var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://api.zotero.org/groups/2941345/items?key=vts9W21SoZpIOsD4kTao4YCr&format=bibtex&limit=100\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"folding\":\"1\",\"hidemenu\":\"true\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phasic, Event-Related Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modifies Behavioural, Pupillary and and Low-Frequency Oscillatory Power Responses\",\"copyright\":\"All rights reserved\",\"issn\":\"0270-6474, 1529-2401\",\"url\":\"https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023\",\"doi\":\"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023\",\"abstract\":\"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been proposed to activate the Locus coeruleus - Noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. However, previous studies failed to find consistent modulatory effects of taVNS on LC-NA biomarkers. Recent studies suggest that phasic taVNS may be capable of modulating LC-NA biomarkers such as pupil dilation and α oscillations. However, it is unclear whether these effects extend beyond pure sensory vagal nerve responses. Critically, the potential of the pupillary light reflex as an additional taVNS biomarker has not been explored so far. Here, we applied phasic active and sham taVNS in 29 subjects (16 female, 13 male) while they performed an emotional Stroop task (EST) and a passive pupil light reflex task (PLRT). We recorded pupil size and brain activity dynamics using a combined Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - pupillometry design. Our results show that phasic taVNS significantly increased pupil dilation and performance during the EST. During the PLRT, active taVNS reduced and delayed pupil constriction. In the MEG, taVNS increased frontal-midline theta and alpha power during the EST, while occipital alpha power was reduced during both the EST and PLRT. Our findings provide evidence that phasic taVNS systematically modulates behavioral, pupillary and electrophysiological parameters of LC-NA activity during cognitive processing. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the pupillary light reflex can be used as a simple and effective proxy of taVNS efficacy. These findings have important implications for the development of non-invasive neuromodulation interventions for various cognitive and clinical applications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique and is widely used in clinical and nonclinical research. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of taVNS is not yet fully understood. By assessing physiology and behavior in a response conflict task in healthy humans, we demonstrate the first successful application of a phasic, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve cognitive control and to systematically modulate pupillary and electrophysiological markers of the noradrenergic system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of taVNS could optimize future clinical applications and lead to better treatments for mental disorders associated with noradrenergic dysfunction. In addition, we present a new taVNS-sensitive pupillary measure representing an easy-to-use biomarker for future taVNS studies.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2023-08-24\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wienke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grueschow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"JN–RM–0452–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wienke_phasic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Phasic, {Event}-{Related} {Transcutaneous} {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} {Modifies} {Behavioural}, {Pupillary} and and {Low}-{Frequency} {Oscillatory} {Power} {Responses}},\\n\\tcopyright = {All rights reserved},\\n\\tissn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},\\n\\turl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been proposed to activate the Locus coeruleus - Noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. However, previous studies failed to find consistent modulatory effects of taVNS on LC-NA biomarkers. Recent studies suggest that phasic taVNS may be capable of modulating LC-NA biomarkers such as pupil dilation and α oscillations. However, it is unclear whether these effects extend beyond pure sensory vagal nerve responses. Critically, the potential of the pupillary light reflex as an additional taVNS biomarker has not been explored so far.\\n            Here, we applied phasic active and sham taVNS in 29 subjects (16 female, 13 male) while they performed an emotional Stroop task (EST) and a passive pupil light reflex task (PLRT). We recorded pupil size and brain activity dynamics using a combined Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - pupillometry design.\\n            Our results show that phasic taVNS significantly increased pupil dilation and performance during the EST. During the PLRT, active taVNS reduced and delayed pupil constriction. In the MEG, taVNS increased frontal-midline theta and alpha power during the EST, while occipital alpha power was reduced during both the EST and PLRT.\\n            Our findings provide evidence that phasic taVNS systematically modulates behavioral, pupillary and electrophysiological parameters of LC-NA activity during cognitive processing. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the pupillary light reflex can be used as a simple and effective proxy of taVNS efficacy. These findings have important implications for the development of non-invasive neuromodulation interventions for various cognitive and clinical applications.\\n            \\n              SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:\\n            \\n            Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique and is widely used in clinical and nonclinical research. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of taVNS is not yet fully understood. By assessing physiology and behavior in a response conflict task in healthy humans, we demonstrate the first successful application of a phasic, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve cognitive control and to systematically modulate pupillary and electrophysiological markers of the noradrenergic system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of taVNS could optimize future clinical applications and lead to better treatments for mental disorders associated with noradrenergic dysfunction. In addition, we present a new taVNS-sensitive pupillary measure representing an easy-to-use biomarker for future taVNS studies.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2023-08-24},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Wienke, Christian and Grueschow, Marcus and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {JN--RM--0452--23},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wienke, C.\",\"Grueschow, M.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"wienke_phasic_2023\",\"id\":\"wienke_phasic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1935861X\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been introduced as a non-invasive alternative to invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS). While iVNS paired with tones has been highlighted as a potential effective therapy for the treatment of auditory disorders such as tinnitus, there is still scarce data available confirming the efficacy of non-invasive taVNS. Here, we assessed the effect of taVNS paired with acoustic stimuli on sensory-related electrophysiological responses. Methods: A total of 22 healthy participants were investigated with a taVNS tone-pairing paradigm using a withinsubjects design. In a single session pure tones paired with either active taVNS or sham taVNS were repeatedly presented. Novel tones without electrical stimulation served as control condition. Auditory event related po­ tentials and auditory cortex oscillations were compared before and after the tone pairing procedure between stimulation conditions. Results: From pre to post pairing, we observed a decrease in the N1 amplitude and in theta power to tones paired with sham taVNS while these electrophysiological measures remained stable for tones paired with active taVNS a pattern mirroring auditory sensory processing of novel, unpaired control tones. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the efficacy of a short-term application of non-invasive taVNS to modulate auditory processing in healthy individuals and, thereby, have potential implications for interventions in auditory processing deficits.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2023-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Brain Stimulation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katharina\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wienke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salanje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"982–989\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rufener_effects_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1935861X},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been introduced as a non-invasive alternative to invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS). While iVNS paired with tones has been highlighted as a potential effective therapy for the treatment of auditory disorders such as tinnitus, there is still scarce data available confirming the efficacy of non-invasive taVNS. Here, we assessed the effect of taVNS paired with acoustic stimuli on sensory-related electrophysiological responses.\\nMethods: A total of 22 healthy participants were investigated with a taVNS tone-pairing paradigm using a withinsubjects design. In a single session pure tones paired with either active taVNS or sham taVNS were repeatedly presented. Novel tones without electrical stimulation served as control condition. Auditory event related po­ tentials and auditory cortex oscillations were compared before and after the tone pairing procedure between stimulation conditions.\\nResults: From pre to post pairing, we observed a decrease in the N1 amplitude and in theta power to tones paired with sham taVNS while these electrophysiological measures remained stable for tones paired with active taVNS a pattern mirroring auditory sensory processing of novel, unpaired control tones.\\nConclusion: Our results demonstrate the efficacy of a short-term application of non-invasive taVNS to modulate auditory processing in healthy individuals and, thereby, have potential implications for interventions in auditory processing deficits.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2023-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Stimulation},\\n\\tauthor = {Rufener, Katharina S. and Wienke, Christian and Salanje, Alena and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {982--989},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Wienke, C.\",\"Salanje, A.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"rufener_effects_2023\",\"id\":\"rufener_effects_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of repetitive twice-weekly transcranial direct current stimulations on fatigue and fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41598-023-32779-y\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Fatigue is associated with a dramatically decreased quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). It refers to a constant subjective feeling of exhaustion and performance decline, known as fatigability. However, inconsistency and heterogeneity in defining and assessing fatigue have led to limited advances in understanding and treating MS-associated fatigue. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising, non-pharmaceutical treatment strategy for subjective fatigue. However, whether repetitive tDCS also have long-term effects on time-on-task performance has not yet been investigated. This pseudorandomized, single-blinded, and sham-controlled study investigated tDCS effects on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters. 18 pwMS received eight twice-weekly 30 min stimulations over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Fatigability was operationalized as time-on-task-related changes in reaction time variability and P300 amplitude. Additionally, subjective trait and state fatigue ratings were assessed. The results revealed an overall decrease in subjective trait fatigue ratings that lasted at least four weeks after the stimulations. However, the ratings declined after both anodal and sham tDCS. No effects were found on subjective state fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Linear Mixed Models and Bayesian Regression models likewise favored the absence of a tDCS effect on fatigability parameters. The results confirm the complex relationship between MS-associated fatigue and fatigability. Reliable and clinically relevant parameters need to be established to extend the potential of tDCS for treating fatigability. Furthermore, our results indicate that consecutive stimulations rather than twice-weekly stimulations should be the preferred stimulation scheme in future studies.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2023-04-26\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linnhoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"5878\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{linnhoff_effects_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of repetitive twice-weekly transcranial direct current stimulations on fatigue and fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-023-32779-y},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            Fatigue is associated with a dramatically decreased quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). It refers to a constant subjective feeling of exhaustion and performance decline, known as fatigability. However, inconsistency and heterogeneity in defining and assessing fatigue have led to limited advances in understanding and treating MS-associated fatigue. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising, non-pharmaceutical treatment strategy for subjective fatigue. However, whether repetitive tDCS also have long-term effects on time-on-task performance has not yet been investigated. This pseudorandomized, single-blinded, and sham-controlled study investigated tDCS effects on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters. 18 pwMS received eight twice-weekly 30 min stimulations over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Fatigability was operationalized as time-on-task-related changes in reaction time variability and P300 amplitude. Additionally, subjective trait and state fatigue ratings were assessed. The results revealed an overall decrease in subjective trait fatigue ratings that lasted at least four weeks after the stimulations. However, the ratings declined after both anodal and sham tDCS. No effects were found on subjective state fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Linear Mixed Models and Bayesian Regression models likewise favored the absence of a tDCS effect on fatigability parameters. The results confirm the complex relationship between MS-associated fatigue and fatigability. Reliable and clinically relevant parameters need to be established to extend the potential of tDCS for treating fatigability. Furthermore, our results indicate that consecutive stimulations rather than twice-weekly stimulations should be the preferred stimulation scheme in future studies.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2023-04-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {5878},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Linnhoff, S.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"linnhoff_effects_2023\",\"id\":\"linnhoff_effects_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cognitive fatigue-related sensory gating deficits in people with multiple sclerosis\",\"volume\":\"176\",\"issn\":\"0969-9961\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424\",\"doi\":\"10/grm93d\",\"abstract\":\"Background Cognitive fatigue is highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and significantly limits their quality of life. Fatigue can be subdivided into a subjective feeling of constant (trait) or current (state) exhaustion, as well as an objective performance decline, also known as fatigability. However, the current fatigue diagnosis in pwMS is purely subjective, leaving fatigability mostly unattended. Sensorimotor and sensory gating deficits have recently been described as possible objective markers for fatigability in healthy subjects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of prepulse inhibition (PPI) ratios and the P50 sensory gating suppression as surrogate markers for cognitive fatigue in pwMS. Methods PPI and P50 sensory gating ratios were assessed before and after a 30-min fatigability-inducing AX- continuous performance task. Subjective trait fatigue was operationalized via self-report questionnaires, subjective state fatigue via visual analog scales (VAS), and fatigability via the change in both gating ratios. The data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models and Pearson correlations. Results We included 18 pwMS and 20 healthy controls (HC) in the final analyses. The task-induced fatigability was more pronounced in pwMS. While the initial PPI and P50 ratios were similar in both groups, P50 sensory gating was significantly disrupted after fatigability induction in pwMS. PPI, on the other hand, decreased in both groups. Moreover, initial P50 sensory gating ratios were negatively associated with subjective trait fatigue in pwMS, indicating that higher trait fatigue is associated with disrupted sensory gating. Finally, fatigability-related changes in P50 sensory gating were associated with the changes in VAS ratings, but only in HC. Conclusions This study demonstrated that P50 sensory gating is a promising objective fatigue and fatigability parameter. Importantly, P50 sensory gating correlated with subjective trait and state fatigue ratings. Our results extend the subjective fatigue diagnosis and broaden the understanding of pathophysiological neuronal mechanisms in MS-related fatigue. This is the first study to present fatigue-related disruption of sensory gating in pwMS.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2022-12-16\",\"journal\":\"Neurobiology of Disease\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linnhoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Objective measurement, P50, Prepulse inhibition, Sensory gating\",\"pages\":\"105950\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{linnhoff_cognitive_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Cognitive fatigue-related sensory gating deficits in people with multiple sclerosis},\\n\\tvolume = {176},\\n\\tissn = {0969-9961},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424},\\n\\tdoi = {10/grm93d},\\n\\tabstract = {Background\\nCognitive fatigue is highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and significantly limits their quality of life. Fatigue can be subdivided into a subjective feeling of constant (trait) or current (state) exhaustion, as well as an objective performance decline, also known as fatigability. However, the current fatigue diagnosis in pwMS is purely subjective, leaving fatigability mostly unattended. Sensorimotor and sensory gating deficits have recently been described as possible objective markers for fatigability in healthy subjects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of prepulse inhibition (PPI) ratios and the P50 sensory gating suppression as surrogate markers for cognitive fatigue in pwMS.\\nMethods\\nPPI and P50 sensory gating ratios were assessed before and after a 30-min fatigability-inducing AX- continuous performance task. Subjective trait fatigue was operationalized via self-report questionnaires, subjective state fatigue via visual analog scales (VAS), and fatigability via the change in both gating ratios. The data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models and Pearson correlations.\\nResults\\nWe included 18 pwMS and 20 healthy controls (HC) in the final analyses. The task-induced fatigability was more pronounced in pwMS. While the initial PPI and P50 ratios were similar in both groups, P50 sensory gating was significantly disrupted after fatigability induction in pwMS. PPI, on the other hand, decreased in both groups. Moreover, initial P50 sensory gating ratios were negatively associated with subjective trait fatigue in pwMS, indicating that higher trait fatigue is associated with disrupted sensory gating. Finally, fatigability-related changes in P50 sensory gating were associated with the changes in VAS ratings, but only in HC.\\nConclusions\\nThis study demonstrated that P50 sensory gating is a promising objective fatigue and fatigability parameter. Importantly, P50 sensory gating correlated with subjective trait and state fatigue ratings. Our results extend the subjective fatigue diagnosis and broaden the understanding of pathophysiological neuronal mechanisms in MS-related fatigue. This is the first study to present fatigue-related disruption of sensory gating in pwMS.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2022-12-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurobiology of Disease},\\n\\tauthor = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Objective measurement, P50, Prepulse inhibition, Sensory gating},\\n\\tpages = {105950},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Linnhoff, S.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"linnhoff_cognitive_2023\",\"id\":\"linnhoff_cognitive_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424\"},\"keyword\":[\"Fatigability\",\"Fatigue\",\"MS\",\"Objective measurement\",\"P50\",\"Prepulse inhibition\",\"Sensory gating\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fatigability-related oscillatory brain activity changes in people with MS\",\"volume\":\"69\",\"issn\":\"2211-0348\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610\",\"doi\":\"10/grm93c\",\"abstract\":\"Background Fatigue, a multidimensional and challenging symptom associated with various underlying conditions, can manifest as a subjective feeling and a performance fatigability. The latter is often defined as an objectively measurable performance decline with time on task. Both syndromes are highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and are often resistant to medical therapy. In the absence of valid and reliable objective parameters, the current cognitive fatigue diagnosis remains purely subjective. Assessing brain wave activity changes has repeatedly been a viable strategy for monitoring cognitive fatigue in healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to investigate oscillatory brain activity changes and their associations with subjective fatigue in pwMS. Methods We enrolled 21 pwMS and 21 healthy controls (HC) in this study. Subjects performed a sustained attention task divided into six blocks over the course of 30 minutes, and underwent resting state EEGs before and after the task. During the task, subjects were repeatedly asked to rate their subjective levels of mental fitness, mental exhaustion, and mind wandering. Using Linear Mixed Models, we explored fatigability-related changes by focusing on the time course of changes in reaction time variability, subjective ratings of fatigability, as well as frontomedial theta, and occipital alpha power. We further investigated initial and fatigability-induced differences between pwMS and HC at rest. Finally, Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationship between subjective fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Results Our results revealed a systematically stronger fatigability development in pwMS that was objectively measurable. PwMS reported lower mental fitness levels and demonstrated greater variability in reaction times with time on task. Occipital alpha power significantly increased during the task. Especially for upper alpha power, this increase was significantly more prominent in pwMS compared to HC. However, the time-on-task-induced changes in our study were not associated with the subjective fatigue ratings. Conclusions The results of this study expand the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlining cognitive fatigability and may complement the fatigue diagnosis and therapy monitoring with quantitative objective methods.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2022-12-16\",\"journal\":\"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linnhoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Alpha power, Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Frontomedial theta power, Reaction time variability\",\"pages\":\"104457\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{linnhoff_fatigability-related_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Fatigability-related oscillatory brain activity changes in people with {MS}},\\n\\tvolume = {69},\\n\\tissn = {2211-0348},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610},\\n\\tdoi = {10/grm93c},\\n\\tabstract = {Background\\nFatigue, a multidimensional and challenging symptom associated with various underlying conditions, can manifest as a subjective feeling and a performance fatigability. The latter is often defined as an objectively measurable performance decline with time on task. Both syndromes are highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and are often resistant to medical therapy. In the absence of valid and reliable objective parameters, the current cognitive fatigue diagnosis remains purely subjective. Assessing brain wave activity changes has repeatedly been a viable strategy for monitoring cognitive fatigue in healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to investigate oscillatory brain activity changes and their associations with subjective fatigue in pwMS.\\nMethods\\nWe enrolled 21 pwMS and 21 healthy controls (HC) in this study. Subjects performed a sustained attention task divided into six blocks over the course of 30 minutes, and underwent resting state EEGs before and after the task. During the task, subjects were repeatedly asked to rate their subjective levels of mental fitness, mental exhaustion, and mind wandering. Using Linear Mixed Models, we explored fatigability-related changes by focusing on the time course of changes in reaction time variability, subjective ratings of fatigability, as well as frontomedial theta, and occipital alpha power. We further investigated initial and fatigability-induced differences between pwMS and HC at rest. Finally, Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationship between subjective fatigue and objective fatigability parameters.\\nResults\\nOur results revealed a systematically stronger fatigability development in pwMS that was objectively measurable. PwMS reported lower mental fitness levels and demonstrated greater variability in reaction times with time on task. Occipital alpha power significantly increased during the task. Especially for upper alpha power, this increase was significantly more prominent in pwMS compared to HC. However, the time-on-task-induced changes in our study were not associated with the subjective fatigue ratings.\\nConclusions\\nThe results of this study expand the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlining cognitive fatigability and may complement the fatigue diagnosis and therapy monitoring with quantitative objective methods.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2022-12-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders},\\n\\tauthor = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alpha power, Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Frontomedial theta power, Reaction time variability},\\n\\tpages = {104457},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Linnhoff, S.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"linnhoff_fatigability-related_2023\",\"id\":\"linnhoff_fatigability-related_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alpha power\",\"Fatigability\",\"Fatigue\",\"MS\",\"Frontomedial theta power\",\"Reaction time variability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rhythmic interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex precede human visual perception\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"2041-1723\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z\",\"doi\":\"10/grm93b\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The thalamus is much more than a simple sensory relay. High-order thalamic nuclei, such as the mediodorsal thalamus, exert a profound influence over animal cognition. However, given the difficulty of directly recording from the thalamus in humans, next-to-nothing is known about thalamic and thalamocortical contributions to human cognition. To address this, we analysed simultaneously-recorded thalamic iEEG and whole-head MEG in six patients (plus MEG recordings from twelve healthy controls) as they completed a visual detection task. We observed that the phase of both ongoing mediodorsal thalamic and prefrontal low-frequency activity was predictive of perceptual performance. Critically however, mediodorsal thalamic activity mediated prefrontal contributions to perceptual performance. These results suggest that it is thalamocortical interactions, rather than cortical activity alone, that is predictive of upcoming perceptual performance and, more generally, highlights the importance of accounting for the thalamus when theorising about cortical contributions to human cognition.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2022-12-20\",\"journal\":\"Nature Communications\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Griffiths\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benjamin\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Repplinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Friedhelm\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanslmayr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Staudigl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tobias\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"3736\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{griffiths_rhythmic_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Rhythmic interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex precede human visual perception},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {2041-1723},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z},\\n\\tdoi = {10/grm93b},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            The thalamus is much more than a simple sensory relay. High-order thalamic nuclei, such as the mediodorsal thalamus, exert a profound influence over animal cognition. However, given the difficulty of directly recording from the thalamus in humans, next-to-nothing is known about thalamic and thalamocortical contributions to human cognition. To address this, we analysed simultaneously-recorded thalamic iEEG and whole-head MEG in six patients (plus MEG recordings from twelve healthy controls) as they completed a visual detection task. We observed that the phase of both ongoing mediodorsal thalamic and prefrontal low-frequency activity was predictive of perceptual performance. Critically however, mediodorsal thalamic activity mediated prefrontal contributions to perceptual performance. These results suggest that it is thalamocortical interactions, rather than cortical activity alone, that is predictive of upcoming perceptual performance and, more generally, highlights the importance of accounting for the thalamus when theorising about cortical contributions to human cognition.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2022-12-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature Communications},\\n\\tauthor = {Griffiths, Benjamin J. and Zaehle, Tino and Repplinger, Stefan and Schmitt, Friedhelm C. and Voges, Jürgen and Hanslmayr, Simon and Staudigl, Tobias},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {3736},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Griffiths, B. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Repplinger, S.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Hanslmayr, S.\",\"Staudigl, T.\"],\"key\":\"griffiths_rhythmic_2022\",\"id\":\"griffiths_rhythmic_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"I spy with my little eye: The detection of changes in emotional faces and the influence of facial feedback in Parkinson's disease\",\"issn\":\"1468-1331\",\"shorttitle\":\"I spy with my little eye\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647\",\"doi\":\"10/grm929\",\"abstract\":\"Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system but also involves deficits in emotional processing such as facial emotion recognition. In healthy participants, it has been shown that facial mimicry, the automatic imitation of perceived facial expressions, facilitates the interpretation of the emotional states of our counterpart. In PD patients, recent studies revealed reduced facial mimicry and consequently reduced facial feedback, suggesting that this reduction might contribute to the prominent emotion recognition deficits found in PD. Methods We investigate the influence of facial mimicry on facial emotion recognition. Twenty PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent a classical facial mimicry manipulation (holding a pen with the lips, teeth or non-dominant hand) while performing an emotional change detection task with faces. Results As expected, emotion recognition was significantly influenced by facial mimicry manipulation in HC further supporting the hypothesis of facial feedback and the related theory of embodied simulation. Importantly, patients with PD generally and independent from the facial mimicry manipulation were impaired in their ability to detected emotion changes. Our data further show that PD patients facial emotional recognition abilities are completely unaffected by mimicry manipulation, assuming that PD patients cannot profit from an artificial modulation of the already impaired facial feedback. Conclusions These findings suggest that it is not the hypomimia and the absence of the facial feedback per se, but a disruption of the facial feedback loop, which leads to the prominent emotion recognition deficit in PD patients.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2022-12-16\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Neurology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polotzek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lobmaier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janek\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ene.15647\",\"keywords\":\"Parkinson's disease, emotion, facial expression, facial feedback, facial mimicry\",\"pages\":\"1 – 9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuehne_i_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {I spy with my little eye: {The} detection of changes in emotional faces and the influence of facial feedback in {Parkinson}'s disease},\\n\\tissn = {1468-1331},\\n\\tshorttitle = {I spy with my little eye},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647},\\n\\tdoi = {10/grm929},\\n\\tabstract = {Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system but also involves deficits in emotional processing such as facial emotion recognition. In healthy participants, it has been shown that facial mimicry, the automatic imitation of perceived facial expressions, facilitates the interpretation of the emotional states of our counterpart. In PD patients, recent studies revealed reduced facial mimicry and consequently reduced facial feedback, suggesting that this reduction might contribute to the prominent emotion recognition deficits found in PD. Methods We investigate the influence of facial mimicry on facial emotion recognition. Twenty PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent a classical facial mimicry manipulation (holding a pen with the lips, teeth or non-dominant hand) while performing an emotional change detection task with faces. Results As expected, emotion recognition was significantly influenced by facial mimicry manipulation in HC further supporting the hypothesis of facial feedback and the related theory of embodied simulation. Importantly, patients with PD generally and independent from the facial mimicry manipulation were impaired in their ability to detected emotion changes. Our data further show that PD patients facial emotional recognition abilities are completely unaffected by mimicry manipulation, assuming that PD patients cannot profit from an artificial modulation of the already impaired facial feedback. Conclusions These findings suggest that it is not the hypomimia and the absence of the facial feedback per se, but a disruption of the facial feedback loop, which leads to the prominent emotion recognition deficit in PD patients.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2022-12-16},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Neurology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuehne, Maria and Polotzek, Laura and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino and Lobmaier, Janek S.},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ene.15647},\\n\\tkeywords = {Parkinson's disease, emotion, facial expression, facial feedback, facial mimicry},\\n\\tpages = {1 -- 9},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Polotzek, L.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Lobmaier, J. S.\"],\"key\":\"kuehne_i_2022\",\"id\":\"kuehne_i_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647\"},\"keyword\":[\"Parkinson's disease\",\"emotion\",\"facial expression\",\"facial feedback\",\"facial mimicry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-TACS) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"copyright\":\"2021 The Author(s)\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1\",\"doi\":\"10/gnmzph\",\"abstract\":\"Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS) is a novel method of electrostimulation which enables the recording of electrophysiological signals during stimulation, thanks to an easier removable stimulation artefact compared to classical electrostimulation methods. To gauge the neuromodulatory potential of AM-tACS, we tested its capacity to induce phosphenes as an indicator of stimulation efficacy. AM-tACS was applied via a two-electrode setup, attached on FpZ and below the right eye. AM-tACS waveforms comprised of different carrier (50 Hz, 200 Hz, 1000 Hz) and modulation frequencies (8 Hz, 16 Hz, 28 Hz) were administered with at maximum 2 mA peak-to-peak stimulation strength. TACS conditions in the same frequencies were used as a benchmark for phosphene induction. AM-tACS conditions using a 50 Hz carrier frequency were able to induce phosphenes, but with no difference in phosphene thresholds between modulation frequencies. AM-tACS using a 200 Hz or 1000 Hz carrier frequency did not induce phosphenes. TACS conditions induced phosphenes in line with previous studies. Stimulation effects of AM-tACS conditions were independent of amplitude modulation and instead relied solely on the carrier frequency. A possible explanation may be that AM-tACS needs higher stimulation intensities for its amplitude modulation to have a neuromodulatory effect.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-11-18\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thiele\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haghikia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiden\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Neuroscience, Psychology\",\"pages\":\"22245\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thiele_amplitude_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation ({AM}-{TACS}) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tcopyright = {2021 The Author(s)},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gnmzph},\\n\\tabstract = {Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS) is a novel method of electrostimulation which enables the recording of electrophysiological signals during stimulation, thanks to an easier removable stimulation artefact compared to classical electrostimulation methods. To gauge the neuromodulatory potential of AM-tACS, we tested its capacity to induce phosphenes as an indicator of stimulation efficacy. AM-tACS was applied via a two-electrode setup, attached on FpZ and below the right eye. AM-tACS waveforms comprised of different carrier (50 Hz, 200 Hz, 1000 Hz) and modulation frequencies (8 Hz, 16 Hz, 28 Hz) were administered with at maximum 2 mA peak-to-peak stimulation strength. TACS conditions in the same frequencies were used as a benchmark for phosphene induction. AM-tACS conditions using a 50 Hz carrier frequency were able to induce phosphenes, but with no difference in phosphene thresholds between modulation frequencies. AM-tACS using a 200 Hz or 1000 Hz carrier frequency did not induce phosphenes. TACS conditions induced phosphenes in line with previous studies. Stimulation effects of AM-tACS conditions were independent of amplitude modulation and instead relied solely on the carrier frequency. A possible explanation may be that AM-tACS needs higher stimulation intensities for its amplitude modulation to have a neuromodulatory effect.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-11-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Thiele, Carsten and Zaehle, Tino and Haghikia, Aiden and Ruhnau, Philipp},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},\\n\\tpages = {22245},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thiele, C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Haghikia, A.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\"],\"key\":\"thiele_amplitude_2021\",\"id\":\"thiele_amplitude_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Neuroscience\",\"Psychology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Making the rich richer: Frontoparietal tDCS enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals\",\"volume\":\"242\",\"issn\":\"1053-8119\",\"shorttitle\":\"Making the rich richer\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138\",\"doi\":\"10/gnmzpd\",\"abstract\":\"Working memory (WM) performance depends on the ability to extract relevant while inhibiting irrelevant information from entering the WM storage. This distractor inhibition ability can be trained and is known to induce transfer effects on WM performance. Here we asked whether transfer on WM can be boosted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a single-session distractor inhibition training. As WM performance is ascribed to the frontoparietal network, in which prefrontal areas are associated with inhibiting distractors and posterior parietal areas with storing information, we placed the anode over the prefrontal and the cathode over the posterior parietal cortex during a single-session distractor inhibition training. This network-oriented stimulation protocol should enhance inhibition processes by shifting the neural activity from posterior to prefrontal regions. WM improved after a single-session distractor inhibition training under verum stimulation but only in subjects with a high WM capacity. In subjects with a low WM capacity, verum tDCS reduced the transfer effects on WM. We assume tDCS to strengthen the frontostriatal pathway in individuals with a high WM capacity leading to efficient inhibition of distractors. In contrast, the cathodal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex might have hindered usual compensational mechanism in low capacity subjects, i.e. maintaining also irrelevant information in memory. Our results thus stress the need to adjust tDCS protocols to well-founded knowledge about neural networks and individual cognitive differences.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-11-18\",\"journal\":\"NeuroImage\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmicker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marlen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Menze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Inga\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Taubert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Notger\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Cognitive training, Distractor inhibition, Frontoparietal network, Individual differences, Working memory capacity, tDCS\",\"pages\":\"118438\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schmicker_making_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Making the rich richer: {Frontoparietal} {tDCS} enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals},\\n\\tvolume = {242},\\n\\tissn = {1053-8119},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Making the rich richer},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gnmzpd},\\n\\tabstract = {Working memory (WM) performance depends on the ability to extract relevant while inhibiting irrelevant information from entering the WM storage. This distractor inhibition ability can be trained and is known to induce transfer effects on WM performance. Here we asked whether transfer on WM can be boosted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a single-session distractor inhibition training. As WM performance is ascribed to the frontoparietal network, in which prefrontal areas are associated with inhibiting distractors and posterior parietal areas with storing information, we placed the anode over the prefrontal and the cathode over the posterior parietal cortex during a single-session distractor inhibition training. This network-oriented stimulation protocol should enhance inhibition processes by shifting the neural activity from posterior to prefrontal regions. WM improved after a single-session distractor inhibition training under verum stimulation but only in subjects with a high WM capacity. In subjects with a low WM capacity, verum tDCS reduced the transfer effects on WM. We assume tDCS to strengthen the frontostriatal pathway in individuals with a high WM capacity leading to efficient inhibition of distractors. In contrast, the cathodal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex might have hindered usual compensational mechanism in low capacity subjects, i.e. maintaining also irrelevant information in memory. Our results thus stress the need to adjust tDCS protocols to well-founded knowledge about neural networks and individual cognitive differences.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-11-18},\\n\\tjournal = {NeuroImage},\\n\\tauthor = {Schmicker, Marlen and Menze, Inga and Schneider, Christine and Taubert, Marco and Zaehle, Tino and Mueller, Notger G.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cognitive training, Distractor inhibition, Frontoparietal network, Individual differences, Working memory capacity, tDCS},\\n\\tpages = {118438},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schmicker, M.\",\"Menze, I.\",\"Schneider, C.\",\"Taubert, M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Mueller, N. G.\"],\"key\":\"schmicker_making_2021\",\"id\":\"schmicker_making_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cognitive training\",\"Distractor inhibition\",\"Frontoparietal network\",\"Individual differences\",\"Working memory capacity\",\"tDCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)\",\"volume\":\"236\",\"issn\":\"1566-0702\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302\",\"doi\":\"10/gnkt93\",\"abstract\":\"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique may influence the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE system) via modulation of the Vagus Nerve (VN) which projects to the LC. Few human studies exist examining the effects of taVNS on the LC-NE system and studies to date assessing the ability of taVNS to target the LC yield heterogeneous results. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current challenges in assessing effects of taVNS on LC function and how translational approaches spanning animal and human research can help in this regard. A particular emphasis of the review discusses how the effects of taVNS may be influenced by changes in structure and function of the LC-NE system across the human lifespan and in disease.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-11-18\",\"journal\":\"Autonomic Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ludwig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mareike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wienke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Betts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hämmerer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorothea\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Cross-species translational approach, Locus coeruleus, Neurodegeneration, Neuromodulation, Noradrenergic system, Stimulation parameters, Vagus nerve stimulation\",\"pages\":\"102900\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ludwig_current_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ({taVNS})},\\n\\tvolume = {236},\\n\\tissn = {1566-0702},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gnkt93},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique may influence the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE system) via modulation of the Vagus Nerve (VN) which projects to the LC. Few human studies exist examining the effects of taVNS on the LC-NE system and studies to date assessing the ability of taVNS to target the LC yield heterogeneous results. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current challenges in assessing effects of taVNS on LC function and how translational approaches spanning animal and human research can help in this regard. A particular emphasis of the review discusses how the effects of taVNS may be influenced by changes in structure and function of the LC-NE system across the human lifespan and in disease.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-11-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Autonomic Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Ludwig, Mareike and Wienke, Christian and Betts, Matthew J. and Zaehle, Tino and Hämmerer, Dorothea},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cross-species translational approach, Locus coeruleus, Neurodegeneration, Neuromodulation, Noradrenergic system, Stimulation parameters, Vagus nerve stimulation},\\n\\tpages = {102900},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ludwig, M.\",\"Wienke, C.\",\"Betts, M. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Hämmerer, D.\"],\"key\":\"ludwig_current_2021\",\"id\":\"ludwig_current_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cross-species translational approach\",\"Locus coeruleus\",\"Neurodegeneration\",\"Neuromodulation\",\"Noradrenergic system\",\"Stimulation parameters\",\"Vagus nerve stimulation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span\",\"volume\":\"245\",\"issn\":\"1053-8119\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691\",\"doi\":\"10/gnmzpg\",\"abstract\":\"Anticipating social and non-social incentives recruits shared brain structures and promotes behavior. However, little is known about possible age-related behavioral changes, and how the human substantia nigra (SN) signals positive and negative social information. Therefore, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) from the SN of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (n = 12, intraoperative, OFF medication) in combination with a social incentive delay task including photos of neutral, positive or negative human gestures and mimics as feedback. We also tested a group of non-operated PD patients (n = 24, ON and OFF medication), and a sample of healthy young (n = 51) and older (n = 52) adults with behavioral readouts only. Behaviorally, the anticipation of both positive and negative social feedback equally accelerated response times in contrast to neutral social feedback in healthy young and older adults. Although this effect was not significant in the group of operated PD patients – most likely due to the small sample size – iEEG recordings in their SN showed a significant increase in alpha-beta power (9–20 Hz) from 300 to 600 ms after cue onset again for both positive and negative cues. Finally, in non-operated PD patients, the behavioral effect was not modulated by medication status (ON vs OFF medication) suggesting that other processes than dopaminergic neuromodulation play a role in driving invigoration by social incentives. Together, our findings provide novel and direct evidence for a role of the SN in processing positive and negative social information via specific oscillatory mechanisms in the alpha-beta range, and they suggest that anticipating social value in simple cue-outcome associations is intact in healthy aging and PD.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-11-18\",\"journal\":\"NeuroImage\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sobczak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Repplinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eva\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brueggemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lohse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hermann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buentjen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juergen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bunzeck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nico\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Dopamine, Intracranial EEG, Parkinson, Social reward learning, Substantia nigra\",\"pages\":\"118696\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sobczak_anticipating_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span},\\n\\tvolume = {245},\\n\\tissn = {1053-8119},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gnmzpg},\\n\\tabstract = {Anticipating social and non-social incentives recruits shared brain structures and promotes behavior. However, little is known about possible age-related behavioral changes, and how the human substantia nigra (SN) signals positive and negative social information. Therefore, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) from the SN of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (n = 12, intraoperative, OFF medication) in combination with a social incentive delay task including photos of neutral, positive or negative human gestures and mimics as feedback. We also tested a group of non-operated PD patients (n = 24, ON and OFF medication), and a sample of healthy young (n = 51) and older (n = 52) adults with behavioral readouts only. Behaviorally, the anticipation of both positive and negative social feedback equally accelerated response times in contrast to neutral social feedback in healthy young and older adults. Although this effect was not significant in the group of operated PD patients – most likely due to the small sample size – iEEG recordings in their SN showed a significant increase in alpha-beta power (9–20 Hz) from 300 to 600 ms after cue onset again for both positive and negative cues. Finally, in non-operated PD patients, the behavioral effect was not modulated by medication status (ON vs OFF medication) suggesting that other processes than dopaminergic neuromodulation play a role in driving invigoration by social incentives. Together, our findings provide novel and direct evidence for a role of the SN in processing positive and negative social information via specific oscillatory mechanisms in the alpha-beta range, and they suggest that anticipating social value in simple cue-outcome associations is intact in healthy aging and PD.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-11-18},\\n\\tjournal = {NeuroImage},\\n\\tauthor = {Sobczak, Alexandra and Repplinger, Stefan and Bauch, Eva M. and Brueggemann, Norbert and Lohse, Christina and Hinrichs, Hermann and Buentjen, Lars and Voges, Juergen and Zaehle, Tino and Bunzeck, Nico},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dopamine, Intracranial EEG, Parkinson, Social reward learning, Substantia nigra},\\n\\tpages = {118696},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sobczak, A.\",\"Repplinger, S.\",\"Bauch, E. M.\",\"Brueggemann, N.\",\"Lohse, C.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Buentjen, L.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Bunzeck, N.\"],\"key\":\"sobczak_anticipating_2021\",\"id\":\"sobczak_anticipating_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dopamine\",\"Intracranial EEG\",\"Parkinson\",\"Social reward learning\",\"Substantia nigra\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The LC-NE system as a potential target for neuromodulation to ameliorate non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease\",\"volume\":\"236\",\"issn\":\"1566-0702\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314\",\"doi\":\"10/gnmzpf\",\"abstract\":\"Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with severe motor symptoms but also with several non-motor symptoms (NMS). A substantial reduction of norepinephrine (NE) levels in various brain regions reflecting an extensive loss of innervation from the LC has been assumed as causal for the development of NMS and specifically of attentional impairments in PD. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a new, non-invasive neurostimulation method supposed to modulate the LC-NE system in humans. In the current opinion paper, we introduce taVNS as a systemic approach to directly affect NE neurotransmission in healthy as well as clinical populations and discuss its potential as therapeutic option for the treatment of NMS, specifically attentional deficits, in patients with PD. Here, we first describe the LC-NE system and discuss how LC-NE dysfunction might affects cognition in PD before detailing the mode of action of taVNS and proposing its use to modulate cognitive deficits in these patients.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-11-18\",\"journal\":\"Autonomic Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Imke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"LC-NE system, Non-motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease, TaVNS\",\"pages\":\"102901\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_lc-ne_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {The {LC}-{NE} system as a potential target for neuromodulation to ameliorate non-motor symptoms in {Parkinson}'s disease},\\n\\tvolume = {236},\\n\\tissn = {1566-0702},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gnmzpf},\\n\\tabstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with severe motor symptoms but also with several non-motor symptoms (NMS). A substantial reduction of norepinephrine (NE) levels in various brain regions reflecting an extensive loss of innervation from the LC has been assumed as causal for the development of NMS and specifically of attentional impairments in PD. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a new, non-invasive neurostimulation method supposed to modulate the LC-NE system in humans. In the current opinion paper, we introduce taVNS as a systemic approach to directly affect NE neurotransmission in healthy as well as clinical populations and discuss its potential as therapeutic option for the treatment of NMS, specifically attentional deficits, in patients with PD. Here, we first describe the LC-NE system and discuss how LC-NE dysfunction might affects cognition in PD before detailing the mode of action of taVNS and proposing its use to modulate cognitive deficits in these patients.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-11-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Autonomic Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Galazky, Imke and Krauel, Kerstin},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {LC-NE system, Non-motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease, TaVNS},\\n\\tpages = {102901},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Galazky, I.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_lc-ne_2021\",\"id\":\"zaehle_lc-ne_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314\"},\"keyword\":[\"LC-NE system\",\"Non-motor symptoms\",\"Parkinson's disease\",\"TaVNS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on beta and gamma brain oscillations\",\"volume\":\"140\",\"issn\":\"00109452\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477\",\"doi\":\"10/gkfjj3\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-10-20\",\"journal\":\"Cortex\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keute\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marius\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wienke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"222–231\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{keute_effects_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation ({tVNS}) on beta and gamma brain oscillations},\\n\\tvolume = {140},\\n\\tissn = {00109452},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gkfjj3},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-10-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Cortex},\\n\\tauthor = {Keute, Marius and Wienke, Christian and Ruhnau, Philipp and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {222--231},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Keute, M.\",\"Wienke, C.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"keute_effects_2021\",\"id\":\"keute_effects_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) and Ear-EEG: Potential for Closed-Loop Portable Non-invasive Brain Stimulation\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1662-5161\",\"shorttitle\":\"Transcranial Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) and Ear-EEG\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full\",\"doi\":\"10/gm7p8r\",\"abstract\":\"No matter how hard we concentrate, our attention fluctuates – a fact that greatly affects our success in completing a current task. Here, we review work from two methods that, in a closed-loop manner, have the potential to ameliorate these fluctuations. Ear-EEG can measure electric brain activity from areas in or around the ear, using small and thus portable hardware. It has been shown to capture the state of attention with high temporal resolution. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) comes with the same advantages (small and light) and critically current research suggests that it is possible to influence ongoing brain activity that has been linked to attention. Following the review of current work on ear-EEG and taVNS we suggest that a combination of the two methods in a closed-loop system could serve as a potential application to modulate attention.\",\"urldate\":\"2021-10-20\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"699473\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ruhnau_transcranial_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({taVNS}) and {Ear}-{EEG}: {Potential} for {Closed}-{Loop} {Portable} {Non}-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1662-5161},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Transcranial {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({taVNS}) and {Ear}-{EEG}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gm7p8r},\\n\\tabstract = {No matter how hard we concentrate, our attention fluctuates – a fact that greatly affects our success in completing a current task. Here, we review work from two methods that, in a closed-loop manner, have the potential to ameliorate these fluctuations. Ear-EEG can measure electric brain activity from areas in or around the ear, using small and thus portable hardware. It has been shown to capture the state of attention with high temporal resolution. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) comes with the same advantages (small and light) and critically current research suggests that it is possible to influence ongoing brain activity that has been linked to attention. Following the review of current work on ear-EEG and taVNS we suggest that a combination of the two methods in a closed-loop system could serve as a potential application to modulate attention.},\\n\\turldate = {2021-10-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {699473},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"ruhnau_transcranial_2021\",\"id\":\"ruhnau_transcranial_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) and the Dynamics of Visual Bistable Perception\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1662-453X\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full\",\"doi\":\"10/ghs26r\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keute\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marius\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boehrer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"227\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{keute_transcutaneous_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcutaneous {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({tVNS}) and the {Dynamics} of {Visual} {Bistable} {Perception}},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1662-453X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full},\\n\\tdoi = {10/ghs26r},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Keute, Marius and Boehrer, Lisa and Ruhnau, Philipp and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {227},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Keute, M.\",\"Boehrer, L.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"keute_transcutaneous_2019\",\"id\":\"keute_transcutaneous_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1471-2202\",\"shorttitle\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance\",\"url\":\"https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2\",\"doi\":\"10/b75vr3\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"BMC Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pascale\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thorne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeremy\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jäncke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_transcranial_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1471-2202},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance},\\n\\turl = {https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2},\\n\\tdoi = {10/b75vr3},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Sandmann, Pascale and Thorne, Jeremy D and Jäncke, Lutz and Herrmann, Christoph S},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {2},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Sandmann, P.\",\"Thorne, J. D\",\"Jäncke, L.\",\"Herrmann, C. S\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_transcranial_2011\",\"id\":\"zaehle_transcranial_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference\",\"volume\":\"1137\",\"issn\":\"00068993\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773\",\"doi\":\"10/dt5xrc\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Brain Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kirsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wüstenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Torsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baudewig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dechent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mast\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fred\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"92–103\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_neural_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference},\\n\\tvolume = {1137},\\n\\tissn = {00068993},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773},\\n\\tdoi = {10/dt5xrc},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Jordan, Kirsten and Wüstenberg, Torsten and Baudewig, Jürgen and Dechent, Peter and Mast, Fred W.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {92--103},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Jordan, K.\",\"Wüstenberg, T.\",\"Baudewig, J.\",\"Dechent, P.\",\"Mast, F. W.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_neural_2007\",\"id\":\"zaehle_neural_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic cross-frequency coupling\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"2050-084X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578\",\"doi\":\"10/gdz7tp\",\"abstract\":\"Previously we reported electrophysiological evidence for a role for the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) in human memory formation (Sweeney-Reed et al., 2014). Theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) predicted successful memory formation, with the involvement of gamma oscillations suggesting memory-relevant local processing in the ATN. The importance of the theta frequency range in memory processing is well-established, and phase alignment of oscillations is considered to be necessary for synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that theta phase alignment in the ATN would be necessary for memory encoding. Further analysis of the electrophysiological data reveal that phase alignment in the theta rhythm was greater during successful compared with unsuccessful encoding, and that this alignment was correlated with the CFC. These findings support an active processing role for the ATN during memory formation.\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"eLife\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweeney-Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Friedhelm\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buentjen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopitzki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Klaus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hermann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rugg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richardson-Klavehn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eichenbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Howard\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"cross-frequency coupling, encoding, iEEG, memory, phase alignment, thalamus\",\"pages\":\"e07578\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sweeney-reed_thalamic_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic cross-frequency coupling},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {2050-084X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gdz7tp},\\n\\tabstract = {Previously we reported electrophysiological evidence for a role for the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) in human memory formation (Sweeney-Reed et al., 2014). Theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) predicted successful memory formation, with the involvement of gamma oscillations suggesting memory-relevant local processing in the ATN. The importance of the theta frequency range in memory processing is well-established, and phase alignment of oscillations is considered to be necessary for synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that theta phase alignment in the ATN would be necessary for memory encoding. Further analysis of the electrophysiological data reveal that phase alignment in the theta rhythm was greater during successful compared with unsuccessful encoding, and that this alignment was correlated with the CFC. These findings support an active processing role for the ATN during memory formation.},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {eLife},\\n\\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M and Zaehle, Tino and Voges, Jürgen and Schmitt, Friedhelm C and Buentjen, Lars and Kopitzki, Klaus and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Rugg, Michael D and Knight, Robert T and Richardson-Klavehn, Alan},\\n\\teditor = {Eichenbaum, Howard},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {cross-frequency coupling, encoding, iEEG, memory, phase alignment, thalamus},\\n\\tpages = {e07578},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sweeney-Reed, C. M\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Schmitt, F. C\",\"Buentjen, L.\",\"Kopitzki, K.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Rugg, M. D\",\"Knight, R. T\",\"Richardson-Klavehn, A.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Eichenbaum, H.\"],\"key\":\"sweeney-reed_thalamic_2015\",\"id\":\"sweeney-reed_thalamic_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578\"},\"keyword\":[\"cross-frequency coupling\",\"encoding\",\"iEEG\",\"memory\",\"phase alignment\",\"thalamus\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory: a near infrared spectroscopy study\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"1756-0500\",\"shorttitle\":\"Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory\",\"url\":\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520\",\"doi\":\"10/f75t92\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"BMC Research Notes\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heilbronner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Urs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hermann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"520\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heilbronner_caffeine_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory: a near infrared spectroscopy study},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {1756-0500},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory},\\n\\turl = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520},\\n\\tdoi = {10/f75t92},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC Research Notes},\\n\\tauthor = {Heilbronner, Urs and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {520},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heilbronner, U.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"heilbronner_caffeine_2015\",\"id\":\"heilbronner_caffeine_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changed categorical perception of consonant–vowel syllables induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1471-2202\",\"url\":\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8\",\"doi\":\"10/f8jpmh\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"BMC Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimrath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heimrath_changed_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Changed categorical perception of consonant–vowel syllables induced by transcranial direct current stimulation ({tDCS})},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1471-2202},\\n\\turl = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8},\\n\\tdoi = {10/f8jpmh},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Heimrath, Kai and Fischer, Anna and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {8},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heimrath, K.\",\"Fischer, A.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"heimrath_changed_2016\",\"id\":\"heimrath_changed_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"shorttitle\":\"Changing pattern in the basal ganglia\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327\",\"doi\":\"10/f8d6jp\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Action selection in the basal ganglia is often described within the framework of a standard model, associating low dopaminergic drive with motor suppression. Whilst powerful, this model does not explain several clinical and experimental data, including varying therapeutic efficacy across movement disorders. We tested the predictions of this model in patients with Parkinson’s disease, on and off subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), focussing on adaptive sensory-motor responses to a changing environment and maintenance of an action until it is no longer suitable. Surprisingly, we observed prolonged perseverance under on-stimulation, and high inter-individual variability in terms of the motor selections performed when comparing the two conditions. To account for these data, we revised the standard model exploring its space of parameters and associated motor functions and found that, depending on effective connectivity between external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and saliency of the sensory input, a low dopaminergic drive can result in increased, dysfunctional, motor switching, besides motor suppression. This new framework provides insight into the biophysical mechanisms underlying DBS, allowing a description in terms of alteration of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrophysiological data in comparison with the standard model.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincenzo\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rigoli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francesco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Max-Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dolan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"23327\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fiore_changing_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Changing pattern in the basal ganglia},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327},\\n\\tdoi = {10/f8d6jp},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            Action selection in the basal ganglia is often described within the framework of a standard model, associating low dopaminergic drive with motor suppression. Whilst powerful, this model does not explain several clinical and experimental data, including varying therapeutic efficacy across movement disorders. We tested the predictions of this model in patients with Parkinson’s disease, on and off subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), focussing on adaptive sensory-motor responses to a changing environment and maintenance of an action until it is no longer suitable. Surprisingly, we observed prolonged perseverance under on-stimulation, and high inter-individual variability in terms of the motor selections performed when comparing the two conditions. To account for these data, we revised the standard model exploring its space of parameters and associated motor functions and found that, depending on effective connectivity between external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and saliency of the sensory input, a low dopaminergic drive can result in increased, dysfunctional, motor switching, besides motor suppression. This new framework provides insight into the biophysical mechanisms underlying DBS, allowing a description in terms of alteration of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrophysiological data in comparison with the standard model.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Fiore, Vincenzo G. and Rigoli, Francesco and Stenner, Max-Philipp and Zaehle, Tino and Hirth, Frank and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Dolan, Raymond J.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {23327},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fiore, V. G.\",\"Rigoli, F.\",\"Stenner, M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Hirth, F.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Dolan, R. J.\"],\"key\":\"fiore_changing_2016\",\"id\":\"fiore_changing_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Erratum: Corrigendum: Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"shorttitle\":\"Erratum\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841\",\"doi\":\"10/gmn3rp\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincenzo\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rigoli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francesco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Max-Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dolan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"30841\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fiore_erratum_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Erratum: {Corrigendum}: {Changing} pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gmn3rp},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Fiore, Vincenzo G. and Rigoli, Francesco and Stenner, Max-Philipp and Zaehle, Tino and Hirth, Frank and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Dolan, Raymond J.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {30841},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fiore, V. G.\",\"Rigoli, F.\",\"Stenner, M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Hirth, F.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Dolan, R. J.\"],\"key\":\"fiore_erratum_2016\",\"id\":\"fiore_erratum_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"2050-084X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352\",\"doi\":\"10/gg39j7\",\"abstract\":\"The anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) is thought to play an important role in a brain network involving the hippocampus and neocortex, which enables human memories to be formed. However, its small size and location deep within the brain have impeded direct investigation in humans with non-invasive techniques. Here we provide direct evidence for a functional role for the ATN in memory formation from rare simultaneous human intrathalamic and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from eight volunteering patients receiving intrathalamic electrodes implanted for the treatment of epilepsy, demonstrating real-time communication between neocortex and ATN during successful memory encoding. Neocortical-ATN theta oscillatory phase synchrony of local field potentials and neocortical-theta-to-ATN-gamma cross-frequency coupling during presentation of complex photographic scenes predicted later memory for the scenes, demonstrating a key role for the ATN in human memory encoding.\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"eLife\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweeney-Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juergen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Friedhelm\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buentjen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopitzki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Klaus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Esslinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hermann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richardson-Klavehn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eichenbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Howard\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"cross-frequency coupling, memory, synchrony, thalamus\",\"pages\":\"e05352\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sweeney-reed_corticothalamic_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {2050-084X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gg39j7},\\n\\tabstract = {The anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) is thought to play an important role in a brain network involving the hippocampus and neocortex, which enables human memories to be formed. However, its small size and location deep within the brain have impeded direct investigation in humans with non-invasive techniques. Here we provide direct evidence for a functional role for the ATN in memory formation from rare simultaneous human intrathalamic and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from eight volunteering patients receiving intrathalamic electrodes implanted for the treatment of epilepsy, demonstrating real-time communication between neocortex and ATN during successful memory encoding. Neocortical-ATN theta oscillatory phase synchrony of local field potentials and neocortical-theta-to-ATN-gamma cross-frequency coupling during presentation of complex photographic scenes predicted later memory for the scenes, demonstrating a key role for the ATN in human memory encoding.},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {eLife},\\n\\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M and Zaehle, Tino and Voges, Juergen and Schmitt, Friedhelm C and Buentjen, Lars and Kopitzki, Klaus and Esslinger, Christine and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Knight, Robert T and Richardson-Klavehn, Alan},\\n\\teditor = {Eichenbaum, Howard},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {cross-frequency coupling, memory, synchrony, thalamus},\\n\\tpages = {e05352},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sweeney-Reed, C. M\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Schmitt, F. C\",\"Buentjen, L.\",\"Kopitzki, K.\",\"Esslinger, C.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Knight, R. T\",\"Richardson-Klavehn, A.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Eichenbaum, H.\"],\"key\":\"sweeney-reed_corticothalamic_2014\",\"id\":\"sweeney-reed_corticothalamic_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352\"},\"keyword\":[\"cross-frequency coupling\",\"memory\",\"synchrony\",\"thalamus\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modulating Human Auditory Processing by Transcranial Electrical Stimulation\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1662-5102\",\"url\":\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053\",\"doi\":\"10/gdz72h\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimrath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiene\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katharina\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heimrath_modulating_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Modulating {Human} {Auditory} {Processing} by {Transcranial} {Electrical} {Stimulation}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1662-5102},\\n\\turl = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gdz72h},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Heimrath, Kai and Fiene, Marina and Rufener, Katharina S. and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heimrath, K.\",\"Fiene, M.\",\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"heimrath_modulating_2016\",\"id\":\"heimrath_modulating_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Induction of LTP-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation: An FMRI study\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"0922-6028\",\"shorttitle\":\"Induction of LTP-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation\",\"url\":\"https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407\",\"abstract\":\"Purpose : Previously we have shown that rapid sensory stimulation, in this case, auditory tone pips, can induce long-lasting plastic changes akin to Long Term Potentiation (LTP) within adult human sensory cortex. In a previous study, auditory LTP was\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3-4\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clapp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wesley\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeff\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"⛔ No DOI found\",\"pages\":\"251–259\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_induction_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Induction of {LTP}-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation: {An} {FMRI} study},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {0922-6028},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Induction of {LTP}-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation},\\n\\turl = {https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407},\\n\\tabstract = {Purpose : Previously we have shown that rapid sensory stimulation, in this case, auditory tone pips, can induce long-lasting plastic changes akin to Long Term Potentiation (LTP) within adult human sensory cortex. In a previous study, auditory LTP was},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3-4},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Clapp, Wesley C. and Hamm, Jeff P. and Meyer, Martin and Kirk, Ian J.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {⛔ No DOI found},\\n\\tpages = {251--259},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Clapp, W. C.\",\"Hamm, J. P.\",\"Meyer, M.\",\"Kirk, I. J.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_induction_2007\",\"id\":\"zaehle_induction_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-clapp-hamm-meyer-kirk-inductionofltplikechangesinhumanauditorycortexbyrapidauditorystimulationanfmristudy-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407\"},\"keyword\":[\"⛔ No DOI found\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Electrical brain imaging evidences left auditory cortex involvement in speech and non-speech discrimination based on temporal features\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1744-9081\",\"url\":\"http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63\",\"doi\":\"10/b3dqn5\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Behavioral and Brain Functions\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"63\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_electrical_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Electrical brain imaging evidences left auditory cortex involvement in speech and non-speech discrimination based on temporal features},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1744-9081},\\n\\turl = {http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63},\\n\\tdoi = {10/b3dqn5},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Behavioral and Brain Functions},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Jancke, Lutz and Meyer, Martin},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {63},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Jancke, L.\",\"Meyer, M.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_electrical_2007\",\"id\":\"zaehle_electrical_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of posed smiling on memory for happy and sad facial expressions\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7\",\"doi\":\"10/gmn3q9\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The perception and storage of facial emotional expressions constitutes an important human skill that is essential for our daily social interactions. While previous research revealed that facial feedback can influence the perception of facial emotional expressions, it is unclear whether facial feedback also plays a role in memory processes of facial emotional expressions. In the present study we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the performance in emotional visual working memory (WM). For this purpose, 37 participants underwent a classical facial feedback manipulation (FFM) (holding a pen with the teeth—inducing a smiling expression vs. holding a pen with the non-dominant hand—as a control condition) while they performed a WM task on varying intensities of happy or sad facial expressions. Results show that the smiling manipulation improved memory performance selectively for happy faces, especially for highly ambiguous facial expressions. Furthermore, we found that in addition to an overall negative bias specifically for happy faces (i.e. happy faces are remembered as more negative than they initially were), FFM induced a positivity bias when memorizing emotional facial information (i.e. faces were remembered as being more positive than they actually were). Finally, our data demonstrate that men were affected more by FFM: during induced smiling men showed a larger positive bias than women did. These data demonstrate that facial feedback not only influences our perception but also systematically alters our memory of facial emotional expressions.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lobmaier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janek\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"10477\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuehne_effects_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of posed smiling on memory for happy and sad facial expressions},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gmn3q9},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            The perception and storage of facial emotional expressions constitutes an important human skill that is essential for our daily social interactions. While previous research revealed that facial feedback can influence the perception of facial emotional expressions, it is unclear whether facial feedback also plays a role in memory processes of facial emotional expressions. In the present study we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the performance in emotional visual working memory (WM). For this purpose, 37 participants underwent a classical facial feedback manipulation (FFM) (holding a pen with the teeth—inducing a smiling expression vs. holding a pen with the non-dominant hand—as a control condition) while they performed a WM task on varying intensities of happy or sad facial expressions. Results show that the smiling manipulation improved memory performance selectively for happy faces, especially for highly ambiguous facial expressions. Furthermore, we found that in addition to an overall negative bias specifically for happy faces (i.e. happy faces are remembered as more negative than they initially were), FFM induced a positivity bias when memorizing emotional facial information (i.e. faces were remembered as being more positive than they actually were). Finally, our data demonstrate that men were affected more by FFM: during induced smiling men showed a larger positive bias than women did. These data demonstrate that facial feedback not only influences our perception but also systematically alters our memory of facial emotional expressions.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuehne, Maria and Zaehle, Tino and Lobmaier, Janek S.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {10477},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Lobmaier, J. S.\"],\"key\":\"kuehne_effects_2021\",\"id\":\"kuehne_effects_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Out of Focus: Facial Feedback Manipulation Modulates Automatic Processing of Unattended Emotional Faces\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"0898-929X, 1530-8898\",\"shorttitle\":\"Out of Focus\",\"url\":\"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334\",\"doi\":\"10/gjtfmc\",\"abstract\":\"Facial expressions provide information about an individual's intentions and emotions and are thus an important medium for nonverbal communication. Theories of embodied cognition assume that facial mimicry and resulting facial feedback plays an important role in the perception of facial emotional expressions. Although behavioral and electrophysiological studies have confirmed the influence of facial feedback on the perception of facial emotional expressions, the influence of facial feedback on the automatic processing of such stimuli is largely unexplored. The automatic processing of unattended facial expressions can be investigated by visual expression-related MMN. The expression-related MMN reflects a differential ERP of automatic detection of emotional changes elicited by rarely presented facial expressions (deviants) among frequently presented facial expressions (standards). In this study, we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the automatic processing of facial expressions. For this purpose, participants ( n = 19) performed a centrally presented visual detection task while neutral (standard), happy, and sad faces (deviants) were presented peripherally. During the task, facial feedback was manipulated by different pen holding conditions (holding the pen with teeth, lips, or nondominant hand). Our results indicate that automatic processing of facial expressions is influenced and thus dependent on the own facial feedback.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2021-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siwy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isabelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lobmaier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janek\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"1631–1640\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuehne_out_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Out of {Focus}: {Facial} {Feedback} {Manipulation} {Modulates} {Automatic} {Processing} of {Unattended} {Emotional} {Faces}},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {0898-929X, 1530-8898},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Out of {Focus}},\\n\\turl = {https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334},\\n\\tdoi = {10/gjtfmc},\\n\\tabstract = {Facial expressions provide information about an individual's intentions and emotions and are thus an important medium for nonverbal communication. Theories of embodied cognition assume that facial mimicry and resulting facial feedback plays an important role in the perception of facial emotional expressions. Although behavioral and electrophysiological studies have confirmed the influence of facial feedback on the perception of facial emotional expressions, the influence of facial feedback on the automatic processing of such stimuli is largely unexplored. The automatic processing of unattended facial expressions can be investigated by visual expression-related MMN. The expression-related MMN reflects a differential ERP of automatic detection of emotional changes elicited by rarely presented facial expressions (deviants) among frequently presented facial expressions (standards). In this study, we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the automatic processing of facial expressions. For this purpose, participants ( n = 19) performed a centrally presented visual detection task while neutral (standard), happy, and sad faces (deviants) were presented peripherally. During the task, facial feedback was manipulated by different pen holding conditions (holding the pen with teeth, lips, or nondominant hand). Our results indicate that automatic processing of facial expressions is influenced and thus dependent on the own facial feedback.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2021-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuehne, Maria and Siwy, Isabelle and Zaehle, Tino and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Lobmaier, Janek S.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {1631--1640},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Siwy, I.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Heinze, H.\",\"Lobmaier, J. S.\"],\"key\":\"kuehne_out_2019\",\"id\":\"kuehne_out_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"series\":\"Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) in Neurodevelopmental Disorders\",\"title\":\"Chapter 5 - Effects of a five-day HD-tDCS application to the right IFG depend on current intensity: A study in children and adolescents with ADHD\",\"volume\":\"264\",\"shorttitle\":\"Chapter 5 - Effects of a five-day HD-tDCS application to the right IFG depend on current intensity\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145\",\"abstract\":\"Impaired executive functions in ADHD are associated with hypoactivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This region was targeted via repetitive applications of anodal, high-definition transcranial direct current simulation (HD-tDCS) on five consecutive days in 33 ADHD patients (10–17years) and in a healthy control group (n=13, only sham). Patients received either sham (n=13) or verum tDCS with 0.5mA (n=9) or 0.25mA (n=11) depending on individual cutaneous sensitivity. During stimulation, participants performed a combined working memory and response inhibition paradigm (n-back/nogo). At baseline, post, and a 4-month follow up, electroencephalography was recorded during this task. Moreover, interference control (flanker task) and spatial working memory (spanboard task) were assessed to explore possible transfer effects. Omission errors and reaction time variability in all tasks served as measures of attention. In the 0.25mA group increased nogo commission errors indicated a detrimental tDCS effect on response inhibition. After the 5-day stimulation, attentional improvements in the 0.5mA group were indicated by reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Variability improvements were still evident at follow up. In all groups, nogo P3 amplitudes were reduced post-stimulation, but in the 0.5mA group this reduction was smaller than in the 0.25mA group. Results of the current study suggest distinct effects of tDCS with different current intensities demonstrating the importance of a deeper understanding on the impact of stimulation parameters and repeated tDCS applications to develop effective tDCS-based therapy approaches in ADHD.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-07-29\",\"booktitle\":\"Progress in Brain Research\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Breitling-Ziegler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wellnhofer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dannhauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Moritz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tegelbeckers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baumann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Valentin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flechtner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Henning\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kadosh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roi\",\"Cohen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014\",\"keywords\":\"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Dual-task, Event related potential, High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), P3, Repetitive tDCS, Response inhibition, Right inferior frontal gyrus, Working memory\",\"pages\":\"117–150\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{breitling-ziegler_chapter_2021,\\n\\tseries = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},\\n\\ttitle = {Chapter 5 - {Effects} of a five-day {HD}-{tDCS} application to the right {IFG} depend on current intensity: {A} study in children and adolescents with {ADHD}},\\n\\tvolume = {264},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Chapter 5 - {Effects} of a five-day {HD}-{tDCS} application to the right {IFG} depend on current intensity},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145},\\n\\tabstract = {Impaired executive functions in ADHD are associated with hypoactivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This region was targeted via repetitive applications of anodal, high-definition transcranial direct current simulation (HD-tDCS) on five consecutive days in 33 ADHD patients (10–17years) and in a healthy control group (n=13, only sham). Patients received either sham (n=13) or verum tDCS with 0.5mA (n=9) or 0.25mA (n=11) depending on individual cutaneous sensitivity. During stimulation, participants performed a combined working memory and response inhibition paradigm (n-back/nogo). At baseline, post, and a 4-month follow up, electroencephalography was recorded during this task. Moreover, interference control (flanker task) and spatial working memory (spanboard task) were assessed to explore possible transfer effects. Omission errors and reaction time variability in all tasks served as measures of attention. In the 0.25mA group increased nogo commission errors indicated a detrimental tDCS effect on response inhibition. After the 5-day stimulation, attentional improvements in the 0.5mA group were indicated by reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Variability improvements were still evident at follow up. In all groups, nogo P3 amplitudes were reduced post-stimulation, but in the 0.5mA group this reduction was smaller than in the 0.25mA group. Results of the current study suggest distinct effects of tDCS with different current intensities demonstrating the importance of a deeper understanding on the impact of stimulation parameters and repeated tDCS applications to develop effective tDCS-based therapy approaches in ADHD.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-07-29},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Breitling-Ziegler, Carolin and Zaehle, Tino and Wellnhofer, Christian and Dannhauer, Moritz and Tegelbeckers, Jana and Baumann, Valentin and Flechtner, Hans-Henning and Krauel, Kerstin},\\n\\teditor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Dual-task, Event related potential, High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), P3, Repetitive tDCS, Response inhibition, Right inferior frontal gyrus, Working memory},\\n\\tpages = {117--150},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Breitling-Ziegler, C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Wellnhofer, C.\",\"Dannhauer, M.\",\"Tegelbeckers, J.\",\"Baumann, V.\",\"Flechtner, H.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Kadosh, R. C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"key\":\"breitling-ziegler_chapter_2021\",\"id\":\"breitling-ziegler_chapter_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145\"},\"keyword\":[\"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder\",\"Dual-task\",\"Event related potential\",\"High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS)\",\"P3\",\"Repetitive tDCS\",\"Response inhibition\",\"Right inferior frontal gyrus\",\"Working memory\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"series\":\"Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) in Neurodevelopmental Disorders\",\"title\":\"Chapter 7 - Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A viable option?\",\"volume\":\"264\",\"shorttitle\":\"Chapter 7 - Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728\",\"abstract\":\"Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from a range of cognitive and behavioral problems that severely impair their educational and occupational attainment. ADHD symptoms have been linked to structural and functional changes within and between different brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex. At the system level, reduced availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) but also γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been repeatedly demonstrated. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been explored as treatment alternatives to alter dysfunctional activation patterns in specified brain areas or networks. In the current paper, we introduce transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a systemic approach to directly affect NE and GABA neurotransmission. TVNS is a non-drug intervention with low risk and proven efficacy in improving cognitive particularly executive functions. It is easy to apply and therefore well-suited to provide home-based or mobile treatment options allowing a significant increase in treatment intensity and providing easier access to medical care for individuals who are unable to regularly visit a clinician. We describe in detail the underlying mechanisms of tVNS and current fields of application and discuss its potential as an adjuvant treatment for ADHD.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-07-29\",\"booktitle\":\"Progress in Brain Research\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kadosh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roi\",\"Cohen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001\",\"keywords\":\"ADHD, Cognitive function, GABA, NIBS, Norepinephrine, tVNS\",\"pages\":\"171–190\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{zaehle_chapter_2021,\\n\\tseries = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},\\n\\ttitle = {Chapter 7 - {Transcutaneous} vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: {A} viable option?},\\n\\tvolume = {264},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Chapter 7 - {Transcutaneous} vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728},\\n\\tabstract = {Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from a range of cognitive and behavioral problems that severely impair their educational and occupational attainment. ADHD symptoms have been linked to structural and functional changes within and between different brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex. At the system level, reduced availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) but also γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been repeatedly demonstrated. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been explored as treatment alternatives to alter dysfunctional activation patterns in specified brain areas or networks. In the current paper, we introduce transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a systemic approach to directly affect NE and GABA neurotransmission. TVNS is a non-drug intervention with low risk and proven efficacy in improving cognitive particularly executive functions. It is easy to apply and therefore well-suited to provide home-based or mobile treatment options allowing a significant increase in treatment intensity and providing easier access to medical care for individuals who are unable to regularly visit a clinician. We describe in detail the underlying mechanisms of tVNS and current fields of application and discuss its potential as an adjuvant treatment for ADHD.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-07-29},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\\n\\teditor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001},\\n\\tkeywords = {ADHD, Cognitive function, GABA, NIBS, Norepinephrine, tVNS},\\n\\tpages = {171--190},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Kadosh, R. C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_chapter_2021\",\"id\":\"zaehle_chapter_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728\"},\"keyword\":[\"ADHD\",\"Cognitive function\",\"GABA\",\"NIBS\",\"Norepinephrine\",\"tVNS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"series\":\"Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) in Neurodevelopmental Disorders\",\"title\":\"Chapter 9 - Dysfunctional auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia: A potential target for a tACS-based intervention\",\"volume\":\"264\",\"shorttitle\":\"Chapter 9 - Dysfunctional auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169\",\"abstract\":\"Interventions in developmental dyslexia typically consist of orthography-based reading and writing trainings. However, their efficacy is limited and, consequently, the symptoms persist into adulthood. Critical for this lack of efficacy is the still ongoing debate about the core deficit in dyslexia and its underlying neurobiological causes. There is ample evidence on phonological as well as auditory temporal processing deficits in dyslexia and, on the other hand, cortical gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex as functionally relevant for the extraction of linguistically meaningful information units from the acoustic signal. The present work aims to shed more light on the link between auditory gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills in dyslexia. By mean of EEG, individual gamma frequencies were assessed in a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia as well as in an age-matched control group with typical literacy skills. Furthermore, phonological awareness was assessed in both groups, while in dyslexic participants also reading and writing performance was measured. We found significantly lower gamma peak frequencies as well as lower phonological awareness scores in dyslexic participants compared to age-matched controls. Additionally, results showed a positive correlation between the individual gamma frequency and phonological awareness. Our data suggest a hierarchical structure of neural gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills. Thereby, the results emphasize altered gamma oscillation not only as a core deficit in dyslexia but also as a potential target for future causal interventions. We discuss these findings considering non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and suggest transcranial alternating current stimulation as a promising approach to normalize dysfunctional oscillations in dyslexia.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-07-29\",\"booktitle\":\"Progress in Brain Research\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katharina\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kadosh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roi\",\"Cohen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tino\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.016\",\"keywords\":\"Dyslexia, Individual gamma frequency, Literacy skills, Phonological awareness, Transcranial alternating current stimulation\",\"pages\":\"211–232\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{rufener_chapter_2021,\\n\\tseries = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},\\n\\ttitle = {Chapter 9 - {Dysfunctional} auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia: {A} potential target for a {tACS}-based intervention},\\n\\tvolume = {264},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Chapter 9 - {Dysfunctional} auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169},\\n\\tabstract = {Interventions in developmental dyslexia typically consist of orthography-based reading and writing trainings. However, their efficacy is limited and, consequently, the symptoms persist into adulthood. Critical for this lack of efficacy is the still ongoing debate about the core deficit in dyslexia and its underlying neurobiological causes. There is ample evidence on phonological as well as auditory temporal processing deficits in dyslexia and, on the other hand, cortical gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex as functionally relevant for the extraction of linguistically meaningful information units from the acoustic signal. The present work aims to shed more light on the link between auditory gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills in dyslexia. By mean of EEG, individual gamma frequencies were assessed in a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia as well as in an age-matched control group with typical literacy skills. Furthermore, phonological awareness was assessed in both groups, while in dyslexic participants also reading and writing performance was measured. We found significantly lower gamma peak frequencies as well as lower phonological awareness scores in dyslexic participants compared to age-matched controls. Additionally, results showed a positive correlation between the individual gamma frequency and phonological awareness. Our data suggest a hierarchical structure of neural gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills. Thereby, the results emphasize altered gamma oscillation not only as a core deficit in dyslexia but also as a potential target for future causal interventions. We discuss these findings considering non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and suggest transcranial alternating current stimulation as a promising approach to normalize dysfunctional oscillations in dyslexia.