapatos, G., Abstracts of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience 18; 1516 (1992). 38 {\\ldots}},\naddress = {Boston, MA},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Gerhardt, Cindy C. and Lodder, Hans J. and van Kesteren, Ellen and Planta, Rudi J. and Kits, Karel S. and van Heerikhuizen, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-2860-9_12},\njournal = {New Developments in Lipid-Protein Interactions and Receptor Function},\npages = {115--128},\npublisher = {Springer US},\ntitle = {{Pharmacological, Electrophysiological and Molecular Analysis of a Dopamine Receptor in a Specific Subset of Neurons in the Central Nervous System of the Pond Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-2860-9{\\_}12 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-2860-9{\\_}12},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Female Reproductive Ageing in the Pond Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Janse, C.; Van Minnen, J.; Van Der Roest, M.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 44(3-4): 385–394. 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Female$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00371,\nabstract = {Egg laying activity of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis changes with age. Initially there is an increase of egg laying activity. At an age of about 250 days egg laying activity starts to decrease and eventually ceases. Lymnaea thus has a clear post-reproductive period during its life cycle. In order to locate mechanisms which arc responsible for the cessation of egg laying activity electrophysiological, behavioural and injection experiments were done and the morphology of the neurons controlling egg laying activity (the caudodorsal cells, CDCs) were studied. On the basis of the results of the foregoing experiments and observations it is hypothesized that due to degeneration of particular CDCs in old animals, input to the egg laying control system is terminated resulting in cessation of egg laying. {\\textcopyright} 1993, Brill. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Janse, C. and {Van Minnen}, J. and {Van Der Roest}, M. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854293X00476},\nissn = {0028-2960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {CDC,Lymnaea,egg laying,mollusc,neuronal degeneration,reproductive ageing},\nnumber = {3-4},\npages = {385--394},\npublisher = {brill.com},\ntitle = {{Female Reproductive Ageing in the Pond Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/44/3-4/article-p385{\\_}18.xml},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n LymnaDFamides, a new family of neuropeptides from the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Clue to cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in invertebrates?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n JOHNSEN, A. H.; and REHFELD, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Biochemistry, 213(2): 875–879. apr 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"LymnaDFamides,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00208,\nabstract = {Five tridecapeptides have been identified from the central nervous system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The sequences are Pro‐Xaa‐Asp‐Arg‐Ile‐Ser‐Yaa‐Ser‐Ala‐Phe‐Ser‐Asp‐Phe {\\textperiodcentered} NH2, where Xaa is either Tyr or Phe and Yaa either Asn, Ser or Gly. The peptides are named lymnaDFamides to acknowledge identity with the C‐terminal dipeptide of the mammalian neuropeptides, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin. They were detected by an antiserum that recognizes the biologically active C‐termini of cholecystokinin and gastrin. LymnaDFamide‐1 (Xaa = Tyr and Yaa = Asn) had no effect on trout gallbladder, which responds equally to CCK and gastrin. We propose that the lymnaDFamides belong to an Asp‐Phe‐amide superfamily, which includes CCK and gastrin, and suggest that the widespread CCK/gastrin immunoreactivity in invertebrates is due to peptides belonging to such a superfamily. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {JOHNSEN, Anders H. and REHFELD, Jens F.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17831.x},\nissn = {0014-2956},\njournal = {European Journal of Biochemistry},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {875--879},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{LymnaDFamides, a new family of neuropeptides from the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Clue to cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in invertebrates?}},\nurl = {https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17831.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17831.x},\nvolume = {213},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Photo-released intracellular Ca2+ rapidly blocks Ba2+ current in Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Johnson, B. D.; and Byerly, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 462(1): 321–347. mar 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Photo-released$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00672,\nabstract = {1. The effect of intracellular Ca2+ on Ba2+ current flowing through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels was studied using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique on isolated neurons from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Intracellular Ca2+ was increased by flash photolysis of the caged Ca2+ compound DM‐nitrophen and measured with the optical indicator fluo‐3. 2. After the highest intensity flashes, peak Ba2+ current was blocked by 42{\\%} with a time constant of 5 ms. The onset of the block followed a similar time course whether channels were activated or closed. The Ba2+ current surviving after the flash had the same voltage dependence of activation and rate of inactivation as did the total Ba2+ current before the flash. 3. Recovery of the Ba2+ current from block was nearly complete and occurred with a time constant of 16 s. Multiple episodes of photolysis‐induced block could be studied in the same cell when 7‐10 min were allowed between flashes. In some cells, recovery from block was accompanied by a transient enhancement of the current above the pre‐block magnitude. 4. Neurons greatly reduced the ability of photolysis to increase Ca2+, both by unloading the DM‐nitrophen before flashes were applied and by rapidly buffering the photolytically released Ca2+. Maximal flashes on extracellular droplets of the DM‐Ca2+ solution created a Ca2+ jump from 110 nM to 40 microM. In contrast, the same flashes on DM‐Ca(2+)‐loaded neurons resulted in a Ca2+ transient starting from a baseline of 36 nM to a peak of 130 nM. This intracellular Ca2+ transient decayed with three time constants (120 ms, 2 s and 13 s). 5. Endogenous buffer(s) binds Ca2+ rapidly. When intracellular Ca2+ was monitored within 2 ms of the flash, no rapid Ca2+ spike due to binding of photo‐released Ca2+ could be detected. Addition of dibromo‐BAPTA to the intracellular solution reduced the block by one third, which is consistent with the measured reduction of intracellular Ca2+. This indicates that the endogenous buffer can bind Ca2+ as rapidly as dibromo‐BAPTA and as fast as Ca2+ is released by photolysis. 6. The Ca2+ dependence of the block, obtained by varying flash intensity, indicates some saturation by 130 nM. A simple two‐state model of the block consistent with both the time course of block and recovery and the concentration dependence gave a dissociation constant of approximately 50 nM and forward rate constant of 7 x 10(8) M‐1 s‐1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) {\\textcopyright} 1993 The Physiological Society},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Johnson, B. D. and Byerly, L.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019558},\nissn = {00223751},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {321--347},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Photo-released intracellular Ca2+ rapidly blocks Ba2+ current in Lymnaea neurons.}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019558 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019558},\nvolume = {462},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n 1. The effect of intracellular Ca2+ on Ba2+ current flowing through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels was studied using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique on isolated neurons from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Intracellular Ca2+ was increased by flash photolysis of the caged Ca2+ compound DM‐nitrophen and measured with the optical indicator fluo‐3. 2. After the highest intensity flashes, peak Ba2+ current was blocked by 42% with a time constant of 5 ms. The onset of the block followed a similar time course whether channels were activated or closed. The Ba2+ current surviving after the flash had the same voltage dependence of activation and rate of inactivation as did the total Ba2+ current before the flash. 3. Recovery of the Ba2+ current from block was nearly complete and occurred with a time constant of 16 s. Multiple episodes of photolysis‐induced block could be studied in the same cell when 7‐10 min were allowed between flashes. In some cells, recovery from block was accompanied by a transient enhancement of the current above the pre‐block magnitude. 4. Neurons greatly reduced the ability of photolysis to increase Ca2+, both by unloading the DM‐nitrophen before flashes were applied and by rapidly buffering the photolytically released Ca2+. Maximal flashes on extracellular droplets of the DM‐Ca2+ solution created a Ca2+ jump from 110 nM to 40 microM. In contrast, the same flashes on DM‐Ca(2+)‐loaded neurons resulted in a Ca2+ transient starting from a baseline of 36 nM to a peak of 130 nM. This intracellular Ca2+ transient decayed with three time constants (120 ms, 2 s and 13 s). 5. Endogenous buffer(s) binds Ca2+ rapidly. When intracellular Ca2+ was monitored within 2 ms of the flash, no rapid Ca2+ spike due to binding of photo‐released Ca2+ could be detected. Addition of dibromo‐BAPTA to the intracellular solution reduced the block by one third, which is consistent with the measured reduction of intracellular Ca2+. This indicates that the endogenous buffer can bind Ca2+ as rapidly as dibromo‐BAPTA and as fast as Ca2+ is released by photolysis. 6. The Ca2+ dependence of the block, obtained by varying flash intensity, indicates some saturation by 130 nM. A simple two‐state model of the block consistent with both the time course of block and recovery and the concentration dependence gave a dissociation constant of approximately 50 nM and forward rate constant of 7 x 10(8) M‐1 s‐1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) © 1993 The Physiological Society\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intracellular ATP modifies the voltage dependence of the fast transient outward K+ current in Lymnaea stagnalis neurones.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lozovaya, N. A.; Vulfius, C. A.; Ilyin, V. I.; and Krasts, I. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 464(1): 441–455. may 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Intracellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00248,\nabstract = {1. The action of intracellular ATP on the fast transient outward K+ current (A‐current) was studied in dialysed voltage‐clamped Lymnaea stagnalis neurones. 2. When introduced intracellularly in millimolar concentrations ATP caused a shift of the steady‐state inactivation curve along the voltage axis in the direction of positive potentials and decreased A‐current at all test voltages. 3. Intracellular treatment with an inhibitor of ATP synthesis, sodium arsenate, led to the opposite changes. The action of arsenate was not reversed upon its removal. After wash‐out of arsenate ATP restored the initial voltage dependence. 4. Addition of Mg2+ to the solution weakened the action of ATP in proportion to the Mg2+: ATP concentration ratio. On the other hand, in neurones pretreated with arsenate, Mg2+ did not affect the ATP action. 5. When a mixture of glycolytic substrates was applied after arsenate wash‐out the activation and inactivation curves shifted towards positive voltages. A substrate of oxidative phosphorylation was ineffective in the same conditions. 6. Non‐hydrolysable analogues of ATP, adenosine‐5'‐O‐gamma‐thiotriphosphate and adenylyl imidodiphosphate, did not mimic the ATP action. This means that the ATP effect is mediated by some enzymatic process(es). 7. Elevation of total cytosolic Ca2+ concentration as well as intracellular application of agents increasing intracellular free Ca2+ reduced A‐current amplitude but failed to alter its voltage dependence. Therefore, ATP action cannot be related to activation of Ca2+ transport. 8. Treatment of the neurones with alkaline phosphatase evoked a shift of the inactivation voltage dependence towards hyperpolarizing potentials and increased the A‐current amplitudes at all test voltages. 9. The data indicate that a change in intracellular ATP concentration modulates the A‐current voltage dependence. The effect of ATP is probably the result of phosphorylation of a channel protein or some associated proteins, but lowering of free Mg2+ concentration cannot be excluded. The possible physiological significance of the phenomenon is discussed. {\\textcopyright} 1993 The Physiological Society},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lozovaya, N. A. and Vulfius, C. A. and Ilyin, V. I. and Krasts, I. V.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019644},\nissn = {00223751},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {441--455},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Intracellular ATP modifies the voltage dependence of the fast transient outward K+ current in Lymnaea stagnalis neurones.}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019644 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019644},\nvolume = {464},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n 1. The action of intracellular ATP on the fast transient outward K+ current (A‐current) was studied in dialysed voltage‐clamped Lymnaea stagnalis neurones. 2. When introduced intracellularly in millimolar concentrations ATP caused a shift of the steady‐state inactivation curve along the voltage axis in the direction of positive potentials and decreased A‐current at all test voltages. 3. Intracellular treatment with an inhibitor of ATP synthesis, sodium arsenate, led to the opposite changes. The action of arsenate was not reversed upon its removal. After wash‐out of arsenate ATP restored the initial voltage dependence. 4. Addition of Mg2+ to the solution weakened the action of ATP in proportion to the Mg2+: ATP concentration ratio. On the other hand, in neurones pretreated with arsenate, Mg2+ did not affect the ATP action. 5. When a mixture of glycolytic substrates was applied after arsenate wash‐out the activation and inactivation curves shifted towards positive voltages. A substrate of oxidative phosphorylation was ineffective in the same conditions. 6. Non‐hydrolysable analogues of ATP, adenosine‐5'‐O‐gamma‐thiotriphosphate and adenylyl imidodiphosphate, did not mimic the ATP action. This means that the ATP effect is mediated by some enzymatic process(es). 7. Elevation of total cytosolic Ca2+ concentration as well as intracellular application of agents increasing intracellular free Ca2+ reduced A‐current amplitude but failed to alter its voltage dependence. Therefore, ATP action cannot be related to activation of Ca2+ transport. 8. Treatment of the neurones with alkaline phosphatase evoked a shift of the inactivation voltage dependence towards hyperpolarizing potentials and increased the A‐current amplitudes at all test voltages. 9. The data indicate that a change in intracellular ATP concentration modulates the A‐current voltage dependence. The effect of ATP is probably the result of phosphorylation of a channel protein or some associated proteins, but lowering of free Mg2+ concentration cannot be excluded. The possible physiological significance of the phenomenon is discussed. © 1993 The Physiological Society\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The role of intracellular pH in the regulation of electrical activity of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moed, P.; Pieneman, A.; and Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 105(4): 711–718. aug 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00525,\nabstract = {1. 1. The neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis release a number of peptides, including the ovulation hormone (CDCH), during a period of high electrical activity (the CDC-discharge). The CDC-afterdischarge can be induced by a period of repetitive electrical stimulation. 2. 2. Intracellular pH was monitored during CDC-afterdischarges using intracellular pH electrodes. In 50{\\%} of the experiments with CDC-systems capable of generating afterdischarges, the intracellular pH (pHi) of CDCs increased by 0.19 ± 0.06 (SEM, N = 8). A decrease never occurred in this group. Half of the CDC-systems that were refractory showed a decrease in pHi upon electrical stimulation of 0.11 ± 0.02 (N = 5). Here, no increases were observed. In approximately 50{\\%} of the experiments we found no changes of pHi after electrical stimulation, whereas in the same preparations pHi changes did occur after bath application of NH4C1. This suggests that the pHi changes induced by electrical stimulation could be local. 3. 3. Intracellular alkalinization of the isolated brain by extracellular NH4C1 (5 mM $\\Delta$pHi = + 0.53 ± 0.07; N = 9) induced discharges in all CDCs tested. Subsequent intracellular acidification, induced by return to ammonium-free medium, shortened or immediately arrested the discharge. 4. 4. Intracellular alkalinization by the Na+/H+ exchanger monensin induced CDC-discharges. Inhibition of the Na+/H+-exchange by amiloride resulted in a complete suppression of the ability of the CDCs to generate discharges and caused a decrease in the duration of ongoing discharges. 5. 5. The cAMP-analogue 8-CPT-cAMP, capable of inducing discharges in CDCs, gave no significant change in pHi (-0.03 ± 0.05; N = 10). 6. 6. We conclude that pHi is involved in the regulation of electrical activity of the CDCs. {\\textcopyright} 1993.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moed, P.J and Pieneman, A.W and Maat, A.Ter},\ndoi = {10.1016/0300-9629(93)90272-6},\nissn = {03009629},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {711--718},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{The role of intracellular pH in the regulation of electrical activity of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0300962993902726 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300962993902726},\nvolume = {105},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Processing of the FMRFamide Precursor Protein in the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis : Characterization and Neuronal Localization of a Novel Peptide, ‘SEEPLY'.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santama, N.; Wan Li, K.; Bright, K. E.; Yeoman, M.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Neuroscience, 5(8): 1003–1016. aug 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Processing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Santama1993,\nabstract = {In the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis, FMRFamide‐like neuropeptides are encoded by a multi‐exon genomic locus which is subject to regulation at the level of mRNA splicing. We aim to understand the post‐translational processing of one resulting protein precursor encoding the tetrapeptide FMRFamide and a number of other putative peptides, and determine the distribution of the final peptide products in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery of Lymnaea. We focused on two previously unknown peptide sequences predicted by molecular cloning to be encoded in the tetrapeptide protein precursor consecutively, separated by the tetrabasic cleavage site RKRR. Here we report the isolation and structural characterization of a novel non‐FMRFamide‐like peptide, the 22 amino acid peptide SEQPDVDDYLRDWLQSEEPLY. The novel peptide is colocalized with FMRFamide in the CNS in a number of identified neuronal systems and their peripheral motor targets, as determined by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Its detection in heart excitatory motoneurons and in nerve fibres of the heart indicated that the novel peptide may play a role, together with FMRFamide, in heart regulation in the snail. The second predicted peptide, STEAGGQSEEMTHRTA (16 amino acids), was at very low abundance in the CNS and was only occasionally detected. Our current findings, suggestive of a distinct pattern of post‐translational processing, allowed the reassessment of a previously proposed hypothesis that the two equivalent sequences in the Aplysia FMRFamide gene constitute a molluscan homologue of vertebrate corticotrophin releasing factor‐like peptides. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved},\nauthor = {Santama, Niovi and {Wan Li}, Ka and Bright, Kerris E. and Yeoman, Mark and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Benjamin, Paul R. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00952.x},\nissn = {0953816X},\njournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\nkeywords = {corticotrophin releasing factor,heart motoneurons,immunocytochemistry,in situ hybridization,invertebrate neuropeptide},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {1003--1016},\ntitle = {{Processing of the FMRFamide Precursor Protein in the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis : Characterization and Neuronal Localization of a Novel Peptide, ‘SEEPLY'}},\nurl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00952.x},\nvolume = {5},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Target Cell Selection and Specific Synapse Formation By Identified Ly'Mnaea Neurons in Vitro.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N. I.; and Spencer, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 44(3-4): 327–338. 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Target$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00495,\nabstract = {Our research is aimed at determining both cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie target cell selection and specific synapse formation in the nervous system. We have developed an in vitro experimental system which utilizes identified pre and postsynaptic neurons from the mollusc Iymnaea stagnalis. A giant presynaptic neuron, the right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeDl), re-establishes its specific synapses in culture with only postsynaptic target cells (such as visceral J, I), but not with non target cells (VF, RPB). In an attempt to begin to elucidate mechanisms that determine the specificity of synap- togenesis between Lymnaea neurons in vitro, we studied the behaviour of both target and non-target cell growth cones as they encountered RPcDl's growth cones for the first time. Utilizing time-lapse video imaging techniques, we demonstrate that RPeDl growth cones attract and repel target and non-target cell growth concs respectively. We suggest that the specificity of synaptogenesis between RPeDl and both target and nontarget cells is determined at the growth conc level and may involve release of a diffusible substance from the growth concs of RPeDl. {\\textcopyright} 1993, BRILL},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Syed, Naweed I. and Spencer, Gaynor E.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854293X00430},\nissn = {00282960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea,dopamine,growth concs,identified neurons,in vitro,neurite outgrowth,synapse formation,target selection},\nnumber = {3-4},\npages = {327--338},\npublisher = {brill.com},\ntitle = {{Target Cell Selection and Specific Synapse Formation By Identified Ly'Mnaea Neurons in Vitro}},\nurl = {https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/44/3-4/article-p327{\\_}14.xml},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molecular Cloning and Neuronal Expression of A Novel Type of A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor With Ldl Binding Motifs From the Pond Snail Lymnaea Sta Ghalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tensen, C. P.; Van Kesteren, E. R.; Spijker, J.; Planta, R. J.; Van Heerikhuizen, H.; Vreugdenhil, E.; Tensen, C. P.; Van Minnen, J.; Tensen, C. P.; Van Kesteren, E. R.; Planta, R. J.; Van Heerikhuizen, H.; Vreugdenhil, E.; Cox, K. J.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 44(3-4): 463–472. 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molecular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00455,\nabstract = {We have isolated and characterized a cDNA encoding a novel type of receptor from the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. This receptor appears to be a natural hybrid between two classes of receptor proteins. The N-terminal part of the protein contains two types of repeated sequences; the first displays a high degree of sequence similarity with the extracellular binding domains of the low density lipopro- tein (LDL) receptor, which binds, internalizes, and releases cholesterol containing apolipoproteins. The second type of repeat, and the C-terminal part of this receptor arc homologous to specific regions of a class of G-protein-coupled receptors, the mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptor family. The mRNA encoding the receptor is predominantly located in the CNS in a small cluster of 90 neurons within the pedal ganglia, and to a lesser extent in the heart. The discovery of this chimeric receptor and its neuronal expression indicates the presence of a new subclass of G-protein-coupled receptors that may be involved in the transduction of signals carried by lipoproteins into neuronal events via G-proteins. {\\textcopyright} 1993, Brill. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tensen, Cornelis P. and {Van Kesteren}, Ellen R. and Spijker, Jeroen and Planta, Rudi J. and {Van Heerikhuizen}, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno and Tensen, Cornelis P. and {Van Minnen}, Jan and Tensen, Cornelis P. and {Van Kesteren}, Ellen R. and Planta, Rudi J. and {Van Heerikhuizen}, Harm and Vreugdenhil, Erno and Cox, Kingsley J.A. and Burke, Julian F.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854293X00548},\nissn = {00282960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {G-protein-coupled receptor,lipoproteins,lymnaea stagnalis,neurotransmission},\nnumber = {3-4},\npages = {463--472},\npublisher = {brill.com},\ntitle = {{Molecular Cloning and Neuronal Expression of A Novel Type of A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor With Ldl Binding Motifs From the Pond Snail Lymnaea Sta Ghalis}},\nurl = {https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/44/3-4/article-p463{\\_}25.xml},\nvolume = {44},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A cholinergic modulatory interneuron in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M. S.; Parish, D. C.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurophysiology, 70(1): 37–50. 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00665,\nabstract = {1. Pharmacological and physiological methods were used to examine the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in modulation of the Lymnaea feeding central pattern generator (CPG) by the slow oscillator (SO) interneuron. 2. Extracts of dissected SO cell bodies inhibited spontaneous ventricular contractions of the clam Mya arenaria, indicating the presence of ACh. These effects were blocked by the specific antagonist benzoquinonium chloride (10-7 M). 3. Isolated SO cells grown in culture synthesized ACh from tritiated choline. 4. High [K+] saline induced release of synthesized ACh from cultured SO cells into the medium. 5. The specific ACh antagonist phenyltrimethylammonium (10-4 M) blocked both excitatory, biphasic (inhibitory-excitatory) and inhibitory monosynaptic connections from the SO to feeding CPG interneurons and motor neurons. Less specific cholinergic antagonists blocked either excitatory (hexamethonium, 10-4 M) or both excitatory and inhibitory connections (d-tubocurarine, 10-4 M). 6. The synaptic responses of the SO could be mimicked by brief (20 ms) pressure-pulsed application of ACh onto the cell bodies of the postsynaptic cells in high-Mg2+ saline. In normal saline, ACh elicited bursts of spikes in the N1 cells, indicating that a fictive feeding pattern had been induced in the CPG. This mimics the main mechanism by which the SO activates the CPG, which is by exciting the N1s. 7. The frequency of SO-induced fictive feeding rhythm was reduced by bath application of hexamethonium chloride to the buccal ganglia. This reduced the amplitude of the SO → N1 excitatory synaptic response (30{\\%} of controls) and is probably the main mechanism for the reduction in the frequency of the rhythm. 8. The evidence suggests that ACh is the main neurochemical involved in allowing the SO to initiate and control the frequency of the Lymnaea feeding CPG.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. S. and Parish, D. C. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.37},\nissn = {00223077},\njournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {37--50},\npublisher = {journals.physiology.org},\ntitle = {{A cholinergic modulatory interneuron in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.37},\nvolume = {70},\nyear = {1993}\n}\n

