var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/Publications-database.bib\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"theme\":\"side\",\"css\":\"www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/css/bibbase.css\",\"authorFirst\":\"1\",\"group0\":\"type\",\"filter\":\"project:smokestudy\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Girdhar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bluestein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jesty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"title\":\"Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction\",\"journal\":\"Nicotine Tob Res\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issue\":\"12\",\"pages\":\"1-8\",\"url_paper\":\"/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf\",\"url_link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528\",\"abstract\":\"Nicotine is a primary constituent of tobacco and smoke, and its roles in causing addiction and causing disease are commonly conflated. In the present work, we investigated whether nicotine protects smokers' platelets against smoke-induced activation in vivo, raising a possible dilemma in harm-reduction strategies. In vivo platelet activation state (PAS) was measured by fixing blood at drawing and measuring a standard marker, platelet P-selectin (CD62P). We conducted two studies: (1) 32 smokers smoked three medium-nicotine (0.6 mg nicotine) cigarettes for 1 h. Following this initial conditioning phase, 16 subjects continued with five of the same cigarettes from 1-2.5 h, resulting in a 33% increase in PAS. The other 16 subjects smoked five low/zero-nicotine cigarettes (0.05 mg nicotine), causing a 94% increase in PAS. The increase in PAS caused by nicotine withdrawal in the second group is very significant (p<.02). Any compensation in smoke-intake due to nicotine withdrawal in the second group was not measured in this study. (2) To determine whether nicotine modulates platelet activation by secondhand smoke (SHS), 16 nonsmokers were exposed to medium-nicotine smoke and 16 to low/zero-nicotine smoke for 1.5 h on two consecutive days. Exposure to SHS increased PAS by 60% (p<.01), but no difference in the medium and zero nicotine groups was observed (p>.09). We conclude that in smokers, nicotine modulates platelet activation, and it may significantly moderate the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by non-nicotine smoke components. Conversely, reduced-nicotine cigarettes may increase harm.\",\"project\":\"smokestudy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{z53,\\r\\n author = {Girdhar, G. and Xu, S. and Bluestein, D. and Jesty, J.},\\r\\n year = {2008},\\r\\n title = {Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction},\\r\\n journal = {Nicotine Tob Res},\\r\\n volume = {10},\\r\\n issue = {12},\\r\\n pages = {1-8},\\r\\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf},\\r\\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528},\\r\\n abstract = {Nicotine is a primary constituent of tobacco and smoke, and its roles in causing addiction and causing disease are commonly conflated. In the present work, we investigated whether nicotine protects smokers' platelets against smoke-induced activation in vivo, raising a possible dilemma in harm-reduction strategies. In vivo platelet activation state (PAS) was measured by fixing blood at drawing and measuring a standard marker, platelet P-selectin (CD62P). We conducted two studies: (1) 32 smokers smoked three medium-nicotine (0.6 mg nicotine) cigarettes for 1 h. Following this initial conditioning phase, 16 subjects continued with five of the same cigarettes from 1-2.5 h, resulting in a 33% increase in PAS. The other 16 subjects smoked five low/zero-nicotine cigarettes (0.05 mg nicotine), causing a 94% increase in PAS. The increase in PAS caused by nicotine withdrawal in the second group is very significant (p<.02). Any compensation in smoke-intake due to nicotine withdrawal in the second group was not measured in this study. (2) To determine whether nicotine modulates platelet activation by secondhand smoke (SHS), 16 nonsmokers were exposed to medium-nicotine smoke and 16 to low/zero-nicotine smoke for 1.5 h on two consecutive days. Exposure to SHS increased PAS by 60% (p<.01), but no difference in the medium and zero nicotine groups was observed (p>.09). We conclude that in smokers, nicotine modulates platelet activation, and it may significantly moderate the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by non-nicotine smoke components. Conversely, reduced-nicotine cigarettes may increase harm.},\\r\\n project = {smokestudy},\\r\\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\\r\\n}\\r\\n\\r\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Girdhar, G.\",\"Xu, S.\",\"Bluestein, D.\",\"Jesty, J.