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-07-29},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Rufener, Katharina S. and Zaehle, Tino},\\n\\teditor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dyslexia, Individual gamma frequency, Literacy skills, Phonological awareness, Transcranial alternating current stimulation},\\n\\tpages = {211--232},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Kadosh, R. C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"key\":\"rufener_chapter_2021\",\"id\":\"rufener_chapter_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dyslexia\",\"Individual gamma frequency\",\"Literacy skills\",\"Phonological awareness\",\"Transcranial alternating current stimulation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Faith and oscillations recovered: On analyzing EEG/MEG signals during tACS.\",\"volume\":\"147\",\"url\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.022\",\"abstract\":\"Despite recent success in analyzing brain oscillations recorded during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), the field still requires further research to establish standards in artifact removal methods. This includes taking a step back from the removal of the tACS artifact and thoroughly characterizing the to-be-removed artifact. A recent study by Noury et al. (2016) contributed importantly to this endeavour by showing the existence of nonlinear artefacts in the tACS signal as seen by MEG and EEG. Unfortunately however this paper conveys the message that current artifact removal attempts have failed altogether and that-based on these available tools-brain oscillations recorded during tACS cannot be analyzed using MEG and EEG. Here we want to balance this overly pessimistic conclusion: In-depth reanalyses of our own data and phantom-head measurements indicate that nonlinearities can occur, but only when technical limits of the stimulator are reached. As such they are part of the \\\"real\\\" stimulation and not a specific MEG analysis problem. Future tACS studies should consider these technical limits to avoid any nonlinear modulations of the tACS artifact. We conclude that even with current approaches, brain oscillations recorded during tACS can be meaningfully studied in many practical cases.\",\"language\":\"English\",\"journal\":\"NeuroImage\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neuling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Demarchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gianpaolo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"pmid\":\"27888060\",\"keywords\":\"EEG, MEG, artifact removal, beamforming, brain oscillations, tACS\",\"pages\":\"960–963\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{neuling_faith_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Faith and oscillations recovered: {On} analyzing {EEG}/{MEG} signals during {tACS}.},\\n\\tvolume = {147},\\n\\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite recent success in analyzing brain oscillations recorded during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), the field still requires further research to establish standards in artifact removal methods. This includes taking a step back from the removal of the tACS artifact and thoroughly characterizing the to-be-removed artifact. A recent study by Noury et al. (2016) contributed importantly to this endeavour by showing the existence of nonlinear artefacts in the tACS signal as seen by MEG and EEG. Unfortunately however this paper conveys the message that current artifact removal attempts have failed altogether and that-based on these available tools-brain oscillations recorded during tACS cannot be analyzed using MEG and EEG. Here we want to balance this overly pessimistic conclusion: In-depth reanalyses of our own data and phantom-head measurements indicate that nonlinearities can occur, but only when technical limits of the stimulator are reached. As such they are part of the \\\"real\\\" stimulation and not a specific MEG analysis problem. Future tACS studies should consider these technical limits to avoid any nonlinear modulations of the tACS artifact. We conclude that even with current approaches, brain oscillations recorded during tACS can be meaningfully studied in many practical cases.},\\n\\tlanguage = {English},\\n\\tjournal = {NeuroImage},\\n\\tauthor = {Neuling, Toralf and Ruhnau, Philipp and Weisz, Nathan and Herrmann, Christoph S and Demarchi, Gianpaolo},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tpmid = {27888060},\\n\\tkeywords = {EEG, MEG, artifact removal, beamforming, brain oscillations, tACS},\\n\\tpages = {960--963},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Neuling, T.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Weisz, N.\",\"Herrmann, C. S\",\"Demarchi, G.\"],\"key\":\"neuling_faith_2017\",\"id\":\"neuling_faith_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X\"},\"keyword\":[\"EEG\",\"MEG\",\"artifact removal\",\"beamforming\",\"brain oscillations\",\"tACS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Local Network-Level Integration Mediates Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"2158-0014\",\"url\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564\",\"doi\":\"10.1089/brain.2017.0564\",\"abstract\":\"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed as a tool to draw causal inferences on the role of oscillatory activity in cognitive functioning and has the potential to induce long-term changes in cerebral networks. However, effectiveness of tACS underlies high variability and dependencies, which, as previous modeling works have suggested, may be mediated by local and network-level brain states. We used magnetoencephalography to record brain activity from 17 healthy participants at rest as they kept their eyes open (EO) or eyes closed (EC) while being stimulated with sham, weak, or strong alpha-tACS using a montage commonly assumed to target occipital areas. We reconstructed the activity of sources in all stimulation conditions by means of beamforming. The analysis of resting-state brain activity revealed an interaction of the external stimulation with the endogenous alpha power increase from EO to EC. This interaction was localized to the posterior cingulate, a region remote from occipital cortex. This suggests state-dependent (EO vs. EC) long-range effects of tACS. In a follow-up analysis of this online-tACS effect, we find evidence that this state-dependency effect is mediated by functional network changes: connection strength from the precuneus was significantly correlated with the state-dependency effect in the posterior cingulate during tACS. No analogous correlation could be found for alpha power modulations in occipital cortex. Altogether, this is the first strong evidence to illustrate how functional network architectures can shape tACS effects.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2021-04-28\",\"journal\":\"Brain Connectivity\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fuscà\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neuling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"212–219\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fusca_local_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Local {Network}-{Level} {Integration} {Mediates} {Effects} of {Transcranial} {Alternating} {Current} {Stimulation}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {2158-0014},\\n\\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1089/brain.2017.0564},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed as a tool to draw causal inferences on the role of oscillatory activity in cognitive functioning and has the potential to induce long-term changes in cerebral networks. However, effectiveness of tACS underlies high variability and dependencies, which, as previous modeling works have suggested, may be mediated by local and network-level brain states. We used magnetoencephalography to record brain activity from 17 healthy participants at rest as they kept their eyes open (EO) or eyes closed (EC) while being stimulated with sham, weak, or strong alpha-tACS using a montage commonly assumed to target occipital areas. We reconstructed the activity of sources in all stimulation conditions by means of beamforming. The analysis of resting-state brain activity revealed an interaction of the external stimulation with the endogenous alpha power increase from EO to EC. This interaction was localized to the posterior cingulate, a region remote from occipital cortex. This suggests state-dependent (EO vs. EC) long-range effects of tACS. In a follow-up analysis of this online-tACS effect, we find evidence that this state-dependency effect is mediated by functional network changes: connection strength from the precuneus was significantly correlated with the state-dependency effect in the posterior cingulate during tACS. No analogous correlation could be found for alpha power modulations in occipital cortex. Altogether, this is the first strong evidence to illustrate how functional network architectures can shape tACS effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2021-04-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Connectivity},\\n\\tauthor = {Fuscà, Marco and Ruhnau, Philipp and Neuling, Toralf and Weisz, Nathan},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {212--219},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fuscà, M.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Neuling, T.\",\"Weisz, N.\"],\"key\":\"fusca_local_2018\",\"id\":\"fusca_local_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Theta oscillations underlie retrieval success effects in the nucleus accumbens and anterior thalamus: Evidence from human intracranial recordings\",\"volume\":\"155\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.001\",\"abstract\":\"Previous imaging studies independently highlighted the role of the anterior thalamus (ANT) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in successful memory retrieval. While these findings accord with theoretical models, the precise temporal, oscillatory and network dynamics as well as the interplay between the NAcc and ANT in successfully retrieving information from long-term memory are largely unknown. We addressed this issue by recording intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients from the NAcc (n = 5) and ANT (n = 4) during an old/new recognition test. Our findings demonstrate that differences in event-related potentials between correctly classified old (i.e., studied) and new (i.e., unstudied) images emerged in the NAcc and ANT already between 200 and 600 ms after stimulus onset. Moreover, time-frequency analyses revealed theta (4-8 Hz) power decreases for old compared to new items in the NAcc and the opposite effect in the ANT. Importantly, Granger causality analyses revealed a directional communication from ANT to NAcc suggesting that entrainment from ANT drives successful memory retrieval. Together, our findings show evidence for the notion that the NAcc and ANT receive memory signals, and that theta oscillations may serve as a mechanism to bind these distributed neural assemblies.\",\"journal\":\"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bunzeck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"104–112\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bauch_theta_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Theta oscillations underlie retrieval success effects in the nucleus accumbens and anterior thalamus: {Evidence} from human intracranial recordings},\\n\\tvolume = {155},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous imaging studies independently highlighted the role of the anterior thalamus (ANT) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in successful memory retrieval. While these findings accord with theoretical models, the precise temporal, oscillatory and network dynamics as well as the interplay between the NAcc and ANT in successfully retrieving information from long-term memory are largely unknown. We addressed this issue by recording intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients from the NAcc (n = 5) and ANT (n = 4) during an old/new recognition test. Our findings demonstrate that differences in event-related potentials between correctly classified old (i.e., studied) and new (i.e., unstudied) images emerged in the NAcc and ANT already between 200 and 600 ms after stimulus onset. Moreover, time-frequency analyses revealed theta (4-8 Hz) power decreases for old compared to new items in the NAcc and the opposite effect in the ANT. Importantly, Granger causality analyses revealed a directional communication from ANT to NAcc suggesting that entrainment from ANT drives successful memory retrieval. Together, our findings show evidence for the notion that the NAcc and ANT receive memory signals, and that theta oscillations may serve as a mechanism to bind these distributed neural assemblies.},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\\n\\tauthor = {Bauch, E. M. and Bunzeck, N. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {104--112},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bauch, E. M.\",\"Bunzeck, N.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"bauch_theta_2018\",\"id\":\"bauch_theta_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bauch-bunzeck-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-thetaoscillationsunderlieretrievalsuccesseffectsinthenucleusaccumbensandanteriorthalamusevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Selectively Modulates Emotion Recognition of Facial Stimuli in Parkinson's Patients\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/jcm8091335\",\"abstract\":\": Background: Diminished emotion recognition is a known symptom in Parkinson (PD) patients and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been shown to further deteriorate the processing of especially negative emotions. While emotion recognition generally refers to both, implicit and explicit processing, demonstrations of DBS-influences on implicit processing are sparse. In the present study, we assessed the impact of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit processing for emotional stimuli. Under STN-DBS ON and OFF, fourteen PD patients performed an implicit as well as an explicit emotional processing task. To assess implicit emotional processing, patients were tested with a lexical decision task (LTD) combined with an affective priming paradigm, which provides emotional content through the facial eye region. To assess explicit emotional processing, patients additionally explicitly rated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task. DBS affected explicit emotional processing more than implicit processing with a more pronounced effect on error rates than on reaction speed. STN-DBS generally worsened implicit and explicit processing for disgust stimulus material but improved explicit processing of fear stimuli. This is the first study demonstrating influences of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit emotion processing in PD patients. While STN stimulation impeded the processing of disgust stimuli, it improved explicit discrimination of fear stimuli.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"J Clin Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagenbreth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wagenbreth_deep_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Deep {Brain} {Stimulation} of the {Subthalamic} {Nucleus} {Selectively} {Modulates} {Emotion} {Recognition} of {Facial} {Stimuli} in {Parkinson}'s {Patients}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/jcm8091335},\\n\\tabstract = {: Background: Diminished emotion recognition is a known symptom in Parkinson (PD) patients and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been shown to further deteriorate the processing of especially negative emotions. While emotion recognition generally refers to both, implicit and explicit processing, demonstrations of DBS-influences on implicit processing are sparse. In the present study, we assessed the impact of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit processing for emotional stimuli.\\n Under STN-DBS ON and OFF, fourteen PD patients performed an implicit as well as an explicit emotional processing task. To assess implicit emotional processing, patients were tested with a lexical decision task (LTD) combined with an affective priming paradigm, which provides emotional content through the facial eye region. To assess explicit emotional processing, patients additionally explicitly rated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task.\\n DBS affected explicit emotional processing more than implicit processing with a more pronounced effect on error rates than on reaction speed. STN-DBS generally worsened implicit and explicit processing for disgust stimulus material but improved explicit processing of fear stimuli.\\n This is the first study demonstrating influences of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit emotion processing in PD patients. While STN stimulation impeded the processing of disgust stimuli, it improved explicit discrimination of fear stimuli.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {J Clin Med},\\n\\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Kuehne, M. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wagenbreth, C.\",\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Galazky, I.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"wagenbreth_deep_2019\",\"id\":\"wagenbreth_deep_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wagenbreth-kuehne-voges-heinze-galazky-zaehle-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusselectivelymodulatesemotionrecognitionoffacialstimuliinparkinsonspatients-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cognitive Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: An Objective Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment by Transcranial Electrical Stimulation\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/brainsci9050100\",\"abstract\":\"Cognitive fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Despite its clinical significance, progress in understanding and treating fatigue is still limited. This limitation is already caused by an inconsistent and heterogeneous terminology and assessment of fatigue. In this review, we integrate previous literature on fatigue and propose a unified schema aiming to clarify the fatigue taxonomy. With special focus on cognitive fatigue, we survey the significance of objective behavioral and electrophysiological fatigue parameters and discuss the controversial literature on the relationship between subjective and objective fatigue assessment. As MS-related cognitive fatigue drastically affects quality of life, the development of efficient therapeutic approaches for overcoming cognitive fatigue is of high clinical relevance. In this regard, the reliable and valid assessment of the individual fatigue level by objective parameters is essential for systematic treatment evaluation and optimization. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may offer a unique opportunity to manipulate maladaptive neural activity underlying MS fatigue. Therefore, we discuss evidence for the therapeutic potential of tES on cognitive fatigue in people with MS.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Brain Sci\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linnhoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiene\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{linnhoff_cognitive_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Cognitive {Fatigue} in {Multiple} {Sclerosis}: {An} {Objective} {Approach} to {Diagnosis} and {Treatment} by {Transcranial} {Electrical} {Stimulation}},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/brainsci9050100},\\n\\tabstract = {Cognitive fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Despite its clinical significance, progress in understanding and treating fatigue is still limited. This limitation is already caused by an inconsistent and heterogeneous terminology and assessment of fatigue. In this review, we integrate previous literature on fatigue and propose a unified schema aiming to clarify the fatigue taxonomy. With special focus on cognitive fatigue, we survey the significance of objective behavioral and electrophysiological fatigue parameters and discuss the controversial literature on the relationship between subjective and objective fatigue assessment. As MS-related cognitive fatigue drastically affects quality of life, the development of efficient therapeutic approaches for overcoming cognitive fatigue is of high clinical relevance. In this regard, the reliable and valid assessment of the individual fatigue level by objective parameters is essential for systematic treatment evaluation and optimization. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may offer a unique opportunity to manipulate maladaptive neural activity underlying MS fatigue. Therefore, we discuss evidence for the therapeutic potential of tES on cognitive fatigue in people with MS.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Sci},\\n\\tauthor = {Linnhoff, S. and Fiene, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Linnhoff, S.\",\"Fiene, M.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"linnhoff_cognitive_2019\",\"id\":\"linnhoff_cognitive_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"linnhoff-fiene-heinze-zaehle-cognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosisanobjectiveapproachtodiagnosisandtreatmentbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neuronal oscillations of the pedunculopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy: Influence of levodopa and movement\",\"volume\":\"131\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.033\",\"abstract\":\"The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been proposed as a new deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for the treatment in idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome (IPS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In IPS, levodopa has been shown to induce alpha activity in the PPN, indicating a possible physiological role for these oscillations in movement control. Despite shared clinical features, the PPN is more severely affected in PSP than IPS. Here we investigated neuronal oscillations in the PPN in PSP and the influence of levodopa and movement. Local field potentials were recorded bilaterally from the PPN of 4 PSP patients at rest, with levodopa and during self-paced leg movements. During rest, levodopa administration was associated with significantly increased alpha and reduced gamma activity in the PPN. Without levodopa, continuous movements were associated with reduced alpha and beta power. These differences between oscillatory power during movement and resting state were not observed with levodopa administration. In PSP the changes in neuronal oscillations in the PPN region on levodopa administration are similar to those reported in IPS. The enhancement of lower frequency oscillations in the PPN is possibly influenced by a dopaminergic activation of the striatal pathway and a reduced pallidal inhibition. Levodopa influences neuronal oscillations at low and high frequencies in the PPN region in Parkinsonian disorders.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Clinical Neurophysiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweeney-Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neumann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kupsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"414–419\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{galazky_neuronal_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Neuronal oscillations of the pedunculopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy: {Influence} of levodopa and movement},\\n\\tvolume = {131},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.033},\\n\\tabstract = {The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been proposed as a new deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for the treatment in idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome (IPS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In IPS, levodopa has been shown to induce alpha activity in the PPN, indicating a possible physiological role for these oscillations in movement control. Despite shared clinical features, the PPN is more severely affected in PSP than IPS. Here we investigated neuronal oscillations in the PPN in PSP and the influence of levodopa and movement.\\n Local field potentials were recorded bilaterally from the PPN of 4 PSP patients at rest, with levodopa and during self-paced leg movements.\\n During rest, levodopa administration was associated with significantly increased alpha and reduced gamma activity in the PPN. Without levodopa, continuous movements were associated with reduced alpha and beta power. These differences between oscillatory power during movement and resting state were not observed with levodopa administration.\\n In PSP the changes in neuronal oscillations in the PPN region on levodopa administration are similar to those reported in IPS. The enhancement of lower frequency oscillations in the PPN is possibly influenced by a dopaminergic activation of the striatal pathway and a reduced pallidal inhibition.\\n Levodopa influences neuronal oscillations at low and high frequencies in the PPN region in Parkinsonian disorders.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T. and Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Neumann, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Kupsch, A. and Hinrichs, H.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {414--419},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Galazky, I.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Sweeney-Reed, C. M.\",\"Neumann, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Kupsch, A.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\"],\"key\":\"galazky_neuronal_2020\",\"id\":\"galazky_neuronal_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"galazky-zaehle-sweeneyreed-neumann-heinze-voges-kupsch-hinrichs-neuronaloscillationsofthepedunculopontinenucleusinprogressivesupranuclearpalsyinfluenceoflevodopaandmovement-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase fluctuations originate from different neural sources and exert distinct impact on stimulus-evoked responses\",\"volume\":\"n/a\",\"issn\":\"1460-9568\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ejn.15138\",\"abstract\":\"Ongoing oscillatory neural activity before stimulus onset influences subsequent visual perception. Specifically, both the power and the phase of oscillations in the alpha-frequency band (9–13 Hz) have been reported to predict the detection of visual stimuli. Up to now, the functional mechanisms underlying pre-stimulus power and phase effects on upcoming visual percepts are debated. Here, we used magnetoencephalography recordings together with a near-threshold visual detection task to investigate the neural generators of pre-stimulus power and phase and their impact on subsequent visual-evoked responses. Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase opposition effects were found consistent with previous reports. Source localization suggested clearly distinct neural generators for these pre-stimulus effects: Power effects were mainly found in occipital-temporal regions, whereas phase effects also involved prefrontal areas. In order to be functionally relevant, the pre-stimulus correlates should influence post-stimulus processing. Using a trial-sorting approach, we observed that only pre-stimulus power modulated the Hits versus Misses difference in the evoked response, a well-established post-stimulus neural correlate of near-threshold perception, such that trials with stronger pre-stimulus power effect showed greater post-stimulus difference. By contrast, no influence of pre-stimulus phase effects were found. In sum, our study shows distinct generators for two pre-stimulus neural patterns predicting visual perception, and that only alpha power impacts the post-stimulus correlate of conscious access. This underlines the functional relevance of prestimulus alpha power on perceptual awareness, while questioning the role of alpha phase.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"n/a\",\"urldate\":\"2021-04-28\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zazio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agnese\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wutz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"conscious perception, magnetoencephalography, neural oscillations, phase opposition, visual detection\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zazio_pre-stimulus_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase fluctuations originate from different neural sources and exert distinct impact on stimulus-evoked responses},\\n\\tvolume = {n/a},\\n\\tissn = {1460-9568},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/ejn.15138},\\n\\tabstract = {Ongoing oscillatory neural activity before stimulus onset influences subsequent visual perception. Specifically, both the power and the phase of oscillations in the alpha-frequency band (9–13 Hz) have been reported to predict the detection of visual stimuli. Up to now, the functional mechanisms underlying pre-stimulus power and phase effects on upcoming visual percepts are debated. Here, we used magnetoencephalography recordings together with a near-threshold visual detection task to investigate the neural generators of pre-stimulus power and phase and their impact on subsequent visual-evoked responses. Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase opposition effects were found consistent with previous reports. Source localization suggested clearly distinct neural generators for these pre-stimulus effects: Power effects were mainly found in occipital-temporal regions, whereas phase effects also involved prefrontal areas. In order to be functionally relevant, the pre-stimulus correlates should influence post-stimulus processing. Using a trial-sorting approach, we observed that only pre-stimulus power modulated the Hits versus Misses difference in the evoked response, a well-established post-stimulus neural correlate of near-threshold perception, such that trials with stronger pre-stimulus power effect showed greater post-stimulus difference. By contrast, no influence of pre-stimulus phase effects were found. In sum, our study shows distinct generators for two pre-stimulus neural patterns predicting visual perception, and that only alpha power impacts the post-stimulus correlate of conscious access. This underlines the functional relevance of prestimulus alpha power on perceptual awareness, while questioning the role of alpha phase.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {n/a},\\n\\turldate = {2021-04-28},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zazio, Agnese and Ruhnau, Philipp and Weisz, Nathan and Wutz, Andreas},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {conscious perception, magnetoencephalography, neural oscillations, phase opposition, visual detection},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zazio, A.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Weisz, N.\",\"Wutz, A.\"],\"key\":\"zazio_pre-stimulus_2021\",\"id\":\"zazio_pre-stimulus_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138\"},\"keyword\":[\"conscious perception\",\"magnetoencephalography\",\"neural oscillations\",\"phase opposition\",\"visual detection\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The internal time keeper: Causal evidence for the role of the cerebellum in anticipating regular acoustic events\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021\",\"abstract\":\"Most acoustic events in our environment do not appear randomly but are rather predictable due to the temporal regularity in that they occur. Besides sensory-related cortical areas, the cerebellum has been suggested as a key structure in temporal processing and in the anticipation of future events. Hence, patients with cerebellum lesions show impaired precision in temporal processing as reflected in the reduced ability to exploit temporal regularity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we here aimed to draw further causal conclusions on the human cerebellum as functionally relevant in temporal processing of acoustic events. We focused on the electrophysiologic P3b, a large positive wave apparent in the electroencephalography (EEG), that represents encoding of task-relevant events and that has been demonstrated as sensitive to the exploitation of temporal regularities. Participants received 30 min of anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the cerebellum while they performed two oddball paradigms with different temporal regularities in that the acoustic stimuli were presented. Following clinical observations, we hypothesized that tDCS-effects will be present in the regular oddball paradigm only, thus, in the condition that allows anticipating the occurrence of subsequent stimuli. In result, we found that cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum reduced the P3b-amplitude specifically in response to target stimuli in the regular paradigm. Thereby, tDCS-induced changes mirror the effects of cerebellar lesions in clinical samples. Our data provides direct evidence for a causal link between the human cerebellum and auditory processing of temporal regularity and emphasize future work on a potential benefit of cerebellar-tDCS in clinical samples.\",\"journal\":\"Cortex\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Husemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"177–187\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rufener_internal_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {The internal time keeper: {Causal} evidence for the role of the cerebellum in anticipating regular acoustic events},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021},\\n\\tabstract = {Most acoustic events in our environment do not appear randomly but are rather predictable due to the temporal regularity in that they occur. Besides sensory-related cortical areas, the cerebellum has been suggested as a key structure in temporal processing and in the anticipation of future events. Hence, patients with cerebellum lesions show impaired precision in temporal processing as reflected in the reduced ability to exploit temporal regularity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we here aimed to draw further causal conclusions on the human cerebellum as functionally relevant in temporal processing of acoustic events. We focused on the electrophysiologic P3b, a large positive wave apparent in the electroencephalography (EEG), that represents encoding of task-relevant events and that has been demonstrated as sensitive to the exploitation of temporal regularities. Participants received 30 min of anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the cerebellum while they performed two oddball paradigms with different temporal regularities in that the acoustic stimuli were presented. Following clinical observations, we hypothesized that tDCS-effects will be present in the regular oddball paradigm only, thus, in the condition that allows anticipating the occurrence of subsequent stimuli. In result, we found that cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum reduced the P3b-amplitude specifically in response to target stimuli in the regular paradigm. Thereby, tDCS-induced changes mirror the effects of cerebellar lesions in clinical samples. Our data provides direct evidence for a causal link between the human cerebellum and auditory processing of temporal regularity and emphasize future work on a potential benefit of cerebellar-tDCS in clinical samples.},\\n\\tjournal = {Cortex},\\n\\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Husemann, A. M. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {177--187},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Husemann, A. M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"rufener_internal_2020\",\"id\":\"rufener_internal_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rufener-husemann-zaehle-theinternaltimekeepercausalevidencefortheroleofthecerebelluminanticipatingregularacousticevents-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling in the human nucleus accumbens tracks action monitoring during cognitive control\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fnhum.2013.00635\",\"abstract\":\"The Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) is an important structure for the transfer of information between cortical and subcortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. However, the mechanism that allows the NAcc to achieve this integration is not well understood. Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) of oscillations in different frequency bands has been proposed as an effective mechanism to form functional networks to optimize transfer and integration of information. Here we assess PAC between theta and high gamma oscillations as a potential mechanism that facilitates motor adaptation. To address this issue we recorded intracranial field potentials directly from the bilateral human NAcc in three patients while they performed a motor learning task that varied in the level of cognitive control needed to perform the task. As in rodents, PAC was observable in the human NAcc, transiently occurring contralateral to a movement following the motor response. Importantly, PAC correlated with the level of cognitive control needed to monitor the action performed. This functional relation indicates that the NAcc is engaged in action monitoring and supports the evaluation of motor programs during adaptive behavior by means of PAC.\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dürschmid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopitzki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"635\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{durschmid_phase-amplitude_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling in the human nucleus accumbens tracks action monitoring during cognitive control},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00635},\\n\\tabstract = {The Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) is an important structure for the transfer of information between cortical and subcortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. However, the mechanism that allows the NAcc to achieve this integration is not well understood. Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) of oscillations in different frequency bands has been proposed as an effective mechanism to form functional networks to optimize transfer and integration of information. Here we assess PAC between theta and high gamma oscillations as a potential mechanism that facilitates motor adaptation. To address this issue we recorded intracranial field potentials directly from the bilateral human NAcc in three patients while they performed a motor learning task that varied in the level of cognitive control needed to perform the task. As in rodents, PAC was observable in the human NAcc, transiently occurring contralateral to a movement following the motor response. Importantly, PAC correlated with the level of cognitive control needed to monitor the action performed. This functional relation indicates that the NAcc is engaged in action monitoring and supports the evaluation of motor programs during adaptive behavior by means of PAC.},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Dürschmid, S. and Zaehle, T. and Kopitzki, K. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Heinze, H. J. and Knight, R. T. and Hinrichs, H.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {635},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dürschmid, S.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Kopitzki, K.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Knight, R. T.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\"],\"key\":\"durschmid_phase-amplitude_2013\",\"id\":\"durschmid_phase-amplitude_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"drschmid-zaehle-kopitzki-voges-schmitt-heinze-knight-hinrichs-phaseamplitudecrossfrequencycouplinginthehumannucleusaccumbenstracksactionmonitoringduringcognitivecontrol-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pallidal Stimulation Modulates Pedunculopontine Nuclei in Parkinson's Disease\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/brainsci8070117\",\"abstract\":\"In advanced Parkinson’s disease, the pedunculopontine nucleus region is thought to be abnormally inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inputs from the over-active globus pallidus internus. Recent attempts to boost pedunculopontine nucleus function through deep brain stimulation are promising, but suffer from the incomplete understanding of the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus region. Local field potentials of the pedunculopontine nucleus region and the globus pallidus internus were recorded and quantitatively analyzed in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. In particular, we compared the local field potentials from the pedunculopontine nucleus region at rest and during deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus. At rest, the spectrum of local field potentials in the globus pallidus internus was mainly characterized by delta-theta and beta frequency activity whereas the spectrum of the pedunculopontine nucleus region was dominated by activity only in the delta and theta band. High-frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus led to increased theta activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus region and enabled information exchange between the left and right pedunculopontine nuclei. Therefore, Conclusions: When applying deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus, its modulatory effect on pedunculopontine nucleus physiology should be taken into account.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Brain Sci\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kluge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopitzki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Büntjen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kupsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{galazky_pallidal_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Pallidal {Stimulation} {Modulates} {Pedunculopontine} {Nuclei} in {Parkinson}'s {Disease}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/brainsci8070117},\\n\\tabstract = {In advanced Parkinson’s disease, the pedunculopontine nucleus region is thought to be abnormally inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inputs from the over-active globus pallidus internus. Recent attempts to boost pedunculopontine nucleus function through deep brain stimulation are promising, but suffer from the incomplete understanding of the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus region.\\n Local field potentials of the pedunculopontine nucleus region and the globus pallidus internus were recorded and quantitatively analyzed in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. In particular, we compared the local field potentials from the pedunculopontine nucleus region at rest and during deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus.\\n At rest, the spectrum of local field potentials in the globus pallidus internus was mainly characterized by delta-theta and beta frequency activity whereas the spectrum of the pedunculopontine nucleus region was dominated by activity only in the delta and theta band. High-frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus led to increased theta activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus region and enabled information exchange between the left and right pedunculopontine nuclei. Therefore, Conclusions: When applying deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus, its modulatory effect on pedunculopontine nucleus physiology should be taken into account.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Sci},\\n\\tauthor = {Galazky, I. and Kluge, C. and Schmitt, F. C. and Kopitzki, K. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Büntjen, L. and Kupsch, A. and Hinrichs, H.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Galazky, I.\",\"Kluge, C.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Kopitzki, K.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Büntjen, L.\",\"Kupsch, A.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\"],\"key\":\"galazky_pallidal_2018\",\"id\":\"galazky_pallidal_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"galazky-kluge-schmitt-kopitzki-zaehle-voges-bntjen-kupsch-etal-pallidalstimulationmodulatespedunculopontinenucleiinparkinsonsdisease-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modulation of Emotional Conflict Processing by High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-TDCS)\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00224\",\"abstract\":\"Cognitive control is characterized by selective attention to relevant stimuli while irrelevant, distracting stimuli are inhibited. While the classical color-word Stroop task was implemented to investigate the processes of cognitive control, a variant of it-the face-word Stroop task-allows for directly investigating processes of emotional conflict control. It is thought that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is especially involved in processes of cognitive control, while the rostral cingulate is mainly associated with the resolution of emotional conflict. In recent years, the role of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the performance of the classical Stroop was investigated by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with divergent results. However, investigations to the causal role of the DLPFC during emotional conflict processing are rare. For this purpose, we used a combined high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS)/electroencephalogram (EEG) setting to investigate the impact of anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC on behavioral and electrophysiological responses during an emotional face-word Stroop task. In two separate sessions, participants (n = 18) received either sham or anodal HD-tdc stimulation while responding to the emotional expression of the face and ignoring the word. Our results show that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increases the behavioral interference effect, that is, the already decelerated reaction times (RTs) to incongruent trials further increase while RTs to congruent trials remain largely unaffected. Furthermore, the stimulation modulates brain response to emotional facial expressions during the face-word Stroop generally-independent of the valence of the emotional expression and the congruency of the combined face-word presentation, the N170 decreases during anodal stimulation. These results reveal that the left DLPFC has a causal role in emotional conflict processing during a face-word Stroop.\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmidt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"224\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuehne_modulation_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Modulation of {Emotional} {Conflict} {Processing} by {High}-{Definition} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({HD}-{TDCS})},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00224},\\n\\tabstract = {Cognitive control is characterized by selective attention to relevant stimuli while irrelevant, distracting stimuli are inhibited. While the classical color-word Stroop task was implemented to investigate the processes of cognitive control, a variant of it-the face-word Stroop task-allows for directly investigating processes of emotional conflict control. It is thought that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is especially involved in processes of cognitive control, while the rostral cingulate is mainly associated with the resolution of emotional conflict. In recent years, the role of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the performance of the classical Stroop was investigated by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with divergent results. However, investigations to the causal role of the DLPFC during emotional conflict processing are rare. For this purpose, we used a combined high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS)/electroencephalogram (EEG) setting to investigate the impact of anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC on behavioral and electrophysiological responses during an emotional face-word Stroop task. In two separate sessions, participants (n = 18) received either sham or anodal HD-tdc stimulation while responding to the emotional expression of the face and ignoring the word. Our results show that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increases the behavioral interference effect, that is, the already decelerated reaction times (RTs) to incongruent trials further increase while RTs to congruent trials remain largely unaffected. Furthermore, the stimulation modulates brain response to emotional facial expressions during the face-word Stroop generally-independent of the valence of the emotional expression and the congruency of the combined face-word presentation, the N170 decreases during anodal stimulation. These results reveal that the left DLPFC has a causal role in emotional conflict processing during a face-word Stroop.},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuehne, M. and Schmidt, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {224},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Schmidt, K.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"kuehne_modulation_2019\",\"id\":\"kuehne_modulation_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuehne-schmidt-heinze-zaehle-modulationofemotionalconflictprocessingbyhighdefinitiontranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationhdtdcs-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neural synchrony and white matter variations in the human brain–relation between evoked γ frequency and corpus callosum morphology\",\"volume\":\"79\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.029\",\"abstract\":\"Synchronous gamma oscillations frame a general principle of functional connectivity and communication in the cortex. Efficient communication and coordination across neural networks rely upon the temporal precision of neural signals, which depends on the structural properties of the fibre bundles serving neural signal transmission. Therefore a direct relation between the geometry of cortical connections and the formation of stimulus-driven synchronous neural activity can be assumed. The aim of the present study was to identify the neuroanatomical correspondents of individual gamma frequency variations. For that purpose we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to correlate the frequency of visually evoked gamma band responses (eGBR) with local inter-individual variations in white matter (WM) density across a group of 17 individuals. Analyses demonstrate an association of eGBR frequency and white matter density in the individual human brain. Individuals with a higher eGBR frequency demonstrate increased white matter in fibres of the corpus callosum, whereas participants with low-density callosal WM show lower eGBR frequencies. The observed positive correlation between callosal white matter measure and frequency of visually evoked GBR may indicate that additional or better-myelinated callosal pathways facilitate a more efficient inter-hemispheric information transfer, which is likely to benefit the integration and processing of information and consequently to facilitate more efficient synchronization of neural activity between the two hemispheres.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Psychophysiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"49–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_neural_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Neural synchrony and white matter variations in the human brain–relation between evoked γ frequency and corpus callosum morphology},\\n\\tvolume = {79},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.029},\\n\\tabstract = {Synchronous gamma oscillations frame a general principle of functional connectivity and communication in the cortex. Efficient communication and coordination across neural networks rely upon the temporal precision of neural signals, which depends on the structural properties of the fibre bundles serving neural signal transmission. Therefore a direct relation between the geometry of cortical connections and the formation of stimulus-driven synchronous neural activity can be assumed. The aim of the present study was to identify the neuroanatomical correspondents of individual gamma frequency variations. For that purpose we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to correlate the frequency of visually evoked gamma band responses (eGBR) with local inter-individual variations in white matter (WM) density across a group of 17 individuals. Analyses demonstrate an association of eGBR frequency and white matter density in the individual human brain. Individuals with a higher eGBR frequency demonstrate increased white matter in fibres of the corpus callosum, whereas participants with low-density callosal WM show lower eGBR frequencies. The observed positive correlation between callosal white matter measure and frequency of visually evoked GBR may indicate that additional or better-myelinated callosal pathways facilitate a more efficient inter-hemispheric information transfer, which is likely to benefit the integration and processing of information and consequently to facilitate more efficient synchronization of neural activity between the two hemispheres.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Herrmann, C. S.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {49--54},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_neural_2011\",\"id\":\"zaehle_neural_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-herrmann-neuralsynchronyandwhitemattervariationsinthehumanbrainrelationbetweenevokedfrequencyandcorpuscallosummorphology-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Inter- and intra-individual covariations of hemodynamic and oscillatory gamma responses in the human cortex\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/neuro.09.008.2009\",\"abstract\":\"The time course of local field potentials (LFPs) displaying typical discharge frequencies in the gamma frequency range highly correlates with the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to rotating checkerboard stimuli in animals. In humans, oscillatory gamma-band responses (GBRs) show strong inter-individual variations in frequency and amplitude but considerable intra-individual reliability indicating that individual gamma activity reflects a personal trait. While the functional role of these GBRs is still debated, investigations combining electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) measurements provide a tool to obtain further insights into the underlying functional architecture of the human brain and will shed light onto the understanding of the dynamic relation between the BOLD signal and the properties of the electrical activity recorded on the scalp. We investigated the relation between the hemodynamic response and evoked gamma-band response (eGBR) to visual stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that the amplitude of human eGBRs and BOLD responses covary intra-individually as a function of stimulation as well as inter-individually as a function of gamma-trait. Seventeen participants performed visual discrimination tasks during separate EEG and fMRI recordings. Results revealed that visual stimuli that evoked high GBRs also elicited strong BOLD responses in the human V1/V2 complex. Furthermore, inter-individual variations of BOLD responses to visual stimuli in the bilateral primary (Area 17) and secondary (Area V5/MT) visual cortex and the right hippocampal formation were correlated with the individual gamma-trait of the subjects. The present study further supports the notion that neural oscillations in the gamma frequency range are involved in the cascade of neural processes that underlie the hemodynamic responses measured with fMRI.\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fründ\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schadow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thärig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schoenfeld\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_inter-_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Inter- and intra-individual covariations of hemodynamic and oscillatory gamma responses in the human cortex},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/neuro.09.008.2009},\\n\\tabstract = {The time course of local field potentials (LFPs) displaying typical discharge frequencies in the gamma frequency range highly correlates with the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to rotating checkerboard stimuli in animals. In humans, oscillatory gamma-band responses (GBRs) show strong inter-individual variations in frequency and amplitude but considerable intra-individual reliability indicating that individual gamma activity reflects a personal trait. While the functional role of these GBRs is still debated, investigations combining electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) measurements provide a tool to obtain further insights into the underlying functional architecture of the human brain and will shed light onto the understanding of the dynamic relation between the BOLD signal and the properties of the electrical activity recorded on the scalp. We investigated the relation between the hemodynamic response and evoked gamma-band response (eGBR) to visual stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that the amplitude of human eGBRs and BOLD responses covary intra-individually as a function of stimulation as well as inter-individually as a function of gamma-trait. Seventeen participants performed visual discrimination tasks during separate EEG and fMRI recordings. Results revealed that visual stimuli that evoked high GBRs also elicited strong BOLD responses in the human V1/V2 complex. Furthermore, inter-individual variations of BOLD responses to visual stimuli in the bilateral primary (Area 17) and secondary (Area V5/MT) visual cortex and the right hippocampal formation were correlated with the individual gamma-trait of the subjects. The present study further supports the notion that neural oscillations in the gamma frequency range are involved in the cascade of neural processes that underlie the hemodynamic responses measured with fMRI.},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Fründ, I. and Schadow, J. and Thärig, S. and Schoenfeld, M. A. and Herrmann, C. S.},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {8},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Fründ, I.\",\"Schadow, J.\",\"Thärig, S.\",\"Schoenfeld, M. A.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_inter-_2009\",\"id\":\"zaehle_inter-_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-frnd-schadow-thrig-schoenfeld-herrmann-interandintraindividualcovariationsofhemodynamicandoscillatorygammaresponsesinthehumancortex-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10548-009-0085-6\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study, we investigated the pre-attentive processing of low-level acoustic properties and the impact of this mechanism on functional lateralization in the human auditory system. Mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in 19 adult humans who passively listened to a standard stimulus and spectrally and temporally deviant sounds. We predicted modulations of the MMN amplitude in response to spectrally and temporally graded deviants. Based on recent models of functional hemispheric lateralisation, we further hypothesized a left-lateralized source of the MMN in response to temporal deviants and, in contrast, a right-lateralized source of the MMN in response to spectral deviants. In agreement with our hypothesis, we showed that spectrally and temporally deviant sounds lead to robust MMNs recorded from frontocentral scalp electrodes. The amplitudes of the MMNs were modulated by the grade of spectral and temporal deviation from the standard sound. Furthermore, by using an assumption-free source localization approach (LORETA) we demonstrated functionally lateralized activations with dominance of the right hemisphere for the processing of spectral characteristics and of the left hemisphere for the processing of temporal acoustic properties. Results of our study further contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of low-level acoustic feature perception in functional hemispheric lateralization in the context of auditory and speech processing. Our data indicate that the pre-attentive feature-specific deviant processing is mediated by partly distinct neural subsystems for temporal and spectral information.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Brain Topography\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"97–108\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_pre-attentive_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10548-009-0085-6},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study, we investigated the pre-attentive processing of low-level acoustic properties and the impact of this mechanism on functional lateralization in the human auditory system. Mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in 19 adult humans who passively listened to a standard stimulus and spectrally and temporally deviant sounds. We predicted modulations of the MMN amplitude in response to spectrally and temporally graded deviants. Based on recent models of functional hemispheric lateralisation, we further hypothesized a left-lateralized source of the MMN in response to temporal deviants and, in contrast, a right-lateralized source of the MMN in response to spectral deviants. In agreement with our hypothesis, we showed that spectrally and temporally deviant sounds lead to robust MMNs recorded from frontocentral scalp electrodes. The amplitudes of the MMNs were modulated by the grade of spectral and temporal deviation from the standard sound. Furthermore, by using an assumption-free source localization approach (LORETA) we demonstrated functionally lateralized activations with dominance of the right hemisphere for the processing of spectral characteristics and of the left hemisphere for the processing of temporal acoustic properties. Results of our study further contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of low-level acoustic feature perception in functional hemispheric lateralization in the context of auditory and speech processing. Our data indicate that the pre-attentive feature-specific deviant processing is mediated by partly distinct neural subsystems for temporal and spectral information.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Topography},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Herrmann, C. S. and Meyer, M.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {97--108},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Jancke, L.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\",\"Meyer, M.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_pre-attentive_2009\",\"id\":\"zaehle_pre-attentive_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-jancke-herrmann-meyer-preattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystem-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence\",\"volume\":\"215\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5\",\"abstract\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can systematically modify behavior by inducing changes in the underlying brain function. Objective electrophysiological evidence for tDCS-induced excitability changes has been demonstrated for the visual and somatosensory cortex, while evidence for excitability changes in the auditory cortex is lacking. In the present study, we applied tDCS over the left temporal as well as the left temporo-parietal cortex and investigated tDCS-induced effects on auditory evoked potentials after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation. Results show that anodal and cathodal tDCS can modify auditory cortex reactivity. Moreover, auditory evoked potentials were differentially modulated as a function of site of stimulation. While anodal tDCS over the temporal cortex increased auditory P50 amplitudes, cathodal tDCS over the temporo-parietal cortex induced larger N1 amplitudes. The results directly demonstrate excitability changes in the auditory cortex induced by active tDCS over the temporal and temporo-parietal cortex and might contribute to the understanding of mechanisms involved in the successful treatment of auditory disorders like tinnitus via tDCS.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Experimental Brain Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beretta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jäncke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"135–140\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_excitability_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence},\\n\\tvolume = {215},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can systematically modify behavior by inducing changes in the underlying brain function. Objective electrophysiological evidence for tDCS-induced excitability changes has been demonstrated for the visual and somatosensory cortex, while evidence for excitability changes in the auditory cortex is lacking. In the present study, we applied tDCS over the left temporal as well as the left temporo-parietal cortex and investigated tDCS-induced effects on auditory evoked potentials after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation. Results show that anodal and cathodal tDCS can modify auditory cortex reactivity. Moreover, auditory evoked potentials were differentially modulated as a function of site of stimulation. While anodal tDCS over the temporal cortex increased auditory P50 amplitudes, cathodal tDCS over the temporo-parietal cortex induced larger N1 amplitudes. The results directly demonstrate excitability changes in the auditory cortex induced by active tDCS over the temporal and temporo-parietal cortex and might contribute to the understanding of mechanisms involved in the successful treatment of auditory disorders like tinnitus via tDCS.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Experimental Brain Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Beretta, M. and Jäncke, L. and Herrmann, C. S. and Sandmann, P.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {135--140},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Beretta, M.\",\"Jäncke, L.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\",\"Sandmann, P.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_excitability_2011\",\"id\":\"zaehle_excitability_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-beretta-jncke-herrmann-sandmann-excitabilitychangesinducedinthehumanauditorycortexbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationdirectelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Auditory event-related response in visual cortex modulates subsequent visual responses in humans\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"doi\":\"10.1523/jneurosci.1076-11.2011\",\"abstract\":\"Growing evidence from electrophysiological data in animal and human studies suggests that multisensory interaction is not exclusively a higher-order process, but also takes place in primary sensory cortices. Such early multisensory interaction is thought to be mediated by means of phase resetting. The presentation of a stimulus to one sensory modality resets the phase of ongoing oscillations in another modality such that processing in the latter modality is modulated. In humans, evidence for such a mechanism is still sparse. In the current study, the influence of an auditory stimulus on visual processing was investigated by measuring the electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral responses of humans to visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimulation with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). We observed three distinct oscillatory EEG responses in our data. An initial gamma-band response around 50 Hz was followed by a beta-band response around 25 Hz, and a theta response around 6 Hz. The latter was enhanced in response to cross-modal stimuli as compared to either unimodal stimuli. Interestingly, the beta response to unimodal auditory stimuli was dominant in electrodes over visual areas. The SOA between auditory and visual stimuli–albeit not consciously perceived–had a modulatory impact on the multisensory evoked beta-band responses; i.e., the amplitude depended on SOA in a sinusoidal fashion, suggesting a phase reset. These findings further support the notion that parameters of brain oscillations such as amplitude and phase are essential predictors of subsequent brain responses and might be one of the mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Naue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strüber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Körner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"7729–7736\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{naue_auditory_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Auditory event-related response in visual cortex modulates subsequent visual responses in humans},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.1076-11.2011},\\n\\tabstract = {Growing evidence from electrophysiological data in animal and human studies suggests that multisensory interaction is not exclusively a higher-order process, but also takes place in primary sensory cortices. Such early multisensory interaction is thought to be mediated by means of phase resetting. The presentation of a stimulus to one sensory modality resets the phase of ongoing oscillations in another modality such that processing in the latter modality is modulated. In humans, evidence for such a mechanism is still sparse. In the current study, the influence of an auditory stimulus on visual processing was investigated by measuring the electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral responses of humans to visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimulation with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). We observed three distinct oscillatory EEG responses in our data. An initial gamma-band response around 50 Hz was followed by a beta-band response around 25 Hz, and a theta response around 6 Hz. The latter was enhanced in response to cross-modal stimuli as compared to either unimodal stimuli. Interestingly, the beta response to unimodal auditory stimuli was dominant in electrodes over visual areas. The SOA between auditory and visual stimuli–albeit not consciously perceived–had a modulatory impact on the multisensory evoked beta-band responses; i.e., the amplitude depended on SOA in a sinusoidal fashion, suggesting a phase reset. These findings further support the notion that parameters of brain oscillations such as amplitude and phase are essential predictors of subsequent brain responses and might be one of the mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Naue, N. and Rach, S. and Strüber, D. and Huster, R. J. and Zaehle, T. and Körner, U. and Herrmann, C. S.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {7729--7736},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Naue, N.\",\"Rach, S.\",\"Strüber, D.\",\"Huster, R. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Körner, U.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"naue_auditory_2011\",\"id\":\"naue_auditory_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"naue-rach-strber-huster-zaehle-krner-herrmann-auditoryeventrelatedresponseinvisualcortexmodulatessubsequentvisualresponsesinhumans-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Finite-Element Model Predicts Current Density Distribution for Clinical Applications of tDCS and tACS\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00083\",\"abstract\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied in numerous scientific studies over the past decade. However, the possibility to apply tDCS in therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders is still debated. While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been approved for treatment of major depression in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), tDCS is not as widely accepted. One of the criticisms against tDCS is the lack of spatial specificity. Focality is limited by the electrode size (35 cm(2) are commonly used) and the bipolar arrangement. However, a current flow through the head directly from anode to cathode is an outdated view. Finite-element (FE) models have recently been used to predict the exact current flow during tDCS. These simulations have demonstrated that the current flow depends on tissue shape and conductivity. To face the challenge to predict the location, magnitude, and direction of the current flow induced by tDCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), we used a refined realistic FE modeling approach. With respect to the literature on clinical tDCS and tACS, we analyzed two common setups for the location of the stimulation electrodes which target the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, respectively. We compared lateral and medial electrode configuration with regard to their usability. We were able to demonstrate that the lateral configurations yielded more focused stimulation areas as well as higher current intensities in the target areas. The high resolution of our simulation allows one to combine the modeled current flow with the knowledge of neuronal orientation to predict the consequences of tDCS and tACS. Our results not only offer a basis for a deeper understanding of the stimulation sites currently in use for clinical applications but also offer a better interpretation of observed effects.\",\"journal\":\"Front Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neuling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{neuling_finite-element_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Finite-{Element} {Model} {Predicts} {Current} {Density} {Distribution} for {Clinical} {Applications} of {tDCS} and {tACS}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00083},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied in numerous scientific studies over the past decade. However, the possibility to apply tDCS in therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders is still debated. While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been approved for treatment of major depression in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), tDCS is not as widely accepted. One of the criticisms against tDCS is the lack of spatial specificity. Focality is limited by the electrode size (35 cm(2) are commonly used) and the bipolar arrangement. However, a current flow through the head directly from anode to cathode is an outdated view. Finite-element (FE) models have recently been used to predict the exact current flow during tDCS. These simulations have demonstrated that the current flow depends on tissue shape and conductivity. To face the challenge to predict the location, magnitude, and direction of the current flow induced by tDCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), we used a refined realistic FE modeling approach. With respect to the literature on clinical tDCS and tACS, we analyzed two common setups for the location of the stimulation electrodes which target the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, respectively. We compared lateral and medial electrode configuration with regard to their usability. We were able to demonstrate that the lateral configurations yielded more focused stimulation areas as well as higher current intensities in the target areas. The high resolution of our simulation allows one to combine the modeled current flow with the knowledge of neuronal orientation to predict the consequences of tDCS and tACS. Our results not only offer a basis for a deeper understanding of the stimulation sites currently in use for clinical applications but also offer a better interpretation of observed effects.},\\n\\tjournal = {Front Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Neuling, T. and Wagner, S. and Wolters, C. H. and Zaehle, T. and Herrmann, C. S.},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {83},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Neuling, T.\",\"Wagner, S.\",\"Wolters, C. H.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"neuling_finite-element_2012\",\"id\":\"neuling_finite-element_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"neuling-wagner-wolters-zaehle-herrmann-finiteelementmodelpredictscurrentdensitydistributionforclinicalapplicationsoftdcsandtacs-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nucleus accumbens activity dissociates different forms of salience: evidence from human intracranial recordings\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"doi\":\"10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013\",\"abstract\":\"Theoretical models and empirical work indicate a critical role of the NAcc in salience processing. For instance, the NAcc not only responds to appetitive and aversive information, but it also signals novelty, contextual deviance, and action monitoring. However, because most studies have investigated only one specific type of salience independently, it remains unclear how the NAcc concurrently differentiates between different forms of salience. To investigate this issue, we used intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients together with a previously established visual oddball paradigm. Here, three different oddball categories (novel, neutral, and target images) were infrequently presented among a standard scene image, and subjects responded to the target via button press. This task allowed us to differentiate \\\"item novelty\\\" (new vs neutral oddballs) from \\\"contextual deviance\\\" (neutral oddballs vs standard images) and \\\"targetness\\\" (target vs neutral oddballs). Time-frequency analysis revealed a dissociation between item novelty and contextual deviance on the basis of decreases in either θ (4-8 Hz) or β power (20-30 Hz). Targetness, on the other hand, was signaled by positive deflections in the stimulus-locked local field potentials, which, importantly, correlated with subjects' reaction times. These findings indicate that, in an ongoing stream of information, the NAcc differentiates between types of salience by distinct neural mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bunzeck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"tex.ids= zaehleNucleusAccumbensActivity2013\",\"pages\":\"8764–8771\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_nucleus_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Nucleus accumbens activity dissociates different forms of salience: evidence from human intracranial recordings},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013},\\n\\tabstract = {Theoretical models and empirical work indicate a critical role of the NAcc in salience processing. For instance, the NAcc not only responds to appetitive and aversive information, but it also signals novelty, contextual deviance, and action monitoring. However, because most studies have investigated only one specific type of salience independently, it remains unclear how the NAcc concurrently differentiates between different forms of salience. To investigate this issue, we used intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients together with a previously established visual oddball paradigm. Here, three different oddball categories (novel, neutral, and target images) were infrequently presented among a standard scene image, and subjects responded to the target via button press. This task allowed us to differentiate \\\"item novelty\\\" (new vs neutral oddballs) from \\\"contextual deviance\\\" (neutral oddballs vs standard images) and \\\"targetness\\\" (target vs neutral oddballs). Time-frequency analysis revealed a dissociation between item novelty and contextual deviance on the basis of decreases in either θ (4-8 Hz) or β power (20-30 Hz). Targetness, on the other hand, was signaled by positive deflections in the stimulus-locked local field potentials, which, importantly, correlated with subjects' reaction times. These findings indicate that, in an ongoing stream of information, the NAcc differentiates between types of salience by distinct neural mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Bauch, E. M. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Bunzeck, N.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {tex.ids= zaehleNucleusAccumbensActivity2013},\\n\\tpages = {8764--8771},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Bauch, E. M.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Bunzeck, N.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_nucleus_2013\",\"id\":\"zaehle_nucleus_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-bauch-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-bunzeck-nucleusaccumbensactivitydissociatesdifferentformsofsalienceevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spectro-temporal processing during speech perception involves left posterior auditory cortex\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/00001756-200512190-00003\",\"abstract\":\"This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigates the neural underpinnings of spectro-temporal integration during speech perception. Participants performed an auditory discrimination task on a set of sine-wave analogues that could be perceived as either nonspeech or speech. Behavioural results revealed a difference in the processing mode; spectro-temporal integration occurred during speech perception, but not when stimuli were perceived as nonspeech. In terms of neuroimaging, we observed an activation increase in the left posterior primary and secondary auditory cortex, namely Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale encroaching onto the superior temporal sulcus, reflecting a shift from auditory to speech perception. This finding demonstrates that the left posterior superior temporal lobe is essential for spectro-temporal processing during speech perception.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Neuroreport\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gountouna\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"1985–1989\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meyer_spectro-temporal_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Spectro-temporal processing during speech perception involves left posterior auditory cortex},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/00001756-200512190-00003},\\n\\tabstract = {This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigates the neural underpinnings of spectro-temporal integration during speech perception. Participants performed an auditory discrimination task on a set of sine-wave analogues that could be perceived as either nonspeech or speech. Behavioural results revealed a difference in the processing mode; spectro-temporal integration occurred during speech perception, but not when stimuli were perceived as nonspeech. In terms of neuroimaging, we observed an activation increase in the left posterior primary and secondary auditory cortex, namely Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale encroaching onto the superior temporal sulcus, reflecting a shift from auditory to speech perception. This finding demonstrates that the left posterior superior temporal lobe is essential for spectro-temporal processing during speech perception.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroreport},\\n\\tauthor = {Meyer, M. and Zaehle, T. and Gountouna, V. E. and Barron, A. and Jancke, L. and Turk, A.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {1985--1989},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meyer, M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Gountouna, V. E.\",\"Barron, A.\",\"Jancke, L.\",\"Turk, A.\"],\"key\":\"meyer_spectro-temporal_2005\",\"id\":\"meyer_spectro-temporal_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meyer-zaehle-gountouna-barron-jancke-turk-spectrotemporalprocessingduringspeechperceptioninvolvesleftposteriorauditorycortex-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The neural correlate of speech rhythm as evidenced by metrical speech processing\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"doi\":\"10.1162/jocn.2008.20029\",\"abstract\":\"The present study investigates the neural correlates of rhythm processing in speech perception. German pseudosentences spoken with an exaggerated (isochronous) or a conversational (nonisochronous) rhythm were compared in an auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. The subjects had to perform either a rhythm task (explicit rhythm processing) or a prosody task (implicit rhythm processing). The study revealed bilateral activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA), extending into the cingulate gyrus, and in the insulae, extending into the right basal ganglia (neostriatum), as well as activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) related to the performance of the rhythm task. A direct contrast between isochronous and nonisochronous sentences revealed differences in lateralization of activation for isochronous processing as a function of the explicit and implicit tasks. Explicit processing revealed activation in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), the right supramarginal gyrus, and the right parietal operculum. Implicit processing showed activation in the left supramarginal gyrus, the left pSTG, and the left parietal operculum. The present results indicate a function of the SMA and the insula beyond motor timing and speak for a role of these brain areas in the perception of acoustically temporal intervals. Secondly, the data speak for a specific task-related function of the right IFG in the processing of accent patterns. Finally, the data sustain the assumption that the right secondary auditory cortex is involved in the explicit perception of auditory suprasegmental cues and, moreover, that activity in the right secondary auditory cortex can be modulated by top-down processing mechanisms.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of cognitive neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geiser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"541–552\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{geiser_neural_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {The neural correlate of speech rhythm as evidenced by metrical speech processing},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1162/jocn.2008.20029},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study investigates the neural correlates of rhythm processing in speech perception. German pseudosentences spoken with an exaggerated (isochronous) or a conversational (nonisochronous) rhythm were compared in an auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. The subjects had to perform either a rhythm task (explicit rhythm processing) or a prosody task (implicit rhythm processing). The study revealed bilateral activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA), extending into the cingulate gyrus, and in the insulae, extending into the right basal ganglia (neostriatum), as well as activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) related to the performance of the rhythm task. A direct contrast between isochronous and nonisochronous sentences revealed differences in lateralization of activation for isochronous processing as a function of the explicit and implicit tasks. Explicit processing revealed activation in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), the right supramarginal gyrus, and the right parietal operculum. Implicit processing showed activation in the left supramarginal gyrus, the left pSTG, and the left parietal operculum. The present results indicate a function of the SMA and the insula beyond motor timing and speak for a role of these brain areas in the perception of acoustically temporal intervals. Secondly, the data speak for a specific task-related function of the right IFG in the processing of accent patterns. Finally, the data sustain the assumption that the right secondary auditory cortex is involved in the explicit perception of auditory suprasegmental cues and, moreover, that activity in the right secondary auditory cortex can be modulated by top-down processing mechanisms.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Geiser, E. and Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Meyer, M.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {541--552},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Geiser, E.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Jancke, L.\",\"Meyer, M.\"],\"key\":\"geiser_neural_2008\",\"id\":\"geiser_neural_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"geiser-zaehle-jancke-meyer-theneuralcorrelateofspeechrhythmasevidencedbymetricalspeechprocessing-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Silent and continuous fMRI scanning differentially modulate activation in an auditory language comprehension task\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/hbm.20372\",\"abstract\":\"Sparse temporal acquisition schemes have been adopted to investigate the neural correlates of human audition using blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) devoid of ambient confounding acoustic scanner noise. These schemes have previously been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession in order to enhance temporal sampling efficiency. In the present study we demonstrate that an event-related task design can effectively be combined with a clustered temporal acquisition technique in an auditory language comprehension task. The same fifteen volunteers performed two separate auditory runs which either applied customary fMRI acquisition (CA) composed of continuous scanner noise or \\\"silent\\\" fMRI built on a clustered temporal acquisition (CTA) protocol. In accord with our hypothesis, the CTA scheme relative to the CA protocol is accompanied by significantly stronger functional responses along the entire superior temporal plane. By contrast, the bilateral insulae engage more strongly during continuous scanning. A post-hoc region-of-interest analysis reveals cortical activation in subportions of the supratemporal plane which varies as a function of acquisition protocol. The middle part of the supratemporal plane shows a rightward asymmetry only for the CTA scheme while the posterior supratemporal plane exposes a significantly stronger leftward asymmetry during the CTA. Our findings implicate that silent fMRI is advantageous when it comes to the exploration of auditory and speech functions residing in the supratemporal plane.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmidt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geiser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boesiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"46–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schmidt_silent_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Silent and continuous {fMRI} scanning differentially modulate activation in an auditory language comprehension task},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/hbm.20372},\\n\\tabstract = {Sparse temporal acquisition schemes have been adopted to investigate the neural correlates of human audition using blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) devoid of ambient confounding acoustic scanner noise. These schemes have previously been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession in order to enhance temporal sampling efficiency. In the present study we demonstrate that an event-related task design can effectively be combined with a clustered temporal acquisition technique in an auditory language comprehension task. The same fifteen volunteers performed two separate auditory runs which either applied customary fMRI acquisition (CA) composed of continuous scanner noise or \\\"silent\\\" fMRI built on a clustered temporal acquisition (CTA) protocol. In accord with our hypothesis, the CTA scheme relative to the CA protocol is accompanied by significantly stronger functional responses along the entire superior temporal plane. By contrast, the bilateral insulae engage more strongly during continuous scanning. A post-hoc region-of-interest analysis reveals cortical activation in subportions of the supratemporal plane which varies as a function of acquisition protocol. The middle part of the supratemporal plane shows a rightward asymmetry only for the CTA scheme while the posterior supratemporal plane exposes a significantly stronger leftward asymmetry during the CTA. Our findings implicate that silent fMRI is advantageous when it comes to the exploration of auditory and speech functions residing in the supratemporal plane.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Human Brain Mapping},\\n\\tauthor = {Schmidt, C. F. and Zaehle, T. and Meyer, M. and Geiser, E. and Boesiger, P. and Jancke, L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {46--56},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schmidt, C. F.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Meyer, M.\",\"Geiser, E.\",\"Boesiger, P.\",\"Jancke, L.\"],\"key\":\"schmidt_silent_2008\",\"id\":\"schmidt_silent_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schmidt-zaehle-meyer-geiser-boesiger-jancke-silentandcontinuousfmriscanningdifferentiallymodulateactivationinanauditorylanguagecomprehensiontask-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Segmental processing in the human auditory dorsal stream\",\"volume\":\"1220\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.013\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study we investigated the functional organization of sublexical auditory perception with specific respect to auditory spectro-temporal processing in speech and non-speech sounds. Participants discriminated verbal and nonverbal auditory stimuli according to either spectral or temporal acoustic features in the context of a sparse event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Based on recent models of speech processing, we hypothesized that auditory segmental processing, as is required in the discrimination of speech and non-speech sound according to its temporal features, will lead to a specific involvement of a left-hemispheric dorsal processing network comprising the posterior portion of the inferior frontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe. In agreement with our hypothesis results revealed significant responses in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the parietal operculum of the left hemisphere when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli based on subtle temporal acoustic features. In contrast, when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli on the basis of changes in the frequency content, we observed bilateral activations along the middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The results of the present study demonstrate an involvement of the dorsal pathway in the segmental sublexical analysis of speech sounds as well as in the segmental acoustic analysis of non-speech sounds with analogous spectro-temporal characteristics.\",\"journal\":\"Brain Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geiser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"179–190\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_segmental_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Segmental processing in the human auditory dorsal stream},\\n\\tvolume = {1220},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.013},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study we investigated the functional organization of sublexical auditory perception with specific respect to auditory spectro-temporal processing in speech and non-speech sounds. Participants discriminated verbal and nonverbal auditory stimuli according to either spectral or temporal acoustic features in the context of a sparse event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Based on recent models of speech processing, we hypothesized that auditory segmental processing, as is required in the discrimination of speech and non-speech sound according to its temporal features, will lead to a specific involvement of a left-hemispheric dorsal processing network comprising the posterior portion of the inferior frontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe. In agreement with our hypothesis results revealed significant responses in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the parietal operculum of the left hemisphere when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli based on subtle temporal acoustic features. In contrast, when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli on the basis of changes in the frequency content, we observed bilateral activations along the middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The results of the present study demonstrate an involvement of the dorsal pathway in the segmental sublexical analysis of speech sounds as well as in the segmental acoustic analysis of non-speech sounds with analogous spectro-temporal characteristics.},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Geiser, E. and Alter, K. and Jancke, L. and Meyer, M.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {179--190},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Geiser, E.\",\"Alter, K.\",\"Jancke, L.\",\"Meyer, M.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_segmental_2008\",\"id\":\"zaehle_segmental_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-geiser-alter-jancke-meyer-segmentalprocessinginthehumanauditorydorsalstream-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparison of \\\"silent\\\" clustered and sparse temporal fMRI acquisitions in tonal and speech perception tasks\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073\",\"abstract\":\"In the functional imaging of auditory cortical functions, long silent periods between the data acquisitions prevent interferences between scanner noise and the auditory stimulus processing. Recent fMRI studies have shown that sparse temporal acquisition designs are advantageous over continuous scanning protocols on physiological, perceptual, and cognitive levels. Sparse temporal acquisition schemes (STA) which use a single volume acquisition after each trial imply the advantage of auditory stimulation devoid of ambient scanner noise but have the drawback of a reduced statistical power. To alleviate this effect, STA schemes have been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition (CTA) designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession. In the present study, we collected data from 13 healthy volunteers performing a speech and a tonal discrimination task using both a CTA and STA scheme to carry out a systematic evaluation of these acquisition protocols. By statistical modeling of the fMRI data sets, we revealed stronger effect sizes for the STA protocol regardless of the task, reflecting the better signal-to-noise-ratio of MR images acquired with this scheme. In contrast, we demonstrate higher statistical power for the use of a CTA protocol. Accordingly, in the context of standard fMRI analysis, the CTA protocol clearly outperformed the STA scheme at the level of single-subject analysis and fixed-effects group analysis. Our results clearly suggest that it is advantageous to acquire several sample points per trial if one wants to use the benefit of \\\"silent\\\" fMRI. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the feasibility of the clustered acquisition of subsequent imaging volumes along the T1-decay.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Neuroimage\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmidt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baumann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baltes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boesiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"1195–1204\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_comparison_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of \\\"silent\\\" clustered and sparse temporal {fMRI} acquisitions in tonal and speech perception tasks},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073},\\n\\tabstract = {In the functional imaging of auditory cortical functions, long silent periods between the data acquisitions prevent interferences between scanner noise and the auditory stimulus processing. Recent fMRI studies have shown that sparse temporal acquisition designs are advantageous over continuous scanning protocols on physiological, perceptual, and cognitive levels. Sparse temporal acquisition schemes (STA) which use a single volume acquisition after each trial imply the advantage of auditory stimulation devoid of ambient scanner noise but have the drawback of a reduced statistical power. To alleviate this effect, STA schemes have been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition (CTA) designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession. In the present study, we collected data from 13 healthy volunteers performing a speech and a tonal discrimination task using both a CTA and STA scheme to carry out a systematic evaluation of these acquisition protocols. By statistical modeling of the fMRI data sets, we revealed stronger effect sizes for the STA protocol regardless of the task, reflecting the better signal-to-noise-ratio of MR images acquired with this scheme. In contrast, we demonstrate higher statistical power for the use of a CTA protocol. Accordingly, in the context of standard fMRI analysis, the CTA protocol clearly outperformed the STA scheme at the level of single-subject analysis and fixed-effects group analysis. Our results clearly suggest that it is advantageous to acquire several sample points per trial if one wants to use the benefit of \\\"silent\\\" fMRI. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the feasibility of the clustered acquisition of subsequent imaging volumes along the T1-decay.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroimage},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Schmidt, C. F. and Meyer, M. and Baumann, S. and Baltes, C. and Boesiger, P. and Jancke, L.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {1195--1204},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Schmidt, C. F.\",\"Meyer, M.\",\"Baumann, S.\",\"Baltes, C.\",\"Boesiger, P.\",\"Jancke, L.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_comparison_2007\",\"id\":\"zaehle_comparison_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-schmidt-meyer-baumann-baltes-boesiger-jancke-comparisonofsilentclusteredandsparsetemporalfmriacquisitionsintonalandspeechperceptiontasks-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of long-term potentiation in the human visual cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/00001756-200512190-00001\",\"abstract\":\"Applying functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, hemodynamic responses elicited by slowly flashing checkerboards (0.25 Hz) were measured both before and after a block of rapidly presented checkerboards (9 Hz – a 'photic tetanus') was delivered. It has been shown previously, using electroencephalography, that this photic tetanus potentiates components of the visual-evoked potential. In the present study, hemodynamic responses in the extrastriate visual cortex were significantly increased to checkerboards presented at a low frequency after the administration of the photic tetanus. These results support the idea that long-term potentiation can be demonstrated non-invasively within the human visual cortex and provide evidence that the plastic changes are localized within the secondary visual cortex.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Neuroreport\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clapp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marcar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teyler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Corballis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"1977–1980\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{clapp_effects_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of long-term potentiation in the human visual cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/00001756-200512190-00001},\\n\\tabstract = {Applying functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, hemodynamic responses elicited by slowly flashing checkerboards (0.25 Hz) were measured both before and after a block of rapidly presented checkerboards (9 Hz – a 'photic tetanus') was delivered. It has been shown previously, using electroencephalography, that this photic tetanus potentiates components of the visual-evoked potential. In the present study, hemodynamic responses in the extrastriate visual cortex were significantly increased to checkerboards presented at a low frequency after the administration of the photic tetanus. These results support the idea that long-term potentiation can be demonstrated non-invasively within the human visual cortex and provide evidence that the plastic changes are localized within the secondary visual cortex.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroreport},\\n\\tauthor = {Clapp, W. C. and Zaehle, T. and Lutz, K. and Marcar, V. L. and Kirk, I. J. and Hamm, J. P. and Teyler, T. J. and Corballis, M. C. and Jancke, L.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {1977--1980},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Clapp, W. C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Lutz, K.\",\"Marcar, V. L.\",\"Kirk, I. J.\",\"Hamm, J. P.\",\"Teyler, T. J.\",\"Corballis, M. C.\",\"Jancke, L.\"],\"key\":\"clapp_effects_2005\",\"id\":\"clapp_effects_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"clapp-zaehle-lutz-marcar-kirk-hamm-teyler-corballis-etal-effectsoflongtermpotentiationinthehumanvisualcortexafunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingstudy-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Memory signals from the thalamus: early thalamocortical phase synchronization entrains gamma oscillations during long-term memory retrieval\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023\",\"abstract\":\"The thalamus is believed to be a key node in human memory networks, however, very little is known about its real-time functional role. Here we examined the dynamics of thalamocortical communication during long-term episodic memory retrieval in two experiments. In experiment 1, intrathalamic and surface EEG was recorded in an epileptic patient implanted with depth electrodes for brain stimulation therapy. In a recognition memory test, early (300-500 ms) stimulus-linked oscillatory synchrony between mediodorsal thalamic and frontal surface electrodes at beta frequency (20 Hz) was enhanced for correctly remembered old compared to correctly rejected new items. Directionality measures (Granger causality) indicated that the thalamus was the sender, and the neocortex the receiver, of this beta signal, which also modulated the power of neocortical gamma (55-80 Hz) oscillations (cross-frequency coupling). Experiment 2 validated the cross-frequency coupling effects in a healthy participant sample. Confirming the findings from experiment 1, significantly increased cross-frequency coupling was found over frontal scalp electrodes during successful recognition. Extending anatomical knowledge on thalamic connectivity with frontal neocortex, these results suggest that the thalamus sends an early memory signal to frontal regions, triggering further memory search processes.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Neuropsychologia\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Staudigl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanslmayr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Esslinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richardson-Klavehn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"3519–3527\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{staudigl_memory_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Memory signals from the thalamus: early thalamocortical phase synchronization entrains gamma oscillations during long-term memory retrieval},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023},\\n\\tabstract = {The thalamus is believed to be a key node in human memory networks, however, very little is known about its real-time functional role. Here we examined the dynamics of thalamocortical communication during long-term episodic memory retrieval in two experiments. In experiment 1, intrathalamic and surface EEG was recorded in an epileptic patient implanted with depth electrodes for brain stimulation therapy. In a recognition memory test, early (300-500 ms) stimulus-linked oscillatory synchrony between mediodorsal thalamic and frontal surface electrodes at beta frequency (20 Hz) was enhanced for correctly remembered old compared to correctly rejected new items. Directionality measures (Granger causality) indicated that the thalamus was the sender, and the neocortex the receiver, of this beta signal, which also modulated the power of neocortical gamma (55-80 Hz) oscillations (cross-frequency coupling). Experiment 2 validated the cross-frequency coupling effects in a healthy participant sample. Confirming the findings from experiment 1, significantly increased cross-frequency coupling was found over frontal scalp electrodes during successful recognition. Extending anatomical knowledge on thalamic connectivity with frontal neocortex, these results suggest that the thalamus sends an early memory signal to frontal regions, triggering further memory search processes.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuropsychologia},\\n\\tauthor = {Staudigl, T. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Hanslmayr, S. and Esslinger, C. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Heinze, H. J. and Richardson-Klavehn, A.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {3519--3527},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Staudigl, T.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Hanslmayr, S.\",\"Esslinger, C.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Richardson-Klavehn, A.\"],\"key\":\"staudigl_memory_2012\",\"id\":\"staudigl_memory_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"staudigl-zaehle-voges-hanslmayr-esslinger-hinrichs-schmitt-heinze-etal-memorysignalsfromthethalamusearlythalamocorticalphasesynchronizationentrainsgammaoscillationsduringlongtermmemoryretrieval-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Entrainment of Human Alpha Oscillations Selectively Enhances Visual Conjunction Search\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0143533\",\"abstract\":\"The functional role of the alpha-rhythm which dominates the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is unclear. It has been related to visual processing, attentional selection and object coherence, respectively. Here we tested the interaction of alpha oscillations of the human brain with visual search tasks that differed in their attentional demands (pre-attentive vs. attentive) and also in the necessity to establish object coherence (conjunction vs. single feature). Between pre- and post-assessment elderly subjects received 20 min/d of repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the occipital cortex adjusted to their individual alpha frequency over five consecutive days. Compared to sham the entrained alpha oscillations led to a selective, set size independent improvement in the conjunction search task performance but not in the easy or in the hard feature search task. These findings suggest that cortical alpha oscillations play a specific role in establishing object coherence through suppression of distracting objects.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vellage\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"e0143533\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{muller_entrainment_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Entrainment of {Human} {Alpha} {Oscillations} {Selectively} {Enhances} {Visual} {Conjunction} {Search}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143533},\\n\\tabstract = {The functional role of the alpha-rhythm which dominates the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is unclear. It has been related to visual processing, attentional selection and object coherence, respectively. Here we tested the interaction of alpha oscillations of the human brain with visual search tasks that differed in their attentional demands (pre-attentive vs. attentive) and also in the necessity to establish object coherence (conjunction vs. single feature). Between pre- and post-assessment elderly subjects received 20 min/d of repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the occipital cortex adjusted to their individual alpha frequency over five consecutive days. Compared to sham the entrained alpha oscillations led to a selective, set size independent improvement in the conjunction search task performance but not in the easy or in the hard feature search task. These findings suggest that cortical alpha oscillations play a specific role in establishing object coherence through suppression of distracting objects.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {Müller, N. G. and Vellage, A. K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {e0143533},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Müller, N. G.\",\"Vellage, A. K.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"muller_entrainment_2015\",\"id\":\"muller_entrainment_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mller-vellage-heinze-zaehle-entrainmentofhumanalphaoscillationsselectivelyenhancesvisualconjunctionsearch-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sensory Deviancy Detection Measured Directly Within the Human Nucleus Accumbens\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/cercor/bhu304\",\"abstract\":\"Rapid changes in the environment evoke a comparison between expectancy and actual outcome to inform optimal subsequent behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key interface between the hippocampus and neocortical regions, is a candidate region for mediating this comparison. Here, we report event-related potentials obtained from the NAcc using direct intracranial recordings in 5 human participants while they listened to trains of auditory stimuli differing in their degree of deviation from repetitive background stimuli. NAcc recordings revealed an early mismatch signal (50-220 ms) in response to all deviants. NAcc activity in this time window was also sensitive to the statistics of stimulus deviancy, with larger amplitudes as a function of the level of deviancy. Importantly, this NAcc mismatch signal also predicted generation of longer latency scalp potentials (300-400 ms). The results provide direct human evidence that the NAcc is a key component of a network engaged in encoding statistics of the sensory environmental.