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\n \n 1992\n \n \n (25)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Activation of a divalent cation-conducting channel in heart ventricle muscle cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRFamide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brezden, B. L.; Benjamin, R. P.; and Gardner, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta biologica Hungarica, 43(1-4): 25–38. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Activation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00118,\nabstract = {Ion channels with characteristics of Ca2+ channels have been found in isolated heart ventricle cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Although spontaneous Ca2+ or Ba2+ currents were seen only occasionally, spontaneous inward Na+ currents were readily observed in the absence of patch pipette Ca2+ between membrane potentials of -100 mV and +20 mV. These currents were blocked by 2 mM Ni2+, 2 mM Co2+ and 10 microM Ca2+. The channels usually ceased conducting within a few minutes after seal formation with the patch pipette and could not be re-activated with depolarizing voltage steps. However, at the cell's resting potential, 10(-8) to 10(-6) M of the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRFamide or its analogue FLRFamide2+ applied to the cell membrane away from the patch pipette, induced unitary Ba2+ currents or, in the absence of Ca2+ in the patch pipette, Na+ currents. This suggests that a secondary messenger is involved in the FMRFamide-induced activation of these channels rather than a direct activation of a channel-receptor complex by the peptide.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brezden, B. L. and Benjamin, R. P. and Gardner, D. R.},\nissn = {0236-5383},\njournal = {Acta biologica Hungarica},\nnumber = {1-4},\npages = {25--38},\npmid = {1284361},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Activation of a divalent cation-conducting channel in heart ventricle muscle cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRFamide.}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018860 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1284361},\nvolume = {43},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reconstruction of neuronal networks in culture.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bulloch, A. G.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Trends in Neurosciences, 15(11): 422–427. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Reconstruction$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00630,\nabstract = {Since the 1960s, the large neurones of some invertebrates have been exploited in attempts to define the neural circuits that underlie simple behaviours. Even in the relatively 'simple' nervous systems of these animals, it is often difficult to study individual synaptic connections in detail and to rule out involvement of unidentified neurones. These limitations have been overcome by reconstruction of partial circuits of identified neurones in cell culture. This approach has provided opportunities to examine the function of small neuronal circuits in a manner that is unapproachable in the intact nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 1992.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Bulloch, A. G.M. and Syed, N. I.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0166-2236(92)90004-R},\nissn = {01662236},\njournal = {Trends in Neurosciences},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {422--427},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Reconstruction of neuronal networks in culture}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369290004R},\nvolume = {15},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Interference of schistosome parasites with neuroendocrine mechanisms in their snail host causes physiological changes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Jong-Brink, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Neuroimmunology, 2(3): 199–233. jan 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Interference$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00508,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} 189-193. Google Scholar. Amen and De Jong-Brink, 1992 in press. Amen RI, De Jong-Brink M.An in vitro study on the effects of Trichobilharzia ocellata on the internal defence system of the snail host Lymnaea stagnalis and the role of the central nervous system of the host {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Jong-Brink, Marijke},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0960-5428(06)80048-3},\nissn = {09605428},\njournal = {Advances in Neuroimmunology},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {199--233},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Interference of schistosome parasites with neuroendocrine mechanisms in their snail host causes physiological changes}},\ntype = {HTML},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960542806800483 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960542806800483},\nvolume = {2},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Electron microscopic detection of RNA sequences by non-radioactive in situ hybridization in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dirks, R. W.; Van Dorp, A. G.; Van Minnen, J.; Fransen, J. A.; Van der Ploeg, M.; and Raap, A. K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 40(11): 1647–1657. nov 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Electron$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00207,\nabstract = {The subcellular localization of mRNA sequences encoding neuropeptides in neuropeptidergic cells of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated at the electron microscopic (EM) level by non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Various classes of probes specific for 28S rRNA and for the ovulation hormone (caudodorsal cell hormone; CDCH) mRNA were labeled with biotin or digoxigenin and were detected after hybridization with gold-labeled antibodies. Hybridizations were performed on ultra-thin sections of both Lowicryl-embedded and frozen cerebral ganglia, and a comparison demonstrated that most intense hybridization signals with an acceptable preservation of morphology were obtained with ultra-thin cryosections. Addition of 0.1{\\%} glutaraldehyde to the formaldehyde fixative improved the morphology, but on Lowicryl sections this added fixative resulted in a decrease of label intensity. A variety of probes, including plasmids, PCR products, and oligonucleotides, were used and all provided good results, although the use of oligonucleotides on Lowicryl sections resulted in decreased gold labeling. The gold particles were found mainly associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) but were also observed in lysosomal structures. Finally, the in situ hybridization method presented in this study proved to be compatible with the immunocytochemical detection of the caudodorsal cell hormone, as demonstrated by double labeling experiments.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Dirks, Roeland W. and {Van Dorp}, A. G.M. and {Van Minnen}, J. and Fransen, J. A.M. and {Van der Ploeg}, M. and Raap, A. K.},\ndoi = {10.1177/40.11.1431053},\nissn = {0022-1554},\njournal = {Journal of Histochemistry {\\&} Cytochemistry},\nkeywords = {Biotin,Cryosections,Digoxigenin,Electron microscopy,In situ hybridization,Lowicryl,Lymnaea stagnalis,mRNA},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {1647--1657},\npublisher = {journals.sagepub.com},\ntitle = {{Electron microscopic detection of RNA sequences by non-radioactive in situ hybridization in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis.}},\nurl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/40.11.1431053 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/40.11.1431053},\nvolume = {40},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cholinergic interneurons in the feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. II. N1 interneurons make cholinergic synapses with feeding m otoneurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elliott, C. J.; and Kemenes, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 336(1277): 167–180. may 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cholinergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00193,\nabstract = {The N1 neurons are a population of interneurons active during the protraction phase of the feeding rhythm. All the N1 neurons are coupled by electrical synapses which persist in a high Mg/low Ca saline which blocks chemical synapses. Individual N1 spikes produce discrete electrotonic postsynaptic potentials (PSPS) in other N1 cells, but the coupling is not strong enough to ensure 1:1 firing. Bursts of N1 spikes generate compound PSPS in the feeding motoneurons. The sign (excitation or inhibition) of the N1 input corresponds with the synaptic barrage recorded during the protraction phase. Discrete PSPS are only resolved in a Hi-Di saline. Their variation in latency and number can be explained by variation in electrotonic propagation within the electrically coupled network of N1 cells. The excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ESPS) in the 1 cell are reduced by 0.5 mM antagonists hexamethonium (HMT), atropine (ATR), curare (d-TC) and by methylxylocholine (MeXCh), all of which block the excitatory cholinergic receptor (Elliott et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 336, 157-166 (Preceding paper.) (1992)). The 1 cell EPSPS were transiently blocked by phenyltrimethylammonium (PTMA), which is both an agonist and antagonist at the 1 cell excitatory acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (Elliott et al. 1992). The inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the 3 cell is blocked by bath applications of MeXCh and PTMA, which both abolish the response of the 3 cell to ACh (Elliott et. al. 1992). The effects of the cholinergic antagonists on the response of 4 cluster and 5 cells to N1 stimulation matches their response to ACh (Elliott et al. 1992). It is concluded that the population of N1 cells are multiaction, premotor cholinergic interneurons.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Elliott, C. J. and Kemenes, G.},\ndoi = {10.1098/rstb.1992.0054},\nissn = {0962-8436},\njournal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {1277},\npages = {167--180},\npublisher = {royalsocietypublishing.org},\ntitle = {{Cholinergic interneurons in the feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. II. N1 interneurons make cholinergic synapses with feeding m otoneurons}},\nurl = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.1992.0053 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1992.0054},\nvolume = {336},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The neuropeptide schistosomin and haemolymph from parasitized snails induce similar changes in excitability in neuroendocrine cells controlling reproduction and growth in a freshwater snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hordijk, P. L.; de Jong-Brink, M.; ter Maat, A.; Pieneman, A.; Lodder, J.; and Kits, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 136(2): 193–197. mar 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00214,\nabstract = {Infection of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis with the schistosome parasite Trichobilharzia ocellata results in inhibition of reproduction and in giant growth. Parasite-related effects on the neuroendocrine centres that control these processes were studied electrophysiologically. Haemolymph from infected snails reduced the excitability of the caudodorsal cells, which control egg laying. In contrast, the excitability of the growth-controlling Light Green Cells was increased under these conditions. The endogenous anti-gonadotropic neuropeptide schistosomin, the presence of which is strongly enhanced in parasitized snails, induced similar effects. Schistosomin apparently plays an important role in the balance between reproduction and growth in Lymnaea. This balance is severely disturbed during parasitic infection, probably as a result of the release of the peptide. {\\textcopyright} 1992.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hordijk, Peter L. and de Jong-Brink, M. and ter Maat, A. and Pieneman, A.W. and Lodder, J.C. and Kits, K.S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90047-B},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Caudodorsal cell,Electrophysiology,Host-parasite interaction,Light green cell,Mollusc,Neuropeptide,Reproduction,Schistosomin,Trichobilharzia},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {193--197},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{The neuropeptide schistosomin and haemolymph from parasitized snails induce similar changes in excitability in neuroendocrine cells controlling reproduction and growth in a freshwater snail}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439409290047B https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030439409290047B},\nvolume = {136},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The VD1/RPD2 neuronal system in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerkhoven, R. M.; Croll, R. P.; Ramkema, M. D.; Van Minnen, J.; Bogerd, J.; and Boer, H. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 267(3): 551–559. mar 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00161,\nabstract = {VD 1 and RPD 2 are two giant neuropeptidergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We wished to determine whether other central neurons in the CNS of L. stagnalis express the VD 1 /RPD 2 gene. To this end, in situ hybridization with the cDNA probe of the VD 1 /RPD 2 gene and immunocytochemistry with antisera specific to VD 1 and RPD 2 (the $\\alpha$1-antiserum, Mab4H5 and ALMA 6) and to R 15 (the $\\alpha$1 and 16-mer antisera) were performed on alternate tissue sections. A VD 1 /RPD 2 neuronal system comprising three classes of neurons (A1-A3) was found. All neurons of the system express the gene. Division into classes is based on immunocytochemical characteristics. Class A1 neurons (VD 1 and RPD 2 ) immunoreact with the $\\alpha$1-antiserum, Mab4H5 and ALMA 6. Class A2 neurons (1-5 small and 1-5 medium sized neurons in the visceral and right parietal ganglion, and two clusters of small neurons and 5 medium-sized neurons in the cerebral ganglia) immunoreact with the $\\alpha$1-antiserum and Mab4H5, but not with ALMA 6. Class A3 neurons (3-4 medium-sized neurons and a cluster of 4-5 small neurons located in the pedal ganglion) immunoreact with the $\\alpha$1-antiserum only. All neurons of the system are immunonegative to the R 15 antisera. The observations suggest that the neurons of the VD 1 /RPD 2 system produce different sets of neuropeptides. A group of approximately 15 neurons (class B), scattered in the ganglia, immunostained with one or more of the antisera, but did not react with the cDNA probe in in situ hybridization. {\\textcopyright} 1992 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kerkhoven, R. M. and Croll, R. P. and Ramkema, M. D. and {Van Minnen}, J. and Bogerd, J. and Boer, H. H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00319378},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Hybridization,Immunocytochemistry,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Nervous system,Neuropeptide immunocytochemistry,VD 1 /RPD 2 system,central,in situ},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {551--559},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{The VD1/RPD2 neuronal system in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00319378 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00319378},\nvolume = {267},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Control of egg laying behaviour patterns in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maat, A. T.; Ferguson, G. P.; and Jansen, R. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection,20–36. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Control$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00181,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Neuroscience, 39 (1990), pp {\\ldots} Prog. Bull., 16 (1978), pp. 493-497. Google Scholar. Ebberink et al., 1985 RHM Ebberink, H. Van Loenhout, WPM Geraerts, Joosse J.Purification and amino acid sequence of the ovulation neurohormone in Lymnaea stagnalis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Maat, Andries Ter and Ferguson, Graham P. and Jansen, Rene F.},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-041986-2.50007-2},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection},\npages = {20--36},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Control of egg laying behaviour patterns in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080419862500072 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780080419862500072},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development of serotoninlike immunoreactivity in the embryonic nervous system of the snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marois, R.; and Croll, R. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 322(2): 255–265. aug 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00160,\nabstract = {In our initial effort to study the ontogeny of the gastropod nervous system, we used histological techniques to examine the post‐embryonic development of cells which exhibit serotoninlike immunoreactivity in Lymnaea (Croll and Chiasson, J. Comp. Neurol. 230:122–142, '89). The present study complements that report by examining the embryonic development of these neurons. The first serotoninlike immunoreactive (SLIR) cells to be detected in the embryos are the paired C4 neurons of the cerebral ganglia. These cells are faintly visible at about 37–38{\\%} of embryonic development and have already produced axons which traverse the cerebral commissure. By about 2–3{\\%} later the axon tips reach the pedal ganglia and appose the next SLIR cells to appear, the EPe1 neurons. Over the next 30{\\%} of development four more pairs of cerebral neurons are added adjacent to the C4 neurons and over ten cells are added to each of the pedal ganglia. At about 70{\\%} of development SLIR fibers are first detected in the parietal and visceral ganglia forming the abdominal ring. Around this time the somata of the Cl neurons also first appear in the cerebral ganglia together with their prominent axons projecting to the buccal ganglia. The last 30{\\%} of development is marked by a massive addition of SLIR cells (up to 60) in each pedal ganglion. The early appearance of the first SLIR cells suggests that they may be among the first nerve cells to differentiate and that they may play central roles in the formation of the CNS. We hypothesize that most of the animal's neural circuitry is laid down during embryogenesis by a stereotypic ontogenetic program with post‐embryonic neurogenesis subserving mostly compensatory and modulatory purposes. {\\textcopyright} 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Marois, Ren{\\'{e}} and Croll, Roger P.},\ndoi = {10.1002/cne.903220211},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {gastropod,monoamine,neurodevelopment,neurotransmitter,serotonin},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {255--265},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Development of serotoninlike immunoreactivity in the embryonic nervous system of the snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.903220211 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.902800109 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.903220211},\nvolume = {322},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Motor programme selection and the control of feeding in the snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCrohan, C. R.; and Kyriakides, M. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection,37–51. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Motor$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00571,\nabstract = {Publisher Summary This chapter describes the properties of interneurons that regulate the occurrence and nature of rhythmic feeding motor output and explains what is known about central interactions between feeding circuitry and neurons concerned with control of other behaviors. The pond snail of Lymnaea stagnalis provides a detailed analysis of neuronal interactions involved in the control of behavior by the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal activity underlying rhythmic movements of the radula during feeding is generated by a central pattern generator (CPG) in the buccal ganglia. The CPG can generate rhythmic feeding motor output in the isolated CNS, although the rhythm is usually slower than that observed in the whole animal. Two types of higher-order interneuron have been described in the Lymnaea feeding system, which can initiate rhythmic feeding motor output in isolated and semi-isolated CNS preparations. These are the buccal slow oscillator neuron and the cerebral ventral 1 cell. Neuronal networks that control different behavioral activities are highly distributed and interwoven. The scope for interaction between behavioral outputs at the central level is enormous, providing for the high degree of behavioral flexibility that is required of the intact animal.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McCrohan, Catherine R. and Kyriakides, Michael A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-041986-2.50008-4},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection},\npages = {37--51},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Motor programme selection and the control of feeding in the snail}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080419862500084 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780080419862500084},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differential expression of four genes encoding molluscan insulin-related peptides in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Meester, I.; Ramkema, M. D.; van Minnen, J.; and Boer, H. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 269(1): 183–188. jul 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differential$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00137,\nabstract = {In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the growth regulating system consists of (1) about 200 neuroendocrine light green cells, located in four clusters in the cerebral ganglia, and (2) the paired canopy cells, located in the lateral lobes. These cells express genes encoding the molluscan insulin-related peptides (MIPs). Six MIP genes have previously been identified. Four of these (I, II, III and V) are expressed in the light green cells and the canopy cells. The MIP-VI gene is a pseudogene. In the present in situ hybridization study, using oligonucleotide probes specific to the transcripts of MIP-I,-II,-III,-IV, and-V, no signal was obtained with the MIP-IV probe, indicating that gene IV is also a pseudogene. With the other four probes, two types of light green cells were distinguished. Type-A cells express all four MIP genes, whereas type-B cells do not (or only faintly) express the MIP-I gene. Gene III is relatively strongly expressed in type-B cells. Genes II and V are moderately expressed in both cell types. Type-A cells are mainly located in the periphery of the clusters, whereas type-B cells are present in the center. The canopy cell resembles type-A light green cells. The expression levels of the MIP-II and MIP-V genes are low in the canopy cell. The expression pattern of the MIP genes correlates with the staining pattern of the anti-MIP-C antibody, which has been raised to a synthetic C-fragment shared by MIP-I,-II and-V. Type-A cells stain more intensely with the antibody than type-B cells. {\\textcopyright} 1992 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Meester, I. and Ramkema, M. D. and van Minnen, J. and Boer, H. H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00384739},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Differential gene expression,Immunocytochemistry,In situ hybridization,Light green cells,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Molluscan insulin-related peptide,Neuropeptide},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {183--188},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Differential expression of four genes encoding molluscan insulin-related peptides in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00384739 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00384739},\nvolume = {269},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Quantitative Ultrastructural Effects of Cisplatin (Platinol), Carboplatin (JM8), and Iproplatin (JM9) on Neurons of Freshwater Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Miiller, L. J.; Moorer-van Delft, C. M.; Roubos, E. W.; Vermorken, J. B.; and Boer, H. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cancer Research, 52(4): 963–973. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Quantitative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00307,\nabstract = {Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural effects of the platinum compounds cisplatin (Platinol), carboplatin (JM8), and iproplatin (JM9) were studied on two types of identified peptidergic neuron (caudodorsal cells, light green cells) in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Depending on the parameter under investigation, either one or both cell types were studied. Central nervous systems of the snail were incubated for 5 and 20 h in various identical and equitoxic drug concentrations. Cisplatin had the most severe effects. Platinol, i.e., cisplatin dissolved in NaCl solution with the addition of HC1 (pH 2.0-3.0), as well as cisplatin dissolved in snail Ringer's solution (pH 7.8), caused swelling of axons and distensions of the intercellular spaces. This drug induced an increase in chromatin clump size in the caudodorsal cells (20-h incubation), while carboplatin and iproplatin induced the formation of many small chromatin clumps. Incubation in snail Ringer's solution (controls) and cisplatin affect the morphology of the nucleoli. At high dosages of cisplatin, the nucleoli of light green cells were transformed into homogeneous dense structures. The data indicate that platinum compounds react with nuclear and nucleolar DNA. All three drugs affected the activity and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of the peptidergic neurons studied (qualitative observations). These effects, which point to a reduced neuropeptide synthesis, may be secondary, i.e., exerted via inhibition of RNA synthesis and ribosome formation (nucleoli). The fact that the number of neuropeptide granules in the cytoplasm of the cells remained constant (both cell types) may indicate that granule transport was also inhibited. Cisplatin and iproplatin induced an increase in the number of lysosomes in the light green cells. The number of lipid droplets in these cells was not affected by drug treatment. The results corroborate clinical data indicating that cisplatin is highly neurotoxic. Despite conflicting clinical data, observations on the snail neurons suggest that iproplatin is also neurotoxic, although less than cisplatin. Carboplatin is minimally neurotoxic, which is in accordance with clinical data. The central nervous system of Lymnaea is a suitable model for studying possible neurotoxic effects of platinum compounds. {\\textcopyright} 1992, American Association for Cancer Research. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Miiller, Linda J. and {Moorer-van Delft}, Carry M. and Roubos, Eric W. and Vermorken, Jan B. and Boer, Harry H.},\nissn = {15387445},\njournal = {Cancer Research},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {963--973},\npmid = {1737358},\npublisher = {AACR},\ntitle = {{Quantitative Ultrastructural Effects of Cisplatin (Platinol), Carboplatin (JM8), and Iproplatin (JM9) on Neurons of Freshwater Snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/52/4/963.short},\nvolume = {52},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural effects of the platinum compounds cisplatin (Platinol), carboplatin (JM8), and iproplatin (JM9) were studied on two types of identified peptidergic neuron (caudodorsal cells, light green cells) in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Depending on the parameter under investigation, either one or both cell types were studied. Central nervous systems of the snail were incubated for 5 and 20 h in various identical and equitoxic drug concentrations. Cisplatin had the most severe effects. Platinol, i.e., cisplatin dissolved in NaCl solution with the addition of HC1 (pH 2.0-3.0), as well as cisplatin dissolved in snail Ringer's solution (pH 7.8), caused swelling of axons and distensions of the intercellular spaces. This drug induced an increase in chromatin clump size in the caudodorsal cells (20-h incubation), while carboplatin and iproplatin induced the formation of many small chromatin clumps. Incubation in snail Ringer's solution (controls) and cisplatin affect the morphology of the nucleoli. At high dosages of cisplatin, the nucleoli of light green cells were transformed into homogeneous dense structures. The data indicate that platinum compounds react with nuclear and nucleolar DNA. All three drugs affected the activity and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of the peptidergic neurons studied (qualitative observations). These effects, which point to a reduced neuropeptide synthesis, may be secondary, i.e., exerted via inhibition of RNA synthesis and ribosome formation (nucleoli). The fact that the number of neuropeptide granules in the cytoplasm of the cells remained constant (both cell types) may indicate that granule transport was also inhibited. Cisplatin and iproplatin induced an increase in the number of lysosomes in the light green cells. The number of lipid droplets in these cells was not affected by drug treatment. The results corroborate clinical data indicating that cisplatin is highly neurotoxic. Despite conflicting clinical data, observations on the snail neurons suggest that iproplatin is also neurotoxic, although less than cisplatin. Carboplatin is minimally neurotoxic, which is in accordance with clinical data. The central nervous system of Lymnaea is a suitable model for studying possible neurotoxic effects of platinum compounds. © 1992, American Association for Cancer Research. All rights reserved.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Routing and release of input and output messengers of peptidergic systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Progress in Brain Research, 92(C): 257–265. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Routing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00324,\nabstract = {This chapter provides an overview of the processes of biosynthesis, routing and release of neurochemical messengers in two representative peptidergic systems, one of neuronal, the other of endocrine signature: the caudodorsal cell neurons (CDC) in the central nervous system of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis and the endocrine melanotrope cells in the pituitary pars intermedia of the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. The data presented in the chapter for the CDC and the melanotrope cells strongly indicate that neuronal and endocrine cell systems have many characteristics in common with respect to their input and output messengers, such as cells of both systems are able to produce more than one type of messenger, of which, the peptides are most conspicuous. Before the peptides are released, various intracellular differentiating processes may take place, such as differential storage of peptides into secretory vesicles, differential acetylation during posttranslational processing, activated final processing as a result of cellular activation, and release of different peptides from different cellular sites via different release mechanisms. The targets of these cells may be complex as well, as they may include neurons, gland cells, endocrine cells, and muscles. {\\textcopyright} 1992, Academic Press Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61181-4},\nissn = {18757855},\njournal = {Progress in Brain Research},\nnumber = {C},\npages = {257--265},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Routing and release of input and output messengers of peptidergic systems}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612308611814 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612308611814},\nvolume = {92},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cell-specific alternative RNA splicing of an FMRFamide gene transcript in the brain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saunders, S.; Kellett, E.; Bright, K.; Benjamin, P.; and Burke, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 12(3): 1033–1039. mar 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cell-specific$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00367,\nabstract = {Individual neurons synthesize different peptide neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In general, specificity is achieved by transcriptional regulation of neuropeptide-encoding genes. In Lymnaea, the FMRFamide and GDP/SDPFLRFamide neuropeptides are encoded by separate exons. Here we provide evidence that the two exons are part of the same gene and that in neurons expressing the gene the two exons are spliced onto a common upstream exon encoding a hydrophobic leader sequence. In addition, in situ hybridization data show that there is mutually exclusive cytoplasmic expression of each of the neuropeptide-encoding exons. Thus, differential neuropeptide synthesis is likely to be regulated by an alternative splicing mechanism. The cellular specificity of these splicing events is remarkable and suggests that cell- specific alternative splicing may be of major importance in establishing neuronal diversity in this system.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Saunders, SE and Kellett, E. and Bright, K. and Benjamin, PR and Burke, JF},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-01033.1992},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {1033--1039},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Cell-specific alternative RNA splicing of an FMRFamide gene transcript in the brain}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/3/1033.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-01033.1992},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding multiple copies of the neuropeptide APGWamide in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A.; Jimenez, C.; Dirks, R.; Croll, R.; and Geraerts, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 12(5): 1709–1715. may 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00042,\nabstract = {Male mating behavior of the simultaneous hermaphrodite freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis is controlled by a neuronal network that consists of various types of peptidergic neurons, as well as serotonergic cells. In the present article, we describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone that encodes a multipeptide preprohormone expressed in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion, in a group of neurons that principally innervate the penial complex. The preprohormone is 219 amino acids in length and contains 10 copies of the peptide Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-Gly. Posttranslational processing of the prohormone may lead to the generation of the amidated neuropeptide Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-amide (APGWamide), an amidated C-terminal anterior lobe peptide, and four connecting peptide sequences, C1-C4. We show by in situ and filter hybridization that neurons of the right anterior lobe comprise the major site of expression of the APGWamide gene. Expression of the APGWamide gene is detected in the CNS of both adult animals and noncopulating juveniles. Peptides derived from the APGWamide prohormone are probably involved in the control of a part of the male mating behavior and have both central and peripheral targets.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smit, AB and Jimenez, CR and Dirks, RW and Croll, RP and Geraerts, WP},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-05-01709.1992},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {1709--1715},\npmid = {1578265},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding multiple copies of the neuropeptide APGWamide in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/5/1709.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-05-01709.1992},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of a molluscan insulin-related peptide in the central nervous system of Planorbarius corneus.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sonetti, D.; van Heumen, W. R. A.; and Roubos, E. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 267(3): 473–481. mar 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Light-$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00805,\nabstract = {Two groups of cerebral dorsal cells of the pulmonate snail Planorbarius corneus stain positively with antisera raised against synthetic fragments of the B- and C-chain of the molluscan pro-insulin-related prohormone, proMIP-I, of another pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. At the light-microscopic level the somata of the dorsal cells and their axons and neurohemal axon terminals in the periphery of the paired median lip nerves are immunoreactive with both antisera. Furthermore, the canopy cells in the lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglia are positive. In addition, MIPB-immunoreactive neurons are found in most other ganglia of the central nervous system. At the ultrastructural level, pale and dark secretory granules are found in somata and axon terminals of the dorsal cells. Dark granules are about 4 times as immunoreactive to both antisera as pale granules. Release of anti-MIPB- and anti-MIPC-immunopositive contents of the secretory granules by exocytosis is apparent in material treated according to the tannic acid method. It is concluded that the dorsal and canopy cells synthesize a molluscan insulin-related peptide that is packed in the cell body into secretory granules and that is subsequently transported to the neurohemal axon terminals and released into the hemolymph by exocytosis. Thus, MIP seems to act as a neurohormone on peripheral targets. On the basis of the analogy between the dorsal cells and the MIP-producing cells in L. stagnalis, it is proposed that the dorsal cells of P. corneus are involved in the control of body growth and associated processes. {\\textcopyright} 1992 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sonetti, D. and van Heumen, W. R. A. and Roubos, E. W.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00319369},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Cerebral ganglia,Immunocytochemistry,Molluscan insulin-related peptide,Neurohormones,Planorbarius corneus (Mollusca),Tannic acid},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {473--481},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of a molluscan insulin-related peptide in the central nervous system of Planorbarius corneus}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00319369 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00319369},\nvolume = {267},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Divalent-selective voltage-independent calcium channels in Lymnaea neurons: Permeation properties and inhibition by intracellular magnesium.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Strong, J. A.; and Scott, S. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 12(8): 2993–3003. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Divalent-selective$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00437,\nabstract = {Calcium channels are tightly regulated. Voltage-gated calcium channels open only in response to depolarization, while voltage-independent calcium channels usually open only in response to specific intracellular or extracellular ligands. Voltage-independent calcium channels have been described in several invertebrate neurons. One difficulty in understanding the function of the neuronal channels is that their regulators are unknown. They open rarely in intact cells but are activated by formation of a cell- free patch, suggesting that some intracellular inhibitor usually keeps them closed. This article provides evidence that intracellular Mg2+ is one important regulator of the voltage-independent calcium channel (HP channel) in neurons of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Mg2+ (1 mM) rapidly and reversibly inhibited activity of this calcium channel when applied to the intracellular side of cell-free membrane patches. The primary effect of the Mg2+ was to promote long closings of the channel. The mechanism of the intracellular Mg2+ inhibition is distinct from open channel block, a phenomenon seen in a variety of cation channels. Open channel block can also be seen in the HP channels, but only at very positive membrane potentials. Some of the permeability and selectivity characteristics of these channels were also examined. The channels are permeable to Mg2+ and Ca2+ as well as Ba2+. Outward currents carried by monovalent cations can be observed only at very positive membrane potentials, indicating high selectivity for divalent over monovalent cations. The single channel current-voltage relationship is markedly nonlinear, becoming quite shallow near the reversal potential, and hence is qualitatively similar to that seen in many voltage- activated calcium channels.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Strong, J. A. and Scott, S. A.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.12-08-02993.1992},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {2993--3003},\npmid = {1494942},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Divalent-selective voltage-independent calcium channels in Lymnaea neurons: Permeation properties and inhibition by intracellular magnesium}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/8/2993.short},\nvolume = {12},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transplantation and functional integration of an identified respiratory interneuron in lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N. I.; Ridgway, R. L.; Lukowiak, K.; and Bulloch, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuron, 8(4): 767–774. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transplantation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Syed1992,\nabstract = {The possibility that damaged neural circuitries can be repaired through grafting has raised questions regarding the cellular mechanisms required for functional integration of transplanted neurons. Invertebrate models offer the potential to examine such mechanisms at the resolution of single identified neurons within well-characterized neural networks. Here it is reported that a specific deficit in the respiratory behavior of a pulmonate mollusc, caused by the ablation of a solitary interneuron, can be restored by grafting an identical donor interneuron. The transplanted interneuron not only survives and extends neurites within the host nervous system, but under specific conditions forms synapses with appropriate target neurons and is physiologically integrated into the host's circuitry, thereby restoring normal behavior. {\\textcopyright} 1992.},\nauthor = {Syed, N. I. and Ridgway, R. L. and Lukowiak, K. and Bulloch, A. G.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0896-6273(92)90097-W},\nissn = {08966273},\njournal = {Neuron},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {767--774},\ntitle = {{Transplantation and functional integration of an identified respiratory interneuron in lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089662739290097W},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Specific in vitro synaptogenesis between identified lymnaea and helisoma neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N. I.; Lukowiak, K.; and Bulloch, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n NeuroReport, 3(9): 793–796. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Specific$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00147,\nabstract = {We tested the ability of identified neurons from two different families of pulmonate molluscs to form specific connections in vitro. The presynaptic neuron chosen for this study was the giant dopamine cell of Lymnaea stagnalis and Helisoma trivolvis which is known to synapse upon specific visceral and parietal ganglion neurons in both species. Here we show that the giant dopamine cells can reform specific connections in vitro on follower neurons from both species. Thus the mechanisms that determine synapse specificity are conserved between two different families of molluscs. {\\textcopyright} Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Syed, Naweed I. and Lukowiak, Ken and Bulloch, Andrew G.M.},\ndoi = {10.1097/00001756-199209000-00018},\nissn = {1473558X},\njournal = {NeuroReport},\nkeywords = {Cell culture,Mollusc,Specificity,Sprout,Synapse},\nnumber = {9},\npages = {793--796},\npublisher = {europepmc.org},\ntitle = {{Specific in vitro synaptogenesis between identified lymnaea and helisoma neurons}},\nurl = {https://europepmc.org/article/med/1421138},\nvolume = {3},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Egg laying in the hermaphrodite pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ter Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Progress in Brain Research, 92(C): 345–360. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Egg$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00028,\nabstract = {This chapter describes Lymnaea stagnalis egg laying as a model system for the study of the ways in which peptidergic systems may trigger a complex set of overt and covert behaviors. Lymnaea stagnalis is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, and laboratory experiments suggest that this annual cycle may be ascribed to the combined effects of temperature and photoperiod on vitellogenesis, the responsiveness of the oocytes to ovulation hormone and the episodic release of ovulation hormone. Egg laying is controlled by the activity of neurosecretory cells that produce the ovulation hormone. The egg-laying behavior is described quantitatively by three measures: (1) shell position, (2) the rate at which the buccal mass makes rasping movements, and (3) speed of locomotion. In animals with chronically implanted fine wire electrodes to monitor caudodorsal cells (CDC) activity in vivo, precise timing of the behavior is achieved. The integration of whole-animal models with physiological experiments makes a specific contribution to animal physiology. {\\textcopyright} 1992, Academic Press Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Ter Maat}, Andries},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61188-7},\nissn = {18757855},\njournal = {Progress in Brain Research},\nnumber = {C},\npages = {345--360},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Egg laying in the hermaphrodite pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612308611887},\nvolume = {92},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of synthesis, storage, and release sites of the neuropeptide calfluxin in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Heumen, W.; Broers-Vendrig, C.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General and Comparative Endocrinology, 87(3): 361–368. sep 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Light$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00081,\nabstract = {The cerebral caudodorsal cells (CDC) of the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg-laying and associated behaviors. They produce various peptides derived from two precursor molecules, proCDCH-I and II, one of which is calfluxin (CaFl). CaFl is involved in the control of the activity of a female accessory sex gland, the albumen gland. At the light microscope level, using an antibody raised against synthetic CaFl, immunoreactivity was demonstrated in all CDC somata as well as in the neurohemal CDC terminals in the periphery of the cerebral commissure and in the CDC axon collaterals in the inner region of the commissure. A group of small neurons in each cerebral ganglion was also immunopositive. At the ultrastructural level, secretory granules (SG) and large electron-dense granules (LG), formed by the Golgi apparatus and thought to be involved in intracellular degradation of secretory material, were clearly immunolabeled. The density of immunolabeling of LG was 3.3 times greater than that of SG, indicating that CaFl is preferentially packed into LG. In the LG, the density of immunolabeling with anti-$\\alpha$CDCP ($\\alpha$CDCP is also a peptide derived from proCDCH-I and II) was 10 times greater than in SG, suggesting that CaFl and $\\alpha$CDCP are processed and sorted in (quantitatively) different ways. In the neurohemal terminals SG release their CaFl-immunopositive contents into the hemolymph by the process of exocytosis, whereas collaterals release such contents into the intercellular space of the intercerebral commissure. It is proposed that neurohemally released CaFl acts upon the albumen gland, whereas CaFl released from the collaterals may influence the activity of central neurons. CaFl may thus act both as a neurohormone and as a central neurochemical messenger. {\\textcopyright} 1992.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {{Van Heumen}, W.R.A. and Broers-Vendrig, C.M. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0016-6480(92)90042-I},\nissn = {00166480},\njournal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {361--368},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of synthesis, storage, and release sites of the neuropeptide calfluxin in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001664809290042I https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/001664809290042I},\nvolume = {87},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of putative egg-laying hormone containing neuronal systems in gastropod molluscs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Minnen, J.; Schallig, H.; and Ramkema, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General and Comparative Endocrinology, 86(1): 96–102. apr 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00709,\nabstract = {Of gastropod molluscs, only in the Aplysiidae and the Lymnaeidae have the genes encoding the respective egg-laying hormones been cloned and the neurons controlling egg laying and egg-laying behavior been identified. Immunocytochemistry, using antibodies raised against $\\alpha$-CDCP (one of the neuropeptides encoded on the egg-laying hormone gene of Lymnaea stagnalis), identified neurons in various species of gastropods. In the basommatophoran snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, large and small neurons were observed in areas of the central nervous system similar to where immunoreactive cells exist in L. stagnalis, i.e., in the cerebral and pleural ganglia. In the stylommatophoran snail (Helix aspersa) and the slug (Limax maximus), large immunopositive neurons occur in the visceral and right parietal ganglia. In L. maximus, small immunoreactive neurons were found in the cerebral ganglia while in H. aspersa similar cells were observed intermingled with the large cells in the visceral and right parietal ganglia. Similar to the situation in L. stagnalis, in the female part of the reproductive tract of B. glabrata, L. maximus, and A. californica, but not in H. aspersa, neurons and/or fiber tracts are present. The results indicate that egg-laying hormone precursor molecules of gastropod molluscs are phylogenetically closely related. The $\\alpha$-CDCP antiserum may allow the identification of hitherto unknown egg-laying regulating systems of gastropod molluscs. {\\textcopyright} 1992.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Minnen, J. and Schallig, H.D.F.H. and Ramkema, M.D.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0016-6480(92)90130-C},\nissn = {00166480},\njournal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {96--102},\npmid = {1505734},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Identification of putative egg-laying hormone containing neuronal systems in gastropod molluscs}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001664809290130C https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/001664809290130C},\nvolume = {86},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Serotonergic modulation of junctional conductance in an identified pair of neurons in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wildering, W. C.; and Janse, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 595(2): 343–352. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Serotonergic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00222,\nabstract = {Serotonin (5-HT) is shown to modulate electronic coupling between two giant peptidergic neurons in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis. The primary effect of 5-HT appears to be a rapid and reversible decrease in gap junctional conductance. {\\textcopyright} 1992.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Wildering, W. C. and Janse, C.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)91070-U},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Electrical synapse,Gap junction,Lymnaea stagnalis,Molluscan neuron,Serotonin},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {343--352},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Serotonergic modulation of junctional conductance in an identified pair of neurons in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939291070U},\nvolume = {595},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mechanisms of behavioural selection in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Winlow, W.; Moroz, L. L.; and Syed, N. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection,52–72. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mechanisms$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00131,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection. New Approaches to the Study of Behavioural Choice. Pergamon Studies in Neuroscience. 1992, Pages 52-72. Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection. 4 - Mechanisms of behavioural selection in Lymnaea stagnalis {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Winlow, William and Moroz, Leonid L. and Syed, Naweed I.},\ndoi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-041986-2.50009-6},\njournal = {Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection},\npages = {52--72},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Mechanisms of behavioural selection in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080419862500096 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780080419862500096},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Acetylcholine is the putative transmitter of the slow oscillator modulatory interneurone in the snail feeding system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yeoman, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Physiology, 446. 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Acetylcholine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00413,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Acetylcholine is the putative transmitter of the slow oscillator modulatory interneurone in the snail [Lymnaea stagnalis] feeding system [1992]. Yeoman, M. Benjamin, PR (Sussex Invertebrate Neuroscience Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Yeoman, M. and Benjamin, P. R.},\nissn = {0022-3751},\njournal = {Journal of Physiology},\npublisher = {agris.fao.org},\ntitle = {{Acetylcholine is the putative transmitter of the slow oscillator modulatory interneurone in the snail feeding system}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB9521998},\nvolume = {446},\nyear = {1992}\n}\n

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\n \n 1991\n \n \n (18)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inhibitory modulation by FMRFamide of the voltage‐gated sodium current in identified neurones in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brussaard, A. B.; Lodder, J. C.; ter Maat, A.; de Vlieger, T. A.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 441(1): 385–404. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inhibitory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00205,\nabstract = {1. The putative neurotransmitter FMRFa (Phe‐Met‐Arg‐Phe‐amide) caused an inhibitory modulation of the voltage‐gated sodium current (INa) in central neurones, the peptidergic caudo dorsal cells (CDCs) of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. FMRFa reduced INa at all command potentials tested (ranging from ‐35 to +20 mV), but the amplitude of the effect of FMRFa was voltage dependent, inhibition being stronger at more negative potentials (50 +/‐ 5{\\%} reduction at half‐maximal INa activation versus 25 +/‐ 8{\\%} at the peak of the I‐V curve). 2. INa current traces were well fitted by a Hodgkin {\\&} Huxley based model, using m3 activation kinetics and two time constants for inactivation. 3. The steady‐state inactivation curve of INa was characterized by half‐maximal inactivation at ‐42.5 +/‐ 1.81 mV and a slope factor of 4.6 +/‐ 0.28 mV. The fastest time constant of inactivation ran from 100 +/‐ 5 to 0.8 +/‐ 0.32 ms and the slower time constant from 505 +/‐ 45 to 4.8 +/‐ 1.40 ms in the range ‐40 to ‐5 mV. 4. FMRFa had no significant effect on either component of inactivation, nor on the voltage dependence of steady‐state inactivation, nor on the maximal conductance. 5. FMRFa affected the activation of INa. The activation time constant was increased, ranging from 0.75 +/‐ 0.050 to 0.22 +/‐ 0.017 ms under control and from 0.91 +/‐ 0.043 to 0.31 +/‐ 0.038 ms with FMRFa in the voltage range ‐25 to +5 mV. The steady‐state activation curve was shifted to less negative potentials: half‐maximal activation occurred at ‐26.5 +/‐ 1.2 mV under control and at 23.6 +/‐ 1.4 mV with FMRFa; the slope factor (4.6 +/‐ 1.4 mV in control experiments) was not affected. The combination of slower activation kinetics and a shift in the voltage dependence of activation in the Hodgkin {\\&} Huxley based model, adequately explained the reduction of INa by FMRFa. 6. The physiological consequence is that the spiking threshold is increased, causing an arrest of on‐going firing activity and a decrease in excitability. {\\textcopyright} 1991 The Physiological Society},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brussaard, A. B. and Lodder, J. C. and ter Maat, A. and de Vlieger, T. A. and Kits, K. S.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018757},\nissn = {14697793},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {385--404},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Inhibitory modulation by FMRFamide of the voltage‐gated sodium current in identified neurones in Lymnaea stagnalis.}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018757},\nvolume = {441},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n 1. The putative neurotransmitter FMRFa (Phe‐Met‐Arg‐Phe‐amide) caused an inhibitory modulation of the voltage‐gated sodium current (INa) in central neurones, the peptidergic caudo dorsal cells (CDCs) of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. FMRFa reduced INa at all command potentials tested (ranging from ‐35 to +20 mV), but the amplitude of the effect of FMRFa was voltage dependent, inhibition being stronger at more negative potentials (50 +/‐ 5% reduction at half‐maximal INa activation versus 25 +/‐ 8% at the peak of the I‐V curve). 2. INa current traces were well fitted by a Hodgkin & Huxley based model, using m3 activation kinetics and two time constants for inactivation. 3. The steady‐state inactivation curve of INa was characterized by half‐maximal inactivation at ‐42.5 +/‐ 1.81 mV and a slope factor of 4.6 +/‐ 0.28 mV. The fastest time constant of inactivation ran from 100 +/‐ 5 to 0.8 +/‐ 0.32 ms and the slower time constant from 505 +/‐ 45 to 4.8 +/‐ 1.40 ms in the range ‐40 to ‐5 mV. 4. FMRFa had no significant effect on either component of inactivation, nor on the voltage dependence of steady‐state inactivation, nor on the maximal conductance. 5. FMRFa affected the activation of INa. The activation time constant was increased, ranging from 0.75 +/‐ 0.050 to 0.22 +/‐ 0.017 ms under control and from 0.91 +/‐ 0.043 to 0.31 +/‐ 0.038 ms with FMRFa in the voltage range ‐25 to +5 mV. The steady‐state activation curve was shifted to less negative potentials: half‐maximal activation occurred at ‐26.5 +/‐ 1.2 mV under control and at 23.6 +/‐ 1.4 mV with FMRFa; the slope factor (4.6 +/‐ 1.4 mV in control experiments) was not affected. The combination of slower activation kinetics and a shift in the voltage dependence of activation in the Hodgkin & Huxley based model, adequately explained the reduction of INa by FMRFa. 6. The physiological consequence is that the spiking threshold is increased, causing an arrest of on‐going firing activity and a decrease in excitability. © 1991 The Physiological Society\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dopamine-immunoreactive neurones in the central nervous system of the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elekes, K.; Kemenes, G.; Hiripi, L.; Geffard, M.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 307(2): 214–224. may 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dopamine-immunoreactive$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00080,\nabstract = {The distribution of dopamine and dopamine‐immunoreactive neurones was studied in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The results from immunocytochemical labelling were compared with those from the application of the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method and 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced pigment labelling. Comparisons were also made between the number of dopamine immunoreactive neurones and the dopamine content of the ganglia, measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Dopamine immunocytochemistry proved to be superior to the other two histochemical techniques in terms of specificity and sensitivity. The 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced pigment labelling failed to prove a useful tool for the in vivo identification of all dopamine‐containing neurones. The distribution and number of dopamine‐immunoreactive neurones and levels of biochemically measured dopamine in specific ganglia showed a close correspondence. By using the results of the dopamine immunocytochemistry and glyoxylic acid technique, a detailed map of dopamine‐containing neurones was constructed. Dopamine‐containing inter‐ and intra‐ganglionic axon tracts were also demonstrated. The mapping of dopamine‐containing neurones will facilitate further neurophysiological analysis of dopaminergic neural mechanisms in Lymnaea. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1991 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Elekes, K. and Kemenes, G. and Hiripi, L. and Geffard, M. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1002/cne.903070205},\nissn = {0021-9967},\njournal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},\nkeywords = {HPLC,glyoxylic acid,immunocytochemistry,mapping,pigment labelling},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {214--224},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Dopamine-immunoreactive neurones in the central nervous system of the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.903070205 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.903070205},\nvolume = {307},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis. I. Identification of central motoneurones and muscles.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferguson, G. P.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of experimental biology, 158: 63–95. jul 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00107,\nabstract = {Two muscle systems mediated the whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis: the columellar muscle (CM) and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM). The CM was innervated by the columellar nerves and contracted longitudinally to shorten the ventral head-foot complex and to pull the shell forward and down over the body. The DLM was innervated by the superior and inferior cervical nerves and the left and right parietal nerves. During whole-body withdrawal, the DLM contracted synchronously with the CM and shortened the dorsal head-foot longitudinally. The CM and the DLM were innervated by a network of motoneurones. The somata of these cells were located in seven ganglia of the central nervous system (CNS), but were especially concentrated in the bilaterally symmetrical A clusters of the cerebral ganglia. The CM was innervated by cells in the cerebral and pedal ganglia and the DLM by cells in the cerebral, pedal, pleural and left parietal ganglia. Individual motoneurones innervated large, but discrete, areas of muscle, which often overlapped with those innervated by other motoneurones. Motoneuronal action potentials evoked one-for-one non-facilitating excitatory junction potentials within muscle fibres. No all-or-nothing action potentials were recorded in the CM or DLM, and they did not appear to be innervated by inhibitory motoneurones. The whole network of motoneurones was electrotonically coupled, with most cells on one side of the CNS strongly coupled to each other but weakly coupled to cells on the contralateral side of the CNS. This electrotonic coupling between motoneurones is probably important in producing synchronous contraction of the CM and DLM when the animal retracts its head-foot complex during whole-body withdrawal.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ferguson, G. P. and Benjamin, P. R.},\nissn = {0022-0949},\njournal = {The Journal of experimental biology},\nmonth = {jul},\npages = {63--95},\npmid = {1919418},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{The whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis. I. Identification of central motoneurones and muscles.}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/158/1/97.short https://jeb.biologists.org/content/158/1/63.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1919418},\nvolume = {158},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuropeptide Gene Families that Control Reproductive Behaviour and Growth in Molluscs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Geraerts, W. P. M.; Smit, A. B.; Li, K. W.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and van Heerikhuizen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Aspects of the Neurosciences,255–304. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuropeptide$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00877,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} The gastropod molluscs, Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia cali/ornica (Figure 1), are particularly advantageous models for neurobiological studies, because the central nervous systems (eNS) of these animals consist of only about 15 000 neurons clustered into a small number of {\\ldots}},\naddress = {London},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Geraerts, W. P. M. and Smit, A. B. and Li, K. W. and Vreugdenhil, E. and van Heerikhuizen, H.},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-1-349-12272-1_8},\njournal = {Current Aspects of the Neurosciences},\npages = {255--304},\npublisher = {Macmillan Education UK},\ntitle = {{Neuropeptide Gene Families that Control Reproductive Behaviour and Growth in Molluscs}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-12272-1{\\_}8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-12272-1{\\_}8},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuropeptide schistosomin inhibits hormonally-induced ovulation in the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hordijk, P. L.; van Loenhout, H.; Ebberink, R. H. M.; de Jong-Brink, M.; and Joosse, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Zoology, 259(2): 268–271. aug 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuropeptide$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00188,\nabstract = {This study examines the interaction between the caudodorsal cell hormone (CDCH) and schistosomin, a peptide secreted by the central nervous system of the snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) infected with the avain schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata. Non‐infected snails were injected with synthetic as well as native CDCH in the absence or presence of purified schistosomin. The response to 2 pmol of synthetic CDCH was blocked for 90{\\%} by coinjection with 3.5 pmol of schistosomin. The ovulation‐inducing activity of extracts of cerebral commissures (the storage area of native CDCH) was also blocked by schistosomin. The degree of inhibition (65{\\%}), however, was less than that observed with synthetic CDCH. These results show that schistosomin inhibits ovulation and egg laying in Lymnaea. This explains the decrease or absence of egg laying in schistosome‐infected freshwater snails. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1991 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Hordijk, Peter L. and van Loenhout, Harry and Ebberink, Rob H. M. and de Jong-Brink, Marijke and Joosse, Joos},\ndoi = {10.1002/jez.1402590218},\nissn = {0022-104X},\njournal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {268--271},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Neuropeptide schistosomin inhibits hormonally-induced ovulation in the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.1402590218 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jez.1402590218},\nvolume = {259},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Photoinactivation of neurones axonally filled with the fluorescent dye 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; Daykin, K.; and Elliott, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 39(3): 207–216. oct 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Photoinactivation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00132,\nabstract = {We describe a new, simple and reliable technique to fill molluscan neurones from their cut axons with sufficient fluorescent dye for photoinactivation experiments. The fluorescent dye 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) travels quickly up the nerves of the gastropod mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis into the buccal ganglia and fills the cell bodies in 1-3 h. 5-CF filled neurones can be located in the intact ganglia with low intensity blue light. Impalement shows that they are alive and show normal resting, action and synaptic potentials. Intense laser light (wavelength 442 nm, intensity 0.5 MW {\\textperiodcentered} m-2) kills all the 5-CF filled cells in less than 5 min in laboratory reared snails. Unstained neurones are not killed. 