\"],\"key\":\"z53\",\"id\":\"z53\",\"bibbaseid\":\"girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf\",\" link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Girdhar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jesty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bluestein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"title\":\"In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions\",\"journal\":\"Ann Biomed Eng\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issue\":\"7\",\"pages\":\"1142-1151\",\"url_paper\":\"/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf\",\"url_link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2\",\"abstract\":\"Cigarette smoke has been shown to increase platelet activation and endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression. In the present study, we utilized a hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) to investigate the above effects in vitro in a combined system of platelets and cultured HUVECs (Human Umblical Vein ECs) under physiological shear stress. We investigated the alteration of E-selectin expression on ECs upon exposure to: (1) platelets and nicotine-free smoke extract (NFE), (2) platelets alone, (3) NFE alone, under physiological shear stress. We additionally confirmed the protective effect of nicotine on platelet activation. We found that: (i) surface expression of E-selectin on ECs was significantly increased upon simultaneous exposure of ECs and platelets to NFE relative to exposure of ECs to either platelets or NFE alone (p < 0.05). (ii) Platelet activation was significantly increased in the presence of NFE (p < 0.05). (iii) Nicotine (200 nM) when added to NFE, significantly reduced platelet activation due to NFE (p < 0.05), an effect additionally confirmed by conventional cigarette extracts which contain nicotine (p < 0.05). We therefore conclude that: (a) NFE and platelets additively increase EC E-selectin surface expression, and (b) nicotine modulates platelet activation regardless of ECs.\",\"project\":\"smokestudy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{z55,\\r\\n author = {Girdhar, G. and Xu, S. and Jesty, J. and Bluestein, D.},\\r\\n year = {2008},\\r\\n title = {In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions},\\r\\n journal = {Ann Biomed Eng},\\r\\n volume = {36},\\r\\n issue = {7},\\r\\n pages = {1142-1151},\\r\\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf},\\r\\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2},\\r\\n abstract = {Cigarette smoke has been shown to increase platelet activation and endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression. In the present study, we utilized a hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) to investigate the above effects in vitro in a combined system of platelets and cultured HUVECs (Human Umblical Vein ECs) under physiological shear stress. We investigated the alteration of E-selectin expression on ECs upon exposure to: (1) platelets and nicotine-free smoke extract (NFE), (2) platelets alone, (3) NFE alone, under physiological shear stress. We additionally confirmed the protective effect of nicotine on platelet activation. We found that: (i) surface expression of E-selectin on ECs was significantly increased upon simultaneous exposure of ECs and platelets to NFE relative to exposure of ECs to either platelets or NFE alone (p < 0.05). (ii) Platelet activation was significantly increased in the presence of NFE (p < 0.05). (iii) Nicotine (200 nM) when added to NFE, significantly reduced platelet activation due to NFE (p < 0.05), an effect additionally confirmed by conventional cigarette extracts which contain nicotine (p < 0.05). We therefore conclude that: (a) NFE and platelets additively increase EC E-selectin surface expression, and (b) nicotine modulates platelet activation regardless of ECs.},\\r\\n project = {smokestudy},\\r\\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\\r\\n}\\r\\n\\r\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Girdhar, G.\",\"Xu, S.\",\"Jesty, J.\",\"Bluestein, D.\"],\"key\":\"z55\",\"id\":\"z55\",\"bibbaseid\":\"girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf\",\" link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramachandran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rubenstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bluestein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jesty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"title\":\"Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine\",\"journal\":\"Nicotine Tob Res\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issue\":\"5\",\"pages\":\"835-841\",\"url_paper\":\"/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf\",\"url_link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284\",\"abstract\":\"Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers' plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.\",\"project\":\"smokestudy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{z73,\\r\\n author = {Ramachandran, J. and Rubenstein, D. and Bluestein, D. and Jesty, J.},\\r\\n year = {2004},\\r\\n title = {Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine},\\r\\n journal = {Nicotine Tob Res},\\r\\n volume = {6},\\r\\n issue = {5},\\r\\n pages = {835-841},\\r\\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf},\\r\\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284},\\r\\n abstract = {Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers' plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.},\\r\\n project = {smokestudy},\\r\\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\\r\\n}\\r\\n\\r\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ramachandran, J.