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Cerebral Cortex\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dürschmid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garrido\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dolan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"1168–1175\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{durschmid_sensory_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Sensory {Deviancy} {Detection} {Measured} {Directly} {Within} the {Human} {Nucleus} {Accumbens}},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/cercor/bhu304},\\n\\tabstract = {Rapid changes in the environment evoke a comparison between expectancy and actual outcome to inform optimal subsequent behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key interface between the hippocampus and neocortical regions, is a candidate region for mediating this comparison. Here, we report event-related potentials obtained from the NAcc using direct intracranial recordings in 5 human participants while they listened to trains of auditory stimuli differing in their degree of deviation from repetitive background stimuli. NAcc recordings revealed an early mismatch signal (50-220 ms) in response to all deviants. NAcc activity in this time window was also sensitive to the statistics of stimulus deviancy, with larger amplitudes as a function of the level of deviancy. Importantly, this NAcc mismatch signal also predicted generation of longer latency scalp potentials (300-400 ms). The results provide direct human evidence that the NAcc is a key component of a network engaged in encoding statistics of the sensory environmental.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Cerebral Cortex},\\n\\tauthor = {Dürschmid, S. and Zaehle, T. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Garrido, M. I. and Dolan, R. J. and Knight, R. T.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {1168--1175},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dürschmid, S.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Garrido, M. I.\",\"Dolan, R. J.\",\"Knight, R. T.\"],\"key\":\"durschmid_sensory_2016\",\"id\":\"durschmid_sensory_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"drschmid-zaehle-hinrichs-heinze-voges-garrido-dolan-knight-sensorydeviancydetectionmeasureddirectlywithinthehumannucleusaccumbens-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shifts preference of moral judgments\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0127061\",\"abstract\":\"Attitude to morality, reflecting cultural norms and values, is considered unique to human social behavior. Resulting moral behavior in a social environment is controlled by a widespread neural network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which plays an important role in decision making. In the present study we investigate the influence of neurophysiological modulation of DLPFC reactivity by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on moral reasoning. For that purpose we administered anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation of the left DLPFC while subjects judged the appropriateness of hard moral personal dilemmas. In contrast to sham and cathodal stimulation, anodal stimulation induced a shift in judgment of personal moral dilemmas towards more non-utilitarian actions. Our results demonstrate that alterations of left DLPFC activity can change moral judgments and, in consequence, provide a causal link between left DLPFC activity and moral reasoning. Most important, the observed shift towards non-utilitarian actions suggests that moral decision making is not a permanent individual trait but can be manipulated; consequently individuals with boundless, uncontrollable, and maladaptive moral behavior, such as found in psychopathy, might benefit from neuromodulation-based approaches.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimrath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"e0127061\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuehne_transcranial_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shifts preference of moral judgments},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127061},\\n\\tabstract = {Attitude to morality, reflecting cultural norms and values, is considered unique to human social behavior. Resulting moral behavior in a social environment is controlled by a widespread neural network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which plays an important role in decision making. In the present study we investigate the influence of neurophysiological modulation of DLPFC reactivity by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on moral reasoning. For that purpose we administered anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation of the left DLPFC while subjects judged the appropriateness of hard moral personal dilemmas. In contrast to sham and cathodal stimulation, anodal stimulation induced a shift in judgment of personal moral dilemmas towards more non-utilitarian actions. Our results demonstrate that alterations of left DLPFC activity can change moral judgments and, in consequence, provide a causal link between left DLPFC activity and moral reasoning. Most important, the observed shift towards non-utilitarian actions suggests that moral decision making is not a permanent individual trait but can be manipulated; consequently individuals with boundless, uncontrollable, and maladaptive moral behavior, such as found in psychopathy, might benefit from neuromodulation-based approaches.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuehne, M. and Heimrath, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {e0127061},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Heimrath, K.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"kuehne_transcranial_2015\",\"id\":\"kuehne_transcranial_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuehne-heimrath-heinze-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheleftdorsolateralprefrontalcortexshiftspreferenceofmoraljudgments-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"40Hz-Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) selectively modulates speech perception\",\"volume\":\"101\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.002\",\"abstract\":\"The present study investigated the functional relevance of gamma oscillations for the processing of rapidly changing acoustic features in speech signals. For this purpose we analyzed repetition-induced perceptual learning effects in 18 healthy adult participants. The participants received either 6Hz or 40Hz tACS over the bilateral auditory cortex, while repeatedly performing a phoneme categorization task. In result, we found that 40Hz tACS led to a specific alteration in repetition-induced perceptual learning. While participants in the non-stimulated control group as well as those in the experimental group receiving 6Hz tACS considerably improved their perceptual performance, the application of 40Hz tACS selectively attenuated the repetition-induced improvement in phoneme categorization abilities. Our data provide causal evidence for a functional relevance of gamma oscillations during the perceptual learning of acoustic speech features. Moreover, we demonstrate that even less than twenty minutes of alternating current stimulation below the individual perceptual threshold is sufficient to affect speech perception. This finding is relevant in that this novel approach might have implications with respect to impaired speech processing in dyslexics and older adults.\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Psychophysiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oechslin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"18–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rufener_40hz-transcranial_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {{40Hz}-{Transcranial} alternating current stimulation ({tACS}) selectively modulates speech perception},\\n\\tvolume = {101},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.002},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study investigated the functional relevance of gamma oscillations for the processing of rapidly changing acoustic features in speech signals. For this purpose we analyzed repetition-induced perceptual learning effects in 18 healthy adult participants. The participants received either 6Hz or 40Hz tACS over the bilateral auditory cortex, while repeatedly performing a phoneme categorization task. In result, we found that 40Hz tACS led to a specific alteration in repetition-induced perceptual learning. While participants in the non-stimulated control group as well as those in the experimental group receiving 6Hz tACS considerably improved their perceptual performance, the application of 40Hz tACS selectively attenuated the repetition-induced improvement in phoneme categorization abilities. Our data provide causal evidence for a functional relevance of gamma oscillations during the perceptual learning of acoustic speech features. Moreover, we demonstrate that even less than twenty minutes of alternating current stimulation below the individual perceptual threshold is sufficient to affect speech perception. This finding is relevant in that this novel approach might have implications with respect to impaired speech processing in dyslexics and older adults.},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Zaehle, T. and Oechslin, M. S. and Meyer, M.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {18--24},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Oechslin, M. S.\",\"Meyer, M.\"],\"key\":\"rufener_40hz-transcranial_2016\",\"id\":\"rufener_40hz-transcranial_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rufener-zaehle-oechslin-meyer-40hztranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationtacsselectivelymodulatesspeechperception-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Improving Interference Control in ADHD Patients with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fncel.2016.00072\",\"abstract\":\"The use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been suggested as a promising alternative to psychopharmacological treatment approaches due to its local and network effects on brain activation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of tDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on interference control in 21 male adolescents with ADHD and 21 age matched healthy controls aged 13-17 years, who underwent three separate sessions of tDCS (anodal, cathodal, and sham) while completing a Flanker task. Even though anodal stimulation appeared to diminish commission errors in the ADHD group, the overall analysis revealed no significant effect of tDCS. Since participants showed a considerable learning effect from the first to the second session, performance in the first session was separately analyzed. ADHD patients receiving sham stimulation in the first session showed impaired interference control compared to healthy control participants whereas ADHD patients who were exposed to anodal stimulation, showed comparable performance levels (commission errors, reaction time variability) to the control group. These results suggest that anodal tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus could improve interference control in patients with ADHD.\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Breitling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dannhauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bonath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tegelbeckers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flechtner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{breitling_improving_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Improving {Interference} {Control} in {ADHD} {Patients} with {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS})},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fncel.2016.00072},\\n\\tabstract = {The use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been suggested as a promising alternative to psychopharmacological treatment approaches due to its local and network effects on brain activation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of tDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on interference control in 21 male adolescents with ADHD and 21 age matched healthy controls aged 13-17 years, who underwent three separate sessions of tDCS (anodal, cathodal, and sham) while completing a Flanker task. Even though anodal stimulation appeared to diminish commission errors in the ADHD group, the overall analysis revealed no significant effect of tDCS. Since participants showed a considerable learning effect from the first to the second session, performance in the first session was separately analyzed. ADHD patients receiving sham stimulation in the first session showed impaired interference control compared to healthy control participants whereas ADHD patients who were exposed to anodal stimulation, showed comparable performance levels (commission errors, reaction time variability) to the control group. These results suggest that anodal tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus could improve interference control in patients with ADHD.},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Breitling, C. and Zaehle, T. and Dannhauer, M. and Bonath, B. and Tegelbeckers, J. and Flechtner, H. H. and Krauel, K.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {72},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Breitling, C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Dannhauer, M.\",\"Bonath, B.\",\"Tegelbeckers, J.\",\"Flechtner, H. H.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"key\":\"breitling_improving_2016\",\"id\":\"breitling_improving_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"breitling-zaehle-dannhauer-bonath-tegelbeckers-flechtner-krauel-improvinginterferencecontrolinadhdpatientswithtranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by HD-tDCS\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ejn.12908\",\"abstract\":\"The present study examined the functional lateralization of the human auditory cortex (AC) for pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing. By using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), we systematically modulated neuronal activity of the bilateral AC. We assessed the influence of anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS delivered over the left or right AC on auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to temporal as well as spectral deviants in 12 healthy subjects. The results showed that MMN to temporal deviants was significantly enhanced by anodal HD-tDCS applied over the left AC only. Our data indicate a left hemispheric dominance for the pre-attentive processing of low-level temporal information.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimrath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Breitling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"1580–1586\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heimrath_modulation_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by {HD}-{tDCS}},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/ejn.12908},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study examined the functional lateralization of the human auditory cortex (AC) for pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing. By using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), we systematically modulated neuronal activity of the bilateral AC. We assessed the influence of anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS delivered over the left or right AC on auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to temporal as well as spectral deviants in 12 healthy subjects. The results showed that MMN to temporal deviants was significantly enhanced by anodal HD-tDCS applied over the left AC only. Our data indicate a left hemispheric dominance for the pre-attentive processing of low-level temporal information.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Heimrath, K. and Breitling, C. and Krauel, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {1580--1586},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heimrath, K.\",\"Breitling, C.\",\"Krauel, K.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"heimrath_modulation_2015\",\"id\":\"heimrath_modulation_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heimrath-breitling-krauel-heinze-zaehle-modulationofpreattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystembyhdtdcs-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Clinical, neuropsychological, and pre-stimulus dorsomedial thalamic nucleus electrophysiological data in deep brain stimulation patients\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.008\",\"abstract\":\"The data presented here comprise clinical, neuropsychological, and intrathalamic electrophysiological data from 7 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and are related to the article \\\"Pre-stimulus thalamic theta power predicts human memory formation\\\" C.M. Sweeney-Reed, T. Zaehle, J. Voges, F.C. Schmitt, L. Buentjen, K. Kopitzki, et al. (2016) [1]. The patients participated in a memory paradigm after receiving electrodes implanted in the DMTN due to the surgical approach taken in electrode insertion for deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus. Epilepsy duration and pre-operative neuropsychological tests provide an indication of the profile of patients receiving intrathalamic electrode implantation and the memory capabilities in such a patient group. The electrophysiological data were recorded from the right DMTN preceding stimulus presentation during intentional memory encoding. The patients viewed a series of photographic scenes, which they judged as indoors or outdoors. The 900 ms epochs prior to stimulus presentation were labeled as preceding successful or unsuccessful subsequent memory formation according to a subsequent memory test for the items. The difference between theta power preceding successful versus unsuccessful subsequent memory formation is shown against time for each patient individually.\",\"journal\":\"Data Brief\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweeney-Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buentjen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopitzki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richardson-Klavehn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rugg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"557–561\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sweeney-reed_clinical_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Clinical, neuropsychological, and pre-stimulus dorsomedial thalamic nucleus electrophysiological data in deep brain stimulation patients},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.008},\\n\\tabstract = {The data presented here comprise clinical, neuropsychological, and intrathalamic electrophysiological data from 7 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and are related to the article \\\"Pre-stimulus thalamic theta power predicts human memory formation\\\" C.M. Sweeney-Reed, T. Zaehle, J. Voges, F.C. Schmitt, L. Buentjen, K. Kopitzki, et al. (2016) [1]. The patients participated in a memory paradigm after receiving electrodes implanted in the DMTN due to the surgical approach taken in electrode insertion for deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus. Epilepsy duration and pre-operative neuropsychological tests provide an indication of the profile of patients receiving intrathalamic electrode implantation and the memory capabilities in such a patient group. The electrophysiological data were recorded from the right DMTN preceding stimulus presentation during intentional memory encoding. The patients viewed a series of photographic scenes, which they judged as indoors or outdoors. The 900 ms epochs prior to stimulus presentation were labeled as preceding successful or unsuccessful subsequent memory formation according to a subsequent memory test for the items. The difference between theta power preceding successful versus unsuccessful subsequent memory formation is shown against time for each patient individually.},\\n\\tjournal = {Data Brief},\\n\\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Buentjen, L. and Kopitzki, K. and Richardson-Klavehn, A. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Knight, R. T. and Rugg, M. D.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {557--561},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sweeney-Reed, C. M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Buentjen, L.\",\"Kopitzki, K.\",\"Richardson-Klavehn, A.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Knight, R. T.\",\"Rugg, M. D.\"],\"key\":\"sweeney-reed_clinical_2016\",\"id\":\"sweeney-reed_clinical_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-richardsonklavehn-hinrichs-etal-clinicalneuropsychologicalandprestimulusdorsomedialthalamicnucleuselectrophysiologicaldataindeepbrainstimulationpatients-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power: the neural basis of impaired task performance\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"1469-8986\",\"shorttitle\":\"Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/psyp.12733\",\"abstract\":\"Unexpected novel sounds capture one's attention, even when irrelevant to the task pursued (e.g., playing video game). This often comes at a cost to the task (e.g., slower responding). The neural basis for this behavioral distraction effect is not well understood and is subject of this study. Our approach was motivated by findings from cuing paradigms suggesting a link between modulations in oscillatory activity and voluntary attention shifts. The current study tested whether oscillatory activity is also modulated by a task-irrelevant auditory distractor, reflecting a neural signature of an involuntary shift of attention and accounting for the impaired task performance. We reanalyzed magnetoencephalographic data collected via an auditory-visual distraction paradigm in which a task-relevant visual stimulus was preceded by a task-irrelevant sound on each trial. In 87.5% this was a regular sound (Standard); in 12.5% this was a novel sound (Distractor). We compared nonphase locked oscillatory activity in a time window prior to the visual target as a function of the experimental manipulation (Distractor, Standard). We found low power in the pretarget time window for Distractors compared to Standards in the alpha and beta frequency bands. Importantly, individual alpha power correlated with response speed on a trial-by-trial basis for the Distractor only. Sources were localized to the occipital cortex, and also to the parietal and supratemporal cortices. These findings support our hypothesis that the distractor-related alpha power modulation indexes an involuntary shift of attention which accounts for the impaired task performance.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2021-04-28\",\"journal\":\"Psychophysiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weise\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annekathrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schröger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erich\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Alpha oscillations, Cross-modal distraction, Involuntary attention, Magnetoencephalography (MEG)\",\"pages\":\"1651–1659\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weise_cross-modal_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power: the neural basis of impaired task performance},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {1469-8986},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/psyp.12733},\\n\\tabstract = {Unexpected novel sounds capture one's attention, even when irrelevant to the task pursued (e.g., playing video game). This often comes at a cost to the task (e.g., slower responding). The neural basis for this behavioral distraction effect is not well understood and is subject of this study. Our approach was motivated by findings from cuing paradigms suggesting a link between modulations in oscillatory activity and voluntary attention shifts. The current study tested whether oscillatory activity is also modulated by a task-irrelevant auditory distractor, reflecting a neural signature of an involuntary shift of attention and accounting for the impaired task performance. We reanalyzed magnetoencephalographic data collected via an auditory-visual distraction paradigm in which a task-relevant visual stimulus was preceded by a task-irrelevant sound on each trial. In 87.5\\\\% this was a regular sound (Standard); in 12.5\\\\% this was a novel sound (Distractor). We compared nonphase locked oscillatory activity in a time window prior to the visual target as a function of the experimental manipulation (Distractor, Standard). We found low power in the pretarget time window for Distractors compared to Standards in the alpha and beta frequency bands. Importantly, individual alpha power correlated with response speed on a trial-by-trial basis for the Distractor only. Sources were localized to the occipital cortex, and also to the parietal and supratemporal cortices. These findings support our hypothesis that the distractor-related alpha power modulation indexes an involuntary shift of attention which accounts for the impaired task performance.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2021-04-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychophysiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Weise, Annekathrin and Hartmann, Thomas and Schröger, Erich and Weisz, Nathan and Ruhnau, Philipp},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alpha oscillations, Cross-modal distraction, Involuntary attention, Magnetoencephalography (MEG)},\\n\\tpages = {1651--1659},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weise, A.\",\"Hartmann, T.\",\"Schröger, E.\",\"Weisz, N.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\"],\"key\":\"weise_cross-modal_2016\",\"id\":\"weise_cross-modal_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alpha oscillations\",\"Cross-modal distraction\",\"Involuntary attention\",\"Magnetoencephalography (MEG)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flicker-Driven Responses in Visual Cortex Change during Matched-Frequency Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1662-5161\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184\",\"abstract\":\"We tested a novel combination of two neuro-stimulation techniques, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and frequency tagging, that promises powerful paradigms to study the causal role of rhythmic brain activity in perception and cognition. Participants viewed a stimulus flickering at 7 or 11 Hz that elicited periodic brain activity, termed steady-state responses (SSRs), at the same temporal frequency and its higher order harmonics. Further, they received simultaneous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 7 or 11 Hz that either matched or differed from the flicker frequency. Sham tACS served as a control condition. Recent advances in reconstructing cortical sources of oscillatory activity allowed us to measure SSRs during concurrent tACS, which is known to impose strong artifacts in magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. For the first time, we were thus able to demonstrate immediate effects of tACS on SSR-indexed early visual processing. Our data suggest that tACS effects are largely frequency-specific and reveal a characteristic pattern of differential influences on the harmonic constituents of SSRs.\",\"language\":\"English\",\"urldate\":\"2021-04-28\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keitel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lithari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chrysa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neuling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Alpha Rhythm, MEG, NIBS, Steady-state response, TACs, brain oscillations, entrainment, frequency tagging\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ruhnau_flicker-driven_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Flicker-{Driven} {Responses} in {Visual} {Cortex} {Change} during {Matched}-{Frequency} {Transcranial} {Alternating} {Current} {Stimulation}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1662-5161},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184},\\n\\tabstract = {We tested a novel combination of two neuro-stimulation techniques, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and frequency tagging, that promises powerful paradigms to study the causal role of rhythmic brain activity in perception and cognition. Participants viewed a stimulus flickering at 7 or 11 Hz that elicited periodic brain activity, termed steady-state responses (SSRs), at the same temporal frequency and its higher order harmonics. Further, they received simultaneous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 7 or 11 Hz that either matched or differed from the flicker frequency. Sham tACS served as a control condition. Recent advances in reconstructing cortical sources of oscillatory activity allowed us to measure SSRs during concurrent tACS, which is known to impose strong artifacts in magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. For the first time, we were thus able to demonstrate immediate effects of tACS on SSR-indexed early visual processing. Our data suggest that tACS effects are largely frequency-specific and reveal a characteristic pattern of differential influences on the harmonic constituents of SSRs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {English},\\n\\turldate = {2021-04-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Keitel, Christian and Lithari, Chrysa and Weisz, Nathan and Neuling, Toralf},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alpha Rhythm, MEG, NIBS, Steady-state response, TACs, brain oscillations, entrainment, frequency tagging},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Keitel, C.\",\"Lithari, C.\",\"Weisz, N.\",\"Neuling, T.\"],\"key\":\"ruhnau_flicker-driven_2016\",\"id\":\"ruhnau_flicker-driven_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alpha Rhythm\",\"MEG\",\"NIBS\",\"Steady-state response\",\"TACs\",\"brain oscillations\",\"entrainment\",\"frequency tagging\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson's disease\",\"volume\":\"303\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059\",\"abstract\":\"Besides motor problems, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with detrimental emotional and cognitive functioning. Deficient explicit emotional processing has been observed, whilst patients also show impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. However, it is unclear whether this PD patients' ToM deficit is based on an inability to infer otherś emotional states or whether it is due to explicit emotional processing deficits. We investigated implicit and explicit emotional processing in PD with an affective priming paradigm in which we used pictures of human eyes for emotional primes and a lexical decision task (LDT) with emotional connoted words for target stimuli. Sixteen PD patients and sixteen matched healthy controls performed a LTD combined with an emotional priming paradigm providing emotional information through the facial eye region to assess implicit emotional processing. Second, participants explicitly evaluated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task. Compared to controls implicit emotional processing abilities were generally preserved in PD with, however, considerable alterations for happiness and disgust processing. Furthermore, we observed a general impairment of patients for explicit evaluation of emotional stimuli, which was augmented for the rating of facial expressions. This is the first study reporting results for affective priming with facial eye expressions in PD patients. Our findings indicate largely preserved implicit emotional processing, with a specific altered processing of disgust and happiness. Explicit emotional processing was considerably impaired for semantic and especially for facial stimulus material. Poor ToM abilities in PD patients might be based on deficient explicit emotional processing, with preserved ability to implicitly infer other people's feelings.\",\"journal\":\"Behavioural Brain Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagenbreth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wattenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"182–190\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wagenbreth_implicit_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in {Parkinson}'s disease},\\n\\tvolume = {303},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059},\\n\\tabstract = {Besides motor problems, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with detrimental emotional and cognitive functioning. Deficient explicit emotional processing has been observed, whilst patients also show impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. However, it is unclear whether this PD patients' ToM deficit is based on an inability to infer otherś emotional states or whether it is due to explicit emotional processing deficits. We investigated implicit and explicit emotional processing in PD with an affective priming paradigm in which we used pictures of human eyes for emotional primes and a lexical decision task (LDT) with emotional connoted words for target stimuli.\\n Sixteen PD patients and sixteen matched healthy controls performed a LTD combined with an emotional priming paradigm providing emotional information through the facial eye region to assess implicit emotional processing. Second, participants explicitly evaluated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task.\\n Compared to controls implicit emotional processing abilities were generally preserved in PD with, however, considerable alterations for happiness and disgust processing. Furthermore, we observed a general impairment of patients for explicit evaluation of emotional stimuli, which was augmented for the rating of facial expressions.\\n This is the first study reporting results for affective priming with facial eye expressions in PD patients. Our findings indicate largely preserved implicit emotional processing, with a specific altered processing of disgust and happiness. Explicit emotional processing was considerably impaired for semantic and especially for facial stimulus material. Poor ToM abilities in PD patients might be based on deficient explicit emotional processing, with preserved ability to implicitly infer other people's feelings.},\\n\\tjournal = {Behavioural Brain Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Wattenberg, L. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {182--190},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wagenbreth, C.\",\"Wattenberg, L.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"wagenbreth_implicit_2016\",\"id\":\"wagenbreth_implicit_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wagenbreth-wattenberg-heinze-zaehle-implicitandexplicitprocessingofemotionalfacialexpressionsinparkinsonsdisease-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anterior Thalamic High Frequency Band Activity Is Coupled with Theta Oscillations at Rest\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fnhum.2017.00358\",\"abstract\":\"Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between slow and fast brain rhythms, in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), is proposed to enable the coordination of neural oscillatory activity required for cognitive processing. PAC has been identified in the neocortex and mesial temporal regions, varying according to the cognitive task being performed and also at rest. PAC has also been observed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) during memory processing. The thalamus is active during the resting state and has been proposed to be involved in switching between task-free cognitive states such as rest, in which attention is internally-focused, and externally-focused cognitive states, in which an individual engages with environmental stimuli. It is unknown whether PAC is an ongoing phenomenon during the resting state in the ATN, which is modulated during different cognitive states, or whether it only arises during the performance of specific tasks. We analyzed electrophysiological recordings of ATN activity during rest from seven patients who received thalamic electrodes implanted for treatment of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. PAC was identified between theta (4-6 Hz) phase and high frequency band (80-150 Hz) amplitude during rest in all seven patients, which diminished during engagement in tasks involving an external focus of attention. The findings are consistent with the proposal that theta-gamma coupling in the ATN is an ongoing phenomenon, which is modulated by task performance.\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweeney-Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buentjen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Borchardt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinrichs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rugg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2017\",\"pages\":\"358\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sweeney-reed_anterior_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Anterior {Thalamic} {High} {Frequency} {Band} {Activity} {Is} {Coupled} with {Theta} {Oscillations} at {Rest}},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00358},\\n\\tabstract = {Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between slow and fast brain rhythms, in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), is proposed to enable the coordination of neural oscillatory activity required for cognitive processing. PAC has been identified in the neocortex and mesial temporal regions, varying according to the cognitive task being performed and also at rest. PAC has also been observed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) during memory processing. The thalamus is active during the resting state and has been proposed to be involved in switching between task-free cognitive states such as rest, in which attention is internally-focused, and externally-focused cognitive states, in which an individual engages with environmental stimuli. It is unknown whether PAC is an ongoing phenomenon during the resting state in the ATN, which is modulated during different cognitive states, or whether it only arises during the performance of specific tasks. We analyzed electrophysiological recordings of ATN activity during rest from seven patients who received thalamic electrodes implanted for treatment of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. PAC was identified between theta (4-6 Hz) phase and high frequency band (80-150 Hz) amplitude during rest in all seven patients, which diminished during engagement in tasks involving an external focus of attention. The findings are consistent with the proposal that theta-gamma coupling in the ATN is an ongoing phenomenon, which is modulated by task performance.},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Buentjen, L. and Borchardt, V. and Walter, M. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Rugg, M. D. and Knight, R. T.},\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tpages = {358},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sweeney-Reed, C. M.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Buentjen, L.\",\"Borchardt, V.\",\"Walter, M.\",\"Hinrichs, H.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Rugg, M. D.\",\"Knight, R. T.\"],\"key\":\"sweeney-reed_anterior_2017\",\"id\":\"sweeney-reed_anterior_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-borchardt-walter-hinrichs-etal-anteriorthalamichighfrequencybandactivityiscoupledwiththetaoscillationsatrest-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle influences sensorimotor gaiting in humans\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12868-019-0503-y\",\"abstract\":\"Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, a measurement of sensorimotor gaiting, is modulated by monoaminergic, presumably dopaminergic neurotransmission. Disturbances of the dopaminergic system can cause deficient PPI as found in neuropsychiatric diseases. A target specific influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on PPI has been shown in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, three patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type underwent DBS of the median forebrain bundle (MFB) in a compassionate use program to maintain cognitive abilities. This provided us the unique possibility to investigate the effects of different stimulation conditions of DBS of the MFB on PPI in humans. Separate analysis of each patient consistently showed a frequency dependent pattern with a DBS-induced increase of PPI at 60 Hz and unchanged PPI at 20 or 130 Hz, as compared to sham stimulation. Our data demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the MFB modulates PPI in a frequency-dependent manner. PPI measurement could serve as a potential marker for optimization of DBS settings independent of the patient or the examiner.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"BMC neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Panther\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nullmeier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaufmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hausmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bittner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kupsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"note\":\"tex.ids= pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019a, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019b\",\"keywords\":\"Alzheimer’s disease, DBS, Deep brain stimulation, Medial forebrain bundle, Neuromodulation, PPI, Prepulse inhibition, Reward system\",\"pages\":\"20\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{panther_electric_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle influences sensorimotor gaiting in humans},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12868-019-0503-y},\\n\\tabstract = {Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, a measurement of sensorimotor gaiting, is modulated by monoaminergic, presumably dopaminergic neurotransmission. Disturbances of the dopaminergic system can cause deficient PPI as found in neuropsychiatric diseases. A target specific influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on PPI has been shown in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, three patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type underwent DBS of the median forebrain bundle (MFB) in a compassionate use program to maintain cognitive abilities. This provided us the unique possibility to investigate the effects of different stimulation conditions of DBS of the MFB on PPI in humans.\\n Separate analysis of each patient consistently showed a frequency dependent pattern with a DBS-induced increase of PPI at 60 Hz and unchanged PPI at 20 or 130 Hz, as compared to sham stimulation.\\n Our data demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the MFB modulates PPI in a frequency-dependent manner. PPI measurement could serve as a potential marker for optimization of DBS settings independent of the patient or the examiner.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Panther, P. and Kuehne, M. and Voges, J. and Nullmeier, S. and Kaufmann, J. and Hausmann, J. and Bittner, D. and Galazky, I. and Heinze, H. J. and Kupsch, A. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tnote = {tex.ids= pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019a, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019b},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alzheimer’s disease, DBS, Deep brain stimulation, Medial forebrain bundle, Neuromodulation, PPI, Prepulse inhibition, Reward system},\\n\\tpages = {20},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Panther, P.\",\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Nullmeier, S.\",\"Kaufmann, J.\",\"Hausmann, J.\",\"Bittner, D.\",\"Galazky, I.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Kupsch, A.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"panther_electric_2019\",\"id\":\"panther_electric_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"panther-kuehne-voges-nullmeier-kaufmann-hausmann-bittner-galazky-etal-electricstimulationofthemedialforebrainbundleinfluencessensorimotorgaitinginhumans-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Alzheimer’s disease\",\"DBS\",\"Deep brain stimulation\",\"Medial forebrain bundle\",\"Neuromodulation\",\"PPI\",\"Prepulse inhibition\",\"Reward system\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Error-Related Dynamics of Reaction Time and Frontal Midline Theta Activity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) During a Subliminal Motor Priming Task\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381\",\"abstract\":\"Post-error slowing (PES) is an established performance monitoring readout. Several previous studies have found that PES is reduced in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We analyzed reaction time data, along with electroencephalography (EEG) data, from a response priming experiment in children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 15) between 10 and 17 years of age. We report dynamic reaction time changes before and after errors: whereas TD controls readjusted their response speed to their individual average speed after committing an error, this reaction time adjustment appeared to be delayed and decreased in ADHD patients. In the EEG, error trials were accompanied by increased frontal midline theta activity, which was attenuated in ADHD compared to TD. We conclude that PES has a different time course rather than being fully absent in ADHD and discuss relationships with our EEG findings and potential implications for performance monitoring in ADHD.\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keute\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"381\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{keute_error-related_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Error-{Related} {Dynamics} of {Reaction} {Time} and {Frontal} {Midline} {Theta} {Activity} in {Attention} {Deficit} {Hyperactivity} {Disorder} ({ADHD}) {During} a {Subliminal} {Motor} {Priming} {Task}},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381},\\n\\tabstract = {Post-error slowing (PES) is an established performance monitoring readout. Several previous studies have found that PES is reduced in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We analyzed reaction time data, along with electroencephalography (EEG) data, from a response priming experiment in children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 15) between 10 and 17 years of age. We report dynamic reaction time changes before and after errors: whereas TD controls readjusted their response speed to their individual average speed after committing an error, this reaction time adjustment appeared to be delayed and decreased in ADHD patients. In the EEG, error trials were accompanied by increased frontal midline theta activity, which was attenuated in ADHD compared to TD. We conclude that PES has a different time course rather than being fully absent in ADHD and discuss relationships with our EEG findings and potential implications for performance monitoring in ADHD.},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Keute, M. and Stenner, M. P. and Mueller, M. K. and Zaehle, T. and Krauel, K.},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {381},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Keute, M.\",\"Stenner, M. P.\",\"Mueller, M. K.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Krauel, K.\"],\"key\":\"keute_error-related_2019\",\"id\":\"keute_error-related_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"keute-stenner-mueller-zaehle-krauel-errorrelateddynamicsofreactiontimeandfrontalmidlinethetaactivityinattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderadhdduringasubliminalmotorprimingtask-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation Over the Temporal Cortex Modulating the Right Ear Advantage in Dichotic Listening\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ner.13023\",\"abstract\":\"Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) has proposed a new, promising, and simple non-invasive brain stimulation method. While several studies gained certain evidence about tSMS effects in the motor, somatosensory, and visual domains, there is still a controversial debate about its general effectiveness. In the present study, we investigated potential tSMS effects on auditory speech processing as measured by a dichotic listening (DL) task. Fifteen healthy participants received in randomized order on three different days one session of either sham, tSMS over the left, or tSMS over the right auditory cortex (AC). Under stimulation, participants performed a standard DL task with consonant-vowel syllables. Simultaneously, we recorded electroencephalogram from central sites (Fz, Cz, Pz). TSMS over the left AC changed the behavioral performance and modulated auditory evoked potentials. Stimulation of the left AC significantly reduced the right ear advantage during the DL task and the N1 component of auditory evoked potentials in response to these syllables. The preliminary results of the present exploratory study demonstrate the ability of tSMS to modulate human brain activity on a behavioral as well as physiologic level. Furthermore, tSMS effects on acoustic processing may have clinical implications by fostering potential approaches for a treatment of speech-related pathologies associated with hyperexcitability in the AC.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Neuromodulation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimrath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spröggel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Repplinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"335–340\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heimrath_transcranial_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial {Static} {Magnetic} {Field} {Stimulation} {Over} the {Temporal} {Cortex} {Modulating} the {Right} {Ear} {Advantage} in {Dichotic} {Listening}},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/ner.13023},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) has proposed a new, promising, and simple non-invasive brain stimulation method. While several studies gained certain evidence about tSMS effects in the motor, somatosensory, and visual domains, there is still a controversial debate about its general effectiveness. In the present study, we investigated potential tSMS effects on auditory speech processing as measured by a dichotic listening (DL) task.\\n Fifteen healthy participants received in randomized order on three different days one session of either sham, tSMS over the left, or tSMS over the right auditory cortex (AC). Under stimulation, participants performed a standard DL task with consonant-vowel syllables. Simultaneously, we recorded electroencephalogram from central sites (Fz, Cz, Pz).\\n TSMS over the left AC changed the behavioral performance and modulated auditory evoked potentials. Stimulation of the left AC significantly reduced the right ear advantage during the DL task and the N1 component of auditory evoked potentials in response to these syllables.\\n The preliminary results of the present exploratory study demonstrate the ability of tSMS to modulate human brain activity on a behavioral as well as physiologic level. Furthermore, tSMS effects on acoustic processing may have clinical implications by fostering potential approaches for a treatment of speech-related pathologies associated with hyperexcitability in the AC.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuromodulation},\\n\\tauthor = {Heimrath, K. and Spröggel, A. and Repplinger, S. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {335--340},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heimrath, K.\",\"Spröggel, A.\",\"Repplinger, S.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"heimrath_transcranial_2020\",\"id\":\"heimrath_transcranial_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heimrath-sprggel-repplinger-heinze-zaehle-transcranialstaticmagneticfieldstimulationoverthetemporalcortexmodulatingtherightearadvantageindichoticlistening-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.007\",\"abstract\":\"About 10% of the western population suffers from a specific disability in the acquisition of reading and writing skills, known as developmental dyslexia (DD). Even though DD starts in childhood it frequently continuous throughout lifetime. Impaired processing of acoustic features at the phonematic scale based on dysfunctional auditory temporal resolution is considered as one core deficit underlying DD. Recently, the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to modulate auditory temporal resolution and phoneme processing in healthy individuals has been demonstrated. The present work aims to investigate online effects of tES on phoneme processing in individuals with DD. Using an established phoneme-categorization task, we assessed the immediate behavioral and electrophysiological effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral auditory cortex in children and adolescents with DD (study 1) and adults with DD (study 2) on auditory phoneme processing acuity. Our data revealed that tACS improved phoneme categorization in children and adolescents with DD, an effect that was paralleled by an increase in evoked brain response patterns representing low-level sensory processing. In the adult sample we replicated these findings and additionally showed a more pronounced impact of tRNS on phoneme-categorization acuity. These results provide compelling evidence for the potential of both tACS and tRNS to increase temporal precision of the auditory system in DD and suggest transcranial electrical stimulation as potential intervention in DD to foster the effect of standard phonology-based training.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Brain Stimulation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"930–937\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rufener_transcranial_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.007},\\n\\tabstract = {About 10\\\\% of the western population suffers from a specific disability in the acquisition of reading and writing skills, known as developmental dyslexia (DD). Even though DD starts in childhood it frequently continuous throughout lifetime. Impaired processing of acoustic features at the phonematic scale based on dysfunctional auditory temporal resolution is considered as one core deficit underlying DD. Recently, the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to modulate auditory temporal resolution and phoneme processing in healthy individuals has been demonstrated.\\n The present work aims to investigate online effects of tES on phoneme processing in individuals with DD.\\n Using an established phoneme-categorization task, we assessed the immediate behavioral and electrophysiological effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral auditory cortex in children and adolescents with DD (study 1) and adults with DD (study 2) on auditory phoneme processing acuity.\\n Our data revealed that tACS improved phoneme categorization in children and adolescents with DD, an effect that was paralleled by an increase in evoked brain response patterns representing low-level sensory processing. In the adult sample we replicated these findings and additionally showed a more pronounced impact of tRNS on phoneme-categorization acuity.\\n These results provide compelling evidence for the potential of both tACS and tRNS to increase temporal precision of the auditory system in DD and suggest transcranial electrical stimulation as potential intervention in DD to foster the effect of standard phonology-based training.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Brain Stimulation},\\n\\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Krauel, K. and Meyer, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {930--937},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Krauel, K.\",\"Meyer, M.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"rufener_transcranial_2019\",\"id\":\"rufener_transcranial_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rufener-krauel-meyer-heinze-zaehle-transcranialelectricalstimulationimprovesphonemeprocessingindevelopmentaldyslexia-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Functional anatomy of pitch memory–an fMRI study with sparse temporal sampling\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00224-6\",\"abstract\":\"Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks are challenging since the MR scanner noise can interfere with the auditory stimulation. To avoid this interference a sparse temporal sampling method with a long repetition time (TR = 17 s) was used to explore the functional anatomy of pitch memory. Eighteen right-handed subjects listened to a sequence of sine-wave tones (4.6 s total duration) and were asked to make a decision (depending on a visual prompt) whether the last or second to last tone was the same or different as the first tone. An alternating button press condition served as a control. Sets of 24 axial slices were acquired with a variable delay time (between 0 and 6 s) between the end of the auditory stimulation and the MR acquisition. Individual imaging time points were combined into three clusters (0-2, 3-4, and 5-6 s after the end of the auditory stimulation) for the analysis. The analysis showed a dynamic activation pattern over time which involved the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, posterior dorsolateral frontal regions, superior parietal regions, and dorsolateral cerebellar regions bilaterally as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus. By regressing the performance score in the pitch memory task with task-related MR signal changes, the supramarginal gyrus (left¿right) and the dorsolateral cerebellum (lobules V and VI, left¿right) were significantly correlated with good task performance. The SMG and the dorsolateral cerebellum may play a critical role in short-term storage of pitch information and the continuous pitch discrimination necessary for performing this pitch memory task.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Neuroimage\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jancke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlaug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pages\":\"1417–1426\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gaab_functional_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Functional anatomy of pitch memory–an {fMRI} study with sparse temporal sampling},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00224-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks are challenging since the MR scanner noise can interfere with the auditory stimulation. To avoid this interference a sparse temporal sampling method with a long repetition time (TR = 17 s) was used to explore the functional anatomy of pitch memory. Eighteen right-handed subjects listened to a sequence of sine-wave tones (4.6 s total duration) and were asked to make a decision (depending on a visual prompt) whether the last or second to last tone was the same or different as the first tone. An alternating button press condition served as a control. Sets of 24 axial slices were acquired with a variable delay time (between 0 and 6 s) between the end of the auditory stimulation and the MR acquisition. Individual imaging time points were combined into three clusters (0-2, 3-4, and 5-6 s after the end of the auditory stimulation) for the analysis. The analysis showed a dynamic activation pattern over time which involved the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, posterior dorsolateral frontal regions, superior parietal regions, and dorsolateral cerebellar regions bilaterally as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus. By regressing the performance score in the pitch memory task with task-related MR signal changes, the supramarginal gyrus (left¿right) and the dorsolateral cerebellum (lobules V and VI, left¿right) were significantly correlated with good task performance. The SMG and the dorsolateral cerebellum may play a critical role in short-term storage of pitch information and the continuous pitch discrimination necessary for performing this pitch memory task.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroimage},\\n\\tauthor = {Gaab, N. and Gaser, C. and Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Schlaug, G.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpages = {1417--1426},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gaab, N.\",\"Gaser, C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Jancke, L.\",\"Schlaug, G.\"],\"key\":\"gaab_functional_2003\",\"id\":\"gaab_functional_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gaab-gaser-zaehle-jancke-schlaug-functionalanatomyofpitchmemoryanfmristudywithsparsetemporalsampling-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Inconsistent effects of stochastic resonance on human auditory processing\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41598-020-63332-w\",\"abstract\":\"It has been demonstrated that, while otherwise detrimental, noise can improve sensory perception under optimal conditions. The mechanism underlying this improvement is stochastic resonance. An inverted U-shaped relationship between noise level and task performance is considered as the signature of stochastic resonance. Previous studies have proposed the existence of stochastic resonance also in the human auditory system. However, the reported beneficial effects of noise are small, based on a small sample, and do not confirm the proposed inverted U-shaped function. Here, we investigated in two separate studies whether stochastic resonance may be present in the human auditory system by applying noise of different levels, either acoustically or electrically via transcranial random noise stimulation, while participants had to detect acoustic stimuli adjusted to their individual hearing threshold. We find no evidence for behaviorally relevant effects of stochastic resonance. Although detection rate for near-threshold acoustic stimuli appears to vary in an inverted U-shaped manner for some subjects, it varies in a U-shaped manner or in other manners for other subjects. Our results show that subjects do not benefit from noise, irrespective of its modality. In conclusion, our results question the existence of stochastic resonance in the human auditory system.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Sci Rep\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kauk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Repplinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"6419\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rufener_inconsistent_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Inconsistent effects of stochastic resonance on human auditory processing},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-020-63332-w},\\n\\tabstract = {It has been demonstrated that, while otherwise detrimental, noise can improve sensory perception under optimal conditions. The mechanism underlying this improvement is stochastic resonance. An inverted U-shaped relationship between noise level and task performance is considered as the signature of stochastic resonance. Previous studies have proposed the existence of stochastic resonance also in the human auditory system. However, the reported beneficial effects of noise are small, based on a small sample, and do not confirm the proposed inverted U-shaped function. Here, we investigated in two separate studies whether stochastic resonance may be present in the human auditory system by applying noise of different levels, either acoustically or electrically via transcranial random noise stimulation, while participants had to detect acoustic stimuli adjusted to their individual hearing threshold. We find no evidence for behaviorally relevant effects of stochastic resonance. Although detection rate for near-threshold acoustic stimuli appears to vary in an inverted U-shaped manner for some subjects, it varies in a U-shaped manner or in other manners for other subjects. Our results show that subjects do not benefit from noise, irrespective of its modality. In conclusion, our results question the existence of stochastic resonance in the human auditory system.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Sci Rep},\\n\\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Kauk, J. and Ruhnau, P. and Repplinger, S. and Heil, P. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {6419},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Kauk, J.\",\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Repplinger, S.\",\"Heil, P.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"rufener_inconsistent_2020\",\"id\":\"rufener_inconsistent_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rufener-kauk-ruhnau-repplinger-heil-zaehle-inconsistenteffectsofstochasticresonanceonhumanauditoryprocessing-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the auditory cortex modulates GABA and glutamate: a 7 T MR-spectroscopy study\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0\",\"abstract\":\"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most prominent non-invasive electrical brain stimulation method to alter neuronal activity as well as behavioral processes in cognitive and perceptual domains. However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7 T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Sci Rep\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimrath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brechmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blobel-Lüer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stadler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Budinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"20111\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heimrath_transcranial_2020-1,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation ({tDCS}) over the auditory cortex modulates {GABA} and glutamate: a 7 {T} {MR}-spectroscopy study},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most prominent non-invasive electrical brain stimulation method to alter neuronal activity as well as behavioral processes in cognitive and perceptual domains. However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7 T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Sci Rep},\\n\\tauthor = {Heimrath, K. and Brechmann, A. and Blobel-Lüer, R. and Stadler, J. and Budinger, E. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {20111},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heimrath, K.\",\"Brechmann, A.\",\"Blobel-Lüer, R.\",\"Stadler, J.\",\"Budinger, E.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"heimrath_transcranial_2020-1\",\"id\":\"heimrath_transcranial_2020-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heimrath-brechmann-blobeller-stadler-budinger-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsovertheauditorycortexmodulatesgabaandglutamatea7tmrspectroscopystudy-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human EEG\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0013766\",\"abstract\":\"Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the human cortex by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been instrumental in a number of important discoveries in the field of human cortical function and has become a well-established method for evaluating brain function in healthy human participants. Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been introduced to directly modulate the ongoing rhythmic brain activity by the application of oscillatory currents on the human scalp. Until now the efficiency of tACS in modulating rhythmic brain activity has been indicated only by inference from perceptual and behavioural consequences of electrical stimulation. No direct electrophysiological evidence of tACS has been reported. We delivered tACS over the occipital cortex of 10 healthy participants to entrain the neuronal oscillatory activity in their individual alpha frequency range and compared results with those from a separate group of participants receiving sham stimulation. The tACS but not the sham stimulation elevated the endogenous alpha power in parieto-central electrodes of the electroencephalogram. Additionally, in a network of spiking neurons, we simulated how tACS can be affected even after the end of stimulation. The results show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) selectively modulates synapses depending on the resonance frequencies of the neural circuits that they belong to. Thus, tACS influences STDP which in turn results in aftereffects upon neural activity.The present findings are the first direct electrophysiological evidence of an interaction of tACS and ongoing oscillatory activity in the human cortex. The data demonstrate the ability of tACS to specifically modulate oscillatory brain activity and show its potential both at fostering knowledge on the functional significance of brain oscillations and for therapeutic application.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"tex.ids= zaehleTranscranialAlternatingCurrent2010\",\"keywords\":\"Action potentials, Electroencephalography, Functional electrical stimulation, Neural pathways, Neurons, Synapses, Transcranial alternating current stimulation, Transcranial direct-current stimulation\",\"pages\":\"e13766\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_transcranial_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human {EEG}},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0013766},\\n\\tabstract = {Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the human cortex by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been instrumental in a number of important discoveries in the field of human cortical function and has become a well-established method for evaluating brain function in healthy human participants. Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been introduced to directly modulate the ongoing rhythmic brain activity by the application of oscillatory currents on the human scalp. Until now the efficiency of tACS in modulating rhythmic brain activity has been indicated only by inference from perceptual and behavioural consequences of electrical stimulation. No direct electrophysiological evidence of tACS has been reported. We delivered tACS over the occipital cortex of 10 healthy participants to entrain the neuronal oscillatory activity in their individual alpha frequency range and compared results with those from a separate group of participants receiving sham stimulation. The tACS but not the sham stimulation elevated the endogenous alpha power in parieto-central electrodes of the electroencephalogram. Additionally, in a network of spiking neurons, we simulated how tACS can be affected even after the end of stimulation. The results show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) selectively modulates synapses depending on the resonance frequencies of the neural circuits that they belong to. Thus, tACS influences STDP which in turn results in aftereffects upon neural activity.The present findings are the first direct electrophysiological evidence of an interaction of tACS and ongoing oscillatory activity in the human cortex. The data demonstrate the ability of tACS to specifically modulate oscillatory brain activity and show its potential both at fostering knowledge on the functional significance of brain oscillations and for therapeutic application.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Rach, S. and Herrmann, C. S.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {tex.ids= zaehleTranscranialAlternatingCurrent2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Action potentials, Electroencephalography, Functional electrical stimulation, Neural pathways, Neurons, Synapses, Transcranial alternating current stimulation, Transcranial direct-current stimulation},\\n\\tpages = {e13766},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Rach, S.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_transcranial_2010\",\"id\":\"zaehle_transcranial_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-rach-herrmann-transcranialalternatingcurrentstimulationenhancesindividualalphaactivityinhumaneeg-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Action potentials\",\"Electroencephalography\",\"Functional electrical stimulation\",\"Neural pathways\",\"Neurons\",\"Synapses\",\"Transcranial alternating current stimulation\",\"Transcranial direct-current stimulation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cortical thickness of supratemporal plane predicts auditory N1 amplitude\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835abc5c\",\"abstract\":\"The auditory-evoked potential's N1 component of the scalp electroencephalogram is a well-established measure of electrical brain activity. The N1 reflects basic auditory processing and is modulated by auditory experience, for instance, by musical training. Here, we explore a possible correlation between the auditory N1 amplitude and cortical architecture in the supratemporal plane. We hypothesize that individual differences in N1 amplitude reflect differential acuity, which might also be reflected by differences in auditory cortex anatomy. Auditory potentials evoked by sine wave tones and structural MRI were collected from 27 healthy volunteers. The thickness and surface area of the cortex were calculated using a surface-based morphometry approach. Cortical thickness, rather than surface area, in a cluster on the posterior supratemporal plane, predominantly located on Heschl's sulcus and lateral aspects of Heschl's gyrus, correlated with the N1 amplitude. In particular, lower cortical thickness was associated with larger N1 amplitudes. This is well in agreement with previous functional magnetic resonance studies reporting a thinner cortex to be related to a larger functional response.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"journal\":\"Neuroreport\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burkhard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jäncke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"1026–1030\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liem_cortical_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Cortical thickness of supratemporal plane predicts auditory {N1} amplitude},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835abc5c},\\n\\tabstract = {The auditory-evoked potential's N1 component of the scalp electroencephalogram is a well-established measure of electrical brain activity. The N1 reflects basic auditory processing and is modulated by auditory experience, for instance, by musical training. Here, we explore a possible correlation between the auditory N1 amplitude and cortical architecture in the supratemporal plane. We hypothesize that individual differences in N1 amplitude reflect differential acuity, which might also be reflected by differences in auditory cortex anatomy. Auditory potentials evoked by sine wave tones and structural MRI were collected from 27 healthy volunteers. The thickness and surface area of the cortex were calculated using a surface-based morphometry approach. Cortical thickness, rather than surface area, in a cluster on the posterior supratemporal plane, predominantly located on Heschl's sulcus and lateral aspects of Heschl's gyrus, correlated with the N1 amplitude. In particular, lower cortical thickness was associated with larger N1 amplitudes. This is well in agreement with previous functional magnetic resonance studies reporting a thinner cortex to be related to a larger functional response.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroreport},\\n\\tauthor = {Liem, F. and Zaehle, T. and Burkhard, A. and Jäncke, L. and Meyer, M.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {1026--1030},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liem, F.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Burkhard, A.\",\"Jäncke, L.\",\"Meyer, M.\"],\"key\":\"liem_cortical_2012\",\"id\":\"liem_cortical_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liem-zaehle-burkhard-jncke-meyer-corticalthicknessofsupratemporalplanepredictsauditoryn1amplitude-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Working memory in ALS patients: preserved performance but marked changes in underlying neuronal networks\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0071973\",\"abstract\":\"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects the motor system but also other frontal brain regions. In this study we investigated changes in functional neuronal networks including posterior brain regions that are not directly affected by the neurodegenerative process. To this end, we analyzed the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an ERP component considered an online marker of memory storage in posterior cortex, while 23 ALS patients and their controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample working memory (WM) task. The task required encoding of stimuli in the cued hemifield whilst ignoring stimuli in the other hemifield. Despite their unimpaired behavioral performance patients displayed several changes in the neuronal markers of the memory processes. Their CDA amplitude was smaller; it showed less load-dependent modulation and lacked the reduction observed when controls performed the same task three months later. The smaller CDA in the patients could be attributed to more ipsilateral cortical activity which may indicate that ALS patients unnecessarily processed the irrelevant stimuli as well. The latter is presumably related to deterioration of the frontal cortex in the patient group which was indicated by slight deficits in tests of their executive functions that increased over time. The frontal pathology presumably affected their top-down control of memory storage in remote regions in the posterior brain. In sum, the present results demonstrate functional changes in neuronal networks, i.e. neuroplasticity, in ALS that go well beyond the known structural changes. They also show that at least in WM tasks, in which strategic top-down control demands are relatively low, the frontal deficit can be compensated for by intact low level processes in posterior brain regions.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Naue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Machts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdulla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kollewe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dengler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vielhaber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"e71973\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zaehle_working_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Working memory in {ALS} patients: preserved performance but marked changes in underlying neuronal networks},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0071973},\\n\\tabstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects the motor system but also other frontal brain regions. In this study we investigated changes in functional neuronal networks including posterior brain regions that are not directly affected by the neurodegenerative process. To this end, we analyzed the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an ERP component considered an online marker of memory storage in posterior cortex, while 23 ALS patients and their controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample working memory (WM) task. The task required encoding of stimuli in the cued hemifield whilst ignoring stimuli in the other hemifield. Despite their unimpaired behavioral performance patients displayed several changes in the neuronal markers of the memory processes. Their CDA amplitude was smaller; it showed less load-dependent modulation and lacked the reduction observed when controls performed the same task three months later. The smaller CDA in the patients could be attributed to more ipsilateral cortical activity which may indicate that ALS patients unnecessarily processed the irrelevant stimuli as well. The latter is presumably related to deterioration of the frontal cortex in the patient group which was indicated by slight deficits in tests of their executive functions that increased over time. The frontal pathology presumably affected their top-down control of memory storage in remote regions in the posterior brain. In sum, the present results demonstrate functional changes in neuronal networks, i.e. neuroplasticity, in ALS that go well beyond the known structural changes. They also show that at least in WM tasks, in which strategic top-down control demands are relatively low, the frontal deficit can be compensated for by intact low level processes in posterior brain regions.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Becke, A. and Naue, N. and Machts, J. and Abdulla, S. and Petri, S. and Kollewe, K. and Dengler, R. and Heinze, H. J. and Vielhaber, S. and Müller, N. G.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {e71973},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Becke, A.\",\"Naue, N.\",\"Machts, J.\",\"Abdulla, S.\",\"Petri, S.\",\"Kollewe, K.\",\"Dengler, R.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Vielhaber, S.\",\"Müller, N. G.\"],\"key\":\"zaehle_working_2013\",\"id\":\"zaehle_working_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zaehle-becke-naue-machts-abdulla-petri-kollewe-dengler-etal-workingmemoryinalspatientspreservedperformancebutmarkedchangesinunderlyingneuronalnetworks-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates reward processing and action selection in Parkinson patients\",\"volume\":\"262\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00415-015-7749-9\",\"abstract\":\"Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) but its effect on the motivational regulation of action control is still not fully understood. We investigated whether DBS of the STN influences the ability of PD patients to act for anticipated reward or loss, or whether DBS improves action execution independent of motivational valence. 16 PD patients (12 male, mean age = 58.5 ± 10.17 years) treated with bilateral STN-DBS and an age- and gender-matched group of healthy controls (HC) performed a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action. Patients were tested with (ON) and without (OFF) active STN stimulation. For HC, there was a benefit in performing rewarded actions when compared to actions that avoided punishment. PD patients showed such a benefit reliably only when STN stimulation was ON. In fact, the relative behavioral benefit for go for reward over go to avoid losing was stronger in the PD patients under DBS ON than in HC. In PD patients, rather than generally improving motor functions independent of motivational valence, modulation of the STN by DBS improves action execution specifically when rewards are anticipated. Thus, STN-DBS establishes a reliable congruency between action and reward (\\\"Pavlovian congruency\\\") and remarkably enhances it over the level observed in HC.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Neurology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagenbreth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guitart-Masip\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Düzel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"note\":\"tex.ids= wagenbrethDeepBrainStimulation2015\",\"keywords\":\"Action selection, Deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, Reward, Subthalamic nucleus\",\"pages\":\"1541–1547\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wagenbreth_deep_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates reward processing and action selection in {Parkinson} patients},\\n\\tvolume = {262},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00415-015-7749-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) but its effect on the motivational regulation of action control is still not fully understood. We investigated whether DBS of the STN influences the ability of PD patients to act for anticipated reward or loss, or whether DBS improves action execution independent of motivational valence. 16 PD patients (12 male, mean age = 58.5 ± 10.17 years) treated with bilateral STN-DBS and an age- and gender-matched group of healthy controls (HC) performed a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action. Patients were tested with (ON) and without (OFF) active STN stimulation. For HC, there was a benefit in performing rewarded actions when compared to actions that avoided punishment. PD patients showed such a benefit reliably only when STN stimulation was ON. In fact, the relative behavioral benefit for go for reward over go to avoid losing was stronger in the PD patients under DBS ON than in HC. In PD patients, rather than generally improving motor functions independent of motivational valence, modulation of the STN by DBS improves action execution specifically when rewards are anticipated. Thus, STN-DBS establishes a reliable congruency between action and reward (\\\"Pavlovian congruency\\\") and remarkably enhances it over the level observed in HC.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Neurology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Zaehle, T. and Galazky, I. and Voges, J. and Guitart-Masip, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Düzel, E.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tnote = {tex.ids= wagenbrethDeepBrainStimulation2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Action selection, Deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, Reward, Subthalamic nucleus},\\n\\tpages = {1541--1547},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wagenbreth, C.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Galazky, I.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Guitart-Masip, M.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Düzel, E.\"],\"key\":\"wagenbreth_deep_2015\",\"id\":\"wagenbreth_deep_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wagenbreth-zaehle-galazky-voges-guitartmasip-heinze-dzel-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusmodulatesrewardprocessingandactionselectioninparkinsonpatients-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Action selection\",\"Deep brain stimulation\",\"Parkinson’s disease\",\"Reward\",\"Subthalamic nucleus\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cortical drive of low-frequency oscillations in the human nucleus accumbens during action selection\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"doi\":\"10.1152/jn.00988.2014\",\"abstract\":\"The nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to action selection by integrating behaviorally relevant information from multiple regions, including prefrontal cortex. Studies in rodents suggest that information flow to the nucleus accumbens may be regulated via task-dependent oscillatory coupling between regions. During instrumental behavior, local field potentials (LFP) in the rat nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are coupled at delta frequencies (Gruber AJ, Hussain RJ, O'Donnell P. PLoS One 4: e5062, 2009), possibly mediating suppression of afferent input from other areas and thereby supporting cortical control (Calhoon GG, O'Donnell P. Neuron 78: 181-190, 2013). In this report, we demonstrate low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling in humans, both at rest and during a decision-making task. We recorded LFP from the nucleus accumbens in six epilepsy patients who underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. All patients showed significant coherence and phase-synchronization between LFP and surface EEG at delta and low theta frequencies. Although the direction of this coupling as indexed by Granger causality varied between subjects in the resting-state data, all patients showed a cortical drive of the nucleus accumbens during action selection in a decision-making task. In three patients this was accompanied by a significant coherence increase over baseline. Our results suggest that low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling represents a highly conserved regulatory mechanism for action selection.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Neurophysiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Litvak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rutledge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dolan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"29–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stenner_cortical_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Cortical drive of low-frequency oscillations in the human nucleus accumbens during action selection},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1152/jn.00988.2014},\\n\\tabstract = {The nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to action selection by integrating behaviorally relevant information from multiple regions, including prefrontal cortex. Studies in rodents suggest that information flow to the nucleus accumbens may be regulated via task-dependent oscillatory coupling between regions. During instrumental behavior, local field potentials (LFP) in the rat nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are coupled at delta frequencies (Gruber AJ, Hussain RJ, O'Donnell P. PLoS One 4: e5062, 2009), possibly mediating suppression of afferent input from other areas and thereby supporting cortical control (Calhoon GG, O'Donnell P. Neuron 78: 181-190, 2013). In this report, we demonstrate low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling in humans, both at rest and during a decision-making task. We recorded LFP from the nucleus accumbens in six epilepsy patients who underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. All patients showed significant coherence and phase-synchronization between LFP and surface EEG at delta and low theta frequencies. Although the direction of this coupling as indexed by Granger causality varied between subjects in the resting-state data, all patients showed a cortical drive of the nucleus accumbens during action selection in a decision-making task. In three patients this was accompanied by a significant coherence increase over baseline. Our results suggest that low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling represents a highly conserved regulatory mechanism for action selection.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stenner, M. P. and Litvak, V. and Rutledge, R. B. and Zaehle, T. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Dolan, R. J.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {29--39},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stenner, M. P.\",\"Litvak, V.\",\"Rutledge, R. B.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Dolan, R. J.\"],\"key\":\"stenner_cortical_2015\",\"id\":\"stenner_cortical_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stenner-litvak-rutledge-zaehle-schmitt-voges-heinze-dolan-corticaldriveoflowfrequencyoscillationsinthehumannucleusaccumbensduringactionselection-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis\",\"volume\":\"265\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6\",\"abstract\":\"Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms affecting patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Sustained cognitive effort induces cognitive fatigue, operationalized as subjective exhaustion and fatigue-related objective alertness decrements with time-on-task. During prolonged cognitive testing, MS patients show increased simple reaction times (RT) accompanied by lower amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the P300 event-related potential. Previous studies suggested a major role of structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal cortex including a frontal hypo-activation in fatigue pathogenesis. In the present study we investigated the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on objective measures of fatigue-related decrements in cognitive performance in MS patients. P300 during an auditory oddball task and simple reaction times in an alertness test were recorded at baseline, during and after stimulation. Compared to sham, anodal tDCS caused an increase in P300 amplitude that persisted after the end of stimulation and eliminated the fatigue-related increase in RT over the course of a testing session. Our findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC can counteract performance decrements associated with fatigue thereby leading to an improvement in the patient's ability to cope with sustained cognitive demands. This provides causal evidence for the functional relevance of the left DLPFC in fatigue pathophysiology. The results indicate that tDCS-induced modulations of frontal activity can be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of fatigue-related declines in cognitive performance in MS patients.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Neurology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiene\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rufener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"607–617\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fiene_electrophysiological_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis},\\n\\tvolume = {265},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms affecting patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Sustained cognitive effort induces cognitive fatigue, operationalized as subjective exhaustion and fatigue-related objective alertness decrements with time-on-task. During prolonged cognitive testing, MS patients show increased simple reaction times (RT) accompanied by lower amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the P300 event-related potential. Previous studies suggested a major role of structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal cortex including a frontal hypo-activation in fatigue pathogenesis. In the present study we investigated the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on objective measures of fatigue-related decrements in cognitive performance in MS patients. P300 during an auditory oddball task and simple reaction times in an alertness test were recorded at baseline, during and after stimulation. Compared to sham, anodal tDCS caused an increase in P300 amplitude that persisted after the end of stimulation and eliminated the fatigue-related increase in RT over the course of a testing session. Our findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC can counteract performance decrements associated with fatigue thereby leading to an improvement in the patient's ability to cope with sustained cognitive demands. This provides causal evidence for the functional relevance of the left DLPFC in fatigue pathophysiology. The results indicate that tDCS-induced modulations of frontal activity can be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of fatigue-related declines in cognitive performance in MS patients.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Neurology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fiene, M. and Rufener, K. S. and Kuehne, M. and Matzke, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {607--617},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fiene, M.\",\"Rufener, K. S.\",\"Kuehne, M.\",\"Matzke, M.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"fiene_electrophysiological_2018\",\"id\":\"fiene_electrophysiological_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fiene-rufener-kuehne-matzke-heinze-zaehle-electrophysiologicalandbehavioraleffectsoffrontaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationoncognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosis-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Eyes wide shut: Transcranial alternating current stimulation drives alpha rhythm in a state dependent manner\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"copyright\":\"2016 The Author(s)\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"shorttitle\":\"Eyes wide shut\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/srep27138\",\"abstract\":\"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used to modulate brain oscillations to measure changes in cognitive function. It is only since recently that brain activity in human subjects during tACS can be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the phase relationship between the external tACS signal and concurrent brain activity. Subjects were stimulated with tACS at individual alpha frequency during eyes open and eyes closed resting states. Electrodes were placed at Cz and Oz, which should affect parieto-occipital areas most strongly. Source space magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were used to estimate phase coherence between tACS and brain activity. Phase coherence was significantly increased in areas in the occipital pole in eyes open resting state only. The lag between tACS and brain responses showed considerable inter-individual variability. In conclusion, tACS at individual alpha frequency entrains brain activity in visual cortices. Interestingly, this effect is state dependent and is clearly observed with eyes open but only to a lesser extent with eyes closed.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-04-28\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruhnau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neuling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fuscá\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Demarchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gianpaolo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"27138\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ruhnau_eyes_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Eyes wide shut: {Transcranial} alternating current stimulation drives alpha rhythm in a state dependent manner},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tcopyright = {2016 The Author(s)},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Eyes wide shut},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/srep27138},\\n\\tabstract = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used to modulate brain oscillations to measure changes in cognitive function. It is only since recently that brain activity in human subjects during tACS can be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the phase relationship between the external tACS signal and concurrent brain activity. Subjects were stimulated with tACS at individual alpha frequency during eyes open and eyes closed resting states. Electrodes were placed at Cz and Oz, which should affect parieto-occipital areas most strongly. Source space magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were used to estimate phase coherence between tACS and brain activity. Phase coherence was significantly increased in areas in the occipital pole in eyes open resting state only. The lag between tACS and brain responses showed considerable inter-individual variability. In conclusion, tACS at individual alpha frequency entrains brain activity in visual cortices. Interestingly, this effect is state dependent and is clearly observed with eyes open but only to a lesser extent with eyes closed.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-04-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Neuling, Toralf and Fuscá, Marco and Herrmann, Christoph S. and Demarchi, Gianpaolo and Weisz, Nathan},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {27138},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ruhnau, P.\",\"Neuling, T.\",\"Fuscá, M.\",\"Herrmann, C. S.\",\"Demarchi, G.\",\"Weisz, N.\"],\"key\":\"ruhnau_eyes_2016\",\"id\":\"ruhnau_eyes_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Safety and feasibility of nucleus accumbens stimulation in five patients with epilepsy\",\"volume\":\"261\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00415-014-7364-1\",\"abstract\":\"In five adult patients with intractable partial epilepsy, safety and feasibility of chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) were assessed, also providing initial indications of therapeutic efficacy. Concurrent medication remained unchanged. In this phase 1 trial, clinical outcome parameters of interest were Quality of Life in Epilepsy questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P), Beck Depression Inventory, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, neuropsychological testing, and Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Those data were obtained after 6 months of NAC stimulation and compared to the equivalent assessments made directly before implantation of electrodes. Additionally, monthly frequencies of simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures (CPS), and generalised tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were assessed during 3 months before electrode implantation and at the end of 6-month NAC stimulation. Proportion of responders, i.e. ≥50 % reduction in frequency of disabling seizures (sum of CPS and GTCS), was calculated. Main findings were unchanged psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment and a significant decrease in seizure severity (p = 0.043). QOLIE-31-P total score trended towards improvement (p = 0.068). Two out of five participants were responders. The median reduction in frequency of disabling seizures was 37.5 %. In summary, we provide initial evidence for safety and feasibility of chronic electrical stimulation of the NAC in patients with intractable partial epilepsy, as indicated by largely unchanged neurocognitive function and psychiatric comorbidity. Even though our data are underpowered to reliably assess efficacy, the significant decrease in seizure severity provides an initial indication of antiictal efficacy of NAC stimulation. This calls for larger and at best randomised trials to further elucidate efficacy of NAC stimulation in patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Neurology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holtkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"1477–1484\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schmitt_safety_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Safety and feasibility of nucleus accumbens stimulation in five patients with epilepsy},\\n\\tvolume = {261},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00415-014-7364-1},\\n\\tabstract = {In five adult patients with intractable partial epilepsy, safety and feasibility of chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) were assessed, also providing initial indications of therapeutic efficacy. Concurrent medication remained unchanged. In this phase 1 trial, clinical outcome parameters of interest were Quality of Life in Epilepsy questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P), Beck Depression Inventory, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, neuropsychological testing, and Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Those data were obtained after 6 months of NAC stimulation and compared to the equivalent assessments made directly before implantation of electrodes. Additionally, monthly frequencies of simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures (CPS), and generalised tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were assessed during 3 months before electrode implantation and at the end of 6-month NAC stimulation. Proportion of responders, i.e. ≥50 \\\\% reduction in frequency of disabling seizures (sum of CPS and GTCS), was calculated. Main findings were unchanged psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment and a significant decrease in seizure severity (p = 0.043). QOLIE-31-P total score trended towards improvement (p = 0.068). Two out of five participants were responders. The median reduction in frequency of disabling seizures was 37.5 \\\\%. In summary, we provide initial evidence for safety and feasibility of chronic electrical stimulation of the NAC in patients with intractable partial epilepsy, as indicated by largely unchanged neurocognitive function and psychiatric comorbidity. Even though our data are underpowered to reliably assess efficacy, the significant decrease in seizure severity provides an initial indication of antiictal efficacy of NAC stimulation. This calls for larger and at best randomised trials to further elucidate efficacy of NAC stimulation in patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Neurology},\\n\\tauthor = {Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T. and Holtkamp, M. and Kowski, A. B.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {1477--1484},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schmitt, F. C.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\",\"Holtkamp, M.\",\"Kowski, A. B.\"],\"key\":\"schmitt_safety_2014\",\"id\":\"schmitt_safety_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-holtkamp-kowski-safetyandfeasibilityofnucleusaccumbensstimulationinfivepatientswithepilepsy-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Seeing emotions in the eyes - inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039\",\"abstract\":\"Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming. Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories \\\"fear,\\\" \\\"disgust,\\\" \\\"happiness,\\\" and \\\"neutral.\\\" A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words - with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words - with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs. Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.\",\"journal\":\"Front Psychol\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagenbreth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rieger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"1039\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wagenbreth_seeing_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Seeing emotions in the eyes - inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039},\\n\\tabstract = {Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming.\\n Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories \\\"fear,\\\" \\\"disgust,\\\" \\\"happiness,\\\" and \\\"neutral.\\\"\\n A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words - with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words - with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs.\\n Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.},\\n\\tjournal = {Front Psychol},\\n\\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Rieger, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {1039},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wagenbreth, C.\",\"Rieger, J.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"wagenbreth_seeing_2014\",\"id\":\"wagenbreth_seeing_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wagenbreth-rieger-heinze-zaehle-seeingemotionsintheeyesinverseprimingeffectsinducedbyeyesexpressingmentalstates-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modulation of attentional processing by deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region in patients with parkinsonian disorders\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"doi\":\"10.1037/neu0000179\",\"abstract\":\"Low-frequency electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a therapeutic approach aiming to improve motor symptoms such as freezing of gate and postural instability in parkinsonian disorders. Because the PPN is a component of the reticular activating system, we tested whether PPN stimulation directly affects attention and consciousness. Eight patients with parkinsonian disorders and implanted with electrodes in the bilateral PPN underwent computerized assessment of attention. Performance in 3 standard reaction time (RT) tasks was assessed at 5 different stimulation frequencies in 5 consecutive sessions. Stimulation of the PPN at low (8 Hz) and therapeutic (20 Hz) frequencies led to a significant improvement of performance in a simple RT task. Patients' RTs were significantly faster at stimulation frequencies of 8 Hz and 20 Hz relative to no stimulation. Stimulation did not affect patients' performance in more complex attentional tasks. Low-frequent stimulation of PPN improves basal attentional processing in patients with parkinsonian disorders, leading to an improved tonic alertness. As successful performance in this task requires the intrinsic ability to build up and keep a certain level of attention, this might be interpreted as attentional augmentation related to stimulation features. Stimulation had no effect on more complex attentional processing. Our results suggest an influence of the PPN on certain aspects of attention, supporting attentional augmentation as one possible mechanism to improve motor action and gait in patients with parkinsonian disorders.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Neuropsychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwiecker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bittner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heinze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galazky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaehle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"632–637\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fischer_modulation_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Modulation of attentional processing by deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region in patients with parkinsonian disorders},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1037/neu0000179},\\n\\tabstract = {Low-frequency electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a therapeutic approach aiming to improve motor symptoms such as freezing of gate and postural instability in parkinsonian disorders. Because the PPN is a component of the reticular activating system, we tested whether PPN stimulation directly affects attention and consciousness.\\n Eight patients with parkinsonian disorders and implanted with electrodes in the bilateral PPN underwent computerized assessment of attention. Performance in 3 standard reaction time (RT) tasks was assessed at 5 different stimulation frequencies in 5 consecutive sessions.\\n Stimulation of the PPN at low (8 Hz) and therapeutic (20 Hz) frequencies led to a significant improvement of performance in a simple RT task. Patients' RTs were significantly faster at stimulation frequencies of 8 Hz and 20 Hz relative to no stimulation. Stimulation did not affect patients' performance in more complex attentional tasks.\\n Low-frequent stimulation of PPN improves basal attentional processing in patients with parkinsonian disorders, leading to an improved tonic alertness. As successful performance in this task requires the intrinsic ability to build up and keep a certain level of attention, this might be interpreted as attentional augmentation related to stimulation features. Stimulation had no effect on more complex attentional processing. Our results suggest an influence of the PPN on certain aspects of attention, supporting attentional augmentation as one possible mechanism to improve motor action and gait in patients with parkinsonian disorders.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuropsychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fischer, J. and Schwiecker, K. and Bittner, V. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {632--637},\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fischer, J.\",\"Schwiecker, K.\",\"Bittner, V.\",\"Heinze, H. J.\",\"Voges, J.\",\"Galazky, I.\",\"Zaehle, T.\"],\"key\":\"fischer_modulation_2015\",\"id\":\"fischer_modulation_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fischer-schwiecker-bittner-heinze-voges-galazky-zaehle-modulationofattentionalprocessingbydeepbrainstimulationofthepedunculopontinenucleusregioninpatientswithparkinsoniandisorders-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"zaehle, t\",\"authorlinks\":{\"zaehle, t\":\"https://zaehlelab.org/\"}},\n      ownerID: \"6gXcMjNmmTBaKkCeA\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"display: none\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"items\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{wienke_phasic_2023,
	title = {Phasic, {Event}-{Related} {Transcutaneous} {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} {Modifies} {Behavioural}, {Pupillary} and and {Low}-{Frequency} {Oscillatory} {Power} {Responses}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023},
	abstract = {Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been proposed to activate the Locus coeruleus - Noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. However, previous studies failed to find consistent modulatory effects of taVNS on LC-NA biomarkers. Recent studies suggest that phasic taVNS may be capable of modulating LC-NA biomarkers such as pupil dilation and α oscillations. However, it is unclear whether these effects extend beyond pure sensory vagal nerve responses. Critically, the potential of the pupillary light reflex as an additional taVNS biomarker has not been explored so far.
            Here, we applied phasic active and sham taVNS in 29 subjects (16 female, 13 male) while they performed an emotional Stroop task (EST) and a passive pupil light reflex task (PLRT). We recorded pupil size and brain activity dynamics using a combined Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - pupillometry design.
            Our results show that phasic taVNS significantly increased pupil dilation and performance during the EST. During the PLRT, active taVNS reduced and delayed pupil constriction. In the MEG, taVNS increased frontal-midline theta and alpha power during the EST, while occipital alpha power was reduced during both the EST and PLRT.
            Our findings provide evidence that phasic taVNS systematically modulates behavioral, pupillary and electrophysiological parameters of LC-NA activity during cognitive processing. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the pupillary light reflex can be used as a simple and effective proxy of taVNS efficacy. These findings have important implications for the development of non-invasive neuromodulation interventions for various cognitive and clinical applications.
            
              SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:
            
            Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique and is widely used in clinical and nonclinical research. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of taVNS is not yet fully understood. By assessing physiology and behavior in a response conflict task in healthy humans, we demonstrate the first successful application of a phasic, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve cognitive control and to systematically modulate pupillary and electrophysiological markers of the noradrenergic system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of taVNS could optimize future clinical applications and lead to better treatments for mental disorders associated with noradrenergic dysfunction. In addition, we present a new taVNS-sensitive pupillary measure representing an easy-to-use biomarker for future taVNS studies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-08-24},
	journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Wienke, Christian and Grueschow, Marcus and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {JN--RM--0452--23},
}



@article{rufener_effects_2023,
	title = {Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1935861X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006},
	abstract = {Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been introduced as a non-invasive alternative to invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS). While iVNS paired with tones has been highlighted as a potential effective therapy for the treatment of auditory disorders such as tinnitus, there is still scarce data available confirming the efficacy of non-invasive taVNS. Here, we assessed the effect of taVNS paired with acoustic stimuli on sensory-related electrophysiological responses.
Methods: A total of 22 healthy participants were investigated with a taVNS tone-pairing paradigm using a withinsubjects design. In a single session pure tones paired with either active taVNS or sham taVNS were repeatedly presented. Novel tones without electrical stimulation served as control condition. Auditory event related po­ tentials and auditory cortex oscillations were compared before and after the tone pairing procedure between stimulation conditions.
Results: From pre to post pairing, we observed a decrease in the N1 amplitude and in theta power to tones paired with sham taVNS while these electrophysiological measures remained stable for tones paired with active taVNS a pattern mirroring auditory sensory processing of novel, unpaired control tones.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the efficacy of a short-term application of non-invasive taVNS to modulate auditory processing in healthy individuals and, thereby, have potential implications for interventions in auditory processing deficits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-06-27},
	journal = {Brain Stimulation},
	author = {Rufener, Katharina S. and Wienke, Christian and Salanje, Alena and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {982--989},
}