5-CF fills neurones quicker than Lucifer yellow (LY) when the dye is applied axonally. Neurones stained with Lucifer yellow do not contain sufficient dye to be killed with 5 min laser illumination, but this irradiation reduces the membrane resistance to less than 25{\\%}. {\\textcopyright} 1991.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Daykin, K. and Elliott, C.J.H.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0165-0270(91)90099-L},\nissn = {01650270},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},\nkeywords = {5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein,Axonal filling,Mollusc,Neurone,Photoinactivation},\nmonth = {oct},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {207--216},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Photoinactivation of neurones axonally filled with the fluorescent dye 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016502709190099L https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/016502709190099L},\nvolume = {39},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Axonal mapping of the giant peptidergic neurons VD1 and RPD2 located in the CNS of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, with particular reference to the innervation of the auricle of the heart.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerkhoven, R.; Croll, R.; Van Minnen, J.; Bogerd, J.; Ramkema, M.; Lodder, H.; and Boer, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 565(1): 8–16. nov 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Axonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00185,\nabstract = {VD1 and RPD2 are two giant neuropeptidergic neurons located respectively in the visceral and right parietal ganglion of the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. They are the most prominent representatives of a system of neurons expressing a gene that is similar to the gene expressed in R15 of Aplysia californica. Both neuronal systems are involved in the regulation of cardiorespiratory phenomena. In the present study the axonal branches of VD1 and RPD2 were mapped using immunocytochemical and tracer studies. To this end the $\\alpha$1-antiserum (directed to one of the VD1/RPD2 neuropeptides) was used in combination with Lucifer yellow (LY) and Ni-lys tracers. In whole mount preparations of the CNS, immunostained axons of VD1 and RPD2 were observed to run to the pleural, cerebral and pedal ganglia and in several nerves. Upon LY injection of VD1 thin axon branches were observed in the internal right parietal nerve. These run to the skin in the mantle area near the pneumostome and osphradium. The skin of the lips appeared to receive a similar innervation via the lip nerves. Thick LY filled axons of VD1 and RPD2 were observed in the intestinal nerve. They could be traced to the heart region. The pericardial branch of the intestinal nerve innervates the pericardium and heart (Ni-lys tracing). Immunocytochemically, using the $\\alpha$1-antiserum, it was demonstrated that this nerve branch carries the axons of VD1 and RPD2 to the venous side of the auricle, where they enter the pericardial cavity and ramify in the auricle (but not in the ventricle). Many immunopositive varicosities were observed on the auricular muscle fibers. Comparison of the stainings in the auricle with those obtained with antisera to the cardioactive neuropeptides FMRFamide and SCP showed no colocalization. The functional significance of the axonal distribution patterns of VD1 and RPD2 and the morphological and functional homology of the neurons to R15 of Aplysia are discussed. {\\textcopyright} 1991.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kerkhoven, R.M. and Croll, R.P. and {Van Minnen}, J. and Bogerd, J. and Ramkema, M.D. and Lodder, H. and Boer, H.H.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91730-O},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Heart,Mollusc,Neuropeptide,Peptidergic neuron,Tracer study,VD1/RPD2 system,Whole mount immunocytochemistry},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {8--16},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Axonal mapping of the giant peptidergic neurons VD1 and RPD2 located in the CNS of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, with particular reference to the innervation of the auricle of the heart}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939191730O https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000689939191730O},\nvolume = {565},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n VD1 and RPD2 are two giant neuropeptidergic neurons located respectively in the visceral and right parietal ganglion of the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. They are the most prominent representatives of a system of neurons expressing a gene that is similar to the gene expressed in R15 of Aplysia californica. Both neuronal systems are involved in the regulation of cardiorespiratory phenomena. In the present study the axonal branches of VD1 and RPD2 were mapped using immunocytochemical and tracer studies. To this end the $α$1-antiserum (directed to one of the VD1/RPD2 neuropeptides) was used in combination with Lucifer yellow (LY) and Ni-lys tracers. In whole mount preparations of the CNS, immunostained axons of VD1 and RPD2 were observed to run to the pleural, cerebral and pedal ganglia and in several nerves. Upon LY injection of VD1 thin axon branches were observed in the internal right parietal nerve. These run to the skin in the mantle area near the pneumostome and osphradium. The skin of the lips appeared to receive a similar innervation via the lip nerves. Thick LY filled axons of VD1 and RPD2 were observed in the intestinal nerve. They could be traced to the heart region. The pericardial branch of the intestinal nerve innervates the pericardium and heart (Ni-lys tracing). Immunocytochemically, using the $α$1-antiserum, it was demonstrated that this nerve branch carries the axons of VD1 and RPD2 to the venous side of the auricle, where they enter the pericardial cavity and ramify in the auricle (but not in the ventricle). Many immunopositive varicosities were observed on the auricular muscle fibers. Comparison of the stainings in the auricle with those obtained with antisera to the cardioactive neuropeptides FMRFamide and SCP showed no colocalization. The functional significance of the axonal distribution patterns of VD1 and RPD2 and the morphological and functional homology of the neurons to R15 of Aplysia are discussed. © 1991.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Experimental reconstruction of neuronal pattern generators.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukowiak, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 1(4): 577–582. dec 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Experimental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00377,\nabstract = {It has recently become possible to reconstruct a central pattern generator in tissue culture. This accomplishment will allow investigators to design and interpret experiments at a level not possible in in vivo preparations and enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of rhythmic behaviour. {\\textcopyright} 1991 Current Biology Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Lukowiak, Ken},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0959-4388(05)80031-5},\nissn = {09594388},\njournal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {577--582},\npublisher = {europepmc.org},\ntitle = {{Experimental reconstruction of neuronal pattern generators}},\nurl = {https://europepmc.org/article/med/1822299 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438805800315},\nvolume = {1},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Failure to elicit neuronal macroscopic mechanosensitive currents anticipated by single-channel studies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Morris, C.; and Horn, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, 251(4998): 1246–1249. mar 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Failure$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00906,\nabstract = {Mechanosensitive channels can be observed in most cell types during single-channel recording and have been implicated in many cellular processes. Potassium-selective single-channel currents, both stretch-activated and stretch-inactivated, can be observed in growth cones and cell bodies of Lymnaea stagnalis neurons. Equivalent macroscopic mechanosensitive currents could not, however, be elicited while applying various mechanical stimuli. This discrepancy suggests that single-channel mechanosensitivity is; an artifact of patch recording.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Morris, C. and Horn, Richard},\ndoi = {10.1126/science.1706535},\nissn = {0036-8075},\njournal = {Science},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {4998},\npages = {1246--1249},\npublisher = {science.sciencemag.org},\ntitle = {{Failure to elicit neuronal macroscopic mechanosensitive currents anticipated by single-channel studies}},\nurl = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/251/4998/1246.abstract https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1706535},\nvolume = {251},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces sprouting of specific neurons of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ridgway, R. L.; Syed, N. I.; Lukowiak, K.; and Bulloch, A. G. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurobiology, 22(4): 377–390. jun 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nerve$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00050,\nabstract = {Nerve growth factor (NGF) was examined for its ability to elicit sprouting by adult molluscan neurons. Motoneurons and interneurons (but not neurosecretory cells) from Lymnaea exhibited a sprouting response to murine 2.5S NGF in defined medium with a half‐maximal response at about 150 ng/mL. Furthermore, an NGF antiserum blocked sprouting by all normally responsive neurons. We tested whether an NGF‐like molecule is a component of conditioned medium (CM) by attempting to preabsorb its sprout‐inducing activity with NGF antiserum. Treatment of CM with immune (but not nonimmune) serum largely blocked the response of motoneurons, but not that of neurosecretory cells, to CM. We conclude that NGF exerts neurotrophic activity on specific adult Lymnaea neurons, and suggest the possibility that an NGF‐like molecule may exist in the molluscan nervous system. Copyright {\\textcopyright} 1991 John Wiley {\\&} Sons, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ridgway, R. L. and Syed, N. I. and Lukowiak, K. and Bulloch, A. G. M.},\ndoi = {10.1002/neu.480220406},\nissn = {0022-3034},\njournal = {Journal of Neurobiology},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {377--390},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces sprouting of specific neurons of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/neu.480220406 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/neu.480220406},\nvolume = {22},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Insulin-Related Peptides and Their Receptor(s) in the Mollusc, Lymnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roovers, E.; Smit, A. B.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; Joosse, J.; Planta, R. J.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and van Heerikhuizen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Signal Transduction,59–72. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Insulin-Related$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00428,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} However, we and other groups recently succeeded in isolating cDNA clones that encode insulin-related preprohonnones from a mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis (Smit et al., 1988) and two insect species {\\ldots} Submitted to Neuroscience Van Minnen J, Reichelt D and Lodder JC (1979) {\\ldots}},\naddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roovers, Edwin and Smit, August B. and Geraerts, Wijnand P. M. and Joosse, Joos and Planta, Rudi J. and Vreugdenhil, Erno and van Heerikhuizen, Harm},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-3-642-75136-3_5},\njournal = {Biological Signal Transduction},\npages = {59--72},\npublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\ntitle = {{Insulin-Related Peptides and Their Receptor(s) in the Mollusc, Lymnaea Stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-75136-3{\\_}5 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-75136-3{\\_}5},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Neuropeptides Gly-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide (GDPFLRFamide) and Ser-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide (SDPFLRFamide) are encoded by an exon 3' to Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saunders, S. E.; Bright, K.; Kellett, E.; Benjamin, P. R.; and Burke, J. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 11(3): 740–745. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Neuropeptides$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00038,\nabstract = {Biochemical analysis has shown the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis to contain 2 main classes of Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide)-like neuropeptides: the tetrapeptides FMRFamide and Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FLRFamide), and the heptapeptides Gly-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (GDP-FLRFamide) and Ser-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (SDPFFRFamide). By genomic mapping and DNA sequencing, we show here that the GDP/SDPFLRFamide coding region lies 3' to the FMRFamide coding region. The absence of an initiating start methionine and the presence of good-concensus 3' and 5' splice sites suggests that the GDP/SDPFLRFamide coding region makes up 1 exon of a larger gene. In addition to 7 copies of GDPFLRFamide and 6 copies of SDPFLRFamide, the exon encoding the heptapeptides also encodes 3 novel peptides, Glu-Phe-Phe-Pro-Leu-NH2 (EFFPLamide), Ser-Asp-Pro-Tyr-Leu-Phe-Arg-NH2 (SDPYLFRamide), and Ser-Asp-Pro-Phe-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH2 (SDPFFRFamide). In contrast to the tetrapeptide FMRFamide precursor protein, the GDP/SDPFLRFamide peptides are encoded contiguously, being separated only by single basic amino acids.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Saunders, S. E. and Bright, K. and Kellett, E. and Benjamin, P. R. and Burke, J. F.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.11-03-00740.1991},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {740--745},\npmid = {2002360},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Neuropeptides Gly-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide (GDPFLRFamide) and Ser-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide (SDPFLRFamide) are encoded by an exon 3' to Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/11/3/740.short},\nvolume = {11},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trichobilharzia ocellata: influence of infection on the fecundity of its intermediate snail host Lymnaea stagnalis and cercarial induction of the release of schistosomin, a snail neuropeptide antagonizing female gonadotropic hormones.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schallig, H. D. F. H.; Sassen, M. J. M.; Hordijk, P. L.; and De Jong-Brink, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Parasitology, 102(1): 85–91. feb 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trichobilharzia$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00124,\nabstract = {Subadult and adult specimens of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were infected with the schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata . Egg production and growth of the snails were monitored over an 8-week period post-infection (p.i.). Snail haemolymph was collected and analysed for the presence of schistosomin, a neuropeptide which antagonizes the action of the snails' female gonadotropic hormones. Snails infected as subadults showed an increase in fecundity during the first 4 weeks p.i. compared with non-infected controls. The possibility is discussed that this increase is caused by an accelerated maturation of the female sex organs due to elevated levels of Dorsal Body Hormone, a female gonadotropic hormone. No difference in fecundity was found between snails infected as adults and control snails during the first 4 weeks p.i. Snails infected as subadults and as adults showed a decrease in fecundity from week 5 p.i. and onwards. This decrease coincided with the appearance of schistosomin in the haemolymph of the snails and with that of differentiating cercariae in the daughter sporocysts. Cercariae are probably involved in the induction of schistosomin release from the snails' CNS into the haemolymph. Snails infected as subadults or as adults grew at approximately the same rate as uninfected snails.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Schallig, H. D. F. H. and Sassen, M. J. M. and Hordijk, P. L. and {De Jong-Brink}, M.},\ndoi = {10.1017/S0031182000060376},\nissn = {0031-1820},\njournal = {Parasitology},\nkeywords = {Lymnaea stagnalis,Trichobilharzia ocellata,fecundity,neuroendocrine interactions,schistosomin},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {85--91},\npublisher = {cambridge.org},\ntitle = {{Trichobilharzia ocellata: influence of infection on the fecundity of its intermediate snail host Lymnaea stagnalis and cercarial induction of the release of schistosomin, a snail neuropeptide antagonizing female gonadotropic hormones}},\nurl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/trichobilharzia-ocellata-influence-of-infection-on-the-fecundity-of-its-intermediate-snail-host-lymnaea-stagnalis-and-cercarial-induction-of-the-release-of-schistosomin-a-snail-neuropeptide-anta https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0031182000060376/type/journal{\\_}article},\nvolume = {102},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Coordination of locomotor and cardiorespiratory networks of Lymnaea stagnalis by a pair of identified interneurones.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N. I.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of experimental biology, 158: 37–62. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Coordination$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00138,\nabstract = {1. The morphology and electrophysiology of a newly identified bilateral pair of interneurones in the central nervous system of the pulmonate pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is described. 2. These interneurones, identified as left and right pedal dorsal 11 (L/RPeD11), are electrically coupled to each other as well as to a large number of foot and body wall motoneurones, forming a fast-acting neural network which coordinates the activities of foot and body wall muscles. 3. The left and right sides of the body wall of Lymnaea are innervated by left and right cerebral A cluster neurones. Although these motoneurones have only ipsilateral projections, they are indirectly electrically coupled to their contralateral homologues via their connections with L/RPeD11. Similarly, the activities of left and right pedal G cluster neurones, which are known to be involved in locomotion, are also coordinated by L/RPeD11. 4. Selective ablation of both neurones PeD11 results in the loss of coordination between the bilateral cerebral A clusters. 5. Interneurones L/RPeD11 are multifunctional. In addition to coordinating motoneuronal activity, they make chemical excitatory connections with heart motoneurones. They also synapse upon respiratory motoneurones, hyperpolarizing those involved in pneumostome opening (expiration) and depolarizing those involved in pneumostome closure (inspiration). 6. An identified respiratory interneurone involved in pneumostome closure (visceral dorsal 4) inhibits L/RPeD11 together with all their electrically coupled follower cells. 7. Both L/RPeD11 have strong excitatory effects on another pair of electrically coupled neurones, visceral dorsal 1 and right parietal dorsal 2, which have previously been shown to be sensitive to changes in the partial pressure of environmental oxygen (PO2). 8. Although L/RPeD11 participate in whole-body withdrawal responses, electrical stimulation applied directly to these neurones was not sufficient to induce this behaviour.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Syed, N. I. and Winlow, W.},\nissn = {00220949},\njournal = {The Journal of experimental biology},\npages = {37--62},\npmid = {1919413},\npublisher = {jeb.biologists.org},\ntitle = {{Coordination of locomotor and cardiorespiratory networks of Lymnaea stagnalis by a pair of identified interneurones.}},\nurl = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/158/1/37.short},\nvolume = {158},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Respiratory behavior in the pond snail Lynmaea stagnalis: II. Neural elements of the central pattern generator (CPG).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N. I.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural and Behavioral Physiology, 169(5): 557–568. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Respiratory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00249,\nabstract = {Previously (Syed et al. 1991) we described the ventilatory behavior of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and identified motor neurons that innervate various muscles involved in this behavior. In the present study we describe an interneuronal network that controls ventilatory behavior in Lymnaea. An identified interneuron, termed the input 3 interneuron (Ip.3.I), was found to be involved in the opening movement of the pneumostome (expiration), whereas another identified interneuron known as visceral dorsal 4 (V.D.4) caused its closure (inspiration). These cells have reciprocal inhibitory connections with each other, which accounts for their opposing effects on common follower motor neurons. In isolated brain preparations a third identified interneuron, right pedal dorsal 1 (R.Pe.D.1) initiated the respiratory cycle by the excitation of Ip.3.I. Whereas Ip.3.I in turn excited R.Pe.D.1, the connections between R.Pe.D.1 and V.D.4 were mutually inhibitory. Both Ip.3.I and V.D.4 were active during spontaneously occurring respiratory behavior as recorded from semi-intact preparations, and selective hyperpolarization of V.D.4 during such spontaneous activity disrupted the respiratory behavior. Regarding peripheral feedback, the mechanical stimulation of the pneumostome during its opening movements not only caused closure but also inhibited Ip.3.I in the middle of its discharge. Ip.3.I and V.D.4 were also found to be multifunctional, inhibiting both locomotor and whole body withdrawal neural networks. We conclude from these results that the rhythmic patterned activity underlying respiratory behavior in Lymnaea is generated centrally, and that the network described here therefore comprises a central pattern generator. {\\textcopyright} 1991, Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Syed, N. I. and Winlow, W.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00193546},\nissn = {14321351},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural and Behavioral Physiology},\nkeywords = {Interneurons,Neural circuitry,Peripheral feedback,Respiration,Semi-intact-preparation},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {557--568},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Respiratory behavior in the pond snail Lynmaea stagnalis: II. Neural elements of the central pattern generator (CPG)}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00193546.pdf},\nvolume = {169},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Immuno-electron microscopy of sorting and release of neuropeptides in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Heumen, W. R. A.; and Roubos, E. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 264(1): 185–195. apr 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Immuno-electron$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00040,\nabstract = {The cerebral caudodorsal cells of the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying and egglaying behavior by releasing various peptides derived from two precursors. The biosynthesis, storage, intracellular breakdown and release of three caudodorsal cell peptides were studied by means of immuno-electron microscopy using antisera raised to fragments of these peptides: (1) Caudodorsal Cell Hormone-I (CDCH-I; derived from precursor I), (2) Caudodorsal Cell Hormone-II (CDCH-II; from precursor II), and (3) $\\alpha$-Caudodorsal Cell Peptide ($\\alpha$ CDCP; from both precursors). After affinity purification of the antisera, the specificity of the sera was confirmed with dotting immunobinding assays. From the ultrastructural immunocytochemical data it has been concluded that the precursor molecules are cleaved at the level of the Golgi apparatus after which the C-terminal parts (containing $\\alpha$ CDCP) and N-terminal parts (containing CDCH-I or CDCH-II) are sorted and preferentially packaged into large electron-dense granules (MD 150 nm), respectively. Very probably, the content of the large electron-dense granules is degraded within the cell body. The immunoreactivity of the secretory granules increases during discharge from the Golgi apparatus, indicating further processing. At least a portion of the secretory granules contains all three peptides, as shown by double and triple immunopositive stainings whereas other granules appear to contain only one or two of these peptides. The caudodorsal cells release multiple peptides via exocytosis from neurohemal axon terminals into the hemolymph and from blindly ending axon collaterals into the intercellular space of the cerebral commissure (nonsynaptic release). {\\textcopyright} 1991 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Heumen, W. R. A. and Roubos, E. W.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00305737},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Caudodorsal cells,Differential storage,Exocytosis,Immuno-electron microscopy,Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca),Processing,Tannic acid},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {185--195},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Immuno-electron microscopy of sorting and release of neuropeptides in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00305737 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00305737},\nvolume = {264},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Localization of dopamine and its relation to the growth hormone producing cells in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Werkman, T. R.; van Minnen, J.; Voorn, P.; Steinbusch, H. W.; Westerink, B. H.; De Vlieger, T. A.; and Stoof, J. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Experimental Brain Research, 85(1): 1–9. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Localization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00048,\nabstract = {The distribution of dopamine in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated by using immunocytochemistry and HPLC measurements. With both methods it was demonstrated that dopamine is predominantly present in the cerebral and pedal ganglia. The dopamine-immunoreactivity was mainly observed in nerve-fibers in the neuropile of the ganglia. Relatively few dopamine-immunopositive cell bodies (diameters 10-30 $\\mu$m) were found. A large cell in the right pedal ganglion (the so-called RPeD1) stained positively with the dopamine antibody. It has previously been demonstrated that the growth hormone producing cells (GHCs) possess dopamine receptors on their cell bodies. However, dopamine-immunopositive fibers were observed only in the vicinity of the GHC nerve-endings and not close to the GHC cell bodies. {\\textcopyright} 1991 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Werkman, T. R. and van Minnen, J. and Voorn, P. and Steinbusch, H. W.M. and Westerink, B. H.C. and {De Vlieger}, T. A. and Stoof, J. C.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00229981},\nissn = {00144819},\njournal = {Experimental Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Dopamine,Growth hormone producing cells,Immunocytochemistry,Snail},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {1--9},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Localization of dopamine and its relation to the growth hormone producing cells in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00229981.pdf},\nvolume = {85},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Studies on Cellular Mechanisms Underlying General Anesthesia Using Cultured Molluscan Neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Winlow, W.; Yar, T.; and Spencer, G\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 625(1 Molecular and): 269–272. jun 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Studies$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00888,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} connections of the giant serotonin-containing neurone of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) {\\ldots} Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, Comp. Pharmacol. Toxicol., (2):333-339. MED: 2572388. 3. SB K, M, DJ Beadle, G. Lees, and SB Kater, 1988 . InCell Culture Approaches to Invertebrate Neuroscience {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Winlow, William and Yar, Talay and Spencer, G},\ndoi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33846.x},\nissn = {0077-8923},\njournal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {1 Molecular and},\npages = {269--272},\npublisher = {europepmc.org},\ntitle = {{Studies on Cellular Mechanisms Underlying General Anesthesia Using Cultured Molluscan Neurons}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://europepmc.org/article/med/2058886 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33846.x},\nvolume = {625},\nyear = {1991}\n}\n