\",\"Rubenstein, D.\",\"Bluestein, D.\",\"Jesty, J.\"],\"key\":\"z73\",\"id\":\"z73\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf\",\" link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rubenstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jesty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bluestein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"title\":\"Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions\",\"journal\":\"Circulation\",\"volume\":\"109\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"pages\":\"78-83\",\"url_paper\":\"/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf\",\"url_link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Enhanced function of the hemostatic system, in which platelets play a major role, is a significant underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease and its progression. Epidemiological studies, complemented by physiological and biochemical data, show that cigarette smoke adversely affects platelet function, both in smokers and in nonsmokers exposed to sidestream smoke. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thrombogenic potential of platelets subjected to mainstream smoke extracts, sidestream extracts, and nicotine was measured in vitro under static and dynamic flow conditions. Platelet activation state was measured with a modified prothrombinase-based method. Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts caused increased platelet activation. Although low-tar mainstream extracts activated platelets less than high-tar extracts, the sidestream extracts were almost equally potent. Modification of the filters of low-tar cigarettes, by blocking the air-bypass holes, raised activation rates by mainstream extracts to the level of high-tar extracts. Nicotine (50 nmol/L and 5 micromol/L) inhibited platelet activation under both flow and static conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoke extracts directly cause platelet activation but also markedly increase the susceptibility of platelets to activation by shear stress. In contrast, nicotine, although also a constituent of cigarette smoke, significantly reduces platelet susceptibility to shear stress.\",\"project\":\"smokestudy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{z74,\\r\\n author = {Rubenstein, D. and Jesty, J. and Bluestein, D.},\\r\\n year = {2004},\\r\\n title = {Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions},\\r\\n journal = {Circulation},\\r\\n volume = {109},\\r\\n issue = {1},\\r\\n pages = {78-83},\\r\\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf},\\r\\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25},\\r\\n abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Enhanced function of the hemostatic system, in which platelets play a major role, is a significant underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease and its progression. Epidemiological studies, complemented by physiological and biochemical data, show that cigarette smoke adversely affects platelet function, both in smokers and in nonsmokers exposed to sidestream smoke. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thrombogenic potential of platelets subjected to mainstream smoke extracts, sidestream extracts, and nicotine was measured in vitro under static and dynamic flow conditions. Platelet activation state was measured with a modified prothrombinase-based method. Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts caused increased platelet activation. Although low-tar mainstream extracts activated platelets less than high-tar extracts, the sidestream extracts were almost equally potent. Modification of the filters of low-tar cigarettes, by blocking the air-bypass holes, raised activation rates by mainstream extracts to the level of high-tar extracts. Nicotine (50 nmol/L and 5 micromol/L) inhibited platelet activation under both flow and static conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoke extracts directly cause platelet activation but also markedly increase the susceptibility of platelets to activation by shear stress. In contrast, nicotine, although also a constituent of cigarette smoke, significantly reduces platelet susceptibility to shear stress.},\\r\\n project = {smokestudy},\\r\\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\\r\\n}\\r\\n\\r\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rubenstein, D.\",\"Jesty, J.\",\"Bluestein, D.\"],\"key\":\"z74\",\"id\":\"z74\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf\",\" link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\"}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"bluestein, d\",\"authorlinks\":{\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\"}},\n      ownerID: \"wKAGsoDaMFyBnYpDG\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"Publications-database.bib\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{z53,
 author = {Girdhar, G. and Xu, S. and Bluestein, D. and Jesty, J.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction},
 journal = {Nicotine Tob Res},
 volume = {10},
 issue = {12},
 pages = {1-8},
 url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf},