@article{linnhoff_effects_2023,
	title = {Effects of repetitive twice-weekly transcranial direct current stimulations on fatigue and fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-32779-y},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Fatigue is associated with a dramatically decreased quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). It refers to a constant subjective feeling of exhaustion and performance decline, known as fatigability. However, inconsistency and heterogeneity in defining and assessing fatigue have led to limited advances in understanding and treating MS-associated fatigue. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising, non-pharmaceutical treatment strategy for subjective fatigue. However, whether repetitive tDCS also have long-term effects on time-on-task performance has not yet been investigated. This pseudorandomized, single-blinded, and sham-controlled study investigated tDCS effects on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters. 18 pwMS received eight twice-weekly 30 min stimulations over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Fatigability was operationalized as time-on-task-related changes in reaction time variability and P300 amplitude. Additionally, subjective trait and state fatigue ratings were assessed. The results revealed an overall decrease in subjective trait fatigue ratings that lasted at least four weeks after the stimulations. However, the ratings declined after both anodal and sham tDCS. No effects were found on subjective state fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Linear Mixed Models and Bayesian Regression models likewise favored the absence of a tDCS effect on fatigability parameters. The results confirm the complex relationship between MS-associated fatigue and fatigability. Reliable and clinically relevant parameters need to be established to extend the potential of tDCS for treating fatigability. Furthermore, our results indicate that consecutive stimulations rather than twice-weekly stimulations should be the preferred stimulation scheme in future studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-04-26},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {5878},
}



@article{linnhoff_cognitive_2023,
	title = {Cognitive fatigue-related sensory gating deficits in people with multiple sclerosis},
	volume = {176},
	issn = {0969-9961},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424},
	doi = {10/grm93d},
	abstract = {Background
Cognitive fatigue is highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and significantly limits their quality of life. Fatigue can be subdivided into a subjective feeling of constant (trait) or current (state) exhaustion, as well as an objective performance decline, also known as fatigability. However, the current fatigue diagnosis in pwMS is purely subjective, leaving fatigability mostly unattended. Sensorimotor and sensory gating deficits have recently been described as possible objective markers for fatigability in healthy subjects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of prepulse inhibition (PPI) ratios and the P50 sensory gating suppression as surrogate markers for cognitive fatigue in pwMS.
Methods
PPI and P50 sensory gating ratios were assessed before and after a 30-min fatigability-inducing AX- continuous performance task. Subjective trait fatigue was operationalized via self-report questionnaires, subjective state fatigue via visual analog scales (VAS), and fatigability via the change in both gating ratios. The data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models and Pearson correlations.
Results
We included 18 pwMS and 20 healthy controls (HC) in the final analyses. The task-induced fatigability was more pronounced in pwMS. While the initial PPI and P50 ratios were similar in both groups, P50 sensory gating was significantly disrupted after fatigability induction in pwMS. PPI, on the other hand, decreased in both groups. Moreover, initial P50 sensory gating ratios were negatively associated with subjective trait fatigue in pwMS, indicating that higher trait fatigue is associated with disrupted sensory gating. Finally, fatigability-related changes in P50 sensory gating were associated with the changes in VAS ratings, but only in HC.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that P50 sensory gating is a promising objective fatigue and fatigability parameter. Importantly, P50 sensory gating correlated with subjective trait and state fatigue ratings. Our results extend the subjective fatigue diagnosis and broaden the understanding of pathophysiological neuronal mechanisms in MS-related fatigue. This is the first study to present fatigue-related disruption of sensory gating in pwMS.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-12-16},
	journal = {Neurobiology of Disease},
	author = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Objective measurement, P50, Prepulse inhibition, Sensory gating},
	pages = {105950},
}



@article{linnhoff_fatigability-related_2023,
	title = {Fatigability-related oscillatory brain activity changes in people with {MS}},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {2211-0348},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610},
	doi = {10/grm93c},
	abstract = {Background
Fatigue, a multidimensional and challenging symptom associated with various underlying conditions, can manifest as a subjective feeling and a performance fatigability. The latter is often defined as an objectively measurable performance decline with time on task. Both syndromes are highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and are often resistant to medical therapy. In the absence of valid and reliable objective parameters, the current cognitive fatigue diagnosis remains purely subjective. Assessing brain wave activity changes has repeatedly been a viable strategy for monitoring cognitive fatigue in healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to investigate oscillatory brain activity changes and their associations with subjective fatigue in pwMS.
Methods
We enrolled 21 pwMS and 21 healthy controls (HC) in this study. Subjects performed a sustained attention task divided into six blocks over the course of 30 minutes, and underwent resting state EEGs before and after the task. During the task, subjects were repeatedly asked to rate their subjective levels of mental fitness, mental exhaustion, and mind wandering. Using Linear Mixed Models, we explored fatigability-related changes by focusing on the time course of changes in reaction time variability, subjective ratings of fatigability, as well as frontomedial theta, and occipital alpha power. We further investigated initial and fatigability-induced differences between pwMS and HC at rest. Finally, Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationship between subjective fatigue and objective fatigability parameters.
Results
Our results revealed a systematically stronger fatigability development in pwMS that was objectively measurable. PwMS reported lower mental fitness levels and demonstrated greater variability in reaction times with time on task. Occipital alpha power significantly increased during the task. Especially for upper alpha power, this increase was significantly more prominent in pwMS compared to HC. However, the time-on-task-induced changes in our study were not associated with the subjective fatigue ratings.
Conclusions
The results of this study expand the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlining cognitive fatigability and may complement the fatigue diagnosis and therapy monitoring with quantitative objective methods.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-12-16},
	journal = {Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders},
	author = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Alpha power, Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Frontomedial theta power, Reaction time variability},
	pages = {104457},
}



@article{griffiths_rhythmic_2022,
	title = {Rhythmic interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex precede human visual perception},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z},
	doi = {10/grm93b},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The thalamus is much more than a simple sensory relay. High-order thalamic nuclei, such as the mediodorsal thalamus, exert a profound influence over animal cognition. However, given the difficulty of directly recording from the thalamus in humans, next-to-nothing is known about thalamic and thalamocortical contributions to human cognition. To address this, we analysed simultaneously-recorded thalamic iEEG and whole-head MEG in six patients (plus MEG recordings from twelve healthy controls) as they completed a visual detection task. We observed that the phase of both ongoing mediodorsal thalamic and prefrontal low-frequency activity was predictive of perceptual performance. Critically however, mediodorsal thalamic activity mediated prefrontal contributions to perceptual performance. These results suggest that it is thalamocortical interactions, rather than cortical activity alone, that is predictive of upcoming perceptual performance and, more generally, highlights the importance of accounting for the thalamus when theorising about cortical contributions to human cognition.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-12-20},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Griffiths, Benjamin J. and Zaehle, Tino and Repplinger, Stefan and Schmitt, Friedhelm C. and Voges, Jürgen and Hanslmayr, Simon and Staudigl, Tobias},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {3736},
}



@article{kuehne_i_2022,
	title = {I spy with my little eye: {The} detection of changes in emotional faces and the influence of facial feedback in {Parkinson}'s disease},
	issn = {1468-1331},
	shorttitle = {I spy with my little eye},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647},
	doi = {10/grm929},
	abstract = {Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system but also involves deficits in emotional processing such as facial emotion recognition. In healthy participants, it has been shown that facial mimicry, the automatic imitation of perceived facial expressions, facilitates the interpretation of the emotional states of our counterpart. In PD patients, recent studies revealed reduced facial mimicry and consequently reduced facial feedback, suggesting that this reduction might contribute to the prominent emotion recognition deficits found in PD. Methods We investigate the influence of facial mimicry on facial emotion recognition. Twenty PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent a classical facial mimicry manipulation (holding a pen with the lips, teeth or non-dominant hand) while performing an emotional change detection task with faces. Results As expected, emotion recognition was significantly influenced by facial mimicry manipulation in HC further supporting the hypothesis of facial feedback and the related theory of embodied simulation. Importantly, patients with PD generally and independent from the facial mimicry manipulation were impaired in their ability to detected emotion changes. Our data further show that PD patients facial emotional recognition abilities are completely unaffected by mimicry manipulation, assuming that PD patients cannot profit from an artificial modulation of the already impaired facial feedback. Conclusions These findings suggest that it is not the hypomimia and the absence of the facial feedback per se, but a disruption of the facial feedback loop, which leads to the prominent emotion recognition deficit in PD patients.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-12-16},
	journal = {European Journal of Neurology},
	author = {Kuehne, Maria and Polotzek, Laura and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino and Lobmaier, Janek S.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ene.15647},
	keywords = {Parkinson's disease, emotion, facial expression, facial feedback, facial mimicry},
	pages = {1 -- 9},
}



@article{thiele_amplitude_2021,
	title = {Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation ({AM}-{TACS}) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1},
	doi = {10/gnmzph},
	abstract = {Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS) is a novel method of electrostimulation which enables the recording of electrophysiological signals during stimulation, thanks to an easier removable stimulation artefact compared to classical electrostimulation methods. To gauge the neuromodulatory potential of AM-tACS, we tested its capacity to induce phosphenes as an indicator of stimulation efficacy. AM-tACS was applied via a two-electrode setup, attached on FpZ and below the right eye. AM-tACS waveforms comprised of different carrier (50 Hz, 200 Hz, 1000 Hz) and modulation frequencies (8 Hz, 16 Hz, 28 Hz) were administered with at maximum 2 mA peak-to-peak stimulation strength. TACS conditions in the same frequencies were used as a benchmark for phosphene induction. AM-tACS conditions using a 50 Hz carrier frequency were able to induce phosphenes, but with no difference in phosphene thresholds between modulation frequencies. AM-tACS using a 200 Hz or 1000 Hz carrier frequency did not induce phosphenes. TACS conditions induced phosphenes in line with previous studies. Stimulation effects of AM-tACS conditions were independent of amplitude modulation and instead relied solely on the carrier frequency. A possible explanation may be that AM-tACS needs higher stimulation intensities for its amplitude modulation to have a neuromodulatory effect.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Thiele, Carsten and Zaehle, Tino and Haghikia, Aiden and Ruhnau, Philipp},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},
	pages = {22245},
}



@article{schmicker_making_2021,
	title = {Making the rich richer: {Frontoparietal} {tDCS} enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals},
	volume = {242},
	issn = {1053-8119},
	shorttitle = {Making the rich richer},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138},
	doi = {10/gnmzpd},
	abstract = {Working memory (WM) performance depends on the ability to extract relevant while inhibiting irrelevant information from entering the WM storage. This distractor inhibition ability can be trained and is known to induce transfer effects on WM performance. Here we asked whether transfer on WM can be boosted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a single-session distractor inhibition training. As WM performance is ascribed to the frontoparietal network, in which prefrontal areas are associated with inhibiting distractors and posterior parietal areas with storing information, we placed the anode over the prefrontal and the cathode over the posterior parietal cortex during a single-session distractor inhibition training. This network-oriented stimulation protocol should enhance inhibition processes by shifting the neural activity from posterior to prefrontal regions. WM improved after a single-session distractor inhibition training under verum stimulation but only in subjects with a high WM capacity. In subjects with a low WM capacity, verum tDCS reduced the transfer effects on WM. We assume tDCS to strengthen the frontostriatal pathway in individuals with a high WM capacity leading to efficient inhibition of distractors. In contrast, the cathodal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex might have hindered usual compensational mechanism in low capacity subjects, i.e. maintaining also irrelevant information in memory. Our results thus stress the need to adjust tDCS protocols to well-founded knowledge about neural networks and individual cognitive differences.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Schmicker, Marlen and Menze, Inga and Schneider, Christine and Taubert, Marco and Zaehle, Tino and Mueller, Notger G.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Cognitive training, Distractor inhibition, Frontoparietal network, Individual differences, Working memory capacity, tDCS},
	pages = {118438},
}



@article{ludwig_current_2021,
	title = {Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ({taVNS})},
	volume = {236},
	issn = {1566-0702},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302},
	doi = {10/gnkt93},
	abstract = {Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique may influence the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE system) via modulation of the Vagus Nerve (VN) which projects to the LC. Few human studies exist examining the effects of taVNS on the LC-NE system and studies to date assessing the ability of taVNS to target the LC yield heterogeneous results. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current challenges in assessing effects of taVNS on LC function and how translational approaches spanning animal and human research can help in this regard. A particular emphasis of the review discusses how the effects of taVNS may be influenced by changes in structure and function of the LC-NE system across the human lifespan and in disease.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience},
	author = {Ludwig, Mareike and Wienke, Christian and Betts, Matthew J. and Zaehle, Tino and Hämmerer, Dorothea},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Cross-species translational approach, Locus coeruleus, Neurodegeneration, Neuromodulation, Noradrenergic system, Stimulation parameters, Vagus nerve stimulation},
	pages = {102900},
}



@article{sobczak_anticipating_2021,
	title = {Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span},
	volume = {245},
	issn = {1053-8119},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691},
	doi = {10/gnmzpg},
	abstract = {Anticipating social and non-social incentives recruits shared brain structures and promotes behavior. However, little is known about possible age-related behavioral changes, and how the human substantia nigra (SN) signals positive and negative social information. Therefore, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) from the SN of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (n = 12, intraoperative, OFF medication) in combination with a social incentive delay task including photos of neutral, positive or negative human gestures and mimics as feedback. We also tested a group of non-operated PD patients (n = 24, ON and OFF medication), and a sample of healthy young (n = 51) and older (n = 52) adults with behavioral readouts only. Behaviorally, the anticipation of both positive and negative social feedback equally accelerated response times in contrast to neutral social feedback in healthy young and older adults. Although this effect was not significant in the group of operated PD patients – most likely due to the small sample size – iEEG recordings in their SN showed a significant increase in alpha-beta power (9–20 Hz) from 300 to 600 ms after cue onset again for both positive and negative cues. Finally, in non-operated PD patients, the behavioral effect was not modulated by medication status (ON vs OFF medication) suggesting that other processes than dopaminergic neuromodulation play a role in driving invigoration by social incentives. Together, our findings provide novel and direct evidence for a role of the SN in processing positive and negative social information via specific oscillatory mechanisms in the alpha-beta range, and they suggest that anticipating social value in simple cue-outcome associations is intact in healthy aging and PD.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Sobczak, Alexandra and Repplinger, Stefan and Bauch, Eva M. and Brueggemann, Norbert and Lohse, Christina and Hinrichs, Hermann and Buentjen, Lars and Voges, Juergen and Zaehle, Tino and Bunzeck, Nico},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Dopamine, Intracranial EEG, Parkinson, Social reward learning, Substantia nigra},
	pages = {118696},
}



@article{zaehle_lc-ne_2021,
	title = {The {LC}-{NE} system as a potential target for neuromodulation to ameliorate non-motor symptoms in {Parkinson}'s disease},
	volume = {236},
	issn = {1566-0702},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314},
	doi = {10/gnmzpf},
	abstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with severe motor symptoms but also with several non-motor symptoms (NMS). A substantial reduction of norepinephrine (NE) levels in various brain regions reflecting an extensive loss of innervation from the LC has been assumed as causal for the development of NMS and specifically of attentional impairments in PD. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a new, non-invasive neurostimulation method supposed to modulate the LC-NE system in humans. In the current opinion paper, we introduce taVNS as a systemic approach to directly affect NE neurotransmission in healthy as well as clinical populations and discuss its potential as therapeutic option for the treatment of NMS, specifically attentional deficits, in patients with PD. Here, we first describe the LC-NE system and discuss how LC-NE dysfunction might affects cognition in PD before detailing the mode of action of taVNS and proposing its use to modulate cognitive deficits in these patients.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-18},
	journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience},
	author = {Zaehle, Tino and Galazky, Imke and Krauel, Kerstin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {LC-NE system, Non-motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease, TaVNS},
	pages = {102901},
}



@article{keute_effects_2021,
	title = {Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation ({tVNS}) on beta and gamma brain oscillations},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {00109452},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477},
	doi = {10/gkfjj3},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Keute, Marius and Wienke, Christian and Ruhnau, Philipp and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {222--231},
}



@article{ruhnau_transcranial_2021,
	title = {Transcranial {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({taVNS}) and {Ear}-{EEG}: {Potential} for {Closed}-{Loop} {Portable} {Non}-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1662-5161},
	shorttitle = {Transcranial {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({taVNS}) and {Ear}-{EEG}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full},
	doi = {10/gm7p8r},
	abstract = {No matter how hard we concentrate, our attention fluctuates – a fact that greatly affects our success in completing a current task. Here, we review work from two methods that, in a closed-loop manner, have the potential to ameliorate these fluctuations. Ear-EEG can measure electric brain activity from areas in or around the ear, using small and thus portable hardware. It has been shown to capture the state of attention with high temporal resolution. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) comes with the same advantages (small and light) and critically current research suggests that it is possible to influence ongoing brain activity that has been linked to attention. Following the review of current work on ear-EEG and taVNS we suggest that a combination of the two methods in a closed-loop system could serve as a potential application to modulate attention.},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
	author = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {699473},
}



@article{keute_transcutaneous_2019,
	title = {Transcutaneous {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({tVNS}) and the {Dynamics} of {Visual} {Bistable} {Perception}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1662-453X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full},
	doi = {10/ghs26r},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
	author = {Keute, Marius and Boehrer, Lisa and Ruhnau, Philipp and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {227},
}



@article{zaehle_transcranial_2011,
	title = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1471-2202},
	shorttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance},
	url = {https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2},
	doi = {10/b75vr3},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {BMC Neuroscience},
	author = {Zaehle, Tino and Sandmann, Pascale and Thorne, Jeremy D and Jäncke, Lutz and Herrmann, Christoph S},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2},
}



@article{zaehle_neural_2007,
	title = {The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference},
	volume = {1137},
	issn = {00068993},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773},
	doi = {10/dt5xrc},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Brain Research},
	author = {Zaehle, Tino and Jordan, Kirsten and Wüstenberg, Torsten and Baudewig, Jürgen and Dechent, Peter and Mast, Fred W.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {92--103},
}



@article{sweeney-reed_thalamic_2015,
	title = {Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic cross-frequency coupling},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578},
	doi = {10/gdz7tp},
	abstract = {Previously we reported electrophysiological evidence for a role for the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) in human memory formation (Sweeney-Reed et al., 2014). Theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) predicted successful memory formation, with the involvement of gamma oscillations suggesting memory-relevant local processing in the ATN. The importance of the theta frequency range in memory processing is well-established, and phase alignment of oscillations is considered to be necessary for synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that theta phase alignment in the ATN would be necessary for memory encoding. Further analysis of the electrophysiological data reveal that phase alignment in the theta rhythm was greater during successful compared with unsuccessful encoding, and that this alignment was correlated with the CFC. These findings support an active processing role for the ATN during memory formation.},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {eLife},
	author = {Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M and Zaehle, Tino and Voges, Jürgen and Schmitt, Friedhelm C and Buentjen, Lars and Kopitzki, Klaus and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Rugg, Michael D and Knight, Robert T and Richardson-Klavehn, Alan},
	editor = {Eichenbaum, Howard},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {cross-frequency coupling, encoding, iEEG, memory, phase alignment, thalamus},
	pages = {e07578},
}



@article{heilbronner_caffeine_2015,
	title = {Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory: a near infrared spectroscopy study},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1756-0500},
	shorttitle = {Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520},
	doi = {10/f75t92},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {BMC Research Notes},
	author = {Heilbronner, Urs and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {520},
}



@article{heimrath_changed_2016,
	title = {Changed categorical perception of consonant–vowel syllables induced by transcranial direct current stimulation ({tDCS})},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1471-2202},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8},
	doi = {10/f8jpmh},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {BMC Neuroscience},
	author = {Heimrath, Kai and Fischer, Anna and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {8},
}



@article{fiore_changing_2016,
	title = {Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	shorttitle = {Changing pattern in the basal ganglia},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327},
	doi = {10/f8d6jp},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            Action selection in the basal ganglia is often described within the framework of a standard model, associating low dopaminergic drive with motor suppression. Whilst powerful, this model does not explain several clinical and experimental data, including varying therapeutic efficacy across movement disorders. We tested the predictions of this model in patients with Parkinson’s disease, on and off subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), focussing on adaptive sensory-motor responses to a changing environment and maintenance of an action until it is no longer suitable. Surprisingly, we observed prolonged perseverance under on-stimulation, and high inter-individual variability in terms of the motor selections performed when comparing the two conditions. To account for these data, we revised the standard model exploring its space of parameters and associated motor functions and found that, depending on effective connectivity between external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and saliency of the sensory input, a low dopaminergic drive can result in increased, dysfunctional, motor switching, besides motor suppression. This new framework provides insight into the biophysical mechanisms underlying DBS, allowing a description in terms of alteration of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrophysiological data in comparison with the standard model.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Fiore, Vincenzo G. and Rigoli, Francesco and Stenner, Max-Philipp and Zaehle, Tino and Hirth, Frank and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Dolan, Raymond J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {23327},
}



@article{fiore_erratum_2016,
	title = {Erratum: {Corrigendum}: {Changing} pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	shorttitle = {Erratum},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841},
	doi = {10/gmn3rp},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Fiore, Vincenzo G. and Rigoli, Francesco and Stenner, Max-Philipp and Zaehle, Tino and Hirth, Frank and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Dolan, Raymond J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {30841},
}



@article{sweeney-reed_corticothalamic_2014,
	title = {Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352},
	doi = {10/gg39j7},
	abstract = {The anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) is thought to play an important role in a brain network involving the hippocampus and neocortex, which enables human memories to be formed. However, its small size and location deep within the brain have impeded direct investigation in humans with non-invasive techniques. Here we provide direct evidence for a functional role for the ATN in memory formation from rare simultaneous human intrathalamic and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from eight volunteering patients receiving intrathalamic electrodes implanted for the treatment of epilepsy, demonstrating real-time communication between neocortex and ATN during successful memory encoding. Neocortical-ATN theta oscillatory phase synchrony of local field potentials and neocortical-theta-to-ATN-gamma cross-frequency coupling during presentation of complex photographic scenes predicted later memory for the scenes, demonstrating a key role for the ATN in human memory encoding.},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {eLife},
	author = {Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M and Zaehle, Tino and Voges, Juergen and Schmitt, Friedhelm C and Buentjen, Lars and Kopitzki, Klaus and Esslinger, Christine and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Knight, Robert T and Richardson-Klavehn, Alan},
	editor = {Eichenbaum, Howard},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {cross-frequency coupling, memory, synchrony, thalamus},
	pages = {e05352},
}



@article{heimrath_modulating_2016,
	title = {Modulating {Human} {Auditory} {Processing} by {Transcranial} {Electrical} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1662-5102},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053},
	doi = {10/gdz72h},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},
	author = {Heimrath, Kai and Fiene, Marina and Rufener, Katharina S. and Zaehle, Tino},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
}



@article{zaehle_induction_2007,
	title = {Induction of {LTP}-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation: {An} {FMRI} study},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0922-6028},
	shorttitle = {Induction of {LTP}-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation},
	url = {https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407},
	abstract = {Purpose : Previously we have shown that rapid sensory stimulation, in this case, auditory tone pips, can induce long-lasting plastic changes akin to Long Term Potentiation (LTP) within adult human sensory cortex. In a previous study, auditory LTP was},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience},
	author = {Zaehle, Tino and Clapp, Wesley C. and Hamm, Jeff P. and Meyer, Martin and Kirk, Ian J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {251--259},
}



@article{zaehle_electrical_2007,
	title = {Electrical brain imaging evidences left auditory cortex involvement in speech and non-speech discrimination based on temporal features},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1744-9081},
	url = {http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63},
	doi = {10/b3dqn5},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Behavioral and Brain Functions},
	author = {Zaehle, Tino and Jancke, Lutz and Meyer, Martin},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {63},
}



@article{kuehne_effects_2021,
	title = {Effects of posed smiling on memory for happy and sad facial expressions},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7},
	doi = {10/gmn3q9},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            The perception and storage of facial emotional expressions constitutes an important human skill that is essential for our daily social interactions. While previous research revealed that facial feedback can influence the perception of facial emotional expressions, it is unclear whether facial feedback also plays a role in memory processes of facial emotional expressions. In the present study we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the performance in emotional visual working memory (WM). For this purpose, 37 participants underwent a classical facial feedback manipulation (FFM) (holding a pen with the teeth—inducing a smiling expression vs. holding a pen with the non-dominant hand—as a control condition) while they performed a WM task on varying intensities of happy or sad facial expressions. Results show that the smiling manipulation improved memory performance selectively for happy faces, especially for highly ambiguous facial expressions. Furthermore, we found that in addition to an overall negative bias specifically for happy faces (i.e. happy faces are remembered as more negative than they initially were), FFM induced a positivity bias when memorizing emotional facial information (i.e. faces were remembered as being more positive than they actually were). Finally, our data demonstrate that men were affected more by FFM: during induced smiling men showed a larger positive bias than women did. These data demonstrate that facial feedback not only influences our perception but also systematically alters our memory of facial emotional expressions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Kuehne, Maria and Zaehle, Tino and Lobmaier, Janek S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {10477},
}



@article{kuehne_out_2019,
	title = {Out of {Focus}: {Facial} {Feedback} {Manipulation} {Modulates} {Automatic} {Processing} of {Unattended} {Emotional} {Faces}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0898-929X, 1530-8898},
	shorttitle = {Out of {Focus}},
	url = {https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334},
	doi = {10/gjtfmc},
	abstract = {Facial expressions provide information about an individual's intentions and emotions and are thus an important medium for nonverbal communication. Theories of embodied cognition assume that facial mimicry and resulting facial feedback plays an important role in the perception of facial emotional expressions. Although behavioral and electrophysiological studies have confirmed the influence of facial feedback on the perception of facial emotional expressions, the influence of facial feedback on the automatic processing of such stimuli is largely unexplored. The automatic processing of unattended facial expressions can be investigated by visual expression-related MMN. The expression-related MMN reflects a differential ERP of automatic detection of emotional changes elicited by rarely presented facial expressions (deviants) among frequently presented facial expressions (standards). In this study, we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the automatic processing of facial expressions. For this purpose, participants ( n = 19) performed a centrally presented visual detection task while neutral (standard), happy, and sad faces (deviants) were presented peripherally. During the task, facial feedback was manipulated by different pen holding conditions (holding the pen with teeth, lips, or nondominant hand). Our results indicate that automatic processing of facial expressions is influenced and thus dependent on the own facial feedback.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-09-02},
	journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
	author = {Kuehne, Maria and Siwy, Isabelle and Zaehle, Tino and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Lobmaier, Janek S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1631--1640},
}



@incollection{breitling-ziegler_chapter_2021,
	series = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},
	title = {Chapter 5 - {Effects} of a five-day {HD}-{tDCS} application to the right {IFG} depend on current intensity: {A} study in children and adolescents with {ADHD}},
	volume = {264},
	shorttitle = {Chapter 5 - {Effects} of a five-day {HD}-{tDCS} application to the right {IFG} depend on current intensity},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145},
	abstract = {Impaired executive functions in ADHD are associated with hypoactivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This region was targeted via repetitive applications of anodal, high-definition transcranial direct current simulation (HD-tDCS) on five consecutive days in 33 ADHD patients (10–17years) and in a healthy control group (n=13, only sham). Patients received either sham (n=13) or verum tDCS with 0.5mA (n=9) or 0.25mA (n=11) depending on individual cutaneous sensitivity. During stimulation, participants performed a combined working memory and response inhibition paradigm (n-back/nogo). At baseline, post, and a 4-month follow up, electroencephalography was recorded during this task. Moreover, interference control (flanker task) and spatial working memory (spanboard task) were assessed to explore possible transfer effects. Omission errors and reaction time variability in all tasks served as measures of attention. In the 0.25mA group increased nogo commission errors indicated a detrimental tDCS effect on response inhibition. After the 5-day stimulation, attentional improvements in the 0.5mA group were indicated by reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Variability improvements were still evident at follow up. In all groups, nogo P3 amplitudes were reduced post-stimulation, but in the 0.5mA group this reduction was smaller than in the 0.25mA group. Results of the current study suggest distinct effects of tDCS with different current intensities demonstrating the importance of a deeper understanding on the impact of stimulation parameters and repeated tDCS applications to develop effective tDCS-based therapy approaches in ADHD.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-29},
	booktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Breitling-Ziegler, Carolin and Zaehle, Tino and Wellnhofer, Christian and Dannhauer, Moritz and Tegelbeckers, Jana and Baumann, Valentin and Flechtner, Hans-Henning and Krauel, Kerstin},
	editor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014},
	keywords = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Dual-task, Event related potential, High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), P3, Repetitive tDCS, Response inhibition, Right inferior frontal gyrus, Working memory},
	pages = {117--150},
}



@incollection{zaehle_chapter_2021,
	series = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},
	title = {Chapter 7 - {Transcutaneous} vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: {A} viable option?},
	volume = {264},
	shorttitle = {Chapter 7 - {Transcutaneous} vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728},
	abstract = {Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from a range of cognitive and behavioral problems that severely impair their educational and occupational attainment. ADHD symptoms have been linked to structural and functional changes within and between different brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex. At the system level, reduced availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) but also γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been repeatedly demonstrated. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been explored as treatment alternatives to alter dysfunctional activation patterns in specified brain areas or networks. In the current paper, we introduce transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a systemic approach to directly affect NE and GABA neurotransmission. TVNS is a non-drug intervention with low risk and proven efficacy in improving cognitive particularly executive functions. It is easy to apply and therefore well-suited to provide home-based or mobile treatment options allowing a significant increase in treatment intensity and providing easier access to medical care for individuals who are unable to regularly visit a clinician. We describe in detail the underlying mechanisms of tVNS and current fields of application and discuss its potential as an adjuvant treatment for ADHD.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-29},
	booktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},
	editor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001},
	keywords = {ADHD, Cognitive function, GABA, NIBS, Norepinephrine, tVNS},
	pages = {171--190},
}



@incollection{rufener_chapter_2021,
	series = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},
	title = {Chapter 9 - {Dysfunctional} auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia: {A} potential target for a {tACS}-based intervention},
	volume = {264},
	shorttitle = {Chapter 9 - {Dysfunctional} auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169},
	abstract = {Interventions in developmental dyslexia typically consist of orthography-based reading and writing trainings. However, their efficacy is limited and, consequently, the symptoms persist into adulthood. Critical for this lack of efficacy is the still ongoing debate about the core deficit in dyslexia and its underlying neurobiological causes. There is ample evidence on phonological as well as auditory temporal processing deficits in dyslexia and, on the other hand, cortical gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex as functionally relevant for the extraction of linguistically meaningful information units from the acoustic signal. The present work aims to shed more light on the link between auditory gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills in dyslexia. By mean of EEG, individual gamma frequencies were assessed in a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia as well as in an age-matched control group with typical literacy skills. Furthermore, phonological awareness was assessed in both groups, while in dyslexic participants also reading and writing performance was measured. We found significantly lower gamma peak frequencies as well as lower phonological awareness scores in dyslexic participants compared to age-matched controls. Additionally, results showed a positive correlation between the individual gamma frequency and phonological awareness. Our data suggest a hierarchical structure of neural gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills. Thereby, the results emphasize altered gamma oscillation not only as a core deficit in dyslexia but also as a potential target for future causal interventions. We discuss these findings considering non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and suggest transcranial alternating current stimulation as a promising approach to normalize dysfunctional oscillations in dyslexia.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-29},
	booktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Rufener, Katharina S. and Zaehle, Tino},
	editor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.016},
	keywords = {Dyslexia, Individual gamma frequency, Literacy skills, Phonological awareness, Transcranial alternating current stimulation},
	pages = {211--232},
}