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\n \n 1990\n \n \n (13)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Discharge induction in molluscan peptidergic cells requires a specific set of autoexcitatory neuropeptides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brussaard, A.; Schluter, N.; Ebberink, R.; Kits, K.; and Maat, A. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 39(2): 479–491. jan 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Discharge$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00363,\nabstract = {The peptidergic caudodorsal cells of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis generate long lasting discharges of synchronous spiking activity to release their products. During caudodorsal cell discharges a peptide factor is released which induces similar discharges in silent caudodorsal cells [Ter Maat A. et al. (1988) Brain Res. 438, 77-82]. To identify this factor, the electrophysiological effects of putative caudodorsal cell gene products, calfluxin, caudodorsal cell hormone, four a caudodorsal cell peptides and three $\\beta$caudodorsal cell peptides, were tested individually and in various combinations. Calfluxin, a caudodorsal cell peptide3-9 and $\\beta$1caudodorsal cell peptide each had no effect on membrane potential or excitability of the caudodorsal cells. All other caudodorsal cell peptides caused excitatory responses, but did not induce discharges. Instead, only a specific combination of four caudodorsal cell peptides, caudodorsal cell hormone and a caudodorsal cell peptide (1-11, 3-11 and 3-10), evoked caudodorsal cell discharges with similar characteristics to electrically evoked discharges. Incomplete versions of this combination failed to cause a discharge. In addition, antibodies to caudodorsal cell hormone or $\\alpha$caudodorsal cell peptide reduced caudodorsal cell excitability and prevented the generation of discharges by electrical stimulation. These results suggest that excitatory autotransmission caused by four caudodorsal cell peptides provides a means to amplify excitatory inputs, thus leading to the generation of the all-or-nothing caudodorsal cell discharge. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brussaard, A.B. and Schluter, N.C.M. and Ebberink, R.H.M. and Kits, K.S. and Maat, A. Ter},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90284-B},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {479--491},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Discharge induction in molluscan peptidergic cells requires a specific set of autoexcitatory neuropeptides}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030645229090284B https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030645229090284B},\nvolume = {39},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inhibitory modulation of neuronal voltage-dependent sodium current by Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brussaard, A. B.; Maat, A. T.; de Vlieger, T. A.; and Kits, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 111(3): 325–332. apr 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inhibitory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00233,\nabstract = {The tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive, voltage-gated Na+-current (INa) in a cluster of peptidergic neurons, involved in egg laying, in the CNS of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, is modulated by the neuropeptide FMRFa (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2). Application of FMRFa reversibly reduced the isolated INa in a dose-dependent fashion. The physiological consequence is that the threshold for action potential generation is increased, causing an arrest of ongoing firing activity. The inhibitory action of FMRFa reported here is the first known example of modulation of the voltage-gated INa by a putative neurotransmitter in intact nerve cells. This finding underlines the importance of modulation of ionic currents as a mechanism of regulation of neuronal excitability and includes the voltage dependent Na current in the range of currents subject to transmitter modulation. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Brussaard, Arjen B. and Maat, Andries Ter and de Vlieger, Theo A. and Kits, Karel S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90283-F},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {FMRFamide,Inhibition,Modulation,Molluscan,Neuron,Neurotransmitter,Sodium current},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {325--332},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Inhibitory modulation of neuronal voltage-dependent sodium current by Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439409090283F https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030439409090283F},\nvolume = {111},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Distribution of catecholamines and of immunoreactivity to substances like vertebrate enzymes for the synthesis of catecholamines within the central nervous system of the snail,Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Croll, R. P.; and Chiasson, B. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 525(1): 101–114. aug 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Distribution$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00158,\nabstract = {Catecholamines (CAs) were detected histochemically within over 185 cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS) of juvenile and young adult Lymnaea. This distribution of CA-containing cells in all central ganglia except the pleural ganglia is more widespread than previously described but is consistent with other reports suggesting numerous roles for CAs within the nervous system. This study also describes the distribution of substances which are antigenically similar to four bovine enzymes for catecholamine synthesis, but the distribution patterns showed little or no overlap with each other or with CA. These results suggest the need for caution in the interpretation of such immunohistochemical studies. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Croll, Roger P. and Chiasson, Bernard J.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91325-B},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase,Dopamine,Dopamine $\\beta$-hydroxylase,Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase,Tyrosine hydroxylase},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {101--114},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Distribution of catecholamines and of immunoreactivity to substances like vertebrate enzymes for the synthesis of catecholamines within the central nervous system of the snail,Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939091325B https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000689939091325B},\nvolume = {525},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intracellular Mg2+ modulates the A-current and its blockage by catechol in isolated Lymnaea neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Erdélyi, L.; Ilyin, V.; Lozovaya, N.; and Vulfius, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 117(1-2): 99–104. sep 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Intracellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00334,\nabstract = {The effects of intracellular Mg2+ (2-8 mM) upon the transient outward current (the A-current) under normal conditions and under catechol-induced blockage were studied in molluscan neurons by using the voltage-clamp and intracellular dialysis techniques. Identified giant Lymnaea stagnalis L. neurons were investigated at room temperature (20-22°C). When applied intracellularly, Mg2+ caused both time- and dose-dependent shifts of the voltage dependence of the steady-state activation and inactivation of the A-current to more negative membrane potentials. Upon external application, catechol suppressed (5-6 mM) or eliminated (9-10 mM) the A-currents, slowed down the current decay and shifted the activation and inactivation curves to more positive membrane voltages. Intracellular Mg2+ decreased the blocking ability of extracellularly applied catechol, whereas catechol antagonized the Mg2+-induced negative shift of the steady-state activation and inactivation curves of the A-currents. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Erd{\\'{e}}lyi, L. and Ilyin, V.I. and Lozovaya, N.A. and Vulfius, C.A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90126-T},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {A-current,Catechol-induced blockage,Intracellular Mg2+,Lymnaea neuron,Voltage clamp},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {99--104},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Intracellular Mg2+ modulates the A-current and its blockage by catechol in isolated Lymnaea neurons}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439409090126T https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030439409090126T},\nvolume = {117},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of DDT and permethrin on neurite growth in cultured neurons of chick embryo brain and Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ferguson, C.; and Audesirk, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Toxicology in Vitro, 4(1): 23–30. jan 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00268,\nabstract = {The pesticides permethrin and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), dissolved in either ethanol (EtOH) or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), were studied to determine their effect on neurite growth from cultured neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis and embryonic chicks. Both of these toxins decreased the percentage of neurons growing neurites, mean neurite length, and number of neurites/cell in a dose-dependent manner. DMSO increased the toxicity of permethrin and DDT in L. stagnalis neurons. EtOH was not used as a solvent with the embryonic chick cultures. Pre-existing neurites of L. stagnalis neurons exposed to permethrin regressed in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These two toxins may affect neurite outgrowth through interference with intracellular calcium regulation. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Ferguson, C.A. and Audesirk, G.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0887-2333(90)90005-E},\nissn = {08872333},\njournal = {Toxicology in Vitro},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {23--30},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Effects of DDT and permethrin on neurite growth in cultured neurons of chick embryo brain and Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088723339090005E https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/088723339090005E},\nvolume = {4},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Molluscan insulin-related neuropeptide promotes neurite outgrowth in dissociated neuronal cell cultures.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kits, K.; de Vries, N.; and Ebberink, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 109(3): 253–258. feb 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Molluscan$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00201,\nabstract = {The formation of neurites in isolated neurones of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis in primary culture was studied. The insulin-related neuropeptide (MIP: Molluscan insulin-related peptide) produced by the neuroendocrine light green cells (LGCs) of Lymnaea stimulated neurite formation, both in isolated unidentified central neurons and in the LGCs. The effect of MIP was dose dependent. It was significant from the second day of culture and amounted up to an 8-fold increase in neurite outgrowth after 3 days. The results add a functional aspect to the evolutionary relationship of MIP with mammalian insulin and insulin-related peptides and suggest that the LGCs, which stimulate growth, are also involved in development of the nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kits, K.S. and de Vries, N.J. and Ebberink, R.H.M.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90003-R},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {Growth hormone,Insulin-related peptide,Lymnaea stagnalis,Molluscan neurons,Neurite formation,Neuronal cell culture},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {253--258},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Molluscan insulin-related neuropeptide promotes neurite outgrowth in dissociated neuronal cell cultures}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439409090003R https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030439409090003R},\nvolume = {109},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cardioactive neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) and novel related peptides are encoded in multiple copies by a single gene in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Linacre, A.; Kellett, E.; Saunders, S.; Bright, K.; Benjamin, P.; and Burke, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 10(2): 412–419. feb 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cardioactive$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{Linacre1990a,\nabstract = {The neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) is a potent cardioactive neuropeptide in Lymnaea stagnalis. Isolation and sequencing of 2 cDNAs and a genomic clone shows that a single gene encodes a precursor protein which contains 9 copies of the FMRFamide peptide, 2 copies of the related peptide Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FLRFamide), and single copies of the putative pentapeptides Gln-Phe-Tyr-Arg-Ile-NH2 (EFLRIamide). The gene is transcribed in the CNS and gives rise to a single RNA of 1.7 kb in size. The organization of the Lymnaea gene is significant with respect to the evolution of FMRFamide and related peptides in other organisms.},\nauthor = {Linacre, A. and Kellett, E. and Saunders, S. and Bright, K. and Benjamin, PR and Burke, JF},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-02-00412.1990},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {412--419},\npmid = {1968092},\ntitle = {{Cardioactive neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) and novel related peptides are encoded in multiple copies by a single gene in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/10/2/412.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-02-00412.1990},\nvolume = {10},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Heavy metals regulate physiological and behavioral events by modulating ion channels in neuronal membranes of molluscs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n S.-Rózsa, K.; and Salánki, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 14(2-3): 363–375. may 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Heavy$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00359,\nabstract = {The interaction of heavy metals (HgCl2, CdCl2, CuCl2, PbCl2 and ZnCl2) and neurotransmitters (ACh, 5HT and DA) was studied on the excitable membrane of identified neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix pomatia. It was shown that, (1) The excitability and chemosensitivity of molluscan neurons were modified under the influence of the heavy metals Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+. (2) Change in excitability to transmitters occurred as a potentiation or depression of the evoked response both in duration of membrane polarization and in frequency of spike activity. (3) The chemosensitivity changes in various ways, namely: excitatory effect was totally eliminated; one component of the effect was depressed. Different neurons may show different reactions to the same heavy metal. (4) There were differences in the effects of various heavy metals. Hg2+ has a more generalized effect than Cd2+; Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ were less effective in a number of neurons. The heavy metal effect was dose dependent, too. (5) Both inward and outward currents, which were evoked by neurotransmitters or voltage induced, were modified in most of the tested neurons. Both an increase and decrease of the membrane permeability occurred in different neurons in response to the same or different heavy metals. (6) The changes can be interpreted as a result of direct effect on specific ionic channels; modification of receptors binding ACh, 5HT, or DA; modification of intracellular processes responsible for the regulation of membrane permeability. {\\textcopyright} 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {S.-R{\\'{o}}zsa, Katalin and Sal{\\'{a}}nki, J.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00677928},\nissn = {0167-6369},\njournal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {2-3},\npages = {363--375},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Heavy metals regulate physiological and behavioral events by modulating ion channels in neuronal membranes of molluscs}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00677928 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00677928},\nvolume = {14},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n In vitro reconstruction of the respiratory central pattern generator of the mollusk Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Syed, N.; Bulloch, A.; and Lukowiak, K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, 250(4978): 282–285. 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Syed1990a,\nabstract = {Most rhythmic behaviors such as respiration, locomotion, and feeding are under the control ofnetworks ofneurons in the central nervous system known as central pattern generators (CPGs). The respiratory rhythm of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a relatively simple, CPG-based behavior for which the underlying neural elements have been identified. A three-neuron network capable of generating the respiratory rhythm of this air-breathing moliusk has been reconstructed in culture. The intrinsic and network properties of this neural ensemble have been studied, and the mechanism of postinhibitory rebound excitation was found to be important for the rhythm generation. This in vitro model system enables a better understanding of the neural basis of rhythm generation.},\nauthor = {Syed, N. and Bulloch, A. and Lukowiak, K},\ndoi = {10.1126/science.2218532},\nissn = {0036-8075},\njournal = {Science},\nnumber = {4978},\npages = {282--285},\npmid = {2218532},\ntitle = {{In vitro reconstruction of the respiratory central pattern generator of the mollusk Lymnaea}},\nvolume = {250},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of diet on spontaneous and experimentally induced egg laying of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van de Ven, A.; and Roubos, E. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 18(3): 209–212. dec 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00365,\nabstract = {Egg laying activity in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis appears to be influenced differentially by quantitative and qualitative aspects of the diet Compared to control snails (fed green parts of lettuce leaf, ad libitum), snails with a diet of a restricted amount of green lettuce show a reduced rate of spontaneous egg laying and a decreased number of eggs per egg mass; when they are stimulated with clean water, egg-laying frequency is unaffected but the number of eggs per egg mass is reduced. In contrast, snails fed with the white parts of lettuce leaf reveal the same rate of spontaneous egg laying as controls but less of them react upon clean water stimulation and no effect on the number of eggs per egg mass was found. Apparently, the mechanisms triggering spontaneous and clean water-induced egg laying in L. stagnalis are different. {\\textcopyright} 1990 Balaban.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van de Ven, A.M.H. and Roubos, Eric W.},\ndoi = {10.1080/07924259.1990.9672146},\nissn = {0792-4259},\njournal = {Invertebrate Reproduction {\\&} Development},\nkeywords = {Caudodorsal Cells,Egg laying,Feeding,Lymnaea stagnalis,Starvation},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {209--212},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{Effects of diet on spontaneous and experimentally induced egg laying of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1990.9672146 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1990.9672146},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ultrastructural evidence for synthesis, storage and release of insulin-related peptides in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Heumen, W.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 39(2): 493–500. jan 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ultrastructural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00074,\nabstract = {The cerebral neuroendocrine Light Green Cells of the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnate, which control body growth and associated processes, stain positively with an affinity-purified antiserum raised to a large part of the C-chain of pro-molluscan insulin-related peptides. At the ultrastructural level, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is immunonegative, the Golgi apparatus is slightly positive and secretory granules in the process of budding from the Golgi apparatus are strongly positive. These observations indicate that the Light Green Cells synthesize molluscan insulin-related peptides, which are processed before packing by the Golgi apparatus into secretory granules. The two morphologically distinct secretory granule types, i.e. with pale and dark contents, respectively, are equally immunoreactive with antiserum raised to the C-chain of molluscan insulin-related peptides. Secretory granules within lysosomal structures reveal various degrees of immunoreactivity, indicating their graded breakdown. The Light Green Cells release secretory material by the process of exocytosis into the haemolymph from neurohaemal axon terminals located in the periphery of the median lip nerve. The electron-dense (tannic acid method) released contents are clearly immunopositive. The same holds for secretory granule contents released from Light Green Cells axon profiles in the centre of the lip nerve. Some immunoreactivity is also present in the intercellular space between these axon profiles. It is concluded that molluscan insulin-related peptides may act in two ways, namely 1. (1) as neurohormones via the haemolymph at peripheral targets 2. (2) in a non-synaptic (paracrine) fashion at targets within the central nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Heumen, W.R.A. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90285-C},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {493--500},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Ultrastructural evidence for synthesis, storage and release of insulin-related peptides in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030645229090285C https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030645229090285C},\nvolume = {39},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Indications for a hormonal function of dopamine in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Werkman, T. R.; De Vlieger, T. A.; and Stoof, J. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Letters, 108(1-2): 167–172. 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Indications$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00116,\nabstract = {In the present paper we collected evidence for the occurrence of D2-like dopamine receptors on the cell bodies of the neuroendocrine growth hormone-producing cells (GHCs) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Measurements of the membrane potential of GHCs in situ as well as isolated GHCs revealed that stimulation of these dopamine receptors results in a hyperpolarization. Although immunohistochemical analysis of the CNS of L. stagnalis clearly revealed the occurrence of dopamine containing cells and nerve fibers, no projections of dopamine immunopositive fibers to the GHC cell bodies could be observed. By using HPLC with electrochemical detection we found that the blood concentration of dopamine in L. stagnalis is in the range of concentrations hyperpolarizing GHCs in vitro (0.1-10 $\\mu$M). On the basis of these findings it is proposed that dopamine is involved in hormonal communication in the CNS of L. stagnalis. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Werkman, T. R. and {De Vlieger}, T. A. and Stoof, J. C.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90725-O},\nissn = {03043940},\njournal = {Neuroscience Letters},\nkeywords = {D2-like dopamine receptor,Dopamine,Growth hormone producing cell,Hormonal communication,Hyperpolarization,Snail},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {167--172},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Indications for a hormonal function of dopamine in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439409090725O},\nvolume = {108},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cyclic AMP production in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis is stimulated by forskolin and 5-hydroxytryptamine but is not affected by dopamine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Werkman, T. R.; Schepens, E.; de Vlieger, T. A.; and Stoof, J. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Comparative, 95(2): 163–168. 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Cyclic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00259,\nabstract = {1. 1. It is demonstrated that the efflux of cAMP from the central nervous system (CNS) and growth hormone producing cell (GHC) clusters of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis can be used as a parameter for changes in the actual cAMP production in the tissue. 2. 2. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin concentration-dependently stimulates the efflux of cAMP from CNS and GHC clusters. 3. 3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine concentration-dependently stimulates the efflux of cAMP from CNS, whereas dopamine (in the absence and the presence of the selective D-2 receptor antagonist sulpiride) does not significantly affect the efflux of cAMP from CNS and GHC clusters. Also the forskolin stimulated efflux of cAMP from CNS and GHC clusters is not affected by DA. 4. 4. It is concluded that dopamine receptors in the CNS of L. stagnalis are apparently not coupled to adenylate cyclase. {\\textcopyright} 1990.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Werkman, T. R. and Schepens, E. and de Vlieger, T. A. and Stoof, J. C.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0742-8413(90)90099-U},\nissn = {03064492},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Comparative},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {163--168},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Cyclic AMP production in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis is stimulated by forskolin and 5-hydroxytryptamine but is not affected by dopamine}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/074284139090099U},\nvolume = {95},\nyear = {1990}\n}\n

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\n \n 1989\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of proton currents in neurones of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Byerly, L.; and Suen, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 413(1): 75–89. jun 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Byerly1989,\nabstract = {1. Internal perfusion voltage‐clamp and inside‐out patch‐clamp techniques were used to study the voltage‐dependent H+ currents in snail neurone cell bodies. 2. In whole cells the voltage‐activated outward H+ current was measured 60 ms after stepping to +40 mV with an internal pH (pHi) of 5.9 and no internal K+([K+]i = 0), and the delayed K+ current was measured 60 ms after stepping to +40 mV with pHi = 7.3 and [K+]i = 74 mM. The mean H+ and K+ current densities were 14.6 +/‐ 7.8 and 38.2 +/‐ 14.0 nA/nF, respectively, giving a mean ratio of the H+ to K+ current of 0.4 +/‐ 0.2. There is not a strong correlation between the densities of the two kinds of outward currents found in different cells. 3. Inside‐out patch studies reveal that the H+ and K+ currents are distributed quite differently in the membrane. While 85{\\%} of all patches had K+ current, only five out of thirty‐eight patches studied had H+ currents. In those five patches the H+ currents measured at +30 mV ranged from 10.7 to 21.0 pA, and the ratio of the H+ and K+ currents at +30 mV was 0.83 +/‐ 0.38. The mean H+ and K+ currents for all thirty‐eight patches were 1.9 +/‐ 4.9 and 10.5 +/‐ 7.9 pA, respectively. 4. The current distribution patterns demonstrate that the H+ current does not flow through the delayed K+ current channels even though the two currents have similar voltage dependence and time course. 5. The relative ability of various extracellular divalent cations to block the H+ current was found to be Cu2+ approximately equal to Zn2+ greater than Ni2+ greater than Cd2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ = Ca2+ = Ba2+. Since 100 microM‐Zn2+ blocks the H+ current more than it blocks the Ca2+ current, it can be used to reduce the contamination of Ca2+ current measurements by the H+ current. 6. The magnitude of the H+ current has a stronger temperature sensitivity than does the magnitude of the delayed K+ current. The Q10 of the H+ current magnitude is 2.1 +/‐ 0.4, while the Q10 of the K+ current magnitude is 1.4 +/‐ 0.04. This suggests a higher activation energy may be involved in the conduction of the H+ current than for K+ current. 7. The smooth time course of the H+ current measured in patches indicates that the size of the unitary H+ current is very small.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) {\\textcopyright} 1989 The Physiological Society},\nauthor = {Byerly, L. and Suen, Y.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017642},\nissn = {00223751},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {75--89},\ntitle = {{Characterization of proton currents in neurones of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.}},\nurl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017642},\nvolume = {413},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n 1. Internal perfusion voltage‐clamp and inside‐out patch‐clamp techniques were used to study the voltage‐dependent H+ currents in snail neurone cell bodies. 2. In whole cells the voltage‐activated outward H+ current was measured 60 ms after stepping to +40 mV with an internal pH (pHi) of 5.9 and no internal K+([K+]i = 0), and the delayed K+ current was measured 60 ms after stepping to +40 mV with pHi = 7.3 and [K+]i = 74 mM. The mean H+ and K+ current densities were 14.6 +/‐ 7.8 and 38.2 +/‐ 14.0 nA/nF, respectively, giving a mean ratio of the H+ to K+ current of 0.4 +/‐ 0.2. There is not a strong correlation between the densities of the two kinds of outward currents found in different cells. 3. Inside‐out patch studies reveal that the H+ and K+ currents are distributed quite differently in the membrane. While 85% of all patches had K+ current, only five out of thirty‐eight patches studied had H+ currents. In those five patches the H+ currents measured at +30 mV ranged from 10.7 to 21.0 pA, and the ratio of the H+ and K+ currents at +30 mV was 0.83 +/‐ 0.38. The mean H+ and K+ currents for all thirty‐eight patches were 1.9 +/‐ 4.9 and 10.5 +/‐ 7.9 pA, respectively. 4. The current distribution patterns demonstrate that the H+ current does not flow through the delayed K+ current channels even though the two currents have similar voltage dependence and time course. 5. The relative ability of various extracellular divalent cations to block the H+ current was found to be Cu2+ approximately equal to Zn2+ greater than Ni2+ greater than Cd2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ = Ca2+ = Ba2+. Since 100 microM‐Zn2+ blocks the H+ current more than it blocks the Ca2+ current, it can be used to reduce the contamination of Ca2+ current measurements by the H+ current. 6. The magnitude of the H+ current has a stronger temperature sensitivity than does the magnitude of the delayed K+ current. The Q10 of the H+ current magnitude is 2.1 +/‐ 0.4, while the Q10 of the K+ current magnitude is 1.4 +/‐ 0.04. This suggests a higher activation energy may be involved in the conduction of the H+ current than for K+ current. 7. The smooth time course of the H+ current measured in patches indicates that the size of the unitary H+ current is very small.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) © 1989 The Physiological Society\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Goal-tracking behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; and Benjamin, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral and Neural Biology, 52(2): 260–270. sep 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Goal-tracking$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00063,\nabstract = {The occurrence of goal-tracking, an unconditioned stimulus (US)-directed autoshaping behavior, was studied in open-field tests with control and classically conditioned pond snails, Lymnaea stagnalis. In an appetitive classical conditioning paradigm with a tactile stimulus as conditioned stimulus (CS) and a localized food stimulus as US a conditioned feeding response built up in the experimental but not in the control animals. In the post-training open-field tests the experimental group alone showed an enhanced attraction toward the source of water current in the environment which previously signalled the arrival of the US but did not act as CS in the classical conditioning procedure. We suggest that this stimulus-directed goal-tracking behavior in Lymnaea is the result of a classical-operant interaction, described so far only in vertebrate animals, and that neurophysiological analysis of this behavior is possible in this snail. {\\textcopyright} 1989 Academic Press, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Benjamin, P.R.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0163-1047(89)90383-X},\nissn = {01631047},\njournal = {Behavioral and Neural Biology},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {260--270},\npmid = {2803177},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Goal-tracking behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016310478990383X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016310478990383X},\nvolume = {52},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A comparison of four techniques for mapping the distribution of serotonin and serotonin-containing neurons in fixed and living ganglia of the snail,Lymnaea.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kemenes, G.; Elekes, K.; Hiripi, L.; and Benjamin, P. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neurocytology, 18(2): 193–208. apr 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00109,\nabstract = {The distribution of serotonin and serotonin-containing neurons was studied in the ganglia of the CNS of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Results of the application of three different labelling techniques on wholemount preparations were compared with each other and with the serotonin content of the ganglia, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serotonin immunocytochemistry resulted in the highest number of labelled neurons, but the more recently developed in vivo method of 5,6- or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced pigmentation also proved to be a reliable technique for the visualization of serotonin-containing cell bodies. In comparison with these two techniques, the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method appeared to be less sensitive. The distribution and number of serotonin-containing neurons and biochemically measured serotonin in specific ganglia showed a close correlation. By combining the results of the three labelling techniques, a detailed map of serotonin-containing neurons was constructed, and this was compared with maps of identified neurons prepared from earlier electrophysiological studies. Previously described serotonergic neurons were consistently found, as well as several new serotonin-containirig cell types in the cerebral, visceral and parietal ganglia. A network of serotonin-containing inter- and intraganglionic axon tracts, and thin serotonergic fibres in the perineurium were also demonstrated. This in vivo and in vitro identification of serotonin-containing neurons will facilitate further neurophysiological analysis of serotonergic neural mechanisms in Lymnaea. {\\textcopyright} 1989 Chapman and Hall Ltd.