 url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528},
 abstract = {Nicotine is a primary constituent of tobacco and smoke, and its roles in causing addiction and causing disease are commonly conflated. In the present work, we investigated whether nicotine protects smokers' platelets against smoke-induced activation in vivo, raising a possible dilemma in harm-reduction strategies. In vivo platelet activation state (PAS) was measured by fixing blood at drawing and measuring a standard marker, platelet P-selectin (CD62P). We conducted two studies: (1) 32 smokers smoked three medium-nicotine (0.6 mg nicotine) cigarettes for 1 h. Following this initial conditioning phase, 16 subjects continued with five of the same cigarettes from 1-2.5 h, resulting in a 33% increase in PAS. The other 16 subjects smoked five low/zero-nicotine cigarettes (0.05 mg nicotine), causing a 94% increase in PAS. The increase in PAS caused by nicotine withdrawal in the second group is very significant (p<.02). Any compensation in smoke-intake due to nicotine withdrawal in the second group was not measured in this study. (2) To determine whether nicotine modulates platelet activation by secondhand smoke (SHS), 16 nonsmokers were exposed to medium-nicotine smoke and 16 to low/zero-nicotine smoke for 1.5 h on two consecutive days. Exposure to SHS increased PAS by 60% (p<.01), but no difference in the medium and zero nicotine groups was observed (p>.09). We conclude that in smokers, nicotine modulates platelet activation, and it may significantly moderate the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by non-nicotine smoke components. Conversely, reduced-nicotine cigarettes may increase harm.},
 project = {smokestudy},
 type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}
}



@article{z55,
 author = {Girdhar, G. and Xu, S. and Jesty, J. and Bluestein, D.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions},
 journal = {Ann Biomed Eng},
 volume = {36},
 issue = {7},
 pages = {1142-1151},
 url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf},
 url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2},
 abstract = {Cigarette smoke has been shown to increase platelet activation and endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression. In the present study, we utilized a hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) to investigate the above effects in vitro in a combined system of platelets and cultured HUVECs (Human Umblical Vein ECs) under physiological shear stress. We investigated the alteration of E-selectin expression on ECs upon exposure to: (1) platelets and nicotine-free smoke extract (NFE), (2) platelets alone, (3) NFE alone, under physiological shear stress. We additionally confirmed the protective effect of nicotine on platelet activation. We found that: (i) surface expression of E-selectin on ECs was significantly increased upon simultaneous exposure of ECs and platelets to NFE relative to exposure of ECs to either platelets or NFE alone (p < 0.05). (ii) Platelet activation was significantly increased in the presence of NFE (p < 0.05). (iii) Nicotine (200 nM) when added to NFE, significantly reduced platelet activation due to NFE (p < 0.05), an effect additionally confirmed by conventional cigarette extracts which contain nicotine (p < 0.05). We therefore conclude that: (a) NFE and platelets additively increase EC E-selectin surface expression, and (b) nicotine modulates platelet activation regardless of ECs.},
 project = {smokestudy},
 type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}
}



@article{z73,
 author = {Ramachandran, J. and Rubenstein, D. and Bluestein, D. and Jesty, J.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine},
 journal = {Nicotine Tob Res},
 volume = {6},
 issue = {5},
 pages = {835-841},
 url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf},
 url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284},
 abstract = {Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers' plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.},
 project = {smokestudy},
 type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}
}



@article{z74,
 author = {Rubenstein, D. and Jesty, J. and Bluestein, D.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions},
 journal = {Circulation},
 volume = {109},
 issue = {1},
 pages = {78-83},
 url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf},
 url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Enhanced function of the hemostatic system, in which platelets play a major role, is a significant underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease and its progression. Epidemiological studies, complemented by physiological and biochemical data, show that cigarette smoke adversely affects platelet function, both in smokers and in nonsmokers exposed to sidestream smoke. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thrombogenic potential of platelets subjected to mainstream smoke extracts, sidestream extracts, and nicotine was measured in vitro under static and dynamic flow conditions. Platelet activation state was measured with a modified prothrombinase-based method. Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts caused increased platelet activation. Although low-tar mainstream extracts activated platelets less than high-tar extracts, the sidestream extracts were almost equally potent. Modification of the filters of low-tar cigarettes, by blocking the air-bypass holes, raised activation rates by mainstream extracts to the level of high-tar extracts. Nicotine (50 nmol/L and 5 micromol/L) inhibited platelet activation under both flow and static conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoke extracts directly cause platelet activation but also markedly increase the susceptibility of platelets to activation by shear stress. In contrast, nicotine, although also a constituent of cigarette smoke, significantly reduces platelet susceptibility to shear stress.},