@article{neuling_faith_2017,
	title = {Faith and oscillations recovered: {On} analyzing {EEG}/{MEG} signals during {tACS}.},
	volume = {147},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.022},
	abstract = {Despite recent success in analyzing brain oscillations recorded during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), the field still requires further research to establish standards in artifact removal methods. This includes taking a step back from the removal of the tACS artifact and thoroughly characterizing the to-be-removed artifact. A recent study by Noury et al. (2016) contributed importantly to this endeavour by showing the existence of nonlinear artefacts in the tACS signal as seen by MEG and EEG. Unfortunately however this paper conveys the message that current artifact removal attempts have failed altogether and that-based on these available tools-brain oscillations recorded during tACS cannot be analyzed using MEG and EEG. Here we want to balance this overly pessimistic conclusion: In-depth reanalyses of our own data and phantom-head measurements indicate that nonlinearities can occur, but only when technical limits of the stimulator are reached. As such they are part of the "real" stimulation and not a specific MEG analysis problem. Future tACS studies should consider these technical limits to avoid any nonlinear modulations of the tACS artifact. We conclude that even with current approaches, brain oscillations recorded during tACS can be meaningfully studied in many practical cases.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Neuling, Toralf and Ruhnau, Philipp and Weisz, Nathan and Herrmann, Christoph S and Demarchi, Gianpaolo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {27888060},
	keywords = {EEG, MEG, artifact removal, beamforming, brain oscillations, tACS},
	pages = {960--963},
}



@article{fusca_local_2018,
	title = {Local {Network}-{Level} {Integration} {Mediates} {Effects} of {Transcranial} {Alternating} {Current} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2158-0014},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564},
	doi = {10.1089/brain.2017.0564},
	abstract = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed as a tool to draw causal inferences on the role of oscillatory activity in cognitive functioning and has the potential to induce long-term changes in cerebral networks. However, effectiveness of tACS underlies high variability and dependencies, which, as previous modeling works have suggested, may be mediated by local and network-level brain states. We used magnetoencephalography to record brain activity from 17 healthy participants at rest as they kept their eyes open (EO) or eyes closed (EC) while being stimulated with sham, weak, or strong alpha-tACS using a montage commonly assumed to target occipital areas. We reconstructed the activity of sources in all stimulation conditions by means of beamforming. The analysis of resting-state brain activity revealed an interaction of the external stimulation with the endogenous alpha power increase from EO to EC. This interaction was localized to the posterior cingulate, a region remote from occipital cortex. This suggests state-dependent (EO vs. EC) long-range effects of tACS. In a follow-up analysis of this online-tACS effect, we find evidence that this state-dependency effect is mediated by functional network changes: connection strength from the precuneus was significantly correlated with the state-dependency effect in the posterior cingulate during tACS. No analogous correlation could be found for alpha power modulations in occipital cortex. Altogether, this is the first strong evidence to illustrate how functional network architectures can shape tACS effects.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-04-28},
	journal = {Brain Connectivity},
	author = {Fuscà, Marco and Ruhnau, Philipp and Neuling, Toralf and Weisz, Nathan},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {212--219},
}



@article{bauch_theta_2018,
	title = {Theta oscillations underlie retrieval success effects in the nucleus accumbens and anterior thalamus: {Evidence} from human intracranial recordings},
	volume = {155},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.001},
	abstract = {Previous imaging studies independently highlighted the role of the anterior thalamus (ANT) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in successful memory retrieval. While these findings accord with theoretical models, the precise temporal, oscillatory and network dynamics as well as the interplay between the NAcc and ANT in successfully retrieving information from long-term memory are largely unknown. We addressed this issue by recording intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients from the NAcc (n = 5) and ANT (n = 4) during an old/new recognition test. Our findings demonstrate that differences in event-related potentials between correctly classified old (i.e., studied) and new (i.e., unstudied) images emerged in the NAcc and ANT already between 200 and 600 ms after stimulus onset. Moreover, time-frequency analyses revealed theta (4-8 Hz) power decreases for old compared to new items in the NAcc and the opposite effect in the ANT. Importantly, Granger causality analyses revealed a directional communication from ANT to NAcc suggesting that entrainment from ANT drives successful memory retrieval. Together, our findings show evidence for the notion that the NAcc and ANT receive memory signals, and that theta oscillations may serve as a mechanism to bind these distributed neural assemblies.},
	journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},
	author = {Bauch, E. M. and Bunzeck, N. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {104--112},
}



@article{wagenbreth_deep_2019,
	title = {Deep {Brain} {Stimulation} of the {Subthalamic} {Nucleus} {Selectively} {Modulates} {Emotion} {Recognition} of {Facial} {Stimuli} in {Parkinson}'s {Patients}},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.3390/jcm8091335},
	abstract = {: Background: Diminished emotion recognition is a known symptom in Parkinson (PD) patients and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been shown to further deteriorate the processing of especially negative emotions. While emotion recognition generally refers to both, implicit and explicit processing, demonstrations of DBS-influences on implicit processing are sparse. In the present study, we assessed the impact of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit processing for emotional stimuli.
 Under STN-DBS ON and OFF, fourteen PD patients performed an implicit as well as an explicit emotional processing task. To assess implicit emotional processing, patients were tested with a lexical decision task (LTD) combined with an affective priming paradigm, which provides emotional content through the facial eye region. To assess explicit emotional processing, patients additionally explicitly rated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task.
 DBS affected explicit emotional processing more than implicit processing with a more pronounced effect on error rates than on reaction speed. STN-DBS generally worsened implicit and explicit processing for disgust stimulus material but improved explicit processing of fear stimuli.
 This is the first study demonstrating influences of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit emotion processing in PD patients. While STN stimulation impeded the processing of disgust stimuli, it improved explicit discrimination of fear stimuli.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {J Clin Med},
	author = {Wagenbreth, C. and Kuehne, M. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
}



@article{linnhoff_cognitive_2019,
	title = {Cognitive {Fatigue} in {Multiple} {Sclerosis}: {An} {Objective} {Approach} to {Diagnosis} and {Treatment} by {Transcranial} {Electrical} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.3390/brainsci9050100},
	abstract = {Cognitive fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Despite its clinical significance, progress in understanding and treating fatigue is still limited. This limitation is already caused by an inconsistent and heterogeneous terminology and assessment of fatigue. In this review, we integrate previous literature on fatigue and propose a unified schema aiming to clarify the fatigue taxonomy. With special focus on cognitive fatigue, we survey the significance of objective behavioral and electrophysiological fatigue parameters and discuss the controversial literature on the relationship between subjective and objective fatigue assessment. As MS-related cognitive fatigue drastically affects quality of life, the development of efficient therapeutic approaches for overcoming cognitive fatigue is of high clinical relevance. In this regard, the reliable and valid assessment of the individual fatigue level by objective parameters is essential for systematic treatment evaluation and optimization. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may offer a unique opportunity to manipulate maladaptive neural activity underlying MS fatigue. Therefore, we discuss evidence for the therapeutic potential of tES on cognitive fatigue in people with MS.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Brain Sci},
	author = {Linnhoff, S. and Fiene, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
}



@article{galazky_neuronal_2020,
	title = {Neuronal oscillations of the pedunculopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy: {Influence} of levodopa and movement},
	volume = {131},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.033},
	abstract = {The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been proposed as a new deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for the treatment in idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome (IPS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In IPS, levodopa has been shown to induce alpha activity in the PPN, indicating a possible physiological role for these oscillations in movement control. Despite shared clinical features, the PPN is more severely affected in PSP than IPS. Here we investigated neuronal oscillations in the PPN in PSP and the influence of levodopa and movement.
 Local field potentials were recorded bilaterally from the PPN of 4 PSP patients at rest, with levodopa and during self-paced leg movements.
 During rest, levodopa administration was associated with significantly increased alpha and reduced gamma activity in the PPN. Without levodopa, continuous movements were associated with reduced alpha and beta power. These differences between oscillatory power during movement and resting state were not observed with levodopa administration.
 In PSP the changes in neuronal oscillations in the PPN region on levodopa administration are similar to those reported in IPS. The enhancement of lower frequency oscillations in the PPN is possibly influenced by a dopaminergic activation of the striatal pathway and a reduced pallidal inhibition.
 Levodopa influences neuronal oscillations at low and high frequencies in the PPN region in Parkinsonian disorders.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},
	author = {Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T. and Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Neumann, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Kupsch, A. and Hinrichs, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {414--419},
}



@article{zazio_pre-stimulus_2021,
	title = {Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase fluctuations originate from different neural sources and exert distinct impact on stimulus-evoked responses},
	volume = {n/a},
	issn = {1460-9568},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138},
	doi = {10.1111/ejn.15138},
	abstract = {Ongoing oscillatory neural activity before stimulus onset influences subsequent visual perception. Specifically, both the power and the phase of oscillations in the alpha-frequency band (9–13 Hz) have been reported to predict the detection of visual stimuli. Up to now, the functional mechanisms underlying pre-stimulus power and phase effects on upcoming visual percepts are debated. Here, we used magnetoencephalography recordings together with a near-threshold visual detection task to investigate the neural generators of pre-stimulus power and phase and their impact on subsequent visual-evoked responses. Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase opposition effects were found consistent with previous reports. Source localization suggested clearly distinct neural generators for these pre-stimulus effects: Power effects were mainly found in occipital-temporal regions, whereas phase effects also involved prefrontal areas. In order to be functionally relevant, the pre-stimulus correlates should influence post-stimulus processing. Using a trial-sorting approach, we observed that only pre-stimulus power modulated the Hits versus Misses difference in the evoked response, a well-established post-stimulus neural correlate of near-threshold perception, such that trials with stronger pre-stimulus power effect showed greater post-stimulus difference. By contrast, no influence of pre-stimulus phase effects were found. In sum, our study shows distinct generators for two pre-stimulus neural patterns predicting visual perception, and that only alpha power impacts the post-stimulus correlate of conscious access. This underlines the functional relevance of prestimulus alpha power on perceptual awareness, while questioning the role of alpha phase.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2021-04-28},
	journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Zazio, Agnese and Ruhnau, Philipp and Weisz, Nathan and Wutz, Andreas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {conscious perception, magnetoencephalography, neural oscillations, phase opposition, visual detection},
}



@article{rufener_internal_2020,
	title = {The internal time keeper: {Causal} evidence for the role of the cerebellum in anticipating regular acoustic events},
	volume = {133},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021},
	abstract = {Most acoustic events in our environment do not appear randomly but are rather predictable due to the temporal regularity in that they occur. Besides sensory-related cortical areas, the cerebellum has been suggested as a key structure in temporal processing and in the anticipation of future events. Hence, patients with cerebellum lesions show impaired precision in temporal processing as reflected in the reduced ability to exploit temporal regularity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we here aimed to draw further causal conclusions on the human cerebellum as functionally relevant in temporal processing of acoustic events. We focused on the electrophysiologic P3b, a large positive wave apparent in the electroencephalography (EEG), that represents encoding of task-relevant events and that has been demonstrated as sensitive to the exploitation of temporal regularities. Participants received 30 min of anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the cerebellum while they performed two oddball paradigms with different temporal regularities in that the acoustic stimuli were presented. Following clinical observations, we hypothesized that tDCS-effects will be present in the regular oddball paradigm only, thus, in the condition that allows anticipating the occurrence of subsequent stimuli. In result, we found that cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum reduced the P3b-amplitude specifically in response to target stimuli in the regular paradigm. Thereby, tDCS-induced changes mirror the effects of cerebellar lesions in clinical samples. Our data provides direct evidence for a causal link between the human cerebellum and auditory processing of temporal regularity and emphasize future work on a potential benefit of cerebellar-tDCS in clinical samples.},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Rufener, K. S. and Husemann, A. M. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {177--187},
}



@article{durschmid_phase-amplitude_2013,
	title = {Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling in the human nucleus accumbens tracks action monitoring during cognitive control},
	volume = {7},
	doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00635},
	abstract = {The Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) is an important structure for the transfer of information between cortical and subcortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. However, the mechanism that allows the NAcc to achieve this integration is not well understood. Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) of oscillations in different frequency bands has been proposed as an effective mechanism to form functional networks to optimize transfer and integration of information. Here we assess PAC between theta and high gamma oscillations as a potential mechanism that facilitates motor adaptation. To address this issue we recorded intracranial field potentials directly from the bilateral human NAcc in three patients while they performed a motor learning task that varied in the level of cognitive control needed to perform the task. As in rodents, PAC was observable in the human NAcc, transiently occurring contralateral to a movement following the motor response. Importantly, PAC correlated with the level of cognitive control needed to monitor the action performed. This functional relation indicates that the NAcc is engaged in action monitoring and supports the evaluation of motor programs during adaptive behavior by means of PAC.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
	author = {Dürschmid, S. and Zaehle, T. and Kopitzki, K. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Heinze, H. J. and Knight, R. T. and Hinrichs, H.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {635},
}



@article{galazky_pallidal_2018,
	title = {Pallidal {Stimulation} {Modulates} {Pedunculopontine} {Nuclei} in {Parkinson}'s {Disease}},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.3390/brainsci8070117},
	abstract = {In advanced Parkinson’s disease, the pedunculopontine nucleus region is thought to be abnormally inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inputs from the over-active globus pallidus internus. Recent attempts to boost pedunculopontine nucleus function through deep brain stimulation are promising, but suffer from the incomplete understanding of the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus region.
 Local field potentials of the pedunculopontine nucleus region and the globus pallidus internus were recorded and quantitatively analyzed in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. In particular, we compared the local field potentials from the pedunculopontine nucleus region at rest and during deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus.
 At rest, the spectrum of local field potentials in the globus pallidus internus was mainly characterized by delta-theta and beta frequency activity whereas the spectrum of the pedunculopontine nucleus region was dominated by activity only in the delta and theta band. High-frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus led to increased theta activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus region and enabled information exchange between the left and right pedunculopontine nuclei. Therefore, Conclusions: When applying deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus, its modulatory effect on pedunculopontine nucleus physiology should be taken into account.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Brain Sci},
	author = {Galazky, I. and Kluge, C. and Schmitt, F. C. and Kopitzki, K. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Büntjen, L. and Kupsch, A. and Hinrichs, H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
}



@article{kuehne_modulation_2019,
	title = {Modulation of {Emotional} {Conflict} {Processing} by {High}-{Definition} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({HD}-{TDCS})},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00224},
	abstract = {Cognitive control is characterized by selective attention to relevant stimuli while irrelevant, distracting stimuli are inhibited. While the classical color-word Stroop task was implemented to investigate the processes of cognitive control, a variant of it-the face-word Stroop task-allows for directly investigating processes of emotional conflict control. It is thought that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is especially involved in processes of cognitive control, while the rostral cingulate is mainly associated with the resolution of emotional conflict. In recent years, the role of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the performance of the classical Stroop was investigated by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with divergent results. However, investigations to the causal role of the DLPFC during emotional conflict processing are rare. For this purpose, we used a combined high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS)/electroencephalogram (EEG) setting to investigate the impact of anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC on behavioral and electrophysiological responses during an emotional face-word Stroop task. In two separate sessions, participants (n = 18) received either sham or anodal HD-tdc stimulation while responding to the emotional expression of the face and ignoring the word. Our results show that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increases the behavioral interference effect, that is, the already decelerated reaction times (RTs) to incongruent trials further increase while RTs to congruent trials remain largely unaffected. Furthermore, the stimulation modulates brain response to emotional facial expressions during the face-word Stroop generally-independent of the valence of the emotional expression and the congruency of the combined face-word presentation, the N170 decreases during anodal stimulation. These results reveal that the left DLPFC has a causal role in emotional conflict processing during a face-word Stroop.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
	author = {Kuehne, M. and Schmidt, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {224},
}



@article{zaehle_neural_2011,
	title = {Neural synchrony and white matter variations in the human brain–relation between evoked γ frequency and corpus callosum morphology},
	volume = {79},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.029},
	abstract = {Synchronous gamma oscillations frame a general principle of functional connectivity and communication in the cortex. Efficient communication and coordination across neural networks rely upon the temporal precision of neural signals, which depends on the structural properties of the fibre bundles serving neural signal transmission. Therefore a direct relation between the geometry of cortical connections and the formation of stimulus-driven synchronous neural activity can be assumed. The aim of the present study was to identify the neuroanatomical correspondents of individual gamma frequency variations. For that purpose we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to correlate the frequency of visually evoked gamma band responses (eGBR) with local inter-individual variations in white matter (WM) density across a group of 17 individuals. Analyses demonstrate an association of eGBR frequency and white matter density in the individual human brain. Individuals with a higher eGBR frequency demonstrate increased white matter in fibres of the corpus callosum, whereas participants with low-density callosal WM show lower eGBR frequencies. The observed positive correlation between callosal white matter measure and frequency of visually evoked GBR may indicate that additional or better-myelinated callosal pathways facilitate a more efficient inter-hemispheric information transfer, which is likely to benefit the integration and processing of information and consequently to facilitate more efficient synchronization of neural activity between the two hemispheres.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Herrmann, C. S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {49--54},
}



@article{zaehle_inter-_2009,
	title = {Inter- and intra-individual covariations of hemodynamic and oscillatory gamma responses in the human cortex},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.3389/neuro.09.008.2009},
	abstract = {The time course of local field potentials (LFPs) displaying typical discharge frequencies in the gamma frequency range highly correlates with the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to rotating checkerboard stimuli in animals. In humans, oscillatory gamma-band responses (GBRs) show strong inter-individual variations in frequency and amplitude but considerable intra-individual reliability indicating that individual gamma activity reflects a personal trait. While the functional role of these GBRs is still debated, investigations combining electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) measurements provide a tool to obtain further insights into the underlying functional architecture of the human brain and will shed light onto the understanding of the dynamic relation between the BOLD signal and the properties of the electrical activity recorded on the scalp. We investigated the relation between the hemodynamic response and evoked gamma-band response (eGBR) to visual stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that the amplitude of human eGBRs and BOLD responses covary intra-individually as a function of stimulation as well as inter-individually as a function of gamma-trait. Seventeen participants performed visual discrimination tasks during separate EEG and fMRI recordings. Results revealed that visual stimuli that evoked high GBRs also elicited strong BOLD responses in the human V1/V2 complex. Furthermore, inter-individual variations of BOLD responses to visual stimuli in the bilateral primary (Area 17) and secondary (Area V5/MT) visual cortex and the right hippocampal formation were correlated with the individual gamma-trait of the subjects. The present study further supports the notion that neural oscillations in the gamma frequency range are involved in the cascade of neural processes that underlie the hemodynamic responses measured with fMRI.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Fründ, I. and Schadow, J. and Thärig, S. and Schoenfeld, M. A. and Herrmann, C. S.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {8},
}



@article{zaehle_pre-attentive_2009,
	title = {Pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system},
	volume = {22},
	doi = {10.1007/s10548-009-0085-6},
	abstract = {In the present study, we investigated the pre-attentive processing of low-level acoustic properties and the impact of this mechanism on functional lateralization in the human auditory system. Mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in 19 adult humans who passively listened to a standard stimulus and spectrally and temporally deviant sounds. We predicted modulations of the MMN amplitude in response to spectrally and temporally graded deviants. Based on recent models of functional hemispheric lateralisation, we further hypothesized a left-lateralized source of the MMN in response to temporal deviants and, in contrast, a right-lateralized source of the MMN in response to spectral deviants. In agreement with our hypothesis, we showed that spectrally and temporally deviant sounds lead to robust MMNs recorded from frontocentral scalp electrodes. The amplitudes of the MMNs were modulated by the grade of spectral and temporal deviation from the standard sound. Furthermore, by using an assumption-free source localization approach (LORETA) we demonstrated functionally lateralized activations with dominance of the right hemisphere for the processing of spectral characteristics and of the left hemisphere for the processing of temporal acoustic properties. Results of our study further contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of low-level acoustic feature perception in functional hemispheric lateralization in the context of auditory and speech processing. Our data indicate that the pre-attentive feature-specific deviant processing is mediated by partly distinct neural subsystems for temporal and spectral information.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Brain Topography},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Herrmann, C. S. and Meyer, M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {97--108},
}



@article{zaehle_excitability_2011,
	title = {Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence},
	volume = {215},
	doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5},
	abstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can systematically modify behavior by inducing changes in the underlying brain function. Objective electrophysiological evidence for tDCS-induced excitability changes has been demonstrated for the visual and somatosensory cortex, while evidence for excitability changes in the auditory cortex is lacking. In the present study, we applied tDCS over the left temporal as well as the left temporo-parietal cortex and investigated tDCS-induced effects on auditory evoked potentials after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation. Results show that anodal and cathodal tDCS can modify auditory cortex reactivity. Moreover, auditory evoked potentials were differentially modulated as a function of site of stimulation. While anodal tDCS over the temporal cortex increased auditory P50 amplitudes, cathodal tDCS over the temporo-parietal cortex induced larger N1 amplitudes. The results directly demonstrate excitability changes in the auditory cortex induced by active tDCS over the temporal and temporo-parietal cortex and might contribute to the understanding of mechanisms involved in the successful treatment of auditory disorders like tinnitus via tDCS.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Beretta, M. and Jäncke, L. and Herrmann, C. S. and Sandmann, P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {135--140},
}



@article{naue_auditory_2011,
	title = {Auditory event-related response in visual cortex modulates subsequent visual responses in humans},
	volume = {31},
	doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.1076-11.2011},
	abstract = {Growing evidence from electrophysiological data in animal and human studies suggests that multisensory interaction is not exclusively a higher-order process, but also takes place in primary sensory cortices. Such early multisensory interaction is thought to be mediated by means of phase resetting. The presentation of a stimulus to one sensory modality resets the phase of ongoing oscillations in another modality such that processing in the latter modality is modulated. In humans, evidence for such a mechanism is still sparse. In the current study, the influence of an auditory stimulus on visual processing was investigated by measuring the electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral responses of humans to visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimulation with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). We observed three distinct oscillatory EEG responses in our data. An initial gamma-band response around 50 Hz was followed by a beta-band response around 25 Hz, and a theta response around 6 Hz. The latter was enhanced in response to cross-modal stimuli as compared to either unimodal stimuli. Interestingly, the beta response to unimodal auditory stimuli was dominant in electrodes over visual areas. The SOA between auditory and visual stimuli–albeit not consciously perceived–had a modulatory impact on the multisensory evoked beta-band responses; i.e., the amplitude depended on SOA in a sinusoidal fashion, suggesting a phase reset. These findings further support the notion that parameters of brain oscillations such as amplitude and phase are essential predictors of subsequent brain responses and might be one of the mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Naue, N. and Rach, S. and Strüber, D. and Huster, R. J. and Zaehle, T. and Körner, U. and Herrmann, C. S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {7729--7736},
}



@article{neuling_finite-element_2012,
	title = {Finite-{Element} {Model} {Predicts} {Current} {Density} {Distribution} for {Clinical} {Applications} of {tDCS} and {tACS}},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00083},
	abstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied in numerous scientific studies over the past decade. However, the possibility to apply tDCS in therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders is still debated. While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been approved for treatment of major depression in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), tDCS is not as widely accepted. One of the criticisms against tDCS is the lack of spatial specificity. Focality is limited by the electrode size (35 cm(2) are commonly used) and the bipolar arrangement. However, a current flow through the head directly from anode to cathode is an outdated view. Finite-element (FE) models have recently been used to predict the exact current flow during tDCS. These simulations have demonstrated that the current flow depends on tissue shape and conductivity. To face the challenge to predict the location, magnitude, and direction of the current flow induced by tDCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), we used a refined realistic FE modeling approach. With respect to the literature on clinical tDCS and tACS, we analyzed two common setups for the location of the stimulation electrodes which target the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, respectively. We compared lateral and medial electrode configuration with regard to their usability. We were able to demonstrate that the lateral configurations yielded more focused stimulation areas as well as higher current intensities in the target areas. The high resolution of our simulation allows one to combine the modeled current flow with the knowledge of neuronal orientation to predict the consequences of tDCS and tACS. Our results not only offer a basis for a deeper understanding of the stimulation sites currently in use for clinical applications but also offer a better interpretation of observed effects.},
	journal = {Front Psychiatry},
	author = {Neuling, T. and Wagner, S. and Wolters, C. H. and Zaehle, T. and Herrmann, C. S.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {83},
}



@article{zaehle_nucleus_2013,
	title = {Nucleus accumbens activity dissociates different forms of salience: evidence from human intracranial recordings},
	volume = {33},
	doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013},
	abstract = {Theoretical models and empirical work indicate a critical role of the NAcc in salience processing. For instance, the NAcc not only responds to appetitive and aversive information, but it also signals novelty, contextual deviance, and action monitoring. However, because most studies have investigated only one specific type of salience independently, it remains unclear how the NAcc concurrently differentiates between different forms of salience. To investigate this issue, we used intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients together with a previously established visual oddball paradigm. Here, three different oddball categories (novel, neutral, and target images) were infrequently presented among a standard scene image, and subjects responded to the target via button press. This task allowed us to differentiate "item novelty" (new vs neutral oddballs) from "contextual deviance" (neutral oddballs vs standard images) and "targetness" (target vs neutral oddballs). Time-frequency analysis revealed a dissociation between item novelty and contextual deviance on the basis of decreases in either θ (4-8 Hz) or β power (20-30 Hz). Targetness, on the other hand, was signaled by positive deflections in the stimulus-locked local field potentials, which, importantly, correlated with subjects' reaction times. These findings indicate that, in an ongoing stream of information, the NAcc differentiates between types of salience by distinct neural mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Bauch, E. M. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Bunzeck, N.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	note = {tex.ids= zaehleNucleusAccumbensActivity2013},
	pages = {8764--8771},
}



@article{meyer_spectro-temporal_2005,
	title = {Spectro-temporal processing during speech perception involves left posterior auditory cortex},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.1097/00001756-200512190-00003},
	abstract = {This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigates the neural underpinnings of spectro-temporal integration during speech perception. Participants performed an auditory discrimination task on a set of sine-wave analogues that could be perceived as either nonspeech or speech. Behavioural results revealed a difference in the processing mode; spectro-temporal integration occurred during speech perception, but not when stimuli were perceived as nonspeech. In terms of neuroimaging, we observed an activation increase in the left posterior primary and secondary auditory cortex, namely Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale encroaching onto the superior temporal sulcus, reflecting a shift from auditory to speech perception. This finding demonstrates that the left posterior superior temporal lobe is essential for spectro-temporal processing during speech perception.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Neuroreport},
	author = {Meyer, M. and Zaehle, T. and Gountouna, V. E. and Barron, A. and Jancke, L. and Turk, A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1985--1989},
}



@article{geiser_neural_2008,
	title = {The neural correlate of speech rhythm as evidenced by metrical speech processing},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1162/jocn.2008.20029},
	abstract = {The present study investigates the neural correlates of rhythm processing in speech perception. German pseudosentences spoken with an exaggerated (isochronous) or a conversational (nonisochronous) rhythm were compared in an auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. The subjects had to perform either a rhythm task (explicit rhythm processing) or a prosody task (implicit rhythm processing). The study revealed bilateral activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA), extending into the cingulate gyrus, and in the insulae, extending into the right basal ganglia (neostriatum), as well as activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) related to the performance of the rhythm task. A direct contrast between isochronous and nonisochronous sentences revealed differences in lateralization of activation for isochronous processing as a function of the explicit and implicit tasks. Explicit processing revealed activation in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), the right supramarginal gyrus, and the right parietal operculum. Implicit processing showed activation in the left supramarginal gyrus, the left pSTG, and the left parietal operculum. The present results indicate a function of the SMA and the insula beyond motor timing and speak for a role of these brain areas in the perception of acoustically temporal intervals. Secondly, the data speak for a specific task-related function of the right IFG in the processing of accent patterns. Finally, the data sustain the assumption that the right secondary auditory cortex is involved in the explicit perception of auditory suprasegmental cues and, moreover, that activity in the right secondary auditory cortex can be modulated by top-down processing mechanisms.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
	author = {Geiser, E. and Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Meyer, M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {541--552},
}



@article{schmidt_silent_2008,
	title = {Silent and continuous {fMRI} scanning differentially modulate activation in an auditory language comprehension task},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1002/hbm.20372},
	abstract = {Sparse temporal acquisition schemes have been adopted to investigate the neural correlates of human audition using blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) devoid of ambient confounding acoustic scanner noise. These schemes have previously been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession in order to enhance temporal sampling efficiency. In the present study we demonstrate that an event-related task design can effectively be combined with a clustered temporal acquisition technique in an auditory language comprehension task. The same fifteen volunteers performed two separate auditory runs which either applied customary fMRI acquisition (CA) composed of continuous scanner noise or "silent" fMRI built on a clustered temporal acquisition (CTA) protocol. In accord with our hypothesis, the CTA scheme relative to the CA protocol is accompanied by significantly stronger functional responses along the entire superior temporal plane. By contrast, the bilateral insulae engage more strongly during continuous scanning. A post-hoc region-of-interest analysis reveals cortical activation in subportions of the supratemporal plane which varies as a function of acquisition protocol. The middle part of the supratemporal plane shows a rightward asymmetry only for the CTA scheme while the posterior supratemporal plane exposes a significantly stronger leftward asymmetry during the CTA. Our findings implicate that silent fMRI is advantageous when it comes to the exploration of auditory and speech functions residing in the supratemporal plane.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
	author = {Schmidt, C. F. and Zaehle, T. and Meyer, M. and Geiser, E. and Boesiger, P. and Jancke, L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {46--56},
}



@article{zaehle_segmental_2008,
	title = {Segmental processing in the human auditory dorsal stream},
	volume = {1220},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.013},
	abstract = {In the present study we investigated the functional organization of sublexical auditory perception with specific respect to auditory spectro-temporal processing in speech and non-speech sounds. Participants discriminated verbal and nonverbal auditory stimuli according to either spectral or temporal acoustic features in the context of a sparse event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Based on recent models of speech processing, we hypothesized that auditory segmental processing, as is required in the discrimination of speech and non-speech sound according to its temporal features, will lead to a specific involvement of a left-hemispheric dorsal processing network comprising the posterior portion of the inferior frontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe. In agreement with our hypothesis results revealed significant responses in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the parietal operculum of the left hemisphere when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli based on subtle temporal acoustic features. In contrast, when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli on the basis of changes in the frequency content, we observed bilateral activations along the middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The results of the present study demonstrate an involvement of the dorsal pathway in the segmental sublexical analysis of speech sounds as well as in the segmental acoustic analysis of non-speech sounds with analogous spectro-temporal characteristics.},
	journal = {Brain Research},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Geiser, E. and Alter, K. and Jancke, L. and Meyer, M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {179--190},
}



@article{zaehle_comparison_2007,
	title = {Comparison of "silent" clustered and sparse temporal {fMRI} acquisitions in tonal and speech perception tasks},
	volume = {37},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073},
	abstract = {In the functional imaging of auditory cortical functions, long silent periods between the data acquisitions prevent interferences between scanner noise and the auditory stimulus processing. Recent fMRI studies have shown that sparse temporal acquisition designs are advantageous over continuous scanning protocols on physiological, perceptual, and cognitive levels. Sparse temporal acquisition schemes (STA) which use a single volume acquisition after each trial imply the advantage of auditory stimulation devoid of ambient scanner noise but have the drawback of a reduced statistical power. To alleviate this effect, STA schemes have been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition (CTA) designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession. In the present study, we collected data from 13 healthy volunteers performing a speech and a tonal discrimination task using both a CTA and STA scheme to carry out a systematic evaluation of these acquisition protocols. By statistical modeling of the fMRI data sets, we revealed stronger effect sizes for the STA protocol regardless of the task, reflecting the better signal-to-noise-ratio of MR images acquired with this scheme. In contrast, we demonstrate higher statistical power for the use of a CTA protocol. Accordingly, in the context of standard fMRI analysis, the CTA protocol clearly outperformed the STA scheme at the level of single-subject analysis and fixed-effects group analysis. Our results clearly suggest that it is advantageous to acquire several sample points per trial if one wants to use the benefit of "silent" fMRI. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the feasibility of the clustered acquisition of subsequent imaging volumes along the T1-decay.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neuroimage},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Schmidt, C. F. and Meyer, M. and Baumann, S. and Baltes, C. and Boesiger, P. and Jancke, L.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1195--1204},
}



@article{clapp_effects_2005,
	title = {Effects of long-term potentiation in the human visual cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.1097/00001756-200512190-00001},
	abstract = {Applying functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, hemodynamic responses elicited by slowly flashing checkerboards (0.25 Hz) were measured both before and after a block of rapidly presented checkerboards (9 Hz – a 'photic tetanus') was delivered. It has been shown previously, using electroencephalography, that this photic tetanus potentiates components of the visual-evoked potential. In the present study, hemodynamic responses in the extrastriate visual cortex were significantly increased to checkerboards presented at a low frequency after the administration of the photic tetanus. These results support the idea that long-term potentiation can be demonstrated non-invasively within the human visual cortex and provide evidence that the plastic changes are localized within the secondary visual cortex.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Neuroreport},
	author = {Clapp, W. C. and Zaehle, T. and Lutz, K. and Marcar, V. L. and Kirk, I. J. and Hamm, J. P. and Teyler, T. J. and Corballis, M. C. and Jancke, L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1977--1980},
}



@article{staudigl_memory_2012,
	title = {Memory signals from the thalamus: early thalamocortical phase synchronization entrains gamma oscillations during long-term memory retrieval},
	volume = {50},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023},
	abstract = {The thalamus is believed to be a key node in human memory networks, however, very little is known about its real-time functional role. Here we examined the dynamics of thalamocortical communication during long-term episodic memory retrieval in two experiments. In experiment 1, intrathalamic and surface EEG was recorded in an epileptic patient implanted with depth electrodes for brain stimulation therapy. In a recognition memory test, early (300-500 ms) stimulus-linked oscillatory synchrony between mediodorsal thalamic and frontal surface electrodes at beta frequency (20 Hz) was enhanced for correctly remembered old compared to correctly rejected new items. Directionality measures (Granger causality) indicated that the thalamus was the sender, and the neocortex the receiver, of this beta signal, which also modulated the power of neocortical gamma (55-80 Hz) oscillations (cross-frequency coupling). Experiment 2 validated the cross-frequency coupling effects in a healthy participant sample. Confirming the findings from experiment 1, significantly increased cross-frequency coupling was found over frontal scalp electrodes during successful recognition. Extending anatomical knowledge on thalamic connectivity with frontal neocortex, these results suggest that the thalamus sends an early memory signal to frontal regions, triggering further memory search processes.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Staudigl, T. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Hanslmayr, S. and Esslinger, C. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Heinze, H. J. and Richardson-Klavehn, A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3519--3527},
}



@article{muller_entrainment_2015,
	title = {Entrainment of {Human} {Alpha} {Oscillations} {Selectively} {Enhances} {Visual} {Conjunction} {Search}},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143533},
	abstract = {The functional role of the alpha-rhythm which dominates the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is unclear. It has been related to visual processing, attentional selection and object coherence, respectively. Here we tested the interaction of alpha oscillations of the human brain with visual search tasks that differed in their attentional demands (pre-attentive vs. attentive) and also in the necessity to establish object coherence (conjunction vs. single feature). Between pre- and post-assessment elderly subjects received 20 min/d of repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the occipital cortex adjusted to their individual alpha frequency over five consecutive days. Compared to sham the entrained alpha oscillations led to a selective, set size independent improvement in the conjunction search task performance but not in the easy or in the hard feature search task. These findings suggest that cortical alpha oscillations play a specific role in establishing object coherence through suppression of distracting objects.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Müller, N. G. and Vellage, A. K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e0143533},
}



@article{durschmid_sensory_2016,
	title = {Sensory {Deviancy} {Detection} {Measured} {Directly} {Within} the {Human} {Nucleus} {Accumbens}},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhu304},
	abstract = {Rapid changes in the environment evoke a comparison between expectancy and actual outcome to inform optimal subsequent behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key interface between the hippocampus and neocortical regions, is a candidate region for mediating this comparison. Here, we report event-related potentials obtained from the NAcc using direct intracranial recordings in 5 human participants while they listened to trains of auditory stimuli differing in their degree of deviation from repetitive background stimuli. NAcc recordings revealed an early mismatch signal (50-220 ms) in response to all deviants. NAcc activity in this time window was also sensitive to the statistics of stimulus deviancy, with larger amplitudes as a function of the level of deviancy. Importantly, this NAcc mismatch signal also predicted generation of longer latency scalp potentials (300-400 ms). The results provide direct human evidence that the NAcc is a key component of a network engaged in encoding statistics of the sensory environmental.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
	author = {Dürschmid, S. and Zaehle, T. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Garrido, M. I. and Dolan, R. J. and Knight, R. T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1168--1175},
}



@article{kuehne_transcranial_2015,
	title = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shifts preference of moral judgments},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127061},
	abstract = {Attitude to morality, reflecting cultural norms and values, is considered unique to human social behavior. Resulting moral behavior in a social environment is controlled by a widespread neural network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which plays an important role in decision making. In the present study we investigate the influence of neurophysiological modulation of DLPFC reactivity by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on moral reasoning. For that purpose we administered anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation of the left DLPFC while subjects judged the appropriateness of hard moral personal dilemmas. In contrast to sham and cathodal stimulation, anodal stimulation induced a shift in judgment of personal moral dilemmas towards more non-utilitarian actions. Our results demonstrate that alterations of left DLPFC activity can change moral judgments and, in consequence, provide a causal link between left DLPFC activity and moral reasoning. Most important, the observed shift towards non-utilitarian actions suggests that moral decision making is not a permanent individual trait but can be manipulated; consequently individuals with boundless, uncontrollable, and maladaptive moral behavior, such as found in psychopathy, might benefit from neuromodulation-based approaches.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Kuehne, M. and Heimrath, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e0127061},
}



@article{rufener_40hz-transcranial_2016,
	title = {{40Hz}-{Transcranial} alternating current stimulation ({tACS}) selectively modulates speech perception},
	volume = {101},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.002},
	abstract = {The present study investigated the functional relevance of gamma oscillations for the processing of rapidly changing acoustic features in speech signals. For this purpose we analyzed repetition-induced perceptual learning effects in 18 healthy adult participants. The participants received either 6Hz or 40Hz tACS over the bilateral auditory cortex, while repeatedly performing a phoneme categorization task. In result, we found that 40Hz tACS led to a specific alteration in repetition-induced perceptual learning. While participants in the non-stimulated control group as well as those in the experimental group receiving 6Hz tACS considerably improved their perceptual performance, the application of 40Hz tACS selectively attenuated the repetition-induced improvement in phoneme categorization abilities. Our data provide causal evidence for a functional relevance of gamma oscillations during the perceptual learning of acoustic speech features. Moreover, we demonstrate that even less than twenty minutes of alternating current stimulation below the individual perceptual threshold is sufficient to affect speech perception. This finding is relevant in that this novel approach might have implications with respect to impaired speech processing in dyslexics and older adults.},
	journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
	author = {Rufener, K. S. and Zaehle, T. and Oechslin, M. S. and Meyer, M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {18--24},
}



@article{breitling_improving_2016,
	title = {Improving {Interference} {Control} in {ADHD} {Patients} with {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS})},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.3389/fncel.2016.00072},
	abstract = {The use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been suggested as a promising alternative to psychopharmacological treatment approaches due to its local and network effects on brain activation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of tDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on interference control in 21 male adolescents with ADHD and 21 age matched healthy controls aged 13-17 years, who underwent three separate sessions of tDCS (anodal, cathodal, and sham) while completing a Flanker task. Even though anodal stimulation appeared to diminish commission errors in the ADHD group, the overall analysis revealed no significant effect of tDCS. Since participants showed a considerable learning effect from the first to the second session, performance in the first session was separately analyzed. ADHD patients receiving sham stimulation in the first session showed impaired interference control compared to healthy control participants whereas ADHD patients who were exposed to anodal stimulation, showed comparable performance levels (commission errors, reaction time variability) to the control group. These results suggest that anodal tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus could improve interference control in patients with ADHD.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},
	author = {Breitling, C. and Zaehle, T. and Dannhauer, M. and Bonath, B. and Tegelbeckers, J. and Flechtner, H. H. and Krauel, K.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {72},
}



@article{heimrath_modulation_2015,
	title = {Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by {HD}-{tDCS}},
	volume = {41},
	doi = {10.1111/ejn.12908},
	abstract = {The present study examined the functional lateralization of the human auditory cortex (AC) for pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing. By using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), we systematically modulated neuronal activity of the bilateral AC. We assessed the influence of anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS delivered over the left or right AC on auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to temporal as well as spectral deviants in 12 healthy subjects. The results showed that MMN to temporal deviants was significantly enhanced by anodal HD-tDCS applied over the left AC only. Our data indicate a left hemispheric dominance for the pre-attentive processing of low-level temporal information.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Heimrath, K. and Breitling, C. and Krauel, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1580--1586},
}



@article{sweeney-reed_clinical_2016,
	title = {Clinical, neuropsychological, and pre-stimulus dorsomedial thalamic nucleus electrophysiological data in deep brain stimulation patients},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.008},
	abstract = {The data presented here comprise clinical, neuropsychological, and intrathalamic electrophysiological data from 7 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and are related to the article "Pre-stimulus thalamic theta power predicts human memory formation" C.M. Sweeney-Reed, T. Zaehle, J. Voges, F.C. Schmitt, L. Buentjen, K. Kopitzki, et al. (2016) [1]. The patients participated in a memory paradigm after receiving electrodes implanted in the DMTN due to the surgical approach taken in electrode insertion for deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus. Epilepsy duration and pre-operative neuropsychological tests provide an indication of the profile of patients receiving intrathalamic electrode implantation and the memory capabilities in such a patient group. The electrophysiological data were recorded from the right DMTN preceding stimulus presentation during intentional memory encoding. The patients viewed a series of photographic scenes, which they judged as indoors or outdoors. The 900 ms epochs prior to stimulus presentation were labeled as preceding successful or unsuccessful subsequent memory formation according to a subsequent memory test for the items. The difference between theta power preceding successful versus unsuccessful subsequent memory formation is shown against time for each patient individually.},
	journal = {Data Brief},
	author = {Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Buentjen, L. and Kopitzki, K. and Richardson-Klavehn, A. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Knight, R. T. and Rugg, M. D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {557--561},
}



@article{weise_cross-modal_2016,
	title = {Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power: the neural basis of impaired task performance},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1469-8986},
	shorttitle = {Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733},
	doi = {10.1111/psyp.12733},
	abstract = {Unexpected novel sounds capture one's attention, even when irrelevant to the task pursued (e.g., playing video game). This often comes at a cost to the task (e.g., slower responding). The neural basis for this behavioral distraction effect is not well understood and is subject of this study. Our approach was motivated by findings from cuing paradigms suggesting a link between modulations in oscillatory activity and voluntary attention shifts. The current study tested whether oscillatory activity is also modulated by a task-irrelevant auditory distractor, reflecting a neural signature of an involuntary shift of attention and accounting for the impaired task performance. We reanalyzed magnetoencephalographic data collected via an auditory-visual distraction paradigm in which a task-relevant visual stimulus was preceded by a task-irrelevant sound on each trial. In 87.5\% this was a regular sound (Standard); in 12.5\% this was a novel sound (Distractor). We compared nonphase locked oscillatory activity in a time window prior to the visual target as a function of the experimental manipulation (Distractor, Standard). We found low power in the pretarget time window for Distractors compared to Standards in the alpha and beta frequency bands. Importantly, individual alpha power correlated with response speed on a trial-by-trial basis for the Distractor only. Sources were localized to the occipital cortex, and also to the parietal and supratemporal cortices. These findings support our hypothesis that the distractor-related alpha power modulation indexes an involuntary shift of attention which accounts for the impaired task performance.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-04-28},
	journal = {Psychophysiology},
	author = {Weise, Annekathrin and Hartmann, Thomas and Schröger, Erich and Weisz, Nathan and Ruhnau, Philipp},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Alpha oscillations, Cross-modal distraction, Involuntary attention, Magnetoencephalography (MEG)},
	pages = {1651--1659},
}



@article{ruhnau_flicker-driven_2016,
	title = {Flicker-{Driven} {Responses} in {Visual} {Cortex} {Change} during {Matched}-{Frequency} {Transcranial} {Alternating} {Current} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1662-5161},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184},
	abstract = {We tested a novel combination of two neuro-stimulation techniques, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and frequency tagging, that promises powerful paradigms to study the causal role of rhythmic brain activity in perception and cognition. Participants viewed a stimulus flickering at 7 or 11 Hz that elicited periodic brain activity, termed steady-state responses (SSRs), at the same temporal frequency and its higher order harmonics. Further, they received simultaneous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 7 or 11 Hz that either matched or differed from the flicker frequency. Sham tACS served as a control condition. Recent advances in reconstructing cortical sources of oscillatory activity allowed us to measure SSRs during concurrent tACS, which is known to impose strong artifacts in magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. For the first time, we were thus able to demonstrate immediate effects of tACS on SSR-indexed early visual processing. Our data suggest that tACS effects are largely frequency-specific and reveal a characteristic pattern of differential influences on the harmonic constituents of SSRs.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-04-28},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
	author = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Keitel, Christian and Lithari, Chrysa and Weisz, Nathan and Neuling, Toralf},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Alpha Rhythm, MEG, NIBS, Steady-state response, TACs, brain oscillations, entrainment, frequency tagging},
}



@article{wagenbreth_implicit_2016,
	title = {Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in {Parkinson}'s disease},
	volume = {303},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059},
	abstract = {Besides motor problems, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with detrimental emotional and cognitive functioning. Deficient explicit emotional processing has been observed, whilst patients also show impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. However, it is unclear whether this PD patients' ToM deficit is based on an inability to infer otherś emotional states or whether it is due to explicit emotional processing deficits. We investigated implicit and explicit emotional processing in PD with an affective priming paradigm in which we used pictures of human eyes for emotional primes and a lexical decision task (LDT) with emotional connoted words for target stimuli.
 Sixteen PD patients and sixteen matched healthy controls performed a LTD combined with an emotional priming paradigm providing emotional information through the facial eye region to assess implicit emotional processing. Second, participants explicitly evaluated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task.
 Compared to controls implicit emotional processing abilities were generally preserved in PD with, however, considerable alterations for happiness and disgust processing. Furthermore, we observed a general impairment of patients for explicit evaluation of emotional stimuli, which was augmented for the rating of facial expressions.
 This is the first study reporting results for affective priming with facial eye expressions in PD patients. Our findings indicate largely preserved implicit emotional processing, with a specific altered processing of disgust and happiness. Explicit emotional processing was considerably impaired for semantic and especially for facial stimulus material. Poor ToM abilities in PD patients might be based on deficient explicit emotional processing, with preserved ability to implicitly infer other people's feelings.},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Wagenbreth, C. and Wattenberg, L. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {182--190},
}



@article{sweeney-reed_anterior_2017,
	title = {Anterior {Thalamic} {High} {Frequency} {Band} {Activity} {Is} {Coupled} with {Theta} {Oscillations} at {Rest}},
	volume = {11},
	doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00358},
	abstract = {Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between slow and fast brain rhythms, in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), is proposed to enable the coordination of neural oscillatory activity required for cognitive processing. PAC has been identified in the neocortex and mesial temporal regions, varying according to the cognitive task being performed and also at rest. PAC has also been observed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) during memory processing. The thalamus is active during the resting state and has been proposed to be involved in switching between task-free cognitive states such as rest, in which attention is internally-focused, and externally-focused cognitive states, in which an individual engages with environmental stimuli. It is unknown whether PAC is an ongoing phenomenon during the resting state in the ATN, which is modulated during different cognitive states, or whether it only arises during the performance of specific tasks. We analyzed electrophysiological recordings of ATN activity during rest from seven patients who received thalamic electrodes implanted for treatment of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. PAC was identified between theta (4-6 Hz) phase and high frequency band (80-150 Hz) amplitude during rest in all seven patients, which diminished during engagement in tasks involving an external focus of attention. The findings are consistent with the proposal that theta-gamma coupling in the ATN is an ongoing phenomenon, which is modulated by task performance.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
	author = {Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Buentjen, L. and Borchardt, V. and Walter, M. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Rugg, M. D. and Knight, R. T.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {358},
}



@article{panther_electric_2019,
	title = {Electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle influences sensorimotor gaiting in humans},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1186/s12868-019-0503-y},
	abstract = {Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, a measurement of sensorimotor gaiting, is modulated by monoaminergic, presumably dopaminergic neurotransmission. Disturbances of the dopaminergic system can cause deficient PPI as found in neuropsychiatric diseases. A target specific influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on PPI has been shown in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, three patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type underwent DBS of the median forebrain bundle (MFB) in a compassionate use program to maintain cognitive abilities. This provided us the unique possibility to investigate the effects of different stimulation conditions of DBS of the MFB on PPI in humans.
 Separate analysis of each patient consistently showed a frequency dependent pattern with a DBS-induced increase of PPI at 60 Hz and unchanged PPI at 20 or 130 Hz, as compared to sham stimulation.
 Our data demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the MFB modulates PPI in a frequency-dependent manner. PPI measurement could serve as a potential marker for optimization of DBS settings independent of the patient or the examiner.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {BMC neuroscience},
	author = {Panther, P. and Kuehne, M. and Voges, J. and Nullmeier, S. and Kaufmann, J. and Hausmann, J. and Bittner, D. and Galazky, I. and Heinze, H. J. and Kupsch, A. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	note = {tex.ids= pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019a, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019b},
	keywords = {Alzheimer’s disease, DBS, Deep brain stimulation, Medial forebrain bundle, Neuromodulation, PPI, Prepulse inhibition, Reward system},
	pages = {20},
}



@article{keute_error-related_2019,
	title = {Error-{Related} {Dynamics} of {Reaction} {Time} and {Frontal} {Midline} {Theta} {Activity} in {Attention} {Deficit} {Hyperactivity} {Disorder} ({ADHD}) {During} a {Subliminal} {Motor} {Priming} {Task}},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381},
	abstract = {Post-error slowing (PES) is an established performance monitoring readout. Several previous studies have found that PES is reduced in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We analyzed reaction time data, along with electroencephalography (EEG) data, from a response priming experiment in children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 15) between 10 and 17 years of age. We report dynamic reaction time changes before and after errors: whereas TD controls readjusted their response speed to their individual average speed after committing an error, this reaction time adjustment appeared to be delayed and decreased in ADHD patients. In the EEG, error trials were accompanied by increased frontal midline theta activity, which was attenuated in ADHD compared to TD. We conclude that PES has a different time course rather than being fully absent in ADHD and discuss relationships with our EEG findings and potential implications for performance monitoring in ADHD.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
	author = {Keute, M. and Stenner, M. P. and Mueller, M. K. and Zaehle, T. and Krauel, K.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {381},
}



@article{heimrath_transcranial_2020,
	title = {Transcranial {Static} {Magnetic} {Field} {Stimulation} {Over} the {Temporal} {Cortex} {Modulating} the {Right} {Ear} {Advantage} in {Dichotic} {Listening}},
	volume = {23},
	doi = {10.1111/ner.13023},
	abstract = {Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) has proposed a new, promising, and simple non-invasive brain stimulation method. While several studies gained certain evidence about tSMS effects in the motor, somatosensory, and visual domains, there is still a controversial debate about its general effectiveness. In the present study, we investigated potential tSMS effects on auditory speech processing as measured by a dichotic listening (DL) task.
 Fifteen healthy participants received in randomized order on three different days one session of either sham, tSMS over the left, or tSMS over the right auditory cortex (AC). Under stimulation, participants performed a standard DL task with consonant-vowel syllables. Simultaneously, we recorded electroencephalogram from central sites (Fz, Cz, Pz).
 TSMS over the left AC changed the behavioral performance and modulated auditory evoked potentials. Stimulation of the left AC significantly reduced the right ear advantage during the DL task and the N1 component of auditory evoked potentials in response to these syllables.
 The preliminary results of the present exploratory study demonstrate the ability of tSMS to modulate human brain activity on a behavioral as well as physiologic level. Furthermore, tSMS effects on acoustic processing may have clinical implications by fostering potential approaches for a treatment of speech-related pathologies associated with hyperexcitability in the AC.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Neuromodulation},
	author = {Heimrath, K. and Spröggel, A. and Repplinger, S. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {335--340},
}