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kemenes, Gy{\\"{o}}rgy and Elekes, K. and Hiripi, L. and Benjamin, P. R.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF01206662},\nissn = {0300-4864},\njournal = {Journal of Neurocytology},\nmonth = {apr},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {193--208},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{A comparison of four techniques for mapping the distribution of serotonin and serotonin-containing neurons in fixed and living ganglia of the snail,Lymnaea}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01206662.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01206662},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The morphology and electrophysiology of the neurones of the paired pedal ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kyriakides, M.; Mccrohan, C.; Slade, C.; Syed, N.; and Winlow, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 93(4): 861–876. jan 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00468,\nabstract = {1. 1. A morphological and electrophysiological map of the identifiable neurones and neuronal clusters of the paired pedal ganglia has been prepared. 2. 2. Neuronal morphology was investigated using the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow CH, whilst electrophysiological properties were studied using conventional intracellular recording techniques and the phase plane technique. 3. 3. The paired pedal ganglia are largely symmetrical and giant neurones usually have contralateral homologues. 4. 4. Neuronal clusters are also paired, but minor asymmetries, both of identifiable neurones and neuronal clusters have been found to exist. 5. 5. These asymmetries are thought to be related to asymmetries of body form. 6. 6. Most of the individually identifiable neurones possess obligatory axon branches which are invariant from one preparation to the next, but variant branches also occur. 7. 7. Within the neuronal clusters, morphology appears to be more variable. 8. 8. Individually identifiable neurones and neuronal clusters were characterized electrophysiologically according to the criteria of action potential shape, spontaneous activity pattern, electrical coupling and common synaptic inputs. 9. 9. Homologous pairs of neurones usually have similar electrophysiological properties, as do those within clusters. 10. 10. A number of wide-acting synaptie inputs have been identified on neurones of the pedal, buccal, visceral and parietal ganglia. {\\textcopyright} 1989.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Kyriakides, M. and Mccrohan, C.R. and Slade, C.T. and Syed, N.I. and Winlow, W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0300-9629(89)90513-6},\nissn = {03009629},\njournal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {861--876},\npublisher = {researchgate.net},\ntitle = {{The morphology and electrophysiology of the neurones of the paired pedal ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William{\\_}Winlow/publication/20584841{\\_}The{\\_}morphology{\\_}and{\\_}electrophysiology{\\_}of{\\_}the{\\_}neurones{\\_}of{\\_}the{\\_}paired{\\_}pedal{\\_}ganglia{\\_}of{\\_}Lynaea{\\_}stagnalis{\\_}L/links/59df471baca27258f7d76141/The-morphology-and-electrophysiology-of-the-neur https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300962989905136},\nvolume = {93},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Initiation and modification of rhythmic buccal motor output in the isolated central nervous system of Lymanea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCrohan, C. R.; Kyriakides, M. A.; and Tuersley, M. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Molluscan Studies, 55(2): 183–192. 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Initiation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00282,\nabstract = {The neural circuitry underlying generation of rhythmic feeding movements in Lymnaea stagnalis has been described in detail. Three types of higher order inter-neurone modulate the output of the feeding rhythm generator. When stimulated, the Slow Oscillator and Cerebral Ventral 1 interneurones initiate and maintain patterned motor output. The serotonergic Cerebral Giant Cells (CGCs) can also initiate the rhythm, but may suppress or abolish an ongoing rhythm. Application of serotonin to the central nervous system mimicks the effects of stimulating the CGCs. Another monoamine, dopamine, reliably activates the feeding rhythm generator. Other neuroactive substances, acetylcholine and FMRFamide, inhibit rhythmic motor output.The variety of routes by which feeding motor output may be controlled experimentally suggests that the system is highly flexible. This would allow for adaptation to a range of sensory environments. {\\textcopyright} 1989 The Malacological Society of London.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {McCrohan, C. R. and Kyriakides, M. A. and Tuersley, M. D.},\ndoi = {10.1093/mollus/55.2.183},\nissn = {0260-1230},\njournal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {183--192},\npublisher = {academic.oup.com},\ntitle = {{Initiation and modification of rhythmic buccal motor output in the isolated central nervous system of Lymanea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/55/2/183/1001290 https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/mollus/55.2.183},\nvolume = {55},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The role of cAMP in regulation of electrical activity of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moed, P.; Pieneman, A.; Bos, N.; and ter Maat, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 476(2): 298–306. jan 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00190,\nabstract = {The neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis release a number of peptides, including the ovulation hormone, caudodorsal cell hormone (CDCH), during a period of high electrical activity (the CDC-discharge). Earlier studies have shown that during the CDC-discharge adenylate cyclase activity is increased, and that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue 8-chlorophenylthio (8-CPT)-cAMP induces exocytosis and release of peptides from the CDCs. Here, we have investigated the role of cAMP, adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase in determining the state of excitability of the CDCs. The cAMP analogue 8-CPT-cAMP induced long-lasting discharges in CDCs. Simultaneous inhibition of the phosphodiesterase by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and activation of the adenylate cyclase by forskolin gave similar results. These agents also induced discharges of CDCs in dissociated cell culture, indicating that the responses to an increase of cAMP were an endogenous property of the cells. The CDC-afterdischarge can be induced by a period of repetitive electrical1stimulation. Inhibition of the phosphodiesterase-activity by IBMX did not change the resting membrane potential, but increased the proportion of preparations that responded to this stimulation with an afterdischarge by more than 200{\\%}. It is suggested that cAMP-regulating enzymes are involved in stimulus-response coupling of the afterdischarge in CDCs. The induction of an afterdischarge probably requires both a low phosphodiesterase-activity and the activation of the adenylate cyclase. The low excitability of the CDCs following an afterdischarge might originate from a refractoriness in the activation of the adenylate cyclase. {\\textcopyright} 1989.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moed, P.J. and Pieneman, A.W. and Bos, N.P.A. and ter Maat, A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91250-X},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Egg laying,Mollusc,Neuroendocrine cell},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {298--306},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{The role of cAMP in regulation of electrical activity of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899386914253 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000689938991250X},\nvolume = {476},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretory activity and postembryonic development of the tentacle sensory system controlling growth hormone-producing neurons in Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roubos, E. W.; and Smeets, J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General and Comparative Endocrinology, 76(1): 29–40. 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Secretory$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00100,\nabstract = {The cerebral neuroendocrine peptidergic light green cells (LGC) of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis regulate body growth. The LGC are controlled by a tentacle sensory system that consists of two types (S1 and S2) of primary sensory neuron located at the base of each tentacle. Sensory (S2) axons make synaptic contacts (type A synapse-like structures) with the somata and axons of the LGC, where they release the contents of secretory granules, by exocytosis (demonstrated with the ultrastructural tannic acid-Ringer incubation method). Ultracytochemistry indicates that the granule contents are glycoproteinaceous. Furthermore, the S2 axons release secretory material in a nonsynaptic fashion into the interneuronal space of the central nervous system (CNS), at the level of the neuropiles of the cerebral ganglia and of the cerebral commissure. This release occurs by exocytosis from nonsynaptic release sites. It is proposed that the tentacle sensory system not only (synaptically) controls LGC activity but also influences other, remote neuronal targets in the CNS in a nonsynaptic ("at long distance," "paracrine," "hormone-like") fashion. Already in newly hatched snails (with a shell height of 1 mm) S2 axons show a fair rate of exocytotic activity, in both synaptic and nonsynaptic respects. During postembryonic development the secretory capacity of the S2 sensory neurons increases markedly, by increases in (1) the number of axons, (2) the size of the secretory granules, and (3) exocytosis activity. This increased capacity may meet a growing demand of the developing CNS, including the LGC, for neurochemical input from the tentacle sensory system. {\\textcopyright} 1989.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roubos, E. W. and Smeets, J. S.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0016-6480(89)90029-4},\nissn = {10956840},\njournal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {29--40},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Secretory activity and postembryonic development of the tentacle sensory system controlling growth hormone-producing neurons in Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016648089900294},\nvolume = {76},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy and tannic acid study of dynamics of neurohaemal and non-synaptic peptide release by the caudodorsal cells ofLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schmidt, E.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 489(2): 325–337. jun 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Quantitative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00110,\nabstract = {The caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying and egg-laying associated behaviours by releasing various peptides including the ovulation hormone CDCH. Previously it has been shown that release occurs (1) into the haemolymph from neurohaemal axon terminals in the outer compartment of the cerebral commissure, and (2) into the intercellular space of the central nervous system from non-synaptic release sites of axon collaterals in the inner compartment of the commissure. Outer and inner compartments are separated by a sheath of glial cells. In the present study the secretory dynamics of neurohaemal and collateral release have been studied. Immunoelectron microscopy with an antibody against a synthesized fragment of the egg-laying hormone [CDCH(21-36)] indicates that CDCH is released by exocytosis from both sites: positive immunoreaction was found for the contents of secretory granules and contents that underwent exocytosis, and furthermore in the intercellular spaces of the inner and outer compartments. Quantitative (immunogold) electron microscopy combined with either the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide (TAGO) method or the tannic acid-Ringer incubation (TARI) method for the visualization and quantification of exocytosis of CDCH, shows different dynamics of neurohaemal and collateral CDCH release. Neurohaemal release is strongly increased during electrical activity of the CDCs (active state). This increase does not only appear from an increased number of (immunopositive) exocytoses (3×) but also from increases in (1) the percentages of all stationary and all exocytosing granule contents that are immunopositive (both increase from 70{\\%} to 85{\\%}), (2) the degree of immunopositivity per exteriorized granule content (2×) and (3) the degree of immunopositivity in the intercellular space of the neurohaemal area (5×). Collaterals show a different picture: CDCH release particularly occurs during electrical silence (resting and inhibited states). No effect was noted of the electrical state of the CDCs on the percentages of CDCH-immunoreactive stationary or exteriorized granule contents, nor on the degree of immunopositivity of the exteriorized contents. Furthermore, the degree of immunopositivity in the intercellular space of the inner compartment is drastically decreased (8×). Finally, both in the resting and the active state, the percentage of CDCH-positive exocytosing contents in the collaterals is smaller than that of CDCH-positive stationary contents, whereas in the neurohaemal area these percentages do not differ. It is concluded that the CDCs establish dual secretory dynamics in the neurohaemal and collateral system, not only with respect to the intensity of exocytosis but also with respect to the amount of CDCH released per secretory granule. Possible cellular mechanisms underlying these dynamics are discussed. The dual secretory capacity may be crucial for the CDCs in timing and coordinating the activities of reproductive organs (by peptide release from the neurohaemal area) and of central neurons that control egg-laying-associated behaviours (by peptides released non-synaptically from the collaterals). {\\textcopyright} 1989.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Schmidt, E.D. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90866-4},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Caudodorsal cell,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurohemal and non-synaptic release,Peptides release by exocytosis,Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy,Tannic acid},\nmonth = {jun},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {325--337},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy and tannic acid study of dynamics of neurohaemal and non-synaptic peptide release by the caudodorsal cells ofLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899389908664 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006899389908664},\nvolume = {489},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n The caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying and egg-laying associated behaviours by releasing various peptides including the ovulation hormone CDCH. Previously it has been shown that release occurs (1) into the haemolymph from neurohaemal axon terminals in the outer compartment of the cerebral commissure, and (2) into the intercellular space of the central nervous system from non-synaptic release sites of axon collaterals in the inner compartment of the commissure. Outer and inner compartments are separated by a sheath of glial cells. In the present study the secretory dynamics of neurohaemal and collateral release have been studied. Immunoelectron microscopy with an antibody against a synthesized fragment of the egg-laying hormone [CDCH(21-36)] indicates that CDCH is released by exocytosis from both sites: positive immunoreaction was found for the contents of secretory granules and contents that underwent exocytosis, and furthermore in the intercellular spaces of the inner and outer compartments. Quantitative (immunogold) electron microscopy combined with either the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide (TAGO) method or the tannic acid-Ringer incubation (TARI) method for the visualization and quantification of exocytosis of CDCH, shows different dynamics of neurohaemal and collateral CDCH release. Neurohaemal release is strongly increased during electrical activity of the CDCs (active state). This increase does not only appear from an increased number of (immunopositive) exocytoses (3×) but also from increases in (1) the percentages of all stationary and all exocytosing granule contents that are immunopositive (both increase from 70% to 85%), (2) the degree of immunopositivity per exteriorized granule content (2×) and (3) the degree of immunopositivity in the intercellular space of the neurohaemal area (5×). Collaterals show a different picture: CDCH release particularly occurs during electrical silence (resting and inhibited states). No effect was noted of the electrical state of the CDCs on the percentages of CDCH-immunoreactive stationary or exteriorized granule contents, nor on the degree of immunopositivity of the exteriorized contents. Furthermore, the degree of immunopositivity in the intercellular space of the inner compartment is drastically decreased (8×). Finally, both in the resting and the active state, the percentage of CDCH-positive exocytosing contents in the collaterals is smaller than that of CDCH-positive stationary contents, whereas in the neurohaemal area these percentages do not differ. It is concluded that the CDCs establish dual secretory dynamics in the neurohaemal and collateral system, not only with respect to the intensity of exocytosis but also with respect to the amount of CDCH released per secretory granule. Possible cellular mechanisms underlying these dynamics are discussed. The dual secretory capacity may be crucial for the CDCs in timing and coordinating the activities of reproductive organs (by peptide release from the neurohaemal area) and of central neurons that control egg-laying-associated behaviours (by peptides released non-synaptically from the collaterals). © 1989.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Developmental and comparative aspects of nonsynaptic release by the egg-laying controlling caudodorsal cells of basommatophoran snails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schmidt, E.; Veenstra, E.; Broers-Vendrig, C.; van de Ven, A.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General and Comparative Endocrinology, 75(1): 17–28. jul 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Developmental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00384,\nabstract = {In an immunoelectron microscope study the postembryonic development of the cerebral caudodorsal cells (CDC) in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis was studied as well as the development of similar neurons in other basommatophoran families. The CDC of adult L. stagnalis control egg-laying and associated behaviors by releasing various peptides, including the ovulation hormone CDCH. The CDC release peptides from neurohemal axon terminals and from nonsynaptic release sites of axon collaterals. During postembryonic development the collateral system develops synchronously with the neurohemal area. The first collaterals appear in the cerebral commissure of juvenile snails (10 mm shell height; S = 10). Up to S = 30 they gradually increase in size and length and eventually run through the entire inner compartment. Secretory granules in both collaterals and neurohemal axon terminals increase in size as well. Immunoelectron microscopy combined with the TARI-method for the demonstration of exocytosis indicates that CDCH-release from collaterals and neurohemal terminals occurs already in S = 10; exocytosis of immunoreactive granule contents takes place from nonsynaptic release sites, unspecialized areas of the axolemma of the collaterals. Release activity in the collaterals gradually increases up to S ≥ 20. Neurohemal release activity shows a similar picture except for a steep increase in adult snails. A distinct glial sheath, separating the neurohemal area from the collateral system, appears around S = 15. Representatives of three families of Basommatophora, viz. the lymnaeid L. ovata, the planorbid Planorbis planorbis, and the bulinid Bulinus truncatus possess a well-developed collateral system showing many signs of exocytosis. A glial sheath separates the collaterals from the neurohemal area. Secretory granules of the CDC in L. ovata stain weakly positive with the anti-CDCH antiserum. Since the other Basommatophora did not show immunoreactivity, the chemical structure of egg laying peptides in Basommatophora seems to be genus specific. Apparently the secretory activity of both the neurohemal area and the collateral system is not only important in the sexually mature animal, being involved in the control of egg laying and egg-laying behavior, but also in the juvenile snail. The finding of a collateral system in representatives of three basommatophoran families strongly indicates the importance of the system for the control of reproduction in basommatophoran snails in general. {\\textcopyright} 1989.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Schmidt, E.D. and Veenstra, E. and Broers-Vendrig, C.M. and van de Ven, A.M.H. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0016-6480(89)90003-8},\nissn = {00166480},\njournal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {17--28},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Developmental and comparative aspects of nonsynaptic release by the egg-laying controlling caudodorsal cells of basommatophoran snails}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016648089900038 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016648089900038},\nvolume = {75},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n In an immunoelectron microscope study the postembryonic development of the cerebral caudodorsal cells (CDC) in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis was studied as well as the development of similar neurons in other basommatophoran families. The CDC of adult L. stagnalis control egg-laying and associated behaviors by releasing various peptides, including the ovulation hormone CDCH. The CDC release peptides from neurohemal axon terminals and from nonsynaptic release sites of axon collaterals. During postembryonic development the collateral system develops synchronously with the neurohemal area. The first collaterals appear in the cerebral commissure of juvenile snails (10 mm shell height; S = 10). Up to S = 30 they gradually increase in size and length and eventually run through the entire inner compartment. Secretory granules in both collaterals and neurohemal axon terminals increase in size as well. Immunoelectron microscopy combined with the TARI-method for the demonstration of exocytosis indicates that CDCH-release from collaterals and neurohemal terminals occurs already in S = 10; exocytosis of immunoreactive granule contents takes place from nonsynaptic release sites, unspecialized areas of the axolemma of the collaterals. Release activity in the collaterals gradually increases up to S ≥ 20. Neurohemal release activity shows a similar picture except for a steep increase in adult snails. A distinct glial sheath, separating the neurohemal area from the collateral system, appears around S = 15. Representatives of three families of Basommatophora, viz. the lymnaeid L. ovata, the planorbid Planorbis planorbis, and the bulinid Bulinus truncatus possess a well-developed collateral system showing many signs of exocytosis. A glial sheath separates the collaterals from the neurohemal area. Secretory granules of the CDC in L. ovata stain weakly positive with the anti-CDCH antiserum. Since the other Basommatophora did not show immunoreactivity, the chemical structure of egg laying peptides in Basommatophora seems to be genus specific. Apparently the secretory activity of both the neurohemal area and the collateral system is not only important in the sexually mature animal, being involved in the control of egg laying and egg-laying behavior, but also in the juvenile snail. The finding of a collateral system in representatives of three basommatophoran families strongly indicates the importance of the system for the control of reproduction in basommatophoran snails in general. © 1989.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Stretch-activated ion channels in growth cones of snail neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sigurdson, W.; and Morris, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Neuroscience, 9(8): 2801–2808. aug 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Stretch-activated$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00651,\nabstract = {Page 1. The Journal of Neuroscience, August 1989, g(8): 2801-2808 Stretch-Activated Ion Channels in Growth Cones of Snail Neurons {\\ldots} In Cell Culture Approaches to Inverte- brute Neuroscience, DJ Beadle, G. Lees, and SB Kater, eds., pp. l-3 1, Academic, Toronto {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Sigurdson, WJ and Morris, CE},\ndoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-08-02801.1989},\nissn = {0270-6474},\njournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\nmonth = {aug},\nnumber = {8},\npages = {2801--2808},\npmid = {2475592},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Stretch-activated ion channels in growth cones of snail neurons}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/8/2801.short http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-08-02801.1989},\nvolume = {9},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Expression of the egg-laying hormone genes in peripheral neurons and exocrine cells in the reproductive tract of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Minnen, J.; Dirks, R.; Vreugdenhil, E.; and Van Diepen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 33(1): 35–46. jan 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Expression$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{VanMinnen1989a,\nabstract = {The neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells play an important role in the control of reproduction in Lyrmaea stagnalis. These neurons produce at least nine neuropeptides which are encoded by caudodorsal cell hormone-I and -II genes. The role of some of these peptides in the control of reproduction has been established. The present study demonstrates that the transcription and translation of the caudodorsal cell hormone genes also proceeds abundantly in the reproductive tract of this hermaphroditic animal. In the female part of the reproductive tract neurons were found to express gene I. These neurons are most likely involved in the control of transport of the eggs and egg-masses and in the regulation of secretory activity from the female accessory sex glands. In the male part of the reproductive tract exocrine secretory cells express gene I or gene II. The gene products are secreted into the male duct and transferred to the female copulant during copulation. Furthermore, putative sensory neurons in the skin were found to express gene I. The results indicate that in L. stagnalis the complex process of reproduction is regulated-at least in part-by a set of neuropeptides which are encoded by a small multigene family, viz. the caudodorsal cell gene family. {\\textcopyright} 1989.},\nauthor = {{Van Minnen}, J. and Dirks, R.W. and Vreugdenhil, E. and {Van Diepen}, J.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90308-4},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {35--46},\ntitle = {{Expression of the egg-laying hormone genes in peripheral neurons and exocrine cells in the reproductive tract of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452289903084 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452289903084},\nvolume = {33},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Central and Peripheral Expression of Genes Coding for Egg-Laying Inducing and Insulin-Related Peptides in a Snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Minnen, J.; Smit, A. B.; and Joosse, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Archives of Histology and Cytology, 52(Suppl.): 241–252. 1989.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Central$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00448,\nabstract = {Egg laying in the hermaphrodite freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a highly complex activity, including a series of internal activities (ovulation, egg and egg mass formation) which are closely correlated to a pattern of behaviours (alteration of locomotion and feeding, specific postures, oviposition). In this snail egg laying is induced by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs), consisting of two homogeneous clusters at a total of 100 neurons. At egg laying these neurons release their products during a 60 min period of firing. The genes coding for these products have been cloned and characterized. There are two genes, CDCH-I and -II. Each gene codes for 12 peptides; one of these is the ovulation hormone (CDCH). The genes display over 90{\\%} homology. The most striking difference is a 17 bp deletion near the carboxy-terminal region. With immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization both CDCH genes appeared to be expressed in the CDC and in paired groups of ectopic CDC-like neurons in the pleural ganglia, while a group of small neurons in the cerebral ganglia expresses the CDCH-I gene only. In addition, a widespread expression of the CDCH genes has been demonstrated in peripheral tissues. In the female part of the reproductive tract neurons were found to express the CDCH-I gene. In the male part of the tract exocrine secretory cells express the CDCH-I or -II gene. The gene products are secreted into the male tract and transferred to the female partner during copulation. Finally, sensory neurons in the head skin and mantle edge were found to express the CDCH-I gene. The presence of insulin-related peptides has been demonstrated in the brain as well as the digestive system of Lymnaea. The brain insulin-related peptides are produced in 4 groups of 50 giant neurons each (Light green cells, LGC). These neurons are involved in various physiological activities, related to body growth and glycogen metabolism. The major gene products expressed in the LGC have been cloned and characterized. It appeared that the predicted proteins represent three types of insulin-related molecules (MIP, mollus-can insulin-related peptide). In these MIPs, those elements important in the determination of the tertiary structure, have been conserved. The MIP of the digestive system has been characterized up to now only at the peptide level. The snail gut MIP is more hydrophobic compared to bovine insulin. Cells containing MIP have been identified immunocytochemically in the gut epithelium. {\\textcopyright} 1989, International Society of Histology and Cytology. All rights reserved.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Minnen, J. and Smit, A. B. and Joosse, J.},\ndoi = {10.1679/aohc.52.Suppl_241},\nissn = {13491717},\njournal = {Archives of Histology and Cytology},\nnumber = {Suppl.},\npages = {241--252},\npublisher = {jstage.jst.go.jp},\ntitle = {{Central and Peripheral Expression of Genes Coding for Egg-Laying Inducing and Insulin-Related Peptides in a Snail}},\nurl = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aohc1988/52/Supplement/52{\\_}Supplement{\\_}241/{\\_}article/-char/ja/},\nvolume = {52},\nyear = {1989}\n}\n