 project = {smokestudy},
 type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}
}

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Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Girdhar, G.; Xu, S.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\">Bluestein, D.</a>;  and Jesty, J.\n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf', event);\">\n    Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nicotine Tob Res</i>, 10: 1-8.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction [pdf]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction [link]\"\n       title=\" link\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> link</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('girdhar-xu-bluestein-jesty-reducednicotinecigarettesincreaseplateletactivationinsmokersinvivoadilemmainharmreduction-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{z53,\r\n author = {Girdhar, G. and Xu, S. and Bluestein, D. and Jesty, J.},\r\n year = {2008},\r\n title = {Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction},\r\n journal = {Nicotine Tob Res},\r\n volume = {10},\r\n issue = {12},\r\n pages = {1-8},\r\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_nicotine_platelet_activation_smokers.pdf},\r\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443528},\r\n abstract = {Nicotine is a primary constituent of tobacco and smoke, and its roles in causing addiction and causing disease are commonly conflated. In the present work, we investigated whether nicotine protects smokers&#x27; platelets against smoke-induced activation in vivo, raising a possible dilemma in harm-reduction strategies. In vivo platelet activation state (PAS) was measured by fixing blood at drawing and measuring a standard marker, platelet P-selectin (CD62P). We conducted two studies: (1) 32 smokers smoked three medium-nicotine (0.6 mg nicotine) cigarettes for 1 h. Following this initial conditioning phase, 16 subjects continued with five of the same cigarettes from 1-2.5 h, resulting in a 33% increase in PAS. The other 16 subjects smoked five low/zero-nicotine cigarettes (0.05 mg nicotine), causing a 94% increase in PAS. The increase in PAS caused by nicotine withdrawal in the second group is very significant (p&lt;.02). Any compensation in smoke-intake due to nicotine withdrawal in the second group was not measured in this study. (2) To determine whether nicotine modulates platelet activation by secondhand smoke (SHS), 16 nonsmokers were exposed to medium-nicotine smoke and 16 to low/zero-nicotine smoke for 1.5 h on two consecutive days. Exposure to SHS increased PAS by 60% (p&lt;.01), but no difference in the medium and zero nicotine groups was observed (p&gt;.09). We conclude that in smokers, nicotine modulates platelet activation, and it may significantly moderate the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by non-nicotine smoke components. Conversely, reduced-nicotine cigarettes may increase harm.},\r\n project = {smokestudy},\r\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\r\n}\r\n\r\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Nicotine is a primary constituent of tobacco and smoke, and its roles in causing addiction and causing disease are commonly conflated. In the present work, we investigated whether nicotine protects smokers' platelets against smoke-induced activation in vivo, raising a possible dilemma in harm-reduction strategies. In vivo platelet activation state (PAS) was measured by fixing blood at drawing and measuring a standard marker, platelet P-selectin (CD62P). We conducted two studies: (1) 32 smokers smoked three medium-nicotine (0.6 mg nicotine) cigarettes for 1 h. Following this initial conditioning phase, 16 subjects continued with five of the same cigarettes from 1-2.5 h, resulting in a 33% increase in PAS. The other 16 subjects smoked five low/zero-nicotine cigarettes (0.05 mg nicotine), causing a 94% increase in PAS. The increase in PAS caused by nicotine withdrawal in the second group is very significant (p<.02). Any compensation in smoke-intake due to nicotine withdrawal in the second group was not measured in this study. (2) To determine whether nicotine modulates platelet activation by secondhand smoke (SHS), 16 nonsmokers were exposed to medium-nicotine smoke and 16 to low/zero-nicotine smoke for 1.5 h on two consecutive days. Exposure to SHS increased PAS by 60% (p<.01), but no difference in the medium and zero nicotine groups was observed (p>.09). We conclude that in smokers, nicotine modulates platelet activation, and it may significantly moderate the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by non-nicotine smoke components. Conversely, reduced-nicotine cigarettes may increase harm.