@article{rufener_transcranial_2019,
	title = {Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia},
	volume = {12},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.007},
	abstract = {About 10\% of the western population suffers from a specific disability in the acquisition of reading and writing skills, known as developmental dyslexia (DD). Even though DD starts in childhood it frequently continuous throughout lifetime. Impaired processing of acoustic features at the phonematic scale based on dysfunctional auditory temporal resolution is considered as one core deficit underlying DD. Recently, the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to modulate auditory temporal resolution and phoneme processing in healthy individuals has been demonstrated.
 The present work aims to investigate online effects of tES on phoneme processing in individuals with DD.
 Using an established phoneme-categorization task, we assessed the immediate behavioral and electrophysiological effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral auditory cortex in children and adolescents with DD (study 1) and adults with DD (study 2) on auditory phoneme processing acuity.
 Our data revealed that tACS improved phoneme categorization in children and adolescents with DD, an effect that was paralleled by an increase in evoked brain response patterns representing low-level sensory processing. In the adult sample we replicated these findings and additionally showed a more pronounced impact of tRNS on phoneme-categorization acuity.
 These results provide compelling evidence for the potential of both tACS and tRNS to increase temporal precision of the auditory system in DD and suggest transcranial electrical stimulation as potential intervention in DD to foster the effect of standard phonology-based training.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Brain Stimulation},
	author = {Rufener, K. S. and Krauel, K. and Meyer, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {930--937},
}



@article{gaab_functional_2003,
	title = {Functional anatomy of pitch memory–an {fMRI} study with sparse temporal sampling},
	volume = {19},
	doi = {10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00224-6},
	abstract = {Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks are challenging since the MR scanner noise can interfere with the auditory stimulation. To avoid this interference a sparse temporal sampling method with a long repetition time (TR = 17 s) was used to explore the functional anatomy of pitch memory. Eighteen right-handed subjects listened to a sequence of sine-wave tones (4.6 s total duration) and were asked to make a decision (depending on a visual prompt) whether the last or second to last tone was the same or different as the first tone. An alternating button press condition served as a control. Sets of 24 axial slices were acquired with a variable delay time (between 0 and 6 s) between the end of the auditory stimulation and the MR acquisition. Individual imaging time points were combined into three clusters (0-2, 3-4, and 5-6 s after the end of the auditory stimulation) for the analysis. The analysis showed a dynamic activation pattern over time which involved the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, posterior dorsolateral frontal regions, superior parietal regions, and dorsolateral cerebellar regions bilaterally as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus. By regressing the performance score in the pitch memory task with task-related MR signal changes, the supramarginal gyrus (left¿right) and the dorsolateral cerebellum (lobules V and VI, left¿right) were significantly correlated with good task performance. The SMG and the dorsolateral cerebellum may play a critical role in short-term storage of pitch information and the continuous pitch discrimination necessary for performing this pitch memory task.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neuroimage},
	author = {Gaab, N. and Gaser, C. and Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Schlaug, G.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1417--1426},
}



@article{rufener_inconsistent_2020,
	title = {Inconsistent effects of stochastic resonance on human auditory processing},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-63332-w},
	abstract = {It has been demonstrated that, while otherwise detrimental, noise can improve sensory perception under optimal conditions. The mechanism underlying this improvement is stochastic resonance. An inverted U-shaped relationship between noise level and task performance is considered as the signature of stochastic resonance. Previous studies have proposed the existence of stochastic resonance also in the human auditory system. However, the reported beneficial effects of noise are small, based on a small sample, and do not confirm the proposed inverted U-shaped function. Here, we investigated in two separate studies whether stochastic resonance may be present in the human auditory system by applying noise of different levels, either acoustically or electrically via transcranial random noise stimulation, while participants had to detect acoustic stimuli adjusted to their individual hearing threshold. We find no evidence for behaviorally relevant effects of stochastic resonance. Although detection rate for near-threshold acoustic stimuli appears to vary in an inverted U-shaped manner for some subjects, it varies in a U-shaped manner or in other manners for other subjects. Our results show that subjects do not benefit from noise, irrespective of its modality. In conclusion, our results question the existence of stochastic resonance in the human auditory system.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Rufener, K. S. and Kauk, J. and Ruhnau, P. and Repplinger, S. and Heil, P. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6419},
}



@article{heimrath_transcranial_2020-1,
	title = {Transcranial direct current stimulation ({tDCS}) over the auditory cortex modulates {GABA} and glutamate: a 7 {T} {MR}-spectroscopy study},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0},
	abstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most prominent non-invasive electrical brain stimulation method to alter neuronal activity as well as behavioral processes in cognitive and perceptual domains. However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7 T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Heimrath, K. and Brechmann, A. and Blobel-Lüer, R. and Stadler, J. and Budinger, E. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {20111},
}



@article{zaehle_transcranial_2010,
	title = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human {EEG}},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0013766},
	abstract = {Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the human cortex by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been instrumental in a number of important discoveries in the field of human cortical function and has become a well-established method for evaluating brain function in healthy human participants. Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been introduced to directly modulate the ongoing rhythmic brain activity by the application of oscillatory currents on the human scalp. Until now the efficiency of tACS in modulating rhythmic brain activity has been indicated only by inference from perceptual and behavioural consequences of electrical stimulation. No direct electrophysiological evidence of tACS has been reported. We delivered tACS over the occipital cortex of 10 healthy participants to entrain the neuronal oscillatory activity in their individual alpha frequency range and compared results with those from a separate group of participants receiving sham stimulation. The tACS but not the sham stimulation elevated the endogenous alpha power in parieto-central electrodes of the electroencephalogram. Additionally, in a network of spiking neurons, we simulated how tACS can be affected even after the end of stimulation. The results show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) selectively modulates synapses depending on the resonance frequencies of the neural circuits that they belong to. Thus, tACS influences STDP which in turn results in aftereffects upon neural activity.The present findings are the first direct electrophysiological evidence of an interaction of tACS and ongoing oscillatory activity in the human cortex. The data demonstrate the ability of tACS to specifically modulate oscillatory brain activity and show its potential both at fostering knowledge on the functional significance of brain oscillations and for therapeutic application.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Rach, S. and Herrmann, C. S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	note = {tex.ids= zaehleTranscranialAlternatingCurrent2010},
	keywords = {Action potentials, Electroencephalography, Functional electrical stimulation, Neural pathways, Neurons, Synapses, Transcranial alternating current stimulation, Transcranial direct-current stimulation},
	pages = {e13766},
}



@article{liem_cortical_2012,
	title = {Cortical thickness of supratemporal plane predicts auditory {N1} amplitude},
	volume = {23},
	doi = {10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835abc5c},
	abstract = {The auditory-evoked potential's N1 component of the scalp electroencephalogram is a well-established measure of electrical brain activity. The N1 reflects basic auditory processing and is modulated by auditory experience, for instance, by musical training. Here, we explore a possible correlation between the auditory N1 amplitude and cortical architecture in the supratemporal plane. We hypothesize that individual differences in N1 amplitude reflect differential acuity, which might also be reflected by differences in auditory cortex anatomy. Auditory potentials evoked by sine wave tones and structural MRI were collected from 27 healthy volunteers. The thickness and surface area of the cortex were calculated using a surface-based morphometry approach. Cortical thickness, rather than surface area, in a cluster on the posterior supratemporal plane, predominantly located on Heschl's sulcus and lateral aspects of Heschl's gyrus, correlated with the N1 amplitude. In particular, lower cortical thickness was associated with larger N1 amplitudes. This is well in agreement with previous functional magnetic resonance studies reporting a thinner cortex to be related to a larger functional response.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Neuroreport},
	author = {Liem, F. and Zaehle, T. and Burkhard, A. and Jäncke, L. and Meyer, M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1026--1030},
}



@article{zaehle_working_2013,
	title = {Working memory in {ALS} patients: preserved performance but marked changes in underlying neuronal networks},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0071973},
	abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects the motor system but also other frontal brain regions. In this study we investigated changes in functional neuronal networks including posterior brain regions that are not directly affected by the neurodegenerative process. To this end, we analyzed the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an ERP component considered an online marker of memory storage in posterior cortex, while 23 ALS patients and their controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample working memory (WM) task. The task required encoding of stimuli in the cued hemifield whilst ignoring stimuli in the other hemifield. Despite their unimpaired behavioral performance patients displayed several changes in the neuronal markers of the memory processes. Their CDA amplitude was smaller; it showed less load-dependent modulation and lacked the reduction observed when controls performed the same task three months later. The smaller CDA in the patients could be attributed to more ipsilateral cortical activity which may indicate that ALS patients unnecessarily processed the irrelevant stimuli as well. The latter is presumably related to deterioration of the frontal cortex in the patient group which was indicated by slight deficits in tests of their executive functions that increased over time. The frontal pathology presumably affected their top-down control of memory storage in remote regions in the posterior brain. In sum, the present results demonstrate functional changes in neuronal networks, i.e. neuroplasticity, in ALS that go well beyond the known structural changes. They also show that at least in WM tasks, in which strategic top-down control demands are relatively low, the frontal deficit can be compensated for by intact low level processes in posterior brain regions.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Zaehle, T. and Becke, A. and Naue, N. and Machts, J. and Abdulla, S. and Petri, S. and Kollewe, K. and Dengler, R. and Heinze, H. J. and Vielhaber, S. and Müller, N. G.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {e71973},
}



@article{wagenbreth_deep_2015,
	title = {Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates reward processing and action selection in {Parkinson} patients},
	volume = {262},
	doi = {10.1007/s00415-015-7749-9},
	abstract = {Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) but its effect on the motivational regulation of action control is still not fully understood. We investigated whether DBS of the STN influences the ability of PD patients to act for anticipated reward or loss, or whether DBS improves action execution independent of motivational valence. 16 PD patients (12 male, mean age = 58.5 ± 10.17 years) treated with bilateral STN-DBS and an age- and gender-matched group of healthy controls (HC) performed a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action. Patients were tested with (ON) and without (OFF) active STN stimulation. For HC, there was a benefit in performing rewarded actions when compared to actions that avoided punishment. PD patients showed such a benefit reliably only when STN stimulation was ON. In fact, the relative behavioral benefit for go for reward over go to avoid losing was stronger in the PD patients under DBS ON than in HC. In PD patients, rather than generally improving motor functions independent of motivational valence, modulation of the STN by DBS improves action execution specifically when rewards are anticipated. Thus, STN-DBS establishes a reliable congruency between action and reward ("Pavlovian congruency") and remarkably enhances it over the level observed in HC.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology},
	author = {Wagenbreth, C. and Zaehle, T. and Galazky, I. and Voges, J. and Guitart-Masip, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Düzel, E.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.ids= wagenbrethDeepBrainStimulation2015},
	keywords = {Action selection, Deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, Reward, Subthalamic nucleus},
	pages = {1541--1547},
}



@article{stenner_cortical_2015,
	title = {Cortical drive of low-frequency oscillations in the human nucleus accumbens during action selection},
	volume = {114},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.00988.2014},
	abstract = {The nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to action selection by integrating behaviorally relevant information from multiple regions, including prefrontal cortex. Studies in rodents suggest that information flow to the nucleus accumbens may be regulated via task-dependent oscillatory coupling between regions. During instrumental behavior, local field potentials (LFP) in the rat nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are coupled at delta frequencies (Gruber AJ, Hussain RJ, O'Donnell P. PLoS One 4: e5062, 2009), possibly mediating suppression of afferent input from other areas and thereby supporting cortical control (Calhoon GG, O'Donnell P. Neuron 78: 181-190, 2013). In this report, we demonstrate low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling in humans, both at rest and during a decision-making task. We recorded LFP from the nucleus accumbens in six epilepsy patients who underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. All patients showed significant coherence and phase-synchronization between LFP and surface EEG at delta and low theta frequencies. Although the direction of this coupling as indexed by Granger causality varied between subjects in the resting-state data, all patients showed a cortical drive of the nucleus accumbens during action selection in a decision-making task. In three patients this was accompanied by a significant coherence increase over baseline. Our results suggest that low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling represents a highly conserved regulatory mechanism for action selection.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},
	author = {Stenner, M. P. and Litvak, V. and Rutledge, R. B. and Zaehle, T. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Dolan, R. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {29--39},
}



@article{fiene_electrophysiological_2018,
	title = {Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis},
	volume = {265},
	doi = {10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6},
	abstract = {Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms affecting patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Sustained cognitive effort induces cognitive fatigue, operationalized as subjective exhaustion and fatigue-related objective alertness decrements with time-on-task. During prolonged cognitive testing, MS patients show increased simple reaction times (RT) accompanied by lower amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the P300 event-related potential. Previous studies suggested a major role of structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal cortex including a frontal hypo-activation in fatigue pathogenesis. In the present study we investigated the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on objective measures of fatigue-related decrements in cognitive performance in MS patients. P300 during an auditory oddball task and simple reaction times in an alertness test were recorded at baseline, during and after stimulation. Compared to sham, anodal tDCS caused an increase in P300 amplitude that persisted after the end of stimulation and eliminated the fatigue-related increase in RT over the course of a testing session. Our findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC can counteract performance decrements associated with fatigue thereby leading to an improvement in the patient's ability to cope with sustained cognitive demands. This provides causal evidence for the functional relevance of the left DLPFC in fatigue pathophysiology. The results indicate that tDCS-induced modulations of frontal activity can be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of fatigue-related declines in cognitive performance in MS patients.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology},
	author = {Fiene, M. and Rufener, K. S. and Kuehne, M. and Matzke, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {607--617},
}



@article{ruhnau_eyes_2016,
	title = {Eyes wide shut: {Transcranial} alternating current stimulation drives alpha rhythm in a state dependent manner},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	shorttitle = {Eyes wide shut},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138},
	doi = {10.1038/srep27138},
	abstract = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used to modulate brain oscillations to measure changes in cognitive function. It is only since recently that brain activity in human subjects during tACS can be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the phase relationship between the external tACS signal and concurrent brain activity. Subjects were stimulated with tACS at individual alpha frequency during eyes open and eyes closed resting states. Electrodes were placed at Cz and Oz, which should affect parieto-occipital areas most strongly. Source space magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were used to estimate phase coherence between tACS and brain activity. Phase coherence was significantly increased in areas in the occipital pole in eyes open resting state only. The lag between tACS and brain responses showed considerable inter-individual variability. In conclusion, tACS at individual alpha frequency entrains brain activity in visual cortices. Interestingly, this effect is state dependent and is clearly observed with eyes open but only to a lesser extent with eyes closed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-04-28},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Neuling, Toralf and Fuscá, Marco and Herrmann, Christoph S. and Demarchi, Gianpaolo and Weisz, Nathan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {27138},
}



@article{schmitt_safety_2014,
	title = {Safety and feasibility of nucleus accumbens stimulation in five patients with epilepsy},
	volume = {261},
	doi = {10.1007/s00415-014-7364-1},
	abstract = {In five adult patients with intractable partial epilepsy, safety and feasibility of chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) were assessed, also providing initial indications of therapeutic efficacy. Concurrent medication remained unchanged. In this phase 1 trial, clinical outcome parameters of interest were Quality of Life in Epilepsy questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P), Beck Depression Inventory, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, neuropsychological testing, and Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Those data were obtained after 6 months of NAC stimulation and compared to the equivalent assessments made directly before implantation of electrodes. Additionally, monthly frequencies of simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures (CPS), and generalised tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were assessed during 3 months before electrode implantation and at the end of 6-month NAC stimulation. Proportion of responders, i.e. ≥50 \% reduction in frequency of disabling seizures (sum of CPS and GTCS), was calculated. Main findings were unchanged psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment and a significant decrease in seizure severity (p = 0.043). QOLIE-31-P total score trended towards improvement (p = 0.068). Two out of five participants were responders. The median reduction in frequency of disabling seizures was 37.5 \%. In summary, we provide initial evidence for safety and feasibility of chronic electrical stimulation of the NAC in patients with intractable partial epilepsy, as indicated by largely unchanged neurocognitive function and psychiatric comorbidity. Even though our data are underpowered to reliably assess efficacy, the significant decrease in seizure severity provides an initial indication of antiictal efficacy of NAC stimulation. This calls for larger and at best randomised trials to further elucidate efficacy of NAC stimulation in patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology},
	author = {Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T. and Holtkamp, M. and Kowski, A. B.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1477--1484},
}



@article{wagenbreth_seeing_2014,
	title = {Seeing emotions in the eyes - inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039},
	abstract = {Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming.
 Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories "fear," "disgust," "happiness," and "neutral."
 A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words - with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words - with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs.
 Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.},
	journal = {Front Psychol},
	author = {Wagenbreth, C. and Rieger, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1039},
}



@article{fischer_modulation_2015,
	title = {Modulation of attentional processing by deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region in patients with parkinsonian disorders},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1037/neu0000179},
	abstract = {Low-frequency electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a therapeutic approach aiming to improve motor symptoms such as freezing of gate and postural instability in parkinsonian disorders. Because the PPN is a component of the reticular activating system, we tested whether PPN stimulation directly affects attention and consciousness.
 Eight patients with parkinsonian disorders and implanted with electrodes in the bilateral PPN underwent computerized assessment of attention. Performance in 3 standard reaction time (RT) tasks was assessed at 5 different stimulation frequencies in 5 consecutive sessions.
 Stimulation of the PPN at low (8 Hz) and therapeutic (20 Hz) frequencies led to a significant improvement of performance in a simple RT task. Patients' RTs were significantly faster at stimulation frequencies of 8 Hz and 20 Hz relative to no stimulation. Stimulation did not affect patients' performance in more complex attentional tasks.
 Low-frequent stimulation of PPN improves basal attentional processing in patients with parkinsonian disorders, leading to an improved tonic alertness. As successful performance in this task requires the intrinsic ability to build up and keep a certain level of attention, this might be interpreted as attentional augmentation related to stimulation features. Stimulation had no effect on more complex attentional processing. Our results suggest an influence of the PPN on certain aspects of attention, supporting attentional augmentation as one possible mechanism to improve motor action and gait in patients with parkinsonian disorders.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neuropsychology},
	author = {Fischer, J. and Schwiecker, K. and Bittner, V. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {632--637},
}
\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=https://api.zotero.org/groups/2941345/items?key=vts9W21SoZpIOsD4kTao4YCr&amp;format=bibtex&amp;limit=100\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! Next you can\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newSiteFromTemplate%3Fbiburl=https://api.zotero.org/groups/2941345/items?key=vts9W21SoZpIOsD4kTao4YCr&amp;format=bibtex&amp;limit=100\"\n      >create a new website with this list</a>, or\n      embed it in an existing web page by copying &amp; pasting\n      any of the following snippets.\n\n      <div style=\"text-align: left; margin-top: 1em;\">\n        <strong>JavaScript</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment recommended\">(easiest)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;script src=\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.zotero.org%2Fgroups%2F2941345%2Fitems%3Fkey%3Dvts9W21SoZpIOsD4kTao4YCr%26format%3Dbibtex%26limit%3D100&amp;jsonp=1&amp;folding=1&amp;hidemenu=true&amp;jsonp=1\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>PHP</strong>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;?php\n            $contents = file_get_contents(\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.zotero.org%2Fgroups%2F2941345%2Fitems%3Fkey%3Dvts9W21SoZpIOsD4kTao4YCr%26format%3Dbibtex%26limit%3D100&amp;jsonp=1&amp;folding=1&amp;hidemenu=true\");\n            print_r($contents);\n            ?&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>iFrame</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment\">(not recommended)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;iframe src=\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.zotero.org%2Fgroups%2F2941345%2Fitems%3Fkey%3Dvts9W21SoZpIOsD4kTao4YCr%26format%3Dbibtex%26limit%3D100&amp;jsonp=1&amp;folding=1&amp;hidemenu=true\"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <p>\n          For more details see the <a href=\"//bibbase.org/help\">documention</a>.\n        </p>\n      </div>\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_preview\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      This is a preview! To use this list on your own web site\n      or create a new web site from it,\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newAccountWithFile%3FfileId=\"\n      >create a free account</a>. The file will be added\n      and you will be able to edit it in the File Manager.\n      We will show you instructions once you've created your account.\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-warning bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_mendeley1\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      <p>To the site owner:</p>\n\n      <p><strong>Action required!</strong> Mendeley is changing its\n        API. In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023', 'https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023', event);\">\n    Phasic, Event-Related Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modifies Behavioural, Pupillary and and Low-Frequency Oscillatory Power Responses.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wienke, C.; Grueschow, M.; Haghikia, A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>,JN–RM–0452–23. August 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023', 'https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phasic, Event-Related Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modifies Behavioural, Pupillary and and Low-Frequency Oscillatory Power Responses [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wienke-grueschow-haghikia-zaehle-phasiceventrelatedtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationmodifiesbehaviouralpupillaryandandlowfrequencyoscillatorypowerresponses-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wienke_phasic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Phasic, {Event}-{Related} {Transcutaneous} {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} {Modifies} {Behavioural}, {Pupillary} and and {Low}-{Frequency} {Oscillatory} {Power} {Responses}},\n\tcopyright = {All rights reserved},\n\tissn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},\n\turl = {https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023},\n\tdoi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023},\n\tabstract = {Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been proposed to activate the Locus coeruleus - Noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. However, previous studies failed to find consistent modulatory effects of taVNS on LC-NA biomarkers. Recent studies suggest that phasic taVNS may be capable of modulating LC-NA biomarkers such as pupil dilation and α oscillations. However, it is unclear whether these effects extend beyond pure sensory vagal nerve responses. Critically, the potential of the pupillary light reflex as an additional taVNS biomarker has not been explored so far.\n            Here, we applied phasic active and sham taVNS in 29 subjects (16 female, 13 male) while they performed an emotional Stroop task (EST) and a passive pupil light reflex task (PLRT). We recorded pupil size and brain activity dynamics using a combined Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - pupillometry design.\n            Our results show that phasic taVNS significantly increased pupil dilation and performance during the EST. During the PLRT, active taVNS reduced and delayed pupil constriction. In the MEG, taVNS increased frontal-midline theta and alpha power during the EST, while occipital alpha power was reduced during both the EST and PLRT.\n            Our findings provide evidence that phasic taVNS systematically modulates behavioral, pupillary and electrophysiological parameters of LC-NA activity during cognitive processing. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the pupillary light reflex can be used as a simple and effective proxy of taVNS efficacy. These findings have important implications for the development of non-invasive neuromodulation interventions for various cognitive and clinical applications.\n            \n              SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:\n            \n            Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique and is widely used in clinical and nonclinical research. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of taVNS is not yet fully understood. By assessing physiology and behavior in a response conflict task in healthy humans, we demonstrate the first successful application of a phasic, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve cognitive control and to systematically modulate pupillary and electrophysiological markers of the noradrenergic system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of taVNS could optimize future clinical applications and lead to better treatments for mental disorders associated with noradrenergic dysfunction. In addition, we present a new taVNS-sensitive pupillary measure representing an easy-to-use biomarker for future taVNS studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-08-24},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Wienke, Christian and Grueschow, Marcus and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {JN--RM--0452--23},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been proposed to activate the Locus coeruleus - Noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. However, previous studies failed to find consistent modulatory effects of taVNS on LC-NA biomarkers. Recent studies suggest that phasic taVNS may be capable of modulating LC-NA biomarkers such as pupil dilation and α oscillations. However, it is unclear whether these effects extend beyond pure sensory vagal nerve responses. Critically, the potential of the pupillary light reflex as an additional taVNS biomarker has not been explored so far. Here, we applied phasic active and sham taVNS in 29 subjects (16 female, 13 male) while they performed an emotional Stroop task (EST) and a passive pupil light reflex task (PLRT). We recorded pupil size and brain activity dynamics using a combined Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - pupillometry design. Our results show that phasic taVNS significantly increased pupil dilation and performance during the EST. During the PLRT, active taVNS reduced and delayed pupil constriction. In the MEG, taVNS increased frontal-midline theta and alpha power during the EST, while occipital alpha power was reduced during both the EST and PLRT. Our findings provide evidence that phasic taVNS systematically modulates behavioral, pupillary and electrophysiological parameters of LC-NA activity during cognitive processing. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the pupillary light reflex can be used as a simple and effective proxy of taVNS efficacy. These findings have important implications for the development of non-invasive neuromodulation interventions for various cognitive and clinical applications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique and is widely used in clinical and nonclinical research. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of taVNS is not yet fully understood. By assessing physiology and behavior in a response conflict task in healthy humans, we demonstrate the first successful application of a phasic, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve cognitive control and to systematically modulate pupillary and electrophysiological markers of the noradrenergic system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of taVNS could optimize future clinical applications and lead to better treatments for mental disorders associated with noradrenergic dysfunction. In addition, we present a new taVNS-sensitive pupillary measure representing an easy-to-use biomarker for future taVNS studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989', event);\">\n    Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rufener, K. S.; Wienke, C.; Salanje, A.; Haghikia, A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Stimulation</i>, 16(4): 982–989. July 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rufener-wienke-salanje-haghikia-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationpairedwithtonesonelectrophysiologicalmarkersofauditoryperception-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rufener_effects_2023,\n\ttitle = {Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1935861X},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1935861X23017989},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.brs.2023.06.006},\n\tabstract = {Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been introduced as a non-invasive alternative to invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS). While iVNS paired with tones has been highlighted as a potential effective therapy for the treatment of auditory disorders such as tinnitus, there is still scarce data available confirming the efficacy of non-invasive taVNS. Here, we assessed the effect of taVNS paired with acoustic stimuli on sensory-related electrophysiological responses.\nMethods: A total of 22 healthy participants were investigated with a taVNS tone-pairing paradigm using a withinsubjects design. In a single session pure tones paired with either active taVNS or sham taVNS were repeatedly presented. Novel tones without electrical stimulation served as control condition. Auditory event related po­ tentials and auditory cortex oscillations were compared before and after the tone pairing procedure between stimulation conditions.\nResults: From pre to post pairing, we observed a decrease in the N1 amplitude and in theta power to tones paired with sham taVNS while these electrophysiological measures remained stable for tones paired with active taVNS a pattern mirroring auditory sensory processing of novel, unpaired control tones.\nConclusion: Our results demonstrate the efficacy of a short-term application of non-invasive taVNS to modulate auditory processing in healthy individuals and, thereby, have potential implications for interventions in auditory processing deficits.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2023-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Brain Stimulation},\n\tauthor = {Rufener, Katharina S. and Wienke, Christian and Salanje, Alena and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {982--989},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been introduced as a non-invasive alternative to invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS). While iVNS paired with tones has been highlighted as a potential effective therapy for the treatment of auditory disorders such as tinnitus, there is still scarce data available confirming the efficacy of non-invasive taVNS. Here, we assessed the effect of taVNS paired with acoustic stimuli on sensory-related electrophysiological responses. Methods: A total of 22 healthy participants were investigated with a taVNS tone-pairing paradigm using a withinsubjects design. In a single session pure tones paired with either active taVNS or sham taVNS were repeatedly presented. Novel tones without electrical stimulation served as control condition. Auditory event related po­ tentials and auditory cortex oscillations were compared before and after the tone pairing procedure between stimulation conditions. Results: From pre to post pairing, we observed a decrease in the N1 amplitude and in theta power to tones paired with sham taVNS while these electrophysiological measures remained stable for tones paired with active taVNS a pattern mirroring auditory sensory processing of novel, unpaired control tones. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the efficacy of a short-term application of non-invasive taVNS to modulate auditory processing in healthy individuals and, thereby, have potential implications for interventions in auditory processing deficits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y', event);\">\n    Effects of repetitive twice-weekly transcranial direct current stimulations on fatigue and fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Linnhoff, S.; Haghikia, A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 13(1): 5878. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of repetitive twice-weekly transcranial direct current stimulations on fatigue and fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32779-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32779-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-effectsofrepetitivetwiceweeklytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationsonfatigueandfatigabilityinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{linnhoff_effects_2023,\n\ttitle = {Effects of repetitive twice-weekly transcranial direct current stimulations on fatigue and fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32779-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-023-32779-y},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            Fatigue is associated with a dramatically decreased quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). It refers to a constant subjective feeling of exhaustion and performance decline, known as fatigability. However, inconsistency and heterogeneity in defining and assessing fatigue have led to limited advances in understanding and treating MS-associated fatigue. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising, non-pharmaceutical treatment strategy for subjective fatigue. However, whether repetitive tDCS also have long-term effects on time-on-task performance has not yet been investigated. This pseudorandomized, single-blinded, and sham-controlled study investigated tDCS effects on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters. 18 pwMS received eight twice-weekly 30 min stimulations over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Fatigability was operationalized as time-on-task-related changes in reaction time variability and P300 amplitude. Additionally, subjective trait and state fatigue ratings were assessed. The results revealed an overall decrease in subjective trait fatigue ratings that lasted at least four weeks after the stimulations. However, the ratings declined after both anodal and sham tDCS. No effects were found on subjective state fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Linear Mixed Models and Bayesian Regression models likewise favored the absence of a tDCS effect on fatigability parameters. The results confirm the complex relationship between MS-associated fatigue and fatigability. Reliable and clinically relevant parameters need to be established to extend the potential of tDCS for treating fatigability. Furthermore, our results indicate that consecutive stimulations rather than twice-weekly stimulations should be the preferred stimulation scheme in future studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-04-26},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {5878},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Fatigue is associated with a dramatically decreased quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). It refers to a constant subjective feeling of exhaustion and performance decline, known as fatigability. However, inconsistency and heterogeneity in defining and assessing fatigue have led to limited advances in understanding and treating MS-associated fatigue. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising, non-pharmaceutical treatment strategy for subjective fatigue. However, whether repetitive tDCS also have long-term effects on time-on-task performance has not yet been investigated. This pseudorandomized, single-blinded, and sham-controlled study investigated tDCS effects on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters. 18 pwMS received eight twice-weekly 30 min stimulations over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Fatigability was operationalized as time-on-task-related changes in reaction time variability and P300 amplitude. Additionally, subjective trait and state fatigue ratings were assessed. The results revealed an overall decrease in subjective trait fatigue ratings that lasted at least four weeks after the stimulations. However, the ratings declined after both anodal and sham tDCS. No effects were found on subjective state fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Linear Mixed Models and Bayesian Regression models likewise favored the absence of a tDCS effect on fatigability parameters. The results confirm the complex relationship between MS-associated fatigue and fatigability. Reliable and clinically relevant parameters need to be established to extend the potential of tDCS for treating fatigability. Furthermore, our results indicate that consecutive stimulations rather than twice-weekly stimulations should be the preferred stimulation scheme in future studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424', event);\">\n    Cognitive fatigue-related sensory gating deficits in people with multiple sclerosis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Linnhoff, S.; Haghikia, A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurobiology of Disease</i>, 176: 105950. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cognitive fatigue-related sensory gating deficits in people with multiple sclerosis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/grm93d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023', 'http://doi.org/10/grm93d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-cognitivefatiguerelatedsensorygatingdeficitsinpeoplewithmultiplesclerosis-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{linnhoff_cognitive_2023,\n\ttitle = {Cognitive fatigue-related sensory gating deficits in people with multiple sclerosis},\n\tvolume = {176},\n\tissn = {0969-9961},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996122003424},\n\tdoi = {10/grm93d},\n\tabstract = {Background\nCognitive fatigue is highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and significantly limits their quality of life. Fatigue can be subdivided into a subjective feeling of constant (trait) or current (state) exhaustion, as well as an objective performance decline, also known as fatigability. However, the current fatigue diagnosis in pwMS is purely subjective, leaving fatigability mostly unattended. Sensorimotor and sensory gating deficits have recently been described as possible objective markers for fatigability in healthy subjects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of prepulse inhibition (PPI) ratios and the P50 sensory gating suppression as surrogate markers for cognitive fatigue in pwMS.\nMethods\nPPI and P50 sensory gating ratios were assessed before and after a 30-min fatigability-inducing AX- continuous performance task. Subjective trait fatigue was operationalized via self-report questionnaires, subjective state fatigue via visual analog scales (VAS), and fatigability via the change in both gating ratios. The data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models and Pearson correlations.\nResults\nWe included 18 pwMS and 20 healthy controls (HC) in the final analyses. The task-induced fatigability was more pronounced in pwMS. While the initial PPI and P50 ratios were similar in both groups, P50 sensory gating was significantly disrupted after fatigability induction in pwMS. PPI, on the other hand, decreased in both groups. Moreover, initial P50 sensory gating ratios were negatively associated with subjective trait fatigue in pwMS, indicating that higher trait fatigue is associated with disrupted sensory gating. Finally, fatigability-related changes in P50 sensory gating were associated with the changes in VAS ratings, but only in HC.\nConclusions\nThis study demonstrated that P50 sensory gating is a promising objective fatigue and fatigability parameter. Importantly, P50 sensory gating correlated with subjective trait and state fatigue ratings. Our results extend the subjective fatigue diagnosis and broaden the understanding of pathophysiological neuronal mechanisms in MS-related fatigue. This is the first study to present fatigue-related disruption of sensory gating in pwMS.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-12-16},\n\tjournal = {Neurobiology of Disease},\n\tauthor = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Objective measurement, P50, Prepulse inhibition, Sensory gating},\n\tpages = {105950},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Cognitive fatigue is highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and significantly limits their quality of life. Fatigue can be subdivided into a subjective feeling of constant (trait) or current (state) exhaustion, as well as an objective performance decline, also known as fatigability. However, the current fatigue diagnosis in pwMS is purely subjective, leaving fatigability mostly unattended. Sensorimotor and sensory gating deficits have recently been described as possible objective markers for fatigability in healthy subjects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of prepulse inhibition (PPI) ratios and the P50 sensory gating suppression as surrogate markers for cognitive fatigue in pwMS. Methods PPI and P50 sensory gating ratios were assessed before and after a 30-min fatigability-inducing AX- continuous performance task. Subjective trait fatigue was operationalized via self-report questionnaires, subjective state fatigue via visual analog scales (VAS), and fatigability via the change in both gating ratios. The data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models and Pearson correlations. Results We included 18 pwMS and 20 healthy controls (HC) in the final analyses. The task-induced fatigability was more pronounced in pwMS. While the initial PPI and P50 ratios were similar in both groups, P50 sensory gating was significantly disrupted after fatigability induction in pwMS. PPI, on the other hand, decreased in both groups. Moreover, initial P50 sensory gating ratios were negatively associated with subjective trait fatigue in pwMS, indicating that higher trait fatigue is associated with disrupted sensory gating. Finally, fatigability-related changes in P50 sensory gating were associated with the changes in VAS ratings, but only in HC. Conclusions This study demonstrated that P50 sensory gating is a promising objective fatigue and fatigability parameter. Importantly, P50 sensory gating correlated with subjective trait and state fatigue ratings. Our results extend the subjective fatigue diagnosis and broaden the understanding of pathophysiological neuronal mechanisms in MS-related fatigue. This is the first study to present fatigue-related disruption of sensory gating in pwMS.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610', event);\">\n    Fatigability-related oscillatory brain activity changes in people with MS.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Linnhoff, S.; Haghikia, A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders</i>, 69: 104457. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fatigability-related oscillatory brain activity changes in people with MS [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/grm93c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023', 'http://doi.org/10/grm93c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('linnhoff-haghikia-zaehle-fatigabilityrelatedoscillatorybrainactivitychangesinpeoplewithms-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{linnhoff_fatigability-related_2023,\n\ttitle = {Fatigability-related oscillatory brain activity changes in people with {MS}},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\tissn = {2211-0348},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034822009610},\n\tdoi = {10/grm93c},\n\tabstract = {Background\nFatigue, a multidimensional and challenging symptom associated with various underlying conditions, can manifest as a subjective feeling and a performance fatigability. The latter is often defined as an objectively measurable performance decline with time on task. Both syndromes are highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and are often resistant to medical therapy. In the absence of valid and reliable objective parameters, the current cognitive fatigue diagnosis remains purely subjective. Assessing brain wave activity changes has repeatedly been a viable strategy for monitoring cognitive fatigue in healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to investigate oscillatory brain activity changes and their associations with subjective fatigue in pwMS.\nMethods\nWe enrolled 21 pwMS and 21 healthy controls (HC) in this study. Subjects performed a sustained attention task divided into six blocks over the course of 30 minutes, and underwent resting state EEGs before and after the task. During the task, subjects were repeatedly asked to rate their subjective levels of mental fitness, mental exhaustion, and mind wandering. Using Linear Mixed Models, we explored fatigability-related changes by focusing on the time course of changes in reaction time variability, subjective ratings of fatigability, as well as frontomedial theta, and occipital alpha power. We further investigated initial and fatigability-induced differences between pwMS and HC at rest. Finally, Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationship between subjective fatigue and objective fatigability parameters.\nResults\nOur results revealed a systematically stronger fatigability development in pwMS that was objectively measurable. PwMS reported lower mental fitness levels and demonstrated greater variability in reaction times with time on task. Occipital alpha power significantly increased during the task. Especially for upper alpha power, this increase was significantly more prominent in pwMS compared to HC. However, the time-on-task-induced changes in our study were not associated with the subjective fatigue ratings.\nConclusions\nThe results of this study expand the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlining cognitive fatigability and may complement the fatigue diagnosis and therapy monitoring with quantitative objective methods.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-12-16},\n\tjournal = {Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders},\n\tauthor = {Linnhoff, Stefanie and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Alpha power, Fatigability, Fatigue, MS, Frontomedial theta power, Reaction time variability},\n\tpages = {104457},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Fatigue, a multidimensional and challenging symptom associated with various underlying conditions, can manifest as a subjective feeling and a performance fatigability. The latter is often defined as an objectively measurable performance decline with time on task. Both syndromes are highly prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and are often resistant to medical therapy. In the absence of valid and reliable objective parameters, the current cognitive fatigue diagnosis remains purely subjective. Assessing brain wave activity changes has repeatedly been a viable strategy for monitoring cognitive fatigue in healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to investigate oscillatory brain activity changes and their associations with subjective fatigue in pwMS. Methods We enrolled 21 pwMS and 21 healthy controls (HC) in this study. Subjects performed a sustained attention task divided into six blocks over the course of 30 minutes, and underwent resting state EEGs before and after the task. During the task, subjects were repeatedly asked to rate their subjective levels of mental fitness, mental exhaustion, and mind wandering. Using Linear Mixed Models, we explored fatigability-related changes by focusing on the time course of changes in reaction time variability, subjective ratings of fatigability, as well as frontomedial theta, and occipital alpha power. We further investigated initial and fatigability-induced differences between pwMS and HC at rest. Finally, Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationship between subjective fatigue and objective fatigability parameters. Results Our results revealed a systematically stronger fatigability development in pwMS that was objectively measurable. PwMS reported lower mental fitness levels and demonstrated greater variability in reaction times with time on task. Occipital alpha power significantly increased during the task. Especially for upper alpha power, this increase was significantly more prominent in pwMS compared to HC. However, the time-on-task-induced changes in our study were not associated with the subjective fatigue ratings. Conclusions The results of this study expand the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlining cognitive fatigability and may complement the fatigue diagnosis and therapy monitoring with quantitative objective methods.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z', event);\">\n    Rhythmic interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex precede human visual perception.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Griffiths, B. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Repplinger, S.; Schmitt, F. C.; Voges, J.; Hanslmayr, S.;  and Staudigl, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature Communications</i>, 13(1): 3736. June 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rhythmic interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex precede human visual perception [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/grm93b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022', 'http://doi.org/10/grm93b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('griffiths-zaehle-repplinger-schmitt-voges-hanslmayr-staudigl-rhythmicinteractionsbetweenthemediodorsalthalamusandprefrontalcortexprecedehumanvisualperception-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{griffiths_rhythmic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Rhythmic interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex precede human visual perception},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {2041-1723},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31407-z},\n\tdoi = {10/grm93b},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            The thalamus is much more than a simple sensory relay. High-order thalamic nuclei, such as the mediodorsal thalamus, exert a profound influence over animal cognition. However, given the difficulty of directly recording from the thalamus in humans, next-to-nothing is known about thalamic and thalamocortical contributions to human cognition. To address this, we analysed simultaneously-recorded thalamic iEEG and whole-head MEG in six patients (plus MEG recordings from twelve healthy controls) as they completed a visual detection task. We observed that the phase of both ongoing mediodorsal thalamic and prefrontal low-frequency activity was predictive of perceptual performance. Critically however, mediodorsal thalamic activity mediated prefrontal contributions to perceptual performance. These results suggest that it is thalamocortical interactions, rather than cortical activity alone, that is predictive of upcoming perceptual performance and, more generally, highlights the importance of accounting for the thalamus when theorising about cortical contributions to human cognition.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-12-20},\n\tjournal = {Nature Communications},\n\tauthor = {Griffiths, Benjamin J. and Zaehle, Tino and Repplinger, Stefan and Schmitt, Friedhelm C. and Voges, Jürgen and Hanslmayr, Simon and Staudigl, Tobias},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {3736},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The thalamus is much more than a simple sensory relay. High-order thalamic nuclei, such as the mediodorsal thalamus, exert a profound influence over animal cognition. However, given the difficulty of directly recording from the thalamus in humans, next-to-nothing is known about thalamic and thalamocortical contributions to human cognition. To address this, we analysed simultaneously-recorded thalamic iEEG and whole-head MEG in six patients (plus MEG recordings from twelve healthy controls) as they completed a visual detection task. We observed that the phase of both ongoing mediodorsal thalamic and prefrontal low-frequency activity was predictive of perceptual performance. Critically however, mediodorsal thalamic activity mediated prefrontal contributions to perceptual performance. These results suggest that it is thalamocortical interactions, rather than cortical activity alone, that is predictive of upcoming perceptual performance and, more generally, highlights the importance of accounting for the thalamus when theorising about cortical contributions to human cognition.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647', event);\">\n    I spy with my little eye: The detection of changes in emotional faces and the influence of facial feedback in Parkinson's disease.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuehne, M.; Polotzek, L.; Haghikia, A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Lobmaier, J. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Neurology</i>,1 – 9.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ene.15647</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"I spy with my little eye: The detection of changes in emotional faces and the influence of facial feedback in Parkinson&#x27;s disease [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/grm929\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022', 'http://doi.org/10/grm929', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuehne-polotzek-haghikia-zaehle-lobmaier-ispywithmylittleeyethedetectionofchangesinemotionalfacesandtheinfluenceoffacialfeedbackinparkinsonsdisease-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuehne_i_2022,\n\ttitle = {I spy with my little eye: {The} detection of changes in emotional faces and the influence of facial feedback in {Parkinson}&#x27;s disease},\n\tissn = {1468-1331},\n\tshorttitle = {I spy with my little eye},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ene.15647},\n\tdoi = {10/grm929},\n\tabstract = {Background Parkinson&#x27;s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system but also involves deficits in emotional processing such as facial emotion recognition. In healthy participants, it has been shown that facial mimicry, the automatic imitation of perceived facial expressions, facilitates the interpretation of the emotional states of our counterpart. In PD patients, recent studies revealed reduced facial mimicry and consequently reduced facial feedback, suggesting that this reduction might contribute to the prominent emotion recognition deficits found in PD. Methods We investigate the influence of facial mimicry on facial emotion recognition. Twenty PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent a classical facial mimicry manipulation (holding a pen with the lips, teeth or non-dominant hand) while performing an emotional change detection task with faces. Results As expected, emotion recognition was significantly influenced by facial mimicry manipulation in HC further supporting the hypothesis of facial feedback and the related theory of embodied simulation. Importantly, patients with PD generally and independent from the facial mimicry manipulation were impaired in their ability to detected emotion changes. Our data further show that PD patients facial emotional recognition abilities are completely unaffected by mimicry manipulation, assuming that PD patients cannot profit from an artificial modulation of the already impaired facial feedback. Conclusions These findings suggest that it is not the hypomimia and the absence of the facial feedback per se, but a disruption of the facial feedback loop, which leads to the prominent emotion recognition deficit in PD patients.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-12-16},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Neurology},\n\tauthor = {Kuehne, Maria and Polotzek, Laura and Haghikia, Aiden and Zaehle, Tino and Lobmaier, Janek S.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ene.15647},\n\tkeywords = {Parkinson&#x27;s disease, emotion, facial expression, facial feedback, facial mimicry},\n\tpages = {1 -- 9},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system but also involves deficits in emotional processing such as facial emotion recognition. In healthy participants, it has been shown that facial mimicry, the automatic imitation of perceived facial expressions, facilitates the interpretation of the emotional states of our counterpart. In PD patients, recent studies revealed reduced facial mimicry and consequently reduced facial feedback, suggesting that this reduction might contribute to the prominent emotion recognition deficits found in PD. Methods We investigate the influence of facial mimicry on facial emotion recognition. Twenty PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent a classical facial mimicry manipulation (holding a pen with the lips, teeth or non-dominant hand) while performing an emotional change detection task with faces. Results As expected, emotion recognition was significantly influenced by facial mimicry manipulation in HC further supporting the hypothesis of facial feedback and the related theory of embodied simulation. Importantly, patients with PD generally and independent from the facial mimicry manipulation were impaired in their ability to detected emotion changes. Our data further show that PD patients facial emotional recognition abilities are completely unaffected by mimicry manipulation, assuming that PD patients cannot profit from an artificial modulation of the already impaired facial feedback. Conclusions These findings suggest that it is not the hypomimia and the absence of the facial feedback per se, but a disruption of the facial feedback loop, which leads to the prominent emotion recognition deficit in PD patients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (12)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1', event);\">\n    Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-TACS) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thiele, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Haghikia, A.;  and Ruhnau, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 11(1): 22245. November 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-TACS) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gnmzph\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gnmzph', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thiele-zaehle-haghikia-ruhnau-amplitudemodulatedtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationamtacsefficacyevaluationviaphospheneinduction-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thiele_amplitude_2021,\n\ttitle = {Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation ({AM}-{TACS}) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {2021 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01482-1},\n\tdoi = {10/gnmzph},\n\tabstract = {Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS) is a novel method of electrostimulation which enables the recording of electrophysiological signals during stimulation, thanks to an easier removable stimulation artefact compared to classical electrostimulation methods. To gauge the neuromodulatory potential of AM-tACS, we tested its capacity to induce phosphenes as an indicator of stimulation efficacy. AM-tACS was applied via a two-electrode setup, attached on FpZ and below the right eye. AM-tACS waveforms comprised of different carrier (50 Hz, 200 Hz, 1000 Hz) and modulation frequencies (8 Hz, 16 Hz, 28 Hz) were administered with at maximum 2 mA peak-to-peak stimulation strength. TACS conditions in the same frequencies were used as a benchmark for phosphene induction. AM-tACS conditions using a 50 Hz carrier frequency were able to induce phosphenes, but with no difference in phosphene thresholds between modulation frequencies. AM-tACS using a 200 Hz or 1000 Hz carrier frequency did not induce phosphenes. TACS conditions induced phosphenes in line with previous studies. Stimulation effects of AM-tACS conditions were independent of amplitude modulation and instead relied solely on the carrier frequency. A possible explanation may be that AM-tACS needs higher stimulation intensities for its amplitude modulation to have a neuromodulatory effect.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-11-18},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Thiele, Carsten and Zaehle, Tino and Haghikia, Aiden and Ruhnau, Philipp},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},\n\tpages = {22245},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS) is a novel method of electrostimulation which enables the recording of electrophysiological signals during stimulation, thanks to an easier removable stimulation artefact compared to classical electrostimulation methods. To gauge the neuromodulatory potential of AM-tACS, we tested its capacity to induce phosphenes as an indicator of stimulation efficacy. AM-tACS was applied via a two-electrode setup, attached on FpZ and below the right eye. AM-tACS waveforms comprised of different carrier (50 Hz, 200 Hz, 1000 Hz) and modulation frequencies (8 Hz, 16 Hz, 28 Hz) were administered with at maximum 2 mA peak-to-peak stimulation strength. TACS conditions in the same frequencies were used as a benchmark for phosphene induction. AM-tACS conditions using a 50 Hz carrier frequency were able to induce phosphenes, but with no difference in phosphene thresholds between modulation frequencies. AM-tACS using a 200 Hz or 1000 Hz carrier frequency did not induce phosphenes. TACS conditions induced phosphenes in line with previous studies. Stimulation effects of AM-tACS conditions were independent of amplitude modulation and instead relied solely on the carrier frequency. A possible explanation may be that AM-tACS needs higher stimulation intensities for its amplitude modulation to have a neuromodulatory effect.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138', event);\">\n    Making the rich richer: Frontoparietal tDCS enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schmicker, M.; Menze, I.; Schneider, C.; Taubert, M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Mueller, N. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>NeuroImage</i>, 242: 118438. November 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Making the rich richer: Frontoparietal tDCS enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gnmzpd\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gnmzpd', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schmicker-menze-schneider-taubert-zaehle-mueller-makingtherichricherfrontoparietaltdcsenhancestransfereffectsofasinglesessiondistractorinhibitiontrainingonworkingmemoryinhighcapacityindividualsbutreducestheminlowcapacityindividuals-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schmicker_making_2021,\n\ttitle = {Making the rich richer: {Frontoparietal} {tDCS} enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals},\n\tvolume = {242},\n\tissn = {1053-8119},\n\tshorttitle = {Making the rich richer},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921007138},\n\tdoi = {10/gnmzpd},\n\tabstract = {Working memory (WM) performance depends on the ability to extract relevant while inhibiting irrelevant information from entering the WM storage. This distractor inhibition ability can be trained and is known to induce transfer effects on WM performance. Here we asked whether transfer on WM can be boosted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a single-session distractor inhibition training. As WM performance is ascribed to the frontoparietal network, in which prefrontal areas are associated with inhibiting distractors and posterior parietal areas with storing information, we placed the anode over the prefrontal and the cathode over the posterior parietal cortex during a single-session distractor inhibition training. This network-oriented stimulation protocol should enhance inhibition processes by shifting the neural activity from posterior to prefrontal regions. WM improved after a single-session distractor inhibition training under verum stimulation but only in subjects with a high WM capacity. In subjects with a low WM capacity, verum tDCS reduced the transfer effects on WM. We assume tDCS to strengthen the frontostriatal pathway in individuals with a high WM capacity leading to efficient inhibition of distractors. In contrast, the cathodal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex might have hindered usual compensational mechanism in low capacity subjects, i.e. maintaining also irrelevant information in memory. Our results thus stress the need to adjust tDCS protocols to well-founded knowledge about neural networks and individual cognitive differences.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-11-18},\n\tjournal = {NeuroImage},\n\tauthor = {Schmicker, Marlen and Menze, Inga and Schneider, Christine and Taubert, Marco and Zaehle, Tino and Mueller, Notger G.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Cognitive training, Distractor inhibition, Frontoparietal network, Individual differences, Working memory capacity, tDCS},\n\tpages = {118438},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Working memory (WM) performance depends on the ability to extract relevant while inhibiting irrelevant information from entering the WM storage. This distractor inhibition ability can be trained and is known to induce transfer effects on WM performance. Here we asked whether transfer on WM can be boosted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a single-session distractor inhibition training. As WM performance is ascribed to the frontoparietal network, in which prefrontal areas are associated with inhibiting distractors and posterior parietal areas with storing information, we placed the anode over the prefrontal and the cathode over the posterior parietal cortex during a single-session distractor inhibition training. This network-oriented stimulation protocol should enhance inhibition processes by shifting the neural activity from posterior to prefrontal regions. WM improved after a single-session distractor inhibition training under verum stimulation but only in subjects with a high WM capacity. In subjects with a low WM capacity, verum tDCS reduced the transfer effects on WM. We assume tDCS to strengthen the frontostriatal pathway in individuals with a high WM capacity leading to efficient inhibition of distractors. In contrast, the cathodal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex might have hindered usual compensational mechanism in low capacity subjects, i.e. maintaining also irrelevant information in memory. Our results thus stress the need to adjust tDCS protocols to well-founded knowledge about neural networks and individual cognitive differences.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302', event);\">\n    Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ludwig, M.; Wienke, C.; Betts, M. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Hämmerer, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Autonomic Neuroscience</i>, 236: 102900. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gnkt93\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gnkt93', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ludwig-wienke-betts-zaehle-hmmerer-currentchallengesinreliablytargetingthenoradrenergiclocuscoeruleususingtranscutaneousauricularvagusnervestimulationtavns-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ludwig_current_2021,\n\ttitle = {Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ({taVNS})},\n\tvolume = {236},\n\tissn = {1566-0702},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001302},\n\tdoi = {10/gnkt93},\n\tabstract = {Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique may influence the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE system) via modulation of the Vagus Nerve (VN) which projects to the LC. Few human studies exist examining the effects of taVNS on the LC-NE system and studies to date assessing the ability of taVNS to target the LC yield heterogeneous results. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current challenges in assessing effects of taVNS on LC function and how translational approaches spanning animal and human research can help in this regard. A particular emphasis of the review discusses how the effects of taVNS may be influenced by changes in structure and function of the LC-NE system across the human lifespan and in disease.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-11-18},\n\tjournal = {Autonomic Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Ludwig, Mareike and Wienke, Christian and Betts, Matthew J. and Zaehle, Tino and Hämmerer, Dorothea},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Cross-species translational approach, Locus coeruleus, Neurodegeneration, Neuromodulation, Noradrenergic system, Stimulation parameters, Vagus nerve stimulation},\n\tpages = {102900},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique may influence the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE system) via modulation of the Vagus Nerve (VN) which projects to the LC. Few human studies exist examining the effects of taVNS on the LC-NE system and studies to date assessing the ability of taVNS to target the LC yield heterogeneous results. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current challenges in assessing effects of taVNS on LC function and how translational approaches spanning animal and human research can help in this regard. A particular emphasis of the review discusses how the effects of taVNS may be influenced by changes in structure and function of the LC-NE system across the human lifespan and in disease.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691', event);\">\n    Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sobczak, A.; Repplinger, S.; Bauch, E. M.; Brueggemann, N.; Lohse, C.; Hinrichs, H.; Buentjen, L.; Voges, J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Bunzeck, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>NeuroImage</i>, 245: 118696. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gnmzpg\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gnmzpg', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sobczak-repplinger-bauch-brueggemann-lohse-hinrichs-buentjen-voges-etal-anticipatingsocialincentivesrecruitsalphabetaoscillationsinthehumansubstantianigraandinvigoratesbehavioracrossthelifespan-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sobczak_anticipating_2021,\n\ttitle = {Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span},\n\tvolume = {245},\n\tissn = {1053-8119},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811921009691},\n\tdoi = {10/gnmzpg},\n\tabstract = {Anticipating social and non-social incentives recruits shared brain structures and promotes behavior. However, little is known about possible age-related behavioral changes, and how the human substantia nigra (SN) signals positive and negative social information. Therefore, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) from the SN of Parkinson&#x27;s Disease (PD) patients (n = 12, intraoperative, OFF medication) in combination with a social incentive delay task including photos of neutral, positive or negative human gestures and mimics as feedback. We also tested a group of non-operated PD patients (n = 24, ON and OFF medication), and a sample of healthy young (n = 51) and older (n = 52) adults with behavioral readouts only. Behaviorally, the anticipation of both positive and negative social feedback equally accelerated response times in contrast to neutral social feedback in healthy young and older adults. Although this effect was not significant in the group of operated PD patients – most likely due to the small sample size – iEEG recordings in their SN showed a significant increase in alpha-beta power (9–20 Hz) from 300 to 600 ms after cue onset again for both positive and negative cues. Finally, in non-operated PD patients, the behavioral effect was not modulated by medication status (ON vs OFF medication) suggesting that other processes than dopaminergic neuromodulation play a role in driving invigoration by social incentives. Together, our findings provide novel and direct evidence for a role of the SN in processing positive and negative social information via specific oscillatory mechanisms in the alpha-beta range, and they suggest that anticipating social value in simple cue-outcome associations is intact in healthy aging and PD.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-11-18},\n\tjournal = {NeuroImage},\n\tauthor = {Sobczak, Alexandra and Repplinger, Stefan and Bauch, Eva M. and Brueggemann, Norbert and Lohse, Christina and Hinrichs, Hermann and Buentjen, Lars and Voges, Juergen and Zaehle, Tino and Bunzeck, Nico},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Dopamine, Intracranial EEG, Parkinson, Social reward learning, Substantia nigra},\n\tpages = {118696},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Anticipating social and non-social incentives recruits shared brain structures and promotes behavior. However, little is known about possible age-related behavioral changes, and how the human substantia nigra (SN) signals positive and negative social information. Therefore, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) from the SN of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (n = 12, intraoperative, OFF medication) in combination with a social incentive delay task including photos of neutral, positive or negative human gestures and mimics as feedback. We also tested a group of non-operated PD patients (n = 24, ON and OFF medication), and a sample of healthy young (n = 51) and older (n = 52) adults with behavioral readouts only. Behaviorally, the anticipation of both positive and negative social feedback equally accelerated response times in contrast to neutral social feedback in healthy young and older adults. Although this effect was not significant in the group of operated PD patients – most likely due to the small sample size – iEEG recordings in their SN showed a significant increase in alpha-beta power (9–20 Hz) from 300 to 600 ms after cue onset again for both positive and negative cues. Finally, in non-operated PD patients, the behavioral effect was not modulated by medication status (ON vs OFF medication) suggesting that other processes than dopaminergic neuromodulation play a role in driving invigoration by social incentives. Together, our findings provide novel and direct evidence for a role of the SN in processing positive and negative social information via specific oscillatory mechanisms in the alpha-beta range, and they suggest that anticipating social value in simple cue-outcome associations is intact in healthy aging and PD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314', event);\">\n    The LC-NE system as a potential target for neuromodulation to ameliorate non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Galazky, I.;  and Krauel, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Autonomic Neuroscience</i>, 236: 102901. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The LC-NE system as a potential target for neuromodulation to ameliorate non-motor symptoms in Parkinson&#x27;s disease [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gnmzpf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gnmzpf', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-galazky-krauel-thelcnesystemasapotentialtargetforneuromodulationtoamelioratenonmotorsymptomsinparkinsonsdisease-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_lc-ne_2021,\n\ttitle = {The {LC}-{NE} system as a potential target for neuromodulation to ameliorate non-motor symptoms in {Parkinson}&#x27;s disease},\n\tvolume = {236},\n\tissn = {1566-0702},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070221001314},\n\tdoi = {10/gnmzpf},\n\tabstract = {Parkinson&#x27;s disease (PD) is associated with severe motor symptoms but also with several non-motor symptoms (NMS). A substantial reduction of norepinephrine (NE) levels in various brain regions reflecting an extensive loss of innervation from the LC has been assumed as causal for the development of NMS and specifically of attentional impairments in PD. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a new, non-invasive neurostimulation method supposed to modulate the LC-NE system in humans. In the current opinion paper, we introduce taVNS as a systemic approach to directly affect NE neurotransmission in healthy as well as clinical populations and discuss its potential as therapeutic option for the treatment of NMS, specifically attentional deficits, in patients with PD. Here, we first describe the LC-NE system and discuss how LC-NE dysfunction might affects cognition in PD before detailing the mode of action of taVNS and proposing its use to modulate cognitive deficits in these patients.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-11-18},\n\tjournal = {Autonomic Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Galazky, Imke and Krauel, Kerstin},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {LC-NE system, Non-motor symptoms, Parkinson&#x27;s disease, TaVNS},\n\tpages = {102901},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with severe motor symptoms but also with several non-motor symptoms (NMS). A substantial reduction of norepinephrine (NE) levels in various brain regions reflecting an extensive loss of innervation from the LC has been assumed as causal for the development of NMS and specifically of attentional impairments in PD. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a new, non-invasive neurostimulation method supposed to modulate the LC-NE system in humans. In the current opinion paper, we introduce taVNS as a systemic approach to directly affect NE neurotransmission in healthy as well as clinical populations and discuss its potential as therapeutic option for the treatment of NMS, specifically attentional deficits, in patients with PD. Here, we first describe the LC-NE system and discuss how LC-NE dysfunction might affects cognition in PD before detailing the mode of action of taVNS and proposing its use to modulate cognitive deficits in these patients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477', event);\">\n    Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on beta and gamma brain oscillations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Keute, M.; Wienke, C.; Ruhnau, P.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cortex</i>, 140: 222–231. July 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on beta and gamma brain oscillations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gkfjj3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gkfjj3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('keute-wienke-ruhnau-zaehle-effectsoftranscutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsonbetaandgammabrainoscillations-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{keute_effects_2021,\n\ttitle = {Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation ({tVNS}) on beta and gamma brain oscillations},\n\tvolume = {140},\n\tissn = {00109452},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945221001477},\n\tdoi = {10/gkfjj3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-10-20},\n\tjournal = {Cortex},\n\tauthor = {Keute, Marius and Wienke, Christian and Ruhnau, Philipp and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {222--231},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full', event);\">\n    Transcranial Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) and Ear-EEG: Potential for Closed-Loop Portable Non-invasive Brain Stimulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ruhnau, P.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, 15: 699473. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transcranial Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) and Ear-EEG: Potential for Closed-Loop Portable Non-invasive Brain Stimulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gm7p8r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gm7p8r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ruhnau-zaehle-transcranialauricularvagusnervestimulationtavnsandeareegpotentialforclosedloopportablenoninvasivebrainstimulation-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ruhnau_transcranial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({taVNS}) and {Ear}-{EEG}: {Potential} for {Closed}-{Loop} {Portable} {Non}-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1662-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Transcranial {Auricular} {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({taVNS}) and {Ear}-{EEG}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.699473/full},\n\tdoi = {10/gm7p8r},\n\tabstract = {No matter how hard we concentrate, our attention fluctuates – a fact that greatly affects our success in completing a current task. Here, we review work from two methods that, in a closed-loop manner, have the potential to ameliorate these fluctuations. Ear-EEG can measure electric brain activity from areas in or around the ear, using small and thus portable hardware. It has been shown to capture the state of attention with high temporal resolution. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) comes with the same advantages (small and light) and critically current research suggests that it is possible to influence ongoing brain activity that has been linked to attention. Following the review of current work on ear-EEG and taVNS we suggest that a combination of the two methods in a closed-loop system could serve as a potential application to modulate attention.},\n\turldate = {2021-10-20},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {699473},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  No matter how hard we concentrate, our attention fluctuates – a fact that greatly affects our success in completing a current task. Here, we review work from two methods that, in a closed-loop manner, have the potential to ameliorate these fluctuations. Ear-EEG can measure electric brain activity from areas in or around the ear, using small and thus portable hardware. It has been shown to capture the state of attention with high temporal resolution. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) comes with the same advantages (small and light) and critically current research suggests that it is possible to influence ongoing brain activity that has been linked to attention. Following the review of current work on ear-EEG and taVNS we suggest that a combination of the two methods in a closed-loop system could serve as a potential application to modulate attention.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7', event);\">\n    Effects of posed smiling on memory for happy and sad facial expressions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuehne, M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Lobmaier, J. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 11(1): 10477. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of posed smiling on memory for happy and sad facial expressions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gmn3q9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021', 'http://doi.org/10/gmn3q9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuehne-zaehle-lobmaier-effectsofposedsmilingonmemoryforhappyandsadfacialexpressions-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuehne_effects_2021,\n\ttitle = {Effects of posed smiling on memory for happy and sad facial expressions},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89828-7},\n\tdoi = {10/gmn3q9},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            The perception and storage of facial emotional expressions constitutes an important human skill that is essential for our daily social interactions. While previous research revealed that facial feedback can influence the perception of facial emotional expressions, it is unclear whether facial feedback also plays a role in memory processes of facial emotional expressions. In the present study we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the performance in emotional visual working memory (WM). For this purpose, 37 participants underwent a classical facial feedback manipulation (FFM) (holding a pen with the teeth—inducing a smiling expression vs. holding a pen with the non-dominant hand—as a control condition) while they performed a WM task on varying intensities of happy or sad facial expressions. Results show that the smiling manipulation improved memory performance selectively for happy faces, especially for highly ambiguous facial expressions. Furthermore, we found that in addition to an overall negative bias specifically for happy faces (i.e. happy faces are remembered as more negative than they initially were), FFM induced a positivity bias when memorizing emotional facial information (i.e. faces were remembered as being more positive than they actually were). Finally, our data demonstrate that men were affected more by FFM: during induced smiling men showed a larger positive bias than women did. These data demonstrate that facial feedback not only influences our perception but also systematically alters our memory of facial emotional expressions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Kuehne, Maria and Zaehle, Tino and Lobmaier, Janek S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {10477},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The perception and storage of facial emotional expressions constitutes an important human skill that is essential for our daily social interactions. While previous research revealed that facial feedback can influence the perception of facial emotional expressions, it is unclear whether facial feedback also plays a role in memory processes of facial emotional expressions. In the present study we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the performance in emotional visual working memory (WM). For this purpose, 37 participants underwent a classical facial feedback manipulation (FFM) (holding a pen with the teeth—inducing a smiling expression vs. holding a pen with the non-dominant hand—as a control condition) while they performed a WM task on varying intensities of happy or sad facial expressions. Results show that the smiling manipulation improved memory performance selectively for happy faces, especially for highly ambiguous facial expressions. Furthermore, we found that in addition to an overall negative bias specifically for happy faces (i.e. happy faces are remembered as more negative than they initially were), FFM induced a positivity bias when memorizing emotional facial information (i.e. faces were remembered as being more positive than they actually were). Finally, our data demonstrate that men were affected more by FFM: during induced smiling men showed a larger positive bias than women did. These data demonstrate that facial feedback not only influences our perception but also systematically alters our memory of facial emotional expressions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145', event);\">\n    Chapter 5 - Effects of a five-day HD-tDCS application to the right IFG depend on current intensity: A study in children and adolescents with ADHD.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Breitling-Ziegler, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Wellnhofer, C.; Dannhauer, M.; Tegelbeckers, J.; Baumann, V.; Flechtner, H.;  and Krauel, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Kadosh, R. C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Krauel, K., editor(s), <i>Progress in Brain Research</i>, volume 264, of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, pages 117–150. Elsevier, January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chapter 5 - Effects of a five-day HD-tDCS application to the right IFG depend on current intensity: A study in children and adolescents with ADHD [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('breitlingziegler-zaehle-wellnhofer-dannhauer-tegelbeckers-baumann-flechtner-krauel-chapter5effectsofafivedayhdtdcsapplicationtotherightifgdependoncurrentintensityastudyinchildrenandadolescentswithadhd-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{breitling-ziegler_chapter_2021,\n\tseries = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},\n\ttitle = {Chapter 5 - {Effects} of a five-day {HD}-{tDCS} application to the right {IFG} depend on current intensity: {A} study in children and adolescents with {ADHD}},\n\tvolume = {264},\n\tshorttitle = {Chapter 5 - {Effects} of a five-day {HD}-{tDCS} application to the right {IFG} depend on current intensity},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000145},\n\tabstract = {Impaired executive functions in ADHD are associated with hypoactivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This region was targeted via repetitive applications of anodal, high-definition transcranial direct current simulation (HD-tDCS) on five consecutive days in 33 ADHD patients (10–17years) and in a healthy control group (n=13, only sham). Patients received either sham (n=13) or verum tDCS with 0.5mA (n=9) or 0.25mA (n=11) depending on individual cutaneous sensitivity. During stimulation, participants performed a combined working memory and response inhibition paradigm (n-back/nogo). At baseline, post, and a 4-month follow up, electroencephalography was recorded during this task. Moreover, interference control (flanker task) and spatial working memory (spanboard task) were assessed to explore possible transfer effects. Omission errors and reaction time variability in all tasks served as measures of attention. In the 0.25mA group increased nogo commission errors indicated a detrimental tDCS effect on response inhibition. After the 5-day stimulation, attentional improvements in the 0.5mA group were indicated by reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Variability improvements were still evident at follow up. In all groups, nogo P3 amplitudes were reduced post-stimulation, but in the 0.5mA group this reduction was smaller than in the 0.25mA group. Results of the current study suggest distinct effects of tDCS with different current intensities demonstrating the importance of a deeper understanding on the impact of stimulation parameters and repeated tDCS applications to develop effective tDCS-based therapy approaches in ADHD.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-07-29},\n\tbooktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Breitling-Ziegler, Carolin and Zaehle, Tino and Wellnhofer, Christian and Dannhauer, Moritz and Tegelbeckers, Jana and Baumann, Valentin and Flechtner, Hans-Henning and Krauel, Kerstin},\n\teditor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014},\n\tkeywords = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Dual-task, Event related potential, High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), P3, Repetitive tDCS, Response inhibition, Right inferior frontal gyrus, Working memory},\n\tpages = {117--150},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Impaired executive functions in ADHD are associated with hypoactivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This region was targeted via repetitive applications of anodal, high-definition transcranial direct current simulation (HD-tDCS) on five consecutive days in 33 ADHD patients (10–17years) and in a healthy control group (n=13, only sham). Patients received either sham (n=13) or verum tDCS with 0.5mA (n=9) or 0.25mA (n=11) depending on individual cutaneous sensitivity. During stimulation, participants performed a combined working memory and response inhibition paradigm (n-back/nogo). At baseline, post, and a 4-month follow up, electroencephalography was recorded during this task. Moreover, interference control (flanker task) and spatial working memory (spanboard task) were assessed to explore possible transfer effects. Omission errors and reaction time variability in all tasks served as measures of attention. In the 0.25mA group increased nogo commission errors indicated a detrimental tDCS effect on response inhibition. After the 5-day stimulation, attentional improvements in the 0.5mA group were indicated by reduced omission errors and reaction time variability. Variability improvements were still evident at follow up. In all groups, nogo P3 amplitudes were reduced post-stimulation, but in the 0.5mA group this reduction was smaller than in the 0.25mA group. Results of the current study suggest distinct effects of tDCS with different current intensities demonstrating the importance of a deeper understanding on the impact of stimulation parameters and repeated tDCS applications to develop effective tDCS-based therapy approaches in ADHD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728', event);\">\n    Chapter 7 - Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A viable option?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Krauel, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Kadosh, R. C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Krauel, K., editor(s), <i>Progress in Brain Research</i>, volume 264, of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, pages 171–190. Elsevier, January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chapter 7 - Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A viable option? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-krauel-chapter7transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationinpatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaviableoption-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{zaehle_chapter_2021,\n\tseries = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},\n\ttitle = {Chapter 7 - {Transcutaneous} vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: {A} viable option?},\n\tvolume = {264},\n\tshorttitle = {Chapter 7 - {Transcutaneous} vagus nerve stimulation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000728},\n\tabstract = {Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from a range of cognitive and behavioral problems that severely impair their educational and occupational attainment. ADHD symptoms have been linked to structural and functional changes within and between different brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex. At the system level, reduced availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) but also γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been repeatedly demonstrated. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been explored as treatment alternatives to alter dysfunctional activation patterns in specified brain areas or networks. In the current paper, we introduce transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a systemic approach to directly affect NE and GABA neurotransmission. TVNS is a non-drug intervention with low risk and proven efficacy in improving cognitive particularly executive functions. It is easy to apply and therefore well-suited to provide home-based or mobile treatment options allowing a significant increase in treatment intensity and providing easier access to medical care for individuals who are unable to regularly visit a clinician. We describe in detail the underlying mechanisms of tVNS and current fields of application and discuss its potential as an adjuvant treatment for ADHD.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-07-29},\n\tbooktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\n\teditor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.03.001},\n\tkeywords = {ADHD, Cognitive function, GABA, NIBS, Norepinephrine, tVNS},\n\tpages = {171--190},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from a range of cognitive and behavioral problems that severely impair their educational and occupational attainment. ADHD symptoms have been linked to structural and functional changes within and between different brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex. At the system level, reduced availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) but also γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been repeatedly demonstrated. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been explored as treatment alternatives to alter dysfunctional activation patterns in specified brain areas or networks. In the current paper, we introduce transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a systemic approach to directly affect NE and GABA neurotransmission. TVNS is a non-drug intervention with low risk and proven efficacy in improving cognitive particularly executive functions. It is easy to apply and therefore well-suited to provide home-based or mobile treatment options allowing a significant increase in treatment intensity and providing easier access to medical care for individuals who are unable to regularly visit a clinician. We describe in detail the underlying mechanisms of tVNS and current fields of application and discuss its potential as an adjuvant treatment for ADHD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169', event);\">\n    Chapter 9 - Dysfunctional auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia: A potential target for a tACS-based intervention.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rufener, K. S.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Kadosh, R. C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Krauel, K., editor(s), <i>Progress in Brain Research</i>, volume 264, of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, pages 211–232. Elsevier, January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chapter 9 - Dysfunctional auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia: A potential target for a tACS-based intervention [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rufener-zaehle-chapter9dysfunctionalauditorygammaoscillationsindevelopmentaldyslexiaapotentialtargetforatacsbasedintervention-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{rufener_chapter_2021,\n\tseries = {Non-invasive {Brain} {Stimulation} ({NIBS}) in {Neurodevelopmental} {Disorders}},\n\ttitle = {Chapter 9 - {Dysfunctional} auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia: {A} potential target for a {tACS}-based intervention},\n\tvolume = {264},\n\tshorttitle = {Chapter 9 - {Dysfunctional} auditory gamma oscillations in developmental dyslexia},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612321000169},\n\tabstract = {Interventions in developmental dyslexia typically consist of orthography-based reading and writing trainings. However, their efficacy is limited and, consequently, the symptoms persist into adulthood. Critical for this lack of efficacy is the still ongoing debate about the core deficit in dyslexia and its underlying neurobiological causes. There is ample evidence on phonological as well as auditory temporal processing deficits in dyslexia and, on the other hand, cortical gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex as functionally relevant for the extraction of linguistically meaningful information units from the acoustic signal. The present work aims to shed more light on the link between auditory gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills in dyslexia. By mean of EEG, individual gamma frequencies were assessed in a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia as well as in an age-matched control group with typical literacy skills. Furthermore, phonological awareness was assessed in both groups, while in dyslexic participants also reading and writing performance was measured. We found significantly lower gamma peak frequencies as well as lower phonological awareness scores in dyslexic participants compared to age-matched controls. Additionally, results showed a positive correlation between the individual gamma frequency and phonological awareness. Our data suggest a hierarchical structure of neural gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills. Thereby, the results emphasize altered gamma oscillation not only as a core deficit in dyslexia but also as a potential target for future causal interventions. We discuss these findings considering non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and suggest transcranial alternating current stimulation as a promising approach to normalize dysfunctional oscillations in dyslexia.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-07-29},\n\tbooktitle = {Progress in {Brain} {Research}},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Rufener, Katharina S. and Zaehle, Tino},\n\teditor = {Kadosh, Roi Cohen and Zaehle, Tino and Krauel, Kerstin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.016},\n\tkeywords = {Dyslexia, Individual gamma frequency, Literacy skills, Phonological awareness, Transcranial alternating current stimulation},\n\tpages = {211--232},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Interventions in developmental dyslexia typically consist of orthography-based reading and writing trainings. However, their efficacy is limited and, consequently, the symptoms persist into adulthood. Critical for this lack of efficacy is the still ongoing debate about the core deficit in dyslexia and its underlying neurobiological causes. There is ample evidence on phonological as well as auditory temporal processing deficits in dyslexia and, on the other hand, cortical gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex as functionally relevant for the extraction of linguistically meaningful information units from the acoustic signal. The present work aims to shed more light on the link between auditory gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills in dyslexia. By mean of EEG, individual gamma frequencies were assessed in a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with dyslexia as well as in an age-matched control group with typical literacy skills. Furthermore, phonological awareness was assessed in both groups, while in dyslexic participants also reading and writing performance was measured. We found significantly lower gamma peak frequencies as well as lower phonological awareness scores in dyslexic participants compared to age-matched controls. Additionally, results showed a positive correlation between the individual gamma frequency and phonological awareness. Our data suggest a hierarchical structure of neural gamma oscillations, phonological awareness, and literacy skills. Thereby, the results emphasize altered gamma oscillation not only as a core deficit in dyslexia but also as a potential target for future causal interventions. We discuss these findings considering non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and suggest transcranial alternating current stimulation as a promising approach to normalize dysfunctional oscillations in dyslexia.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138', event);\">\n    Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase fluctuations originate from different neural sources and exert distinct impact on stimulus-evoked responses.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zazio, A.; Ruhnau, P.; Weisz, N.;  and Wutz, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Neuroscience</i>, n/a(n/a). January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase fluctuations originate from different neural sources and exert distinct impact on stimulus-evoked responses [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15138', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zazio-ruhnau-weisz-wutz-prestimulusalphabandpowerandphasefluctuationsoriginatefromdifferentneuralsourcesandexertdistinctimpactonstimulusevokedresponses-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zazio_pre-stimulus_2021,\n\ttitle = {Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase fluctuations originate from different neural sources and exert distinct impact on stimulus-evoked responses},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1460-9568},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.15138},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ejn.15138},\n\tabstract = {Ongoing oscillatory neural activity before stimulus onset influences subsequent visual perception. Specifically, both the power and the phase of oscillations in the alpha-frequency band (9–13 Hz) have been reported to predict the detection of visual stimuli. Up to now, the functional mechanisms underlying pre-stimulus power and phase effects on upcoming visual percepts are debated. Here, we used magnetoencephalography recordings together with a near-threshold visual detection task to investigate the neural generators of pre-stimulus power and phase and their impact on subsequent visual-evoked responses. Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase opposition effects were found consistent with previous reports. Source localization suggested clearly distinct neural generators for these pre-stimulus effects: Power effects were mainly found in occipital-temporal regions, whereas phase effects also involved prefrontal areas. In order to be functionally relevant, the pre-stimulus correlates should influence post-stimulus processing. Using a trial-sorting approach, we observed that only pre-stimulus power modulated the Hits versus Misses difference in the evoked response, a well-established post-stimulus neural correlate of near-threshold perception, such that trials with stronger pre-stimulus power effect showed greater post-stimulus difference. By contrast, no influence of pre-stimulus phase effects were found. In sum, our study shows distinct generators for two pre-stimulus neural patterns predicting visual perception, and that only alpha power impacts the post-stimulus correlate of conscious access. This underlines the functional relevance of prestimulus alpha power on perceptual awareness, while questioning the role of alpha phase.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2021-04-28},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zazio, Agnese and Ruhnau, Philipp and Weisz, Nathan and Wutz, Andreas},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {conscious perception, magnetoencephalography, neural oscillations, phase opposition, visual detection},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ongoing oscillatory neural activity before stimulus onset influences subsequent visual perception. Specifically, both the power and the phase of oscillations in the alpha-frequency band (9–13 Hz) have been reported to predict the detection of visual stimuli. Up to now, the functional mechanisms underlying pre-stimulus power and phase effects on upcoming visual percepts are debated. Here, we used magnetoencephalography recordings together with a near-threshold visual detection task to investigate the neural generators of pre-stimulus power and phase and their impact on subsequent visual-evoked responses. Pre-stimulus alpha-band power and phase opposition effects were found consistent with previous reports. Source localization suggested clearly distinct neural generators for these pre-stimulus effects: Power effects were mainly found in occipital-temporal regions, whereas phase effects also involved prefrontal areas. In order to be functionally relevant, the pre-stimulus correlates should influence post-stimulus processing. Using a trial-sorting approach, we observed that only pre-stimulus power modulated the Hits versus Misses difference in the evoked response, a well-established post-stimulus neural correlate of near-threshold perception, such that trials with stronger pre-stimulus power effect showed greater post-stimulus difference. By contrast, no influence of pre-stimulus phase effects were found. In sum, our study shows distinct generators for two pre-stimulus neural patterns predicting visual perception, and that only alpha power impacts the post-stimulus correlate of conscious access. This underlines the functional relevance of prestimulus alpha power on perceptual awareness, while questioning the role of alpha phase.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"galazky-zaehle-sweeneyreed-neumann-heinze-voges-kupsch-hinrichs-neuronaloscillationsofthepedunculopontinenucleusinprogressivesupranuclearpalsyinfluenceoflevodopaandmovement-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Neuronal oscillations of the pedunculopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy: Influence of levodopa and movement.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Galazky, I.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Sweeney-Reed, C. M.; Neumann, J.; Heinze, H. J.; Voges, J.; Kupsch, A.;  and Hinrichs, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Clinical Neurophysiology</i>, 131(2): 414–419. February 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.033\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('galazky-zaehle-sweeneyreed-neumann-heinze-voges-kupsch-hinrichs-neuronaloscillationsofthepedunculopontinenucleusinprogressivesupranuclearpalsyinfluenceoflevodopaandmovement-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.033', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/galazky-zaehle-sweeneyreed-neumann-heinze-voges-kupsch-hinrichs-neuronaloscillationsofthepedunculopontinenucleusinprogressivesupranuclearpalsyinfluenceoflevodopaandmovement-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('galazky-zaehle-sweeneyreed-neumann-heinze-voges-kupsch-hinrichs-neuronaloscillationsofthepedunculopontinenucleusinprogressivesupranuclearpalsyinfluenceoflevodopaandmovement-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{galazky_neuronal_2020,\n\ttitle = {Neuronal oscillations of the pedunculopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy: {Influence} of levodopa and movement},\n\tvolume = {131},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.033},\n\tabstract = {The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been proposed as a new deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for the treatment in idiopathic Parkinson&#x27;s syndrome (IPS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In IPS, levodopa has been shown to induce alpha activity in the PPN, indicating a possible physiological role for these oscillations in movement control. Despite shared clinical features, the PPN is more severely affected in PSP than IPS. Here we investigated neuronal oscillations in the PPN in PSP and the influence of levodopa and movement.\n Local field potentials were recorded bilaterally from the PPN of 4 PSP patients at rest, with levodopa and during self-paced leg movements.\n During rest, levodopa administration was associated with significantly increased alpha and reduced gamma activity in the PPN. Without levodopa, continuous movements were associated with reduced alpha and beta power. These differences between oscillatory power during movement and resting state were not observed with levodopa administration.\n In PSP the changes in neuronal oscillations in the PPN region on levodopa administration are similar to those reported in IPS. The enhancement of lower frequency oscillations in the PPN is possibly influenced by a dopaminergic activation of the striatal pathway and a reduced pallidal inhibition.\n Levodopa influences neuronal oscillations at low and high frequencies in the PPN region in Parkinsonian disorders.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},\n\tauthor = {Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T. and Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Neumann, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Kupsch, A. and Hinrichs, H.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {414--419},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been proposed as a new deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for the treatment in idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome (IPS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In IPS, levodopa has been shown to induce alpha activity in the PPN, indicating a possible physiological role for these oscillations in movement control. Despite shared clinical features, the PPN is more severely affected in PSP than IPS. Here we investigated neuronal oscillations in the PPN in PSP and the influence of levodopa and movement. Local field potentials were recorded bilaterally from the PPN of 4 PSP patients at rest, with levodopa and during self-paced leg movements. During rest, levodopa administration was associated with significantly increased alpha and reduced gamma activity in the PPN. Without levodopa, continuous movements were associated with reduced alpha and beta power. These differences between oscillatory power during movement and resting state were not observed with levodopa administration. In PSP the changes in neuronal oscillations in the PPN region on levodopa administration are similar to those reported in IPS. The enhancement of lower frequency oscillations in the PPN is possibly influenced by a dopaminergic activation of the striatal pathway and a reduced pallidal inhibition. Levodopa influences neuronal oscillations at low and high frequencies in the PPN region in Parkinsonian disorders.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rufener-husemann-zaehle-theinternaltimekeepercausalevidencefortheroleofthecerebelluminanticipatingregularacousticevents-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The internal time keeper: Causal evidence for the role of the cerebellum in anticipating regular acoustic events.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rufener, K. S.; Husemann, A. M.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cortex</i>, 133: 177–187. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-husemann-zaehle-theinternaltimekeepercausalevidencefortheroleofthecerebelluminanticipatingregularacousticevents-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rufener-husemann-zaehle-theinternaltimekeepercausalevidencefortheroleofthecerebelluminanticipatingregularacousticevents-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rufener-husemann-zaehle-theinternaltimekeepercausalevidencefortheroleofthecerebelluminanticipatingregularacousticevents-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rufener_internal_2020,\n\ttitle = {The internal time keeper: {Causal} evidence for the role of the cerebellum in anticipating regular acoustic events},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021},\n\tabstract = {Most acoustic events in our environment do not appear randomly but are rather predictable due to the temporal regularity in that they occur. Besides sensory-related cortical areas, the cerebellum has been suggested as a key structure in temporal processing and in the anticipation of future events. Hence, patients with cerebellum lesions show impaired precision in temporal processing as reflected in the reduced ability to exploit temporal regularity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we here aimed to draw further causal conclusions on the human cerebellum as functionally relevant in temporal processing of acoustic events. We focused on the electrophysiologic P3b, a large positive wave apparent in the electroencephalography (EEG), that represents encoding of task-relevant events and that has been demonstrated as sensitive to the exploitation of temporal regularities. Participants received 30 min of anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the cerebellum while they performed two oddball paradigms with different temporal regularities in that the acoustic stimuli were presented. Following clinical observations, we hypothesized that tDCS-effects will be present in the regular oddball paradigm only, thus, in the condition that allows anticipating the occurrence of subsequent stimuli. In result, we found that cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum reduced the P3b-amplitude specifically in response to target stimuli in the regular paradigm. Thereby, tDCS-induced changes mirror the effects of cerebellar lesions in clinical samples. Our data provides direct evidence for a causal link between the human cerebellum and auditory processing of temporal regularity and emphasize future work on a potential benefit of cerebellar-tDCS in clinical samples.},\n\tjournal = {Cortex},\n\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Husemann, A. M. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {177--187},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Most acoustic events in our environment do not appear randomly but are rather predictable due to the temporal regularity in that they occur. Besides sensory-related cortical areas, the cerebellum has been suggested as a key structure in temporal processing and in the anticipation of future events. Hence, patients with cerebellum lesions show impaired precision in temporal processing as reflected in the reduced ability to exploit temporal regularity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we here aimed to draw further causal conclusions on the human cerebellum as functionally relevant in temporal processing of acoustic events. We focused on the electrophysiologic P3b, a large positive wave apparent in the electroencephalography (EEG), that represents encoding of task-relevant events and that has been demonstrated as sensitive to the exploitation of temporal regularities. Participants received 30 min of anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the cerebellum while they performed two oddball paradigms with different temporal regularities in that the acoustic stimuli were presented. Following clinical observations, we hypothesized that tDCS-effects will be present in the regular oddball paradigm only, thus, in the condition that allows anticipating the occurrence of subsequent stimuli. In result, we found that cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum reduced the P3b-amplitude specifically in response to target stimuli in the regular paradigm. Thereby, tDCS-induced changes mirror the effects of cerebellar lesions in clinical samples. Our data provides direct evidence for a causal link between the human cerebellum and auditory processing of temporal regularity and emphasize future work on a potential benefit of cerebellar-tDCS in clinical samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heimrath-sprggel-repplinger-heinze-zaehle-transcranialstaticmagneticfieldstimulationoverthetemporalcortexmodulatingtherightearadvantageindichoticlistening-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation Over the Temporal Cortex Modulating the Right Ear Advantage in Dichotic Listening.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heimrath, K.; Spröggel, A.; Repplinger, S.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuromodulation</i>, 23(3): 335–340. April 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-sprggel-repplinger-heinze-zaehle-transcranialstaticmagneticfieldstimulationoverthetemporalcortexmodulatingtherightearadvantageindichoticlistening-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heimrath-sprggel-repplinger-heinze-zaehle-transcranialstaticmagneticfieldstimulationoverthetemporalcortexmodulatingtherightearadvantageindichoticlistening-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heimrath-sprggel-repplinger-heinze-zaehle-transcranialstaticmagneticfieldstimulationoverthetemporalcortexmodulatingtherightearadvantageindichoticlistening-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heimrath_transcranial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial {Static} {Magnetic} {Field} {Stimulation} {Over} the {Temporal} {Cortex} {Modulating} the {Right} {Ear} {Advantage} in {Dichotic} {Listening}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ner.13023},\n\tabstract = {Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) has proposed a new, promising, and simple non-invasive brain stimulation method. While several studies gained certain evidence about tSMS effects in the motor, somatosensory, and visual domains, there is still a controversial debate about its general effectiveness. In the present study, we investigated potential tSMS effects on auditory speech processing as measured by a dichotic listening (DL) task.\n Fifteen healthy participants received in randomized order on three different days one session of either sham, tSMS over the left, or tSMS over the right auditory cortex (AC). Under stimulation, participants performed a standard DL task with consonant-vowel syllables. Simultaneously, we recorded electroencephalogram from central sites (Fz, Cz, Pz).\n TSMS over the left AC changed the behavioral performance and modulated auditory evoked potentials. Stimulation of the left AC significantly reduced the right ear advantage during the DL task and the N1 component of auditory evoked potentials in response to these syllables.\n The preliminary results of the present exploratory study demonstrate the ability of tSMS to modulate human brain activity on a behavioral as well as physiologic level. Furthermore, tSMS effects on acoustic processing may have clinical implications by fostering potential approaches for a treatment of speech-related pathologies associated with hyperexcitability in the AC.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Neuromodulation},\n\tauthor = {Heimrath, K. and Spröggel, A. and Repplinger, S. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {335--340},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) has proposed a new, promising, and simple non-invasive brain stimulation method. While several studies gained certain evidence about tSMS effects in the motor, somatosensory, and visual domains, there is still a controversial debate about its general effectiveness. In the present study, we investigated potential tSMS effects on auditory speech processing as measured by a dichotic listening (DL) task. Fifteen healthy participants received in randomized order on three different days one session of either sham, tSMS over the left, or tSMS over the right auditory cortex (AC). Under stimulation, participants performed a standard DL task with consonant-vowel syllables. Simultaneously, we recorded electroencephalogram from central sites (Fz, Cz, Pz). TSMS over the left AC changed the behavioral performance and modulated auditory evoked potentials. Stimulation of the left AC significantly reduced the right ear advantage during the DL task and the N1 component of auditory evoked potentials in response to these syllables. The preliminary results of the present exploratory study demonstrate the ability of tSMS to modulate human brain activity on a behavioral as well as physiologic level. Furthermore, tSMS effects on acoustic processing may have clinical implications by fostering potential approaches for a treatment of speech-related pathologies associated with hyperexcitability in the AC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rufener-kauk-ruhnau-repplinger-heil-zaehle-inconsistenteffectsofstochasticresonanceonhumanauditoryprocessing-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Inconsistent effects of stochastic resonance on human auditory processing.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rufener, K. S.; Kauk, J.; Ruhnau, P.; Repplinger, S.; Heil, P.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Sci Rep</i>, 10(1): 6419. April 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63332-w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-kauk-ruhnau-repplinger-heil-zaehle-inconsistenteffectsofstochasticresonanceonhumanauditoryprocessing-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63332-w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rufener-kauk-ruhnau-repplinger-heil-zaehle-inconsistenteffectsofstochasticresonanceonhumanauditoryprocessing-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rufener-kauk-ruhnau-repplinger-heil-zaehle-inconsistenteffectsofstochasticresonanceonhumanauditoryprocessing-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rufener_inconsistent_2020,\n\ttitle = {Inconsistent effects of stochastic resonance on human auditory processing},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-020-63332-w},\n\tabstract = {It has been demonstrated that, while otherwise detrimental, noise can improve sensory perception under optimal conditions. The mechanism underlying this improvement is stochastic resonance. An inverted U-shaped relationship between noise level and task performance is considered as the signature of stochastic resonance. Previous studies have proposed the existence of stochastic resonance also in the human auditory system. However, the reported beneficial effects of noise are small, based on a small sample, and do not confirm the proposed inverted U-shaped function. Here, we investigated in two separate studies whether stochastic resonance may be present in the human auditory system by applying noise of different levels, either acoustically or electrically via transcranial random noise stimulation, while participants had to detect acoustic stimuli adjusted to their individual hearing threshold. We find no evidence for behaviorally relevant effects of stochastic resonance. Although detection rate for near-threshold acoustic stimuli appears to vary in an inverted U-shaped manner for some subjects, it varies in a U-shaped manner or in other manners for other subjects. Our results show that subjects do not benefit from noise, irrespective of its modality. In conclusion, our results question the existence of stochastic resonance in the human auditory system.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Sci Rep},\n\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Kauk, J. and Ruhnau, P. and Repplinger, S. and Heil, P. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {6419},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  It has been demonstrated that, while otherwise detrimental, noise can improve sensory perception under optimal conditions. The mechanism underlying this improvement is stochastic resonance. An inverted U-shaped relationship between noise level and task performance is considered as the signature of stochastic resonance. Previous studies have proposed the existence of stochastic resonance also in the human auditory system. However, the reported beneficial effects of noise are small, based on a small sample, and do not confirm the proposed inverted U-shaped function. Here, we investigated in two separate studies whether stochastic resonance may be present in the human auditory system by applying noise of different levels, either acoustically or electrically via transcranial random noise stimulation, while participants had to detect acoustic stimuli adjusted to their individual hearing threshold. We find no evidence for behaviorally relevant effects of stochastic resonance. Although detection rate for near-threshold acoustic stimuli appears to vary in an inverted U-shaped manner for some subjects, it varies in a U-shaped manner or in other manners for other subjects. Our results show that subjects do not benefit from noise, irrespective of its modality. In conclusion, our results question the existence of stochastic resonance in the human auditory system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heimrath-brechmann-blobeller-stadler-budinger-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsovertheauditorycortexmodulatesgabaandglutamatea7tmrspectroscopystudy-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the auditory cortex modulates GABA and glutamate: a 7 T MR-spectroscopy study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heimrath, K.; Brechmann, A.; Blobel-Lüer, R.; Stadler, J.; Budinger, E.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Sci Rep</i>, 10(1): 20111. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-brechmann-blobeller-stadler-budinger-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsovertheauditorycortexmodulatesgabaandglutamatea7tmrspectroscopystudy-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heimrath-brechmann-blobeller-stadler-budinger-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsovertheauditorycortexmodulatesgabaandglutamatea7tmrspectroscopystudy-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heimrath-brechmann-blobeller-stadler-budinger-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsovertheauditorycortexmodulatesgabaandglutamatea7tmrspectroscopystudy-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heimrath_transcranial_2020-1,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation ({tDCS}) over the auditory cortex modulates {GABA} and glutamate: a 7 {T} {MR}-spectroscopy study},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0},\n\tabstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most prominent non-invasive electrical brain stimulation method to alter neuronal activity as well as behavioral processes in cognitive and perceptual domains. However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7 T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Sci Rep},\n\tauthor = {Heimrath, K. and Brechmann, A. and Blobel-Lüer, R. and Stadler, J. and Budinger, E. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {20111},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most prominent non-invasive electrical brain stimulation method to alter neuronal activity as well as behavioral processes in cognitive and perceptual domains. However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7 T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (8)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full', event);\">\n    Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) and the Dynamics of Visual Bistable Perception.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Keute, M.; Boehrer, L.; Ruhnau, P.; Heinze, H.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>, 13: 227. March 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) and the Dynamics of Visual Bistable Perception [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/ghs26r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019', 'http://doi.org/10/ghs26r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('keute-boehrer-ruhnau-heinze-zaehle-transcutaneousvagusnervestimulationtvnsandthedynamicsofvisualbistableperception-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{keute_transcutaneous_2019,\n\ttitle = {Transcutaneous {Vagus} {Nerve} {Stimulation} ({tVNS}) and the {Dynamics} of {Visual} {Bistable} {Perception}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1662-453X},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2019.00227/full},\n\tdoi = {10/ghs26r},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Keute, Marius and Boehrer, Lisa and Ruhnau, Philipp and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {227},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019', 'https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334', event);\">\n    Out of Focus: Facial Feedback Manipulation Modulates Automatic Processing of Unattended Emotional Faces.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuehne, M.; Siwy, I.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Heinze, H.;  and Lobmaier, J. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</i>, 31(11): 1631–1640. November 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019', 'https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Out of Focus: Facial Feedback Manipulation Modulates Automatic Processing of Unattended Emotional Faces [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gjtfmc\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019', 'http://doi.org/10/gjtfmc', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuehne-siwy-zaehle-heinze-lobmaier-outoffocusfacialfeedbackmanipulationmodulatesautomaticprocessingofunattendedemotionalfaces-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuehne_out_2019,\n\ttitle = {Out of {Focus}: {Facial} {Feedback} {Manipulation} {Modulates} {Automatic} {Processing} of {Unattended} {Emotional} {Faces}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0898-929X, 1530-8898},\n\tshorttitle = {Out of {Focus}},\n\turl = {https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/31/11/1631-1640/95334},\n\tdoi = {10/gjtfmc},\n\tabstract = {Facial expressions provide information about an individual&#x27;s intentions and emotions and are thus an important medium for nonverbal communication. Theories of embodied cognition assume that facial mimicry and resulting facial feedback plays an important role in the perception of facial emotional expressions. Although behavioral and electrophysiological studies have confirmed the influence of facial feedback on the perception of facial emotional expressions, the influence of facial feedback on the automatic processing of such stimuli is largely unexplored. The automatic processing of unattended facial expressions can be investigated by visual expression-related MMN. The expression-related MMN reflects a differential ERP of automatic detection of emotional changes elicited by rarely presented facial expressions (deviants) among frequently presented facial expressions (standards). In this study, we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the automatic processing of facial expressions. For this purpose, participants ( n = 19) performed a centrally presented visual detection task while neutral (standard), happy, and sad faces (deviants) were presented peripherally. During the task, facial feedback was manipulated by different pen holding conditions (holding the pen with teeth, lips, or nondominant hand). Our results indicate that automatic processing of facial expressions is influenced and thus dependent on the own facial feedback.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Kuehne, Maria and Siwy, Isabelle and Zaehle, Tino and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Lobmaier, Janek S.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {1631--1640},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Facial expressions provide information about an individual's intentions and emotions and are thus an important medium for nonverbal communication. Theories of embodied cognition assume that facial mimicry and resulting facial feedback plays an important role in the perception of facial emotional expressions. Although behavioral and electrophysiological studies have confirmed the influence of facial feedback on the perception of facial emotional expressions, the influence of facial feedback on the automatic processing of such stimuli is largely unexplored. The automatic processing of unattended facial expressions can be investigated by visual expression-related MMN. The expression-related MMN reflects a differential ERP of automatic detection of emotional changes elicited by rarely presented facial expressions (deviants) among frequently presented facial expressions (standards). In this study, we investigated the impact of facial feedback on the automatic processing of facial expressions. For this purpose, participants ( n = 19) performed a centrally presented visual detection task while neutral (standard), happy, and sad faces (deviants) were presented peripherally. During the task, facial feedback was manipulated by different pen holding conditions (holding the pen with teeth, lips, or nondominant hand). Our results indicate that automatic processing of facial expressions is influenced and thus dependent on the own facial feedback.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wagenbreth-kuehne-voges-heinze-galazky-zaehle-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusselectivelymodulatesemotionrecognitionoffacialstimuliinparkinsonspatients-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Selectively Modulates Emotion Recognition of Facial Stimuli in Parkinson's Patients.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wagenbreth, C.; Kuehne, M.; Voges, J.; Heinze, H. J.; Galazky, I.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Clin Med</i>, 8(9). August 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091335\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wagenbreth-kuehne-voges-heinze-galazky-zaehle-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusselectivelymodulatesemotionrecognitionoffacialstimuliinparkinsonspatients-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091335', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wagenbreth-kuehne-voges-heinze-galazky-zaehle-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusselectivelymodulatesemotionrecognitionoffacialstimuliinparkinsonspatients-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wagenbreth-kuehne-voges-heinze-galazky-zaehle-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusselectivelymodulatesemotionrecognitionoffacialstimuliinparkinsonspatients-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wagenbreth_deep_2019,\n\ttitle = {Deep {Brain} {Stimulation} of the {Subthalamic} {Nucleus} {Selectively} {Modulates} {Emotion} {Recognition} of {Facial} {Stimuli} in {Parkinson}&#x27;s {Patients}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/jcm8091335},\n\tabstract = {: Background: Diminished emotion recognition is a known symptom in Parkinson (PD) patients and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been shown to further deteriorate the processing of especially negative emotions. While emotion recognition generally refers to both, implicit and explicit processing, demonstrations of DBS-influences on implicit processing are sparse. In the present study, we assessed the impact of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit processing for emotional stimuli.\n Under STN-DBS ON and OFF, fourteen PD patients performed an implicit as well as an explicit emotional processing task. To assess implicit emotional processing, patients were tested with a lexical decision task (LTD) combined with an affective priming paradigm, which provides emotional content through the facial eye region. To assess explicit emotional processing, patients additionally explicitly rated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task.\n DBS affected explicit emotional processing more than implicit processing with a more pronounced effect on error rates than on reaction speed. STN-DBS generally worsened implicit and explicit processing for disgust stimulus material but improved explicit processing of fear stimuli.\n This is the first study demonstrating influences of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit emotion processing in PD patients. While STN stimulation impeded the processing of disgust stimuli, it improved explicit discrimination of fear stimuli.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {J Clin Med},\n\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Kuehne, M. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  : Background: Diminished emotion recognition is a known symptom in Parkinson (PD) patients and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been shown to further deteriorate the processing of especially negative emotions. While emotion recognition generally refers to both, implicit and explicit processing, demonstrations of DBS-influences on implicit processing are sparse. In the present study, we assessed the impact of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit processing for emotional stimuli. Under STN-DBS ON and OFF, fourteen PD patients performed an implicit as well as an explicit emotional processing task. To assess implicit emotional processing, patients were tested with a lexical decision task (LTD) combined with an affective priming paradigm, which provides emotional content through the facial eye region. To assess explicit emotional processing, patients additionally explicitly rated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task. DBS affected explicit emotional processing more than implicit processing with a more pronounced effect on error rates than on reaction speed. STN-DBS generally worsened implicit and explicit processing for disgust stimulus material but improved explicit processing of fear stimuli. This is the first study demonstrating influences of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit emotion processing in PD patients. While STN stimulation impeded the processing of disgust stimuli, it improved explicit discrimination of fear stimuli.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"linnhoff-fiene-heinze-zaehle-cognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosisanobjectiveapproachtodiagnosisandtreatmentbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cognitive Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: An Objective Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment by Transcranial Electrical Stimulation.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Linnhoff, S.; Fiene, M.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Sci</i>, 9(5). May 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linnhoff-fiene-heinze-zaehle-cognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosisanobjectiveapproachtodiagnosisandtreatmentbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050100', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/linnhoff-fiene-heinze-zaehle-cognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosisanobjectiveapproachtodiagnosisandtreatmentbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('linnhoff-fiene-heinze-zaehle-cognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosisanobjectiveapproachtodiagnosisandtreatmentbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{linnhoff_cognitive_2019,\n\ttitle = {Cognitive {Fatigue} in {Multiple} {Sclerosis}: {An} {Objective} {Approach} to {Diagnosis} and {Treatment} by {Transcranial} {Electrical} {Stimulation}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/brainsci9050100},\n\tabstract = {Cognitive fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Despite its clinical significance, progress in