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\n Egg laying in the hermaphrodite freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a highly complex activity, including a series of internal activities (ovulation, egg and egg mass formation) which are closely correlated to a pattern of behaviours (alteration of locomotion and feeding, specific postures, oviposition). In this snail egg laying is induced by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs), consisting of two homogeneous clusters at a total of 100 neurons. At egg laying these neurons release their products during a 60 min period of firing. The genes coding for these products have been cloned and characterized. There are two genes, CDCH-I and -II. Each gene codes for 12 peptides; one of these is the ovulation hormone (CDCH). The genes display over 90% homology. The most striking difference is a 17 bp deletion near the carboxy-terminal region. With immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization both CDCH genes appeared to be expressed in the CDC and in paired groups of ectopic CDC-like neurons in the pleural ganglia, while a group of small neurons in the cerebral ganglia expresses the CDCH-I gene only. In addition, a widespread expression of the CDCH genes has been demonstrated in peripheral tissues. In the female part of the reproductive tract neurons were found to express the CDCH-I gene. In the male part of the tract exocrine secretory cells express the CDCH-I or -II gene. The gene products are secreted into the male tract and transferred to the female partner during copulation. Finally, sensory neurons in the head skin and mantle edge were found to express the CDCH-I gene. The presence of insulin-related peptides has been demonstrated in the brain as well as the digestive system of Lymnaea. The brain insulin-related peptides are produced in 4 groups of 50 giant neurons each (Light green cells, LGC). These neurons are involved in various physiological activities, related to body growth and glycogen metabolism. The major gene products expressed in the LGC have been cloned and characterized. It appeared that the predicted proteins represent three types of insulin-related molecules (MIP, mollus-can insulin-related peptide). In these MIPs, those elements important in the determination of the tertiary structure, have been conserved. The MIP of the digestive system has been characterized up to now only at the peptide level. The snail gut MIP is more hydrophobic compared to bovine insulin. Cells containing MIP have been identified immunocytochemically in the gut epithelium. © 1989, International Society of Histology and Cytology. All rights reserved.\n

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\n \n 1988\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Immunocytochemistry of hormonal peptides in molluscs: optical and electron microscopy and the use of monoclonal antibodies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Boer, H.; and van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurohormones in Invertebrates,19–42. oct 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Immunocytochemistry$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00549,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} Int., 6633– 640. Buma, P. {\\&} Roubos, EW (1986). Ultrastructural demonstration of nonsynaptic release sites in the brain of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the insect Periplaneta americana, and the rat. Neuroscience, 17867-870. Burnstock, G.(1976) {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Boer, H.H. and van Minnen, J.},\ndoi = {10.1017/CBO9780511752230.004},\njournal = {Neurohormones in Invertebrates},\nmonth = {oct},\npages = {19--42},\npublisher = {Cambridge University Press},\ntitle = {{Immunocytochemistry of hormonal peptides in molluscs: optical and electron microscopy and the use of monoclonal antibodies}},\nurl = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\\&}lr={\\&}id=pZxXJeoITFEC{\\&}oi=fnd{\\&}pg=PA19{\\&}dq={\\%}22lymnaea+stagnalis{\\%}22+{\\%}22neuroscience{\\%}22{\\&}ots=AIQO2sDEmY{\\&}sig=zEZ6fwniAX8aXvmyn6b1nQjSrzI https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511752230A011/type/book{\\_}part},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trichobilharzia ocellata: Interference with endocrine control of female reproduction of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n de Jong-Brink, M.; Elsaadany, M. M.; and Boer, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Experimental Parasitology, 65(1): 91–100. feb 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trichobilharzia$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00148,\nabstract = {Calfluxin (CaFl), one of the gonadotropic hormones of Lymnaea stagnalis, stimulates the influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondria of the cells of the albumen gland, one of the accessory sex organs of the snail. This effect is suppressed in glands of noninfected snails by an agent (schistosomin) present in the hemolymph of snails infected by Trichobilharzia ocellata as shown in in vitro experiments. The agent is present from 6 weeks postinfection onward. Ca2+ deposits in the mitochondria were demonstrated with the ultracytochemical antimonate precipitation technique. The percentage of Ca2+-positive mitochondria was taken as a measure for the effects of CaFl. This percentage appeared to be greatly reduced when glands were incubated in serum of infected snails (Sinf). The data showed that Ringer incubations can serve as controls for experiments with serum: no differences were found between Ringer incubations and incubations in either fresh or frozen serum of noninfected snails. Schistosomin was not affected by freezing, which enables cold storage of Sinf. The dose-response relationship of schistosomin shows that at a 1:2 dilution of Sinf with Ringer the response to CaFl was reduced more than 50{\\%}. Schistosomin is heat-stable and Pronase-labile, which indicates that it has a peptide nature. Probably schistosomin(s) is responsible for the reduction/cessation of fecundity in trematode-infected Snails. {\\textcopyright} 1988.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {de Jong-Brink, Marijke and Elsaadany, Mokhtar M. and Boer, H.H.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0014-4894(88)90110-5},\nissn = {00144894},\njournal = {Experimental Parasitology},\nkeywords = {Albumen gland,Bioassay,Female gonadotropic hormones,Freshwater snails,Lymnaea stagnalis,Parasitic castration,Schistosomin,Trematode,Trichobilharzia ocellata},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {91--100},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Trichobilharzia ocellata: Interference with endocrine control of female reproduction of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0014489488901105 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014489488901105},\nvolume = {65},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Biosynthesis and Release of Multiple Peptides by the Caudodorsal Cells of Lymnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roubos, E. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neurosecretion,123–135. 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Biosynthesis$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00104,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} ED, and Roubos, EW, 1987a, Morphological basis for nonsynaptic communication within the central nervous system by exocytotic release of secretory material from the egg-laying stimulating neuroendocrine caudo-dorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis, Neuroscience, 20:247 {\\ldots}},\naddress = {Boston, MA},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roubos, E. W.},\ndoi = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5502-1_15},\njournal = {Neurosecretion},\npages = {123--135},\npublisher = {Springer US},\ntitle = {{Biosynthesis and Release of Multiple Peptides by the Caudodorsal Cells of Lymnaea Stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-5502-1{\\_}15 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-5502-1{\\_}15},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Postembryonic Development of Endocrine Dorsal Bodies and Neuroendocrine Egg Laying and Growth Hormone Producing Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roubos, E. W.; van Winkoop, A.; van der Haar, C.; and van Minnen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 13(2): 119–145. mar 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Postembryonic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00230,\nabstract = {The postembryonic development of three (neuro) endocrine centres in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis has been studied: (l) the endocrine Dorsal Bodies (DB), which are involved in the stimulation of vitellogenesis, and of growth, differentiation and secretory activity of the female accessory sex glands, (2) the Caudodorsal Cells (CDC), which control egg laying and egg-laying behaviour, and (3) the Light Green Cells (LGC), which stimulate body growth. Light microscopy, including immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies, and electron microscopy show that the DB and LGC are already present in snails of 1 mm shell height, whereas CDC first appear in snails of 3 mm shell height. In such juvenile snails all cell types have a small size and occur in low numbers, but they show clear, morphological signs of formation of secretory granules. During development the cells strongly increase in size and, especially the DB cells, in number. The diameter of the secretory granules also increases, particularly in CDC and LGC, reaching a final size in adult snails (≥25 mm shell height). Release by exocytosis of secretory material into the haemolymph (demonstrated with the ultrastructural TAGO- method) was observed in LGC and DB from 1 mm shell height onwards and in CDC from 10 mm onwards. The significance of these findings has been discussed, with particular reference to the possible functions of the cell types in sexually immature snails. {\\textcopyright} 1988 Taylor {\\&} Francis Group, LLC.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roubos, E. W. and van Winkoop, A. and van der Haar, C. and van Minnen, J.},\ndoi = {10.1080/01688170.1988.10510350},\nissn = {0168-8170},\njournal = {International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development},\nkeywords = {(Neuro)endocrine cells,Immunocytochemistry,Lymnaea stagnalis,Postembryonic development,Ultrastructure},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {119--145},\npublisher = {Taylor {\\&} Francis},\ntitle = {{Postembryonic Development of Endocrine Dorsal Bodies and Neuroendocrine Egg Laying and Growth Hormone Producing Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01688170.1988.10510350 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01688170.1988.10510350},\nvolume = {13},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural aspects, potassium stimulation and calcium dependence of nonsynaptic neuropeptide release by the egg laying controlling caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schmidt, E.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 26(1): 327–335. jul 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Schmidt1988,\nabstract = {The cerebral peptidergic caudodorsal cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying and egg-laying behaviour by releasing peptides into (1) the haemolymph, from neurohaemal axon terminals in the periphery of the cerebral commissure and (2) the intercellular space of the central nervous system, from collaterals in the inner compartment of this commissure. Recently, it was shown that collateral release occurs from nonsynaptic release sites, which lack the morphological specializations that are characteristic of classical synapses. Probably, these sites enable the caudodorsal cells to communicate with central neurons in a nonsynaptic ("paracrine", "diffuse", "hormone-like") fashion. The structural and ionic bases of nonsynaptic release were studied using the tannic acid-Ringer incubation-method for the detection of exocytotic release of secretory granule contents in vitro. Elevation of the extracellular potassium concentration strongly stimulates exocytotic activity in the collaterals. No stimulation was found in the absence of extracellular calcium ions. Similar results have been obtained for the neurohaemal axon terminals. Electron-dense material occurs apposed at the cytoplasmic side of the axolemma of collaterals (ethanolic phosphotungstic acid method). This material appears homologous with the presynaptic dense projections forming the "vesicular grid" in classical synapses. Such projections are also present in the neurohaemal axon terminals. It is concluded that secretion from nonsynaptic release sites in caudodorsal cell collaterals shares fundamental characteristics with secretion from conventional neuronal release sites (neurohaemal axon terminals and classical synapses); release occurs by exocytosis of secretory granules, is associated with a vesicular grid, is stimulated by membrane depolarization, and depends on the presence of extracellular calcium ions. The results underline the importance of nonsynaptic release sites for interneuronal communication within the central nervous system. {\\textcopyright} 1988.},\nauthor = {Schmidt, E.D. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90149-2},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {327--335},\ntitle = {{Structural aspects, potassium stimulation and calcium dependence of nonsynaptic neuropeptide release by the egg laying controlling caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452288901492 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452288901492},\nvolume = {26},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n The cerebral peptidergic caudodorsal cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying and egg-laying behaviour by releasing peptides into (1) the haemolymph, from neurohaemal axon terminals in the periphery of the cerebral commissure and (2) the intercellular space of the central nervous system, from collaterals in the inner compartment of this commissure. Recently, it was shown that collateral release occurs from nonsynaptic release sites, which lack the morphological specializations that are characteristic of classical synapses. Probably, these sites enable the caudodorsal cells to communicate with central neurons in a nonsynaptic (\"paracrine\", \"diffuse\", \"hormone-like\") fashion. The structural and ionic bases of nonsynaptic release were studied using the tannic acid-Ringer incubation-method for the detection of exocytotic release of secretory granule contents in vitro. Elevation of the extracellular potassium concentration strongly stimulates exocytotic activity in the collaterals. No stimulation was found in the absence of extracellular calcium ions. Similar results have been obtained for the neurohaemal axon terminals. Electron-dense material occurs apposed at the cytoplasmic side of the axolemma of collaterals (ethanolic phosphotungstic acid method). This material appears homologous with the presynaptic dense projections forming the \"vesicular grid\" in classical synapses. Such projections are also present in the neurohaemal axon terminals. It is concluded that secretion from nonsynaptic release sites in caudodorsal cell collaterals shares fundamental characteristics with secretion from conventional neuronal release sites (neurohaemal axon terminals and classical synapses); release occurs by exocytosis of secretory granules, is associated with a vesicular grid, is stimulated by membrane depolarization, and depends on the presence of extracellular calcium ions. The results underline the importance of nonsynaptic release sites for interneuronal communication within the central nervous system. © 1988.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Growth-controlling molluscan neurons produce the precursor of an insulin-related peptide.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smit, A. B.; Vreugdenhil, E.; Ebberink, R. H. M.; Geraerts, W. P. M.; Klootwijk, J.; and Joosse, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature, 331(6156): 535–538. feb 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Growth-controlling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00956,\nabstract = {Insulin and related peptides are key hormonal integrators of growth and metabolism in vertebrates1-3. There is little biochemical evidence for insulin-related peptides in invertebrates, apart from insects for which definitive structural information on these peptides (prothoracicotropic hormone, PTTH) has recently been obtained4. We report here the first complete complementary DNA-derived primary structure of a preproinsulin-related protein from identified neurons in an invertebrate, the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. We have demonstrated by in situ hybridization that transcription of the gene for this molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP) occurs in the cerebral light-green cells, giant neuroendocrine cells involved in the control of growth, as well as in a pair of neuroendocrine cells called the canopy cells. The insulin-related peptide precursor has the same overall structure as its vertebrate counterparts. The discovery of insulin-related peptides in invertebrates substantiates the evidence for a widespread and early evolutionary origin of the insulin superfamily. {\\textcopyright} 1988 Nature Publishing Group.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Smit, A. B. and Vreugdenhil, E. and Ebberink, R. H. M. and Geraerts, W. P. M. and Klootwijk, J. and Joosse, J.},\ndoi = {10.1038/331535a0},\nissn = {0028-0836},\njournal = {Nature},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {6156},\npages = {535--538},\npublisher = {nature.com},\ntitle = {{Growth-controlling molluscan neurons produce the precursor of an insulin-related peptide}},\nurl = {https://idp.nature.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://www.nature.com/articles/331535a0{\\&}casa{\\_}token=pHrtwv8C2TUAAAAA:h{\\_}Ja9m96SsZU5TB{\\_}IUh{\\_}G4Gh6bFaFxyI-69lb-0A9FNdPfnsm2{\\_}5i3Sz1I5azqcVoMvoINE7Jq1PRgo http://www.nature.com/articles/331535a0},\nvolume = {331},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Chemically mediated positive feedback generates long-lasting afterdischarge in a molluscan neuroendocrine system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ter Maat, A.; Geraerts, W.; Jansen, R.; and Bos, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain Research, 438(1-2): 77–82. jan 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Chemically$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00290,\nabstract = {The peptidergic neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying. The CDC network consists of 100 electroninically coupled neurons that form two clusters in the cerebral ganglia. Upon prolonged, repeated, intracellular stimulation of one CDC, excitation spreads over the network and leads to a 30-min period of spiking activity: the afterdischarge. During the afterdischarge a number of peptides, including the ovulation hormone, are released. When two ganglia rings from different animals were pinned down next to each other, an afterdischarge initiated in the CDCs of one CNS activated the CDCs of the other CNS, indicating that excitation spreads in the absence of physical contact between the CDCs. A single isolated intercerebral commissure (COM), the neurohaemal area of the CDCs, displayed the same discharge-inducing capability when brought in the vicinity of a second, intact, CNS. Other parts of the CNS did not possess this property. CDC afterdischarges could also induce repetitive spiking in adjacent isolated CDC somata showing that the effect can be directly on the CDCs themselves. The discharge-inducing factor was well separated from the ovulation hormone on a Bio-Gel P-6 column. The factor was pronase-degradable and inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes increased the factor's longevity. It is concluded that, contingent upon the CDC-discharge, a small (≤ 1500 Da) excitatory peptide is released that acts directly on the CDCs. Its function is argued to be: (1) the spread of excitation from a subset of CDCs, receiving external input, over the entire CDC network; and (2) to provide a positive feedback to generate a maximum (all-or-none) response. {\\textcopyright} 1988.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {ter Maat, A. and Geraerts, W.P.M. and Jansen, R.F. and Bos, N.P.A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91325-X},\nissn = {00068993},\njournal = {Brain Research},\nkeywords = {Egg-laying behavior,Mollusc,Neuroendocrine cell,Neurotransmission,Peptide},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1-2},\npages = {77--82},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Chemically mediated positive feedback generates long-lasting afterdischarge in a molluscan neuroendocrine system}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689938891325X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000689938891325X},\nvolume = {438},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Localization of ovulation hormone-like neuropeptide in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by means of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Minnen, J.; van der Haar, C.; Raap, A. K.; and Vreugdenhil, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cell and Tissue Research, 251(2): 477–484. feb 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Localization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pop00101,\nabstract = {The caudo-dorsal cells (CDC) in the cerebral ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis synthesize the 36-amino acid ovulation hormone (CDCH). We have used immuno-cytochemistry and in situ hybridization to reveal the localization of neurons and axons containing CDCH-like material. A monoclonal antibody to a fragment of CDCH and a cDNA probe encoding CDCH reacted with the CDC-system, with specific cell groups in the cerebral and pleural ganglia, and with individually occurring neurons throughout the central nervous system. The cells in the pleural ganglia, which were found in about 50{\\%} of the preparations studied, are considered as "ectopic" CDC. They are morphologically similar to CDC in their somal dimensions and axonal organization. By means of immuno-electron microscopy it was shown that these neurons contain secretory vesicles that are similar to those of the CDC. The neurons of the bilateral groups occurring in the cerebral ganglia in addition to the CDC are smaller and more intensely stained than the CDC. Axons of these small neurons probably have varicosities located on the CDC axons in the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion, indicating synaptic contacts. Two major axon tracts could be followed from (or toward) the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion. One tract runs from the cerebral gangion via the pleural and parietal ganglia to the visceral ganglion, giving off branches to most nerves emanating from these ganglia. The other tract could be traced through the cerebro-pedal connective to the pedal ganglia. Only in the right pedal ganglion was extensive axonal branching observed. The nerves emanating from this ganglion contained many more immunoreactive axons than those from the left pedal ganglion. A polyclonal antibody raised against the synthetic fragment of CDCH stained, in addition to the neurons and axons revealed with the monoclonal antibody and the cDNA probe, three other major groups of neurons. Two are located in the cerebral ganglion, the other in the left pedal ganglion. The present findings suggest the presence of a system of neurons that contain CDCH or CDCH-like peptides. The role this system may play in the control of egg-laying and egg-laying behaviour is discussed. {\\textcopyright} 1988 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {van Minnen, J. and van der Haar, C. and Raap, A. K. and Vreugdenhil, E.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00215857},\nissn = {0302-766X},\njournal = {Cell and Tissue Research},\nkeywords = {Caudo-dorsal cells,Immunocytochemistry,In situ hybridization,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neuropeptides,Ovulation hormone},\nmonth = {feb},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {477--484},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Localization of ovulation hormone-like neuropeptide in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by means of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization}},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00215857 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00215857},\nvolume = {251},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The caudo-dorsal cells (CDC) in the cerebral ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis synthesize the 36-amino acid ovulation hormone (CDCH). We have used immuno-cytochemistry and in situ hybridization to reveal the localization of neurons and axons containing CDCH-like material. A monoclonal antibody to a fragment of CDCH and a cDNA probe encoding CDCH reacted with the CDC-system, with specific cell groups in the cerebral and pleural ganglia, and with individually occurring neurons throughout the central nervous system. The cells in the pleural ganglia, which were found in about 50% of the preparations studied, are considered as \"ectopic\" CDC. They are morphologically similar to CDC in their somal dimensions and axonal organization. By means of immuno-electron microscopy it was shown that these neurons contain secretory vesicles that are similar to those of the CDC. The neurons of the bilateral groups occurring in the cerebral ganglia in addition to the CDC are smaller and more intensely stained than the CDC. Axons of these small neurons probably have varicosities located on the CDC axons in the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion, indicating synaptic contacts. Two major axon tracts could be followed from (or toward) the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion. One tract runs from the cerebral gangion via the pleural and parietal ganglia to the visceral ganglion, giving off branches to most nerves emanating from these ganglia. The other tract could be traced through the cerebro-pedal connective to the pedal ganglia. Only in the right pedal ganglion was extensive axonal branching observed. The nerves emanating from this ganglion contained many more immunoreactive axons than those from the left pedal ganglion. A polyclonal antibody raised against the synthetic fragment of CDCH stained, in addition to the neurons and axons revealed with the monoclonal antibody and the cDNA probe, three other major groups of neurons. Two are located in the cerebral ganglion, the other in the left pedal ganglion. The present findings suggest the presence of a system of neurons that contain CDCH or CDCH-like peptides. The role this system may play in the control of egg-laying and egg-laying behaviour is discussed. © 1988 Springer-Verlag.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Formation of cellular analog of instrumental reflex on identified Lymnaea stagnalis neurons in response to automatic intracellular electrical stimulation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Verbnyi, Y. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 18(5): 440–442. 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Formation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00397,\nabstract = {Fig. I. Changes in spontaneous discharge frequency (continuous zigzag line) and number of automatic reinforcements (vertical lines) during action of ARS and RS on different VI neurons (A, B, C). A, B) Maximization and minimization of automatic reinforcements; C) no {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Verbnyi, Ya I.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF01193893},\nissn = {00970549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {440--442},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Formation of cellular analog of instrumental reflex on identified Lymnaea stagnalis neurons in response to automatic intracellular electrical stimulation}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01193893},\nvolume = {18},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Isolation, characterization, and evolutionary aspects of a cDNA clone encoding multiple neuropeptides involved in the stereotyped egg-laying behavior of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vreugdenhil, E.; Jackson, J. F.; Bouwmeester, T.; Smit, A. B.; Van Minnen, J.; Van Heerikhuizen, H.; Klootwijk, J.; and Joosse, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Neuroscience, 8(11): 4184–4191. 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Isolation,$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00046,\nabstract = {The cerebral neurosecretory caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying, an event that involves a pattern of stereotyped behaviors. The CDCs synthesize and release multiple peptides, among which is the ovulation hormone (CDCH). It is thought that each peptide controls a specific aspect of the processes involved in egg laying. We isolated and characterized a CDC-specific cDNA clone that encodes the ovulation hormone (CDCH). RNA blot analysis and in situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that the CDCs are the major cell groups in the cerebral ganglia that transcribe the CDCH gene. In addition to CDCH, the 259-amino acid-long CDCH preprohormone contains 11 other predicted peptides. The overall homology of the CDCH preprohormone with the egg-laying hormone (ELH) preprohormones of the marine opisthobranch snails Aplysia californica and A. parvula is very low (29 and 26{\\%}, respectively). However, a more detailed comparison revealed a highly differential pattern of conservation of peptide regions. Significant homology was found between the regions containing (1) CDCH and ELH, (2) repeated pentapeptides, (3) alpha-caudodorsal cell peptide and alpha-bag cell peptide, and (4) 2 regions representing as yet unidentified peptides. Insignificant homology was found when comparing regions containing the other predicted peptides. The conserved peptides probably control similar aspects of the egg-laying fixed action patterns in these distantly related gastropod species. The pentapeptide region exhibits the highest level of homology (75{\\%}); in addition, an extra pentapeptide has been generated on the CDCH precursor. This indicates a vital function of these peptides in Aplysia, as well as in Lymnaea species.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Vreugdenhil, E. and Jackson, J. F. and Bouwmeester, T. and Smit, A. B. and {Van Minnen}, J. and {Van Heerikhuizen}, H. and Klootwijk, J. and Joosse, J.},\ndoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.08-11-04184.1988},\nissn = {02706474},\njournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\nnumber = {11},\npages = {4184--4191},\npmid = {3183719},\npublisher = {Soc Neuroscience},\ntitle = {{Isolation, characterization, and evolutionary aspects of a cDNA clone encoding multiple neuropeptides involved in the stereotyped egg-laying behavior of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/11/4184.short},\nvolume = {8},\nyear = {1988}\n}\n

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\n \n 1987\n \n \n (5)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of intracellular pH and calcium activity on ion currents in internally perfused neurons of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moody, W. J.; and Byerly, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 65(5): 994–1000. may 1987.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Effects$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00633,\nabstract = {The suction pipet method of intracellular dialysis and voltage clamp of cells has proven extremely useful in analysing the electrical properties of cells too small for the application of conventional microelectrode techniques and in larger cells for studying the effects of alterations in the internal ionic composition. Using neurons of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, we have analysed several problems involved in the latter application of this technique and present several solutions to them. One major problem centers around the degree of control over the ionic composition of the cytoplasm achieved by altering the pipet solution. Using ion-sensitive microelectrodes during internal dialysis, we found that the efficiency of exchange between pipet and cytoplasm was much poorer for highly buffered ions such as H + and Ca 2+ , than for K + , for example. Special precautions are described that can help this situation. The second problem involves the study of the effects of low internal pH on ion-channel properties. We summarize evidence for a specific voltage-dependent hydrogen ion channel, current through which becomes prominent at low internal pH. We analyse how the presence of this heretofore unrecognized current can seriously confuse the results of experiments designed to study the effects of low internal pH on other voltage-dependent currents.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Moody, William J. and Byerly, Lou},\ndoi = {10.1139/y87-157},\nissn = {0008-4212},\njournal = {Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology},\nmonth = {may},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {994--1000},\npublisher = {NRC Research Press},\ntitle = {{Effects of intracellular pH and calcium activity on ion currents in internally perfused neurons of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/y87-157 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/y87-157},\nvolume = {65},\nyear = {1987}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On the Role of Glial Cells in Dual Secretory Dynamics of the Caudodorsal Cells of l yMnaea Stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roubos, E.; and Schmidt, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 38(1): 96–107. 1987.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"On$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00364,\nabstract = {The Caudodorsal cells (CDC) of Lymnaea stagnalis are neurons that control egg laying and egg-laying behaviour by releasing various peptides, including the ovulation hormone CDCH. Release occurs in a dual fashion, viz. 1. into the haemolymph, from neurohacmal axon terminals in the outer compartment of the cerebral commissure and 2. into the intercellular space of the central nervous system, from nonsynaptic release sites of axon collaterals in the inner compartment of the commissure. Previous studies have shown that neurohaemal CDCH-release is maximal during electrical activity of the CDC (active state) whereas CDCH-release from the collaterals particularly occurs during electrical silence (resting and inhibition states). Inner and outer compartment are separated by a continuous sheath of glial cells. Immunoelectron microscopy with an antibody against a synthesized fragment of CDCH (CDCH. 20-36) including the use of the TAGO-method for the visualization of CDCH-release, shows that in the active state CDCH-immunoreactivity of the intercellular space is much higher (x5) in the outer than in the inner compartment. Apparently, the glial sheath prevents displacement of CDCH from one compartment to the other. In the cells of the sheath many of the immunogold particles are located over small, electron-lucent vesicles, suggesting endocytotic uptake of CDCH. Furthermore, the sheath cells appear able to block and to take up protein A and trypan blue; other substances like tannic acid are not prevented from crossing the sheath. It is concluded that the glial sheath acts as a selective barrier, preventing only particular substances like CDCH from passing it. By blocking and, possibly, by ingesting CDCH (and other CDC-peptides), the sheath may contribute to the control of peripheral and central targets, exerted by CDCH secreted from the neurohaemal area and from the collateral system, respectively. {\\textcopyright} 1987 BRILL.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Roubos, E.W. and Schmidt, E.D.},\ndoi = {10.1163/156854288X00067},\nissn = {0028-2960},\njournal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},\nkeywords = {Blood brain barrier,Caudodorsal cells,Glial cells,Lymnaea stagnalis,Neurhaemal release,Nonsynaptic release,Peptides,Phagocytosis},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {96--107},\npublisher = {brill.com},\ntitle = {{On the Role of Glial Cells in Dual Secretory Dynamics of the Caudodorsal Cells of l yMnaea Stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://brill.com/view/journals/njz/38/1/article-p96{\\_}6.xml},\nvolume = {38},\nyear = {1987}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Morphological basis for nonsynaptic communication within the central nervous system by exocytotic release of secretory material from the egg-laying stimulating neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schmidt, E.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 20(1): 247–257. jan 1987.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Morphological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{Schmidt1987,\nabstract = {The fine structure of the axons of the cerebral, egg-laying stimulating caudodorsal cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis has been studied with various light and electron microscope techniques. Special attention was paid to exocytotic release of secretory material (demonstrated with the tanic acid method) from nonsynaptic release sites in the cerebral commissure. This phenomenon has been compared with neurohaemal release. The commissure consists of two morphological compartments, separated by a sheath of glial cells. The outer compartment is formed by the neurohaemal area of the caudodorsal cells, the inner consists of thousands of, mainly unidentified, axons. Furthermore, ventral caudodorsal cells send axons through the inner compartment. These give rise to collaterals, which divide into smaller collaterals, forming an extensive network ("collateral system") throughout the inner compartment. Eventually, collaterals end blindly within the inner compartment. They contain the same three morphological types of secretory granule as the neurohaemal axon terminals. The collaterals never form synaptic contacts; exocytotic release of the contents of secretory granules takes place at nonsynaptic release sites. These sites occur rather dispersed and do not face one particular type of neighbouring neural element. As in the neurohaemal area, both single and multiple exocytoses occur. Widened intercellular spaces, filled with flocculent, electron-dense material, occur near highly active nonsynaptic release sites. The spaces are often bordered by glial cells and may facilitate diffusion of released secretory material through the inner compartment. Apparently, a ventral caudodorsal cell releases secretory material in two fashions: (1) from neurohaemal axon terminals into the haemolymph and (2) nonsynaptically, from the collaterals into the intercellular space of the central nervous system. Possible functions of the glial sheath between the neurohaemal area and the inner compartment are proposed. Most likely, the collateral system enables the caudodorsal cells to communicate with targets within the central nervous system in a nonsynaptic fashion. A possible target is the cerebral Ring Neuron, which sends an axon branch through the inner compartment and, as was previously shown neurophysiologically, is controlled by the caudodorsal cells in a nonsynaptic fashion. {\\textcopyright} 1987.},\nauthor = {Schmidt, E.D. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90017-0},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {247--257},\ntitle = {{Morphological basis for nonsynaptic communication within the central nervous system by exocytotic release of secretory material from the egg-laying stimulating neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452287900170 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452287900170},\nvolume = {20},\nyear = {1987}\n}\n

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\n The fine structure of the axons of the cerebral, egg-laying stimulating caudodorsal cells of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis has been studied with various light and electron microscope techniques. Special attention was paid to exocytotic release of secretory material (demonstrated with the tanic acid method) from nonsynaptic release sites in the cerebral commissure. This phenomenon has been compared with neurohaemal release. The commissure consists of two morphological compartments, separated by a sheath of glial cells. The outer compartment is formed by the neurohaemal area of the caudodorsal cells, the inner consists of thousands of, mainly unidentified, axons. Furthermore, ventral caudodorsal cells send axons through the inner compartment. These give rise to collaterals, which divide into smaller collaterals, forming an extensive network (\"collateral system\") throughout the inner compartment. Eventually, collaterals end blindly within the inner compartment. They contain the same three morphological types of secretory granule as the neurohaemal axon terminals. The collaterals never form synaptic contacts; exocytotic release of the contents of secretory granules takes place at nonsynaptic release sites. These sites occur rather dispersed and do not face one particular type of neighbouring neural element. As in the neurohaemal area, both single and multiple exocytoses occur. Widened intercellular spaces, filled with flocculent, electron-dense material, occur near highly active nonsynaptic release sites. The spaces are often bordered by glial cells and may facilitate diffusion of released secretory material through the inner compartment. Apparently, a ventral caudodorsal cell releases secretory material in two fashions: (1) from neurohaemal axon terminals into the haemolymph and (2) nonsynaptically, from the collaterals into the intercellular space of the central nervous system. Possible functions of the glial sheath between the neurohaemal area and the inner compartment are proposed. Most likely, the collateral system enables the caudodorsal cells to communicate with targets within the central nervous system in a nonsynaptic fashion. A possible target is the cerebral Ring Neuron, which sends an axon branch through the inner compartment and, as was previously shown neurophysiologically, is controlled by the caudodorsal cells in a nonsynaptic fashion. © 1987.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Organization of rhythmic buccal motor output of Lymnaea stagnalis in the absence of food.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tuersley, M.; and McCrohan, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Behavioral and Neural Biology, 48(3): 408–421. nov 1987.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Organization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00329,\nabstract = {The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits spontaneous rasping movements in the absence of food which are thought to be involved in food searching activity. Rasping activity is patterned into bouts, separated by periods of quiescence. Recordings from buccal feeding motoneurons in the isolated CNS reveal similar bouts of rhythmic motor output, though the modal cycle period is significantly longer than that shown by intact snails. Log survivorship curves of interval data from both intact animals and isolated CNS indicate that the pattern of motor output is controlled by at least two processes, one generating intervals between rasps within a bout, and the other generating intervals between bouts of rasping. When compared to well-fed individuals, 2-day-starved snails show significant enhancement of the probability function for generation of intervals between rasps within a bout; the function underlying between-bout intervals is not significantly affected. {\\textcopyright} 1987 Academic Press, Inc.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Tuersley, M.D. and McCrohan, C.R.},\ndoi = {10.1016/S0163-1047(87)90970-8},\nissn = {01631047},\njournal = {Behavioral and Neural Biology},\nmonth = {nov},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {408--421},\npublisher = {Elsevier},\ntitle = {{Organization of rhythmic buccal motor output of Lymnaea stagnalis in the absence of food}},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163104787909708 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163104787909708},\nvolume = {48},\nyear = {1987}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alteration of the acetylcholine response by intra- and extracellular serotonin application in intracellularly perfused neurons ofLymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Turpaev, T. M.; Yurchenko, O. P.; and Grigoriev, N. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 7(4): 381–390. dec 1987.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Alteration$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00304,\nabstract = {1. The effect of serotonin on the acetylcholine (ACh) response has been studied by means of voltage clamp and intracellular perfusion in unidentified isolated neurons from parietal and visceral ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. In most cells studied serotonin added to the internal or external solution decreases the response to ACh. 3. In other neurons serotonin added to the intracellular solution increases the response to ACh; when it is added extracellularly it produces the opposite effect on the same cells. 4. The decreasing effect of serotonin on ACh currents is mimicked by cyproheptadine, an antagonist of serotonin receptors, and by the intracellular application of cyclic AMP (cAMP) forskolin. 5. The enhancing effect of intracellularly applied serotonin on ACh currents is blocked by cyproheptadine and is not obtained by the intracellular administration of cAMP and forskolin. In some cells the enhancing effect of serotonin appears after forskolin. 6. The results suggest a modulating effect of serotonin on cholinergic synaptic transmission in the nervous system of mollusks. The possible existence of intracellular serotonin receptors is discussed. {\\textcopyright} 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Turpaev, Tigran M. and Yurchenko, Olga P. and Grigoriev, Nikita G.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF00733790},\nissn = {0272-4340},\njournal = {Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology},\nkeywords = {acetylcholine,cyclic AMP,cyproheptadine,forskolin,gastropod neurons,intracellular neurotransmitter receptors,intracellular perfusion,serotonin,voltage clamp},\nmonth = {dec},\nnumber = {4},\npages = {381--390},\npublisher = {europepmc.org},\ntitle = {{Alteration of the acetylcholine response by intra- and extracellular serotonin application in intracellularly perfused neurons ofLymnaea stagnalis}},\nurl = {https://europepmc.org/article/med/2837328 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00733790},\nvolume = {7},\nyear = {1987}\n}\n

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\n \n 1986\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The effects of phospholipase C on the voltage-gated Ca current in Lymnaea stagnalis mollusc neurons.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Akopyan, A. R.; Chemeris, N. K.; Iljin, V. I.; Ilyasov, F. E.; and Selishcheva, A. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n FEBS Letters, 205(2): 261–264. sep 1986.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00314,\nabstract = {Application of phospholipase C to isolated voltage-clamped molluscan neurons substantially increased the voltage-gated Ca current (Ica) in most of the cells studied. In contrast, phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C inhibited Ica in all neurons. The mechanism of phospholipase C-induced alterations of Ica is poorly understood at present, but they may have some relevance to plasma membrane phosphoinositide-coupled changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and to $\\alpha$-adrenergic neurotransmitter control of neuronal Ica. {\\textcopyright} 1986.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Akopyan, Abraham R. and Chemeris, Nikolai K. and Iljin, Victor I. and Ilyasov, Fuat E. and Selishcheva, Alevtina A.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0014-5793(86)80909-7},\nissn = {00145793},\njournal = {FEBS Letters},\nkeywords = {(Mollusc) Neuron Voltage-gated Ca2+ current Phosph},\nmonth = {sep},\nnumber = {2},\npages = {261--264},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{The effects of phospholipase C on the voltage-gated Ca current in Lymnaea stagnalis mollusc neurons}},\nurl = {https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0014-5793(86)80909-7 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/0014-5793{\\%}2886{\\%}2980909-7},\nvolume = {205},\nyear = {1986}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ultrastructural demonstration of nonsynaptic release sites in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the insect Periplaneta americana, and the rat.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buma, P.; and Roubos, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience, 17(3): 867–879. mar 1986.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ultrastructural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00172,\nabstract = {Release of neuronal secretory products by exocytosis was studied ultrastructurally in the central nervous systems of three different species (the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the cockroach Periplaneta americana and the rat). Tissues were fixed with: (1) a mixture of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, (2) the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide (TAGO) method, and (3) the tannic acid-Ringer incubation (TARI) method. Especially after TARI-treatment, release of the contents of the secretory vesicles by exocytosis could be clearly demonstrated in: (1) synapses, (2) neurohaemal axon terminals (L. stagnalis), and (3) neuronal processes without morphological synaptic specializations (nonsynaptic release sites). Release from nonsynaptic release sites occurs in most cases over a large area of the plasma membrane of a neuronal process facing several neural elements. On the basis of the differences in morphology of the secretory vesicles at nonsynaptic release sites, it is proposed that various types of (peptidic) messenger are released from such sites. In some neurones of L. stagnalis nonsynaptic release sites have been found together with synapses, or with neurohaemal axon terminals (caudodorsal cells, light green cells and light yellow cells). The possibility that nonsynaptic release sites represent the morphological correlates of nonsynaptic communication in the central nervous system has been discussed. {\\textcopyright} 1986.},\nannote = {From Duplicate 1 (Ultrastructural demonstration of nonsynaptic release sites in the central nervous system of the snail lymnaea stagnalis, the insect periplaneta americana, and the rat - Buma, P.; Roubos, E. W.)\n\nQuery date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Buma, P. and Roubos, E.W.},\ndoi = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90051-5},\nissn = {03064522},\njournal = {Neuroscience},\nmonth = {mar},\nnumber = {3},\npages = {867--879},\ntitle = {{Ultrastructural demonstration of nonsynaptic release sites in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the insect Periplaneta americana, and the rat}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452286900515 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306452286900515},\nvolume = {17},\nyear = {1986}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Membrane currents of internally perfused neurones of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, at low intracellular pH.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Byerly, L.; and Moody, W. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 376(1): 477–491. jul 1986.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Membrane$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00174,\nabstract = {The effects of low intracellular pH (pHi) on the membrane currents of snail neurone somata were studied using the internal perfusion and ion‐sensitive micro‐electrode techniques. Recordings with pH‐sensitive micro‐electrodes made while the pH of the perfusion solution was changed between 7.3 and 6.3 indicated that only with high buffer concentrations (100 mM) could pHi be changed effectively. H+ was slower to exchange into the cytoplasm than an unbuffered ion such as K+. When pHi was decreased to 5.9, large outward H+ currents could be recorded at voltages positive to ‐30 mV. The time course and amplitude of these currents were such that they did not affect the measurement of the peak amplitude of the fast transient K+ current (A‐current), but severely contaminated both Ca2+ and delayed K+ current measurements. Low pHi blocked the A‐current. The titration curve was consistent with the binding of two H ions to a site with a pK of 6.05 to block the channel. Low pHi appeared to block the slow inactivation of the delayed outward current without greatly changing its peak amplitude. However, when correction was made for the increase of H+ current at low pHi, the effect of internal H+ was found to be a block of the delayed K+ current with no consistent effect on inactivation. The Ca2+ current was also decreased at low pHi, but we were unable to determine whether this was a direct effect of pHi or secondary to a rise in internal free [Ca2+]. If no correction was made for H+ currents, the block of the Ca2+ current appeared greater and more reversible than it actually was. We conclude that under certain conditions, such as low pHi, the H+ current is a significant fraction of the total outward current in snail neurones, and may also be in a variety of other cells. The H+ currents must be accounted for under such conditions in order to study accurately the properties of K+ and Ca2+ currents. {\\textcopyright} 1986 The Physiological Society},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Byerly, L. and Moody, W. J.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016165},\nissn = {00223751},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nmonth = {jul},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {477--491},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Membrane currents of internally perfused neurones of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, at low intracellular pH.}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016165 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016165},\nvolume = {376},\nyear = {1986}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intracellular factors for the maintenance of calcium currents in perfused neurones from the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Byerly, L.; and Yazejian, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Physiology, 370(1): 631–650. jan 1986.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Intracellular$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00097,\nabstract = {Isolated nerve cell bodies from Lymnaea stagnalis were internally perfused and voltage‐clamped. The magnitude of the Ca2+ current was monitored while perfusing with various intracellular solutions. When the intracellular perfusate was unenriched (containing only inorganic ions, 100 mM‐HEPES and 5 mM‐EGTA), the Ca2+ current was found to 'wash out', falling to half of its maximum value approximately 30‐40 min from the beginning of perfusion. Stopping the flow of the perfusing solution increased this half‐time to more than 50 min. The current‐voltage relationship changed only slightly during wash‐out. The addition of 2 mM‐ATP and 1 mM‐Mg2+ to the internal perfusate prevented, and even reversed, wash‐out of the Ca2+ current. Both ATP and Mg2+ were necessary for maximal effect. Such current loss as occurred in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ was associated with a decrease in the capacitance of the cell and probably resulted from membrane being pulled into the pipette. The rate of inactivation of the Ca2+ current increased during perfusion with an unenriched internal solution, but decreased to initial values when ATP and Mg2+ were added to the internal perfusate. Although intracellular Mg2+ was necessary for the prevention of wash‐out, levels higher than 1 mM had a blocking effect on the Ca2+ current. Certain factors that promote cyclic AMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation (internal: cyclic AMP, theophylline and catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase; external: dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 8‐bromo cyclic AMP and forskolin) had no effect on the magnitude of the Ca2+ current in cells perfused with ATP and Mg2+. Externally applied theophylline blocked the Ca2+ current. The mechanism through which ATP and Mg2+ act to prevent wash‐out of the Ca2+ current may be to enhance the ability of the cell to lower the Ca2+ concentration near the inner surface of the plasma membrane. This would prevent both the reversible block of Ca2+ current by intracellular Ca2+ and an irreversible loss of current due to high levels of intracellular Ca2+. {\\textcopyright} 1986 The Physiological Society},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Byerly, L. and Yazejian, B.},\ndoi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp015955},\nissn = {00223751},\njournal = {The Journal of Physiology},\nmonth = {jan},\nnumber = {1},\npages = {631--650},\npublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\ntitle = {{Intracellular factors for the maintenance of calcium currents in perfused neurones from the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.}},\nurl = {https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp015955 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp015955},\nvolume = {370},\nyear = {1986}\n}\n

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\n Isolated nerve cell bodies from Lymnaea stagnalis were internally perfused and voltage‐clamped. The magnitude of the Ca2+ current was monitored while perfusing with various intracellular solutions. When the intracellular perfusate was unenriched (containing only inorganic ions, 100 mM‐HEPES and 5 mM‐EGTA), the Ca2+ current was found to 'wash out', falling to half of its maximum value approximately 30‐40 min from the beginning of perfusion. Stopping the flow of the perfusing solution increased this half‐time to more than 50 min. The current‐voltage relationship changed only slightly during wash‐out. The addition of 2 mM‐ATP and 1 mM‐Mg2+ to the internal perfusate prevented, and even reversed, wash‐out of the Ca2+ current. Both ATP and Mg2+ were necessary for maximal effect. Such current loss as occurred in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ was associated with a decrease in the capacitance of the cell and probably resulted from membrane being pulled into the pipette. The rate of inactivation of the Ca2+ current increased during perfusion with an unenriched internal solution, but decreased to initial values when ATP and Mg2+ were added to the internal perfusate. Although intracellular Mg2+ was necessary for the prevention of wash‐out, levels higher than 1 mM had a blocking effect on the Ca2+ current. Certain factors that promote cyclic AMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation (internal: cyclic AMP, theophylline and catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase; external: dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 8‐bromo cyclic AMP and forskolin) had no effect on the magnitude of the Ca2+ current in cells perfused with ATP and Mg2+. Externally applied theophylline blocked the Ca2+ current. The mechanism through which ATP and Mg2+ act to prevent wash‐out of the Ca2+ current may be to enhance the ability of the cell to lower the Ca2+ concentration near the inner surface of the plasma membrane. This would prevent both the reversible block of Ca2+ current by intracellular Ca2+ and an irreversible loss of current due to high levels of intracellular Ca2+. © 1986 The Physiological Society\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variability of morphological parameters of individual neurons and their aggregations in visceral ganglion of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Savostin, V. A.; and Arkhipenko, S. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 16(5): 436–441. 1986.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variability$ Https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect\\ uri\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00876,\nabstract = {{\\ldots} 5, 476-482 (1976). VARIABILITY OF MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF INDIVIDUAL NEURONS AND THEIR AGGREGATIONS IN VISCERAL GANGLION OF THE MOLLUSK Lymnaea stagnalis VA Savostin and SV Arkhipenko UDC 591.881:591.481.4]:594.381 {\\ldots}},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {Savostin, V. A. and Arkhipenko, S. V.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF01185376},\nissn = {00970549},\njournal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},\nnumber = {5},\npages = {436--441},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{Variability of morphological parameters of individual neurons and their aggregations in visceral ganglion of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis}},\ntype = {CITATION},\nurl = {https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect{\\_}uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01185376{\\&}casa{\\_}token=p{\\_}INPKsTUZ4AAAAA:ArKvHCn4{\\_}CZJKFWRi2UTQOOvAb{\\_}VYP7ZrNsacd8cgtUopxCwnHcGbHHvb08ijXIUIxU2Q7fidG4886s},\nvolume = {16},\nyear = {1986}\n}\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n In vivo recordings of neuroendocrine cells (caudo-dorsal cells) in the pond snail.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ter Maat, A.; Dijcks, F. A.; and Bos, N. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Comparative Physiology A Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 158(6): 853–859. 1986.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"In$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pop00635,\nabstract = {Ovulation and egg-laying behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis are controlled by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs), constituting two clusters - one in each cerebral ganglion - totaling about 100 cells. In vitro studies have shown that the CDCs release their products, including the ovulation hormone, during a burst of spiking activity lasting for about 30 min (CDC discharge). This burst can be initiated by repeated intracellular stimulation with depolarizing current pulses, in which case the firing pattern is termed 'afterdischarge'. Using cuff electrodes we recorded extracellularly from the intercerebral commissure, (the neurohaemal area of the CDCs) to study the activity of these cells during spontaneous egg-laying of freely behaving snails. The cuff-implanted snails showed long-lasting spiking activity prior to every bout of egg-laying. These spontaneous long-lasting discharges had several features in common with the intracellularly recorded activity of the CDCs in vitro: the time courses of spike broadening and of firing rates in the cuff-implanted animals were very similar to the characteristic patterns found in the isolated brain. Firing rates were higher and durations were longer in the cuff-implanted animals, however. In vitro, the duration of the discharge could be prolonged appreciably by recording in blood instead of normal saline, indicating that the bathing fluid normally used causes shortening of the CDC discharge. The way in which CDC discharges are triggered is discussed as a possible explanation for the differences in firing rates. The pattern of locomotion during spontaneous egg-laying was largely similar in cuff-implanted and unoperated animals. The level of locomotion was lower in the experimental animals. In addition, the rate of locomotion only partially returned to pre-oviposition levels. This is ascribed to the effect of the operation. It is concluded that the afterdischarge is the natural firing pattern of the caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea, and that this firing pattern constitutes the central event in the egg-laying behavior of this animal. {\\textcopyright} 1986 Springer-Verlag.},\nannote = {Query date: 2020-06-29 13:05:30},\nauthor = {ter Maat, Andries and Dijcks, Fred A. and Bos, Nico P.A.},\ndoi = {10.1007/BF01324826},\nissn = {03407594},\njournal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology},\nnumber = {6},\npages = {853--859},\npublisher = {Springer},\ntitle = {{In vivo recordings of neuroendocrine cells (caudo-dorsal cells) in the pond snail}},\ntype = {PDF},\nurl = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01324826.pdf},\nvolume = {158},\nyear = {1986}\n}\n

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\n Ovulation and egg-laying behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis are controlled by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDCs), constituting two clusters - one in each cerebral ganglion - totaling about 100 cells. In vitro studies have shown that the CDCs release their products, including the ovulation hormone, during a burst of spiking activity lasting for about 30 min (CDC discharge). This burst can be initiated by repeated intracellular stimulation with depolarizing current pulses, in which case the firing pattern is termed 'afterdischarge'. Using cuff electrodes we recorded extracellularly from the intercerebral commissure, (the neurohaemal area of the CDCs) to study the activity of these cells during spontaneous egg-laying of freely behaving snails. The cuff-implanted snails showed long-lasting spiking activity prior to every bout of egg-laying. These spontaneous long-lasting discharges had several features in common with the intracellularly recorded activity of the CDCs in vitro: the time courses of spike broadening and of firing rates in the cuff-implanted animals were very similar to the characteristic patterns found in the isolated brain. Firing rates were higher and durations were longer in the cuff-implanted animals, however. In vitro, the duration of the discharge could be prolonged appreciably by recording in blood instead of normal saline, indicating that the bathing fluid normally used causes shortening of the CDC discharge. The way in which CDC discharges are triggered is discussed as a possible explanation for the differences in firing rates. The pattern of locomotion during spontaneous egg-laying was largely similar in cuff-implanted and unoperated animals. The level of locomotion was lower in the experimental animals. In addition, the rate of locomotion only partially returned to pre-oviposition levels. This is ascribed to the effect of the operation. It is concluded that the afterdischarge is the natural firing pattern of the caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea, and that this firing pattern constitutes the central event in the egg-laying behavior of this animal. © 1986 Springer-Verlag.\n

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