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Girdhar, G.; Xu, S.; Jesty, J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\">Bluestein, D.</a>\n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf', event);\">\n    In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ann Biomed Eng</i>, 36: 1142-1151.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions [pdf]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions [link]\"\n       title=\" link\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> link</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('girdhar-xu-jesty-bluestein-invitromodelofplateletendothelialactivationduetocigarettesmokeundercardiovascularcirculationconditions-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{z55,\r\n author = {Girdhar, G. and Xu, S. and Jesty, J. and Bluestein, D.},\r\n year = {2008},\r\n title = {In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions},\r\n journal = {Ann Biomed Eng},\r\n volume = {36},\r\n issue = {7},\r\n pages = {1142-1151},\r\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Girdhar_2008_smoke_platelet_endothelial_activation.pdf},\r\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9503-2},\r\n abstract = {Cigarette smoke has been shown to increase platelet activation and endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression. In the present study, we utilized a hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) to investigate the above effects in vitro in a combined system of platelets and cultured HUVECs (Human Umblical Vein ECs) under physiological shear stress. We investigated the alteration of E-selectin expression on ECs upon exposure to: (1) platelets and nicotine-free smoke extract (NFE), (2) platelets alone, (3) NFE alone, under physiological shear stress. We additionally confirmed the protective effect of nicotine on platelet activation. We found that: (i) surface expression of E-selectin on ECs was significantly increased upon simultaneous exposure of ECs and platelets to NFE relative to exposure of ECs to either platelets or NFE alone (p &lt; 0.05). (ii) Platelet activation was significantly increased in the presence of NFE (p &lt; 0.05). (iii) Nicotine (200 nM) when added to NFE, significantly reduced platelet activation due to NFE (p &lt; 0.05), an effect additionally confirmed by conventional cigarette extracts which contain nicotine (p &lt; 0.05). We therefore conclude that: (a) NFE and platelets additively increase EC E-selectin surface expression, and (b) nicotine modulates platelet activation regardless of ECs.},\r\n project = {smokestudy},\r\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\r\n}\r\n\r\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cigarette smoke has been shown to increase platelet activation and endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression. In the present study, we utilized a hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) to investigate the above effects in vitro in a combined system of platelets and cultured HUVECs (Human Umblical Vein ECs) under physiological shear stress. We investigated the alteration of E-selectin expression on ECs upon exposure to: (1) platelets and nicotine-free smoke extract (NFE), (2) platelets alone, (3) NFE alone, under physiological shear stress. We additionally confirmed the protective effect of nicotine on platelet activation. We found that: (i) surface expression of E-selectin on ECs was significantly increased upon simultaneous exposure of ECs and platelets to NFE relative to exposure of ECs to either platelets or NFE alone (p < 0.05). (ii) Platelet activation was significantly increased in the presence of NFE (p < 0.05). (iii) Nicotine (200 nM) when added to NFE, significantly reduced platelet activation due to NFE (p < 0.05), an effect additionally confirmed by conventional cigarette extracts which contain nicotine (p < 0.05). We therefore conclude that: (a) NFE and platelets additively increase EC E-selectin surface expression, and (b) nicotine modulates platelet activation regardless of ECs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ramachandran, J.; Rubenstein, D.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\">Bluestein, D.</a>;  and Jesty, J.\n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf', event);\">\n    Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nicotine Tob Res</i>, 6: 835-841.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine [pdf]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine [link]\"\n       title=\" link\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> link</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ramachandran-rubenstein-bluestein-jesty-activationofplateletsexposedtoshearstressinthepresenceofsmokeextractsoflownicotineandzeronicotinecigarettestheprotectiveeffectofnicotine-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{z73,\r\n author = {Ramachandran, J. and Rubenstein, D. and Bluestein, D. and Jesty, J.},\r\n year = {2004},\r\n title = {Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine},\r\n journal = {Nicotine Tob Res},\r\n volume = {6},\r\n issue = {5},\r\n pages = {835-841},\r\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Ramachandran_2004_platelet_activation_nicotine.pdf},\r\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220042000274284},\r\n abstract = {Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers&#x27; plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.},\r\n project = {smokestudy},\r\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\r\n}\r\n\r\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers' plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rubenstein, D.; Jesty, J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/lvad.html\">Bluestein, D.</a>\n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf', event);\">\n    Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Circulation</i>, 109: 78-83.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004', 'http://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions [pdf]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004', 'https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions [link]\"\n       title=\" link\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> link</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rubenstein-jesty-bluestein-differencesbetweenmainstreamandsidestreamcigarettesmokeextractsandnicotineintheactivationofplateletsunderstaticandflowconditions-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{z74,\r\n author = {Rubenstein, D. and Jesty, J. and Bluestein, D.},\r\n year = {2004},\r\n title = {Differences between mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions},\r\n journal = {Circulation},\r\n volume = {109},\r\n issue = {1},\r\n pages = {78-83},\r\n url_Paper={/labs/dbluestein/PDF/Rubenstein_2004_platelet_activation_smoke_nicotine.pdf},\r\n url_Link = {https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108395.12766.25},\r\n abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Enhanced function of the hemostatic system, in which platelets play a major role, is a significant underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease and its progression. Epidemiological studies, complemented by physiological and biochemical data, show that cigarette smoke adversely affects platelet function, both in smokers and in nonsmokers exposed to sidestream smoke. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thrombogenic potential of platelets subjected to mainstream smoke extracts, sidestream extracts, and nicotine was measured in vitro under static and dynamic flow conditions. Platelet activation state was measured with a modified prothrombinase-based method. Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts caused increased platelet activation. Although low-tar mainstream extracts activated platelets less than high-tar extracts, the sidestream extracts were almost equally potent. Modification of the filters of low-tar cigarettes, by blocking the air-bypass holes, raised activation rates by mainstream extracts to the level of high-tar extracts. Nicotine (50 nmol/L and 5 micromol/L) inhibited platelet activation under both flow and static conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoke extracts directly cause platelet activation but also markedly increase the susceptibility of platelets to activation by shear stress. In contrast, nicotine, although also a constituent of cigarette smoke, significantly reduces platelet susceptibility to shear stress.},\r\n project = {smokestudy},\r\n type = {1. Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers}\r\n}\r\n\r\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Enhanced function of the hemostatic system, in which platelets play a major role, is a significant underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease and its progression. Epidemiological studies, complemented by physiological and biochemical data, show that cigarette smoke adversely affects platelet function, both in smokers and in nonsmokers exposed to sidestream smoke. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thrombogenic potential of platelets subjected to mainstream smoke extracts, sidestream extracts, and nicotine was measured in vitro under static and dynamic flow conditions. Platelet activation state was measured with a modified prothrombinase-based method. Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts caused increased platelet activation. Although low-tar mainstream extracts activated platelets less than high-tar extracts, the sidestream extracts were almost equally potent. Modification of the filters of low-tar cigarettes, by blocking the air-bypass holes, raised activation rates by mainstream extracts to the level of high-tar extracts. Nicotine (50 nmol/L and 5 micromol/L) inhibited platelet activation under both flow and static conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoke extracts directly cause platelet activation but also markedly increase the susceptibility of platelets to activation by shear stress. In contrast, nicotine, although also a constituent of cigarette smoke, significantly reduces platelet susceptibility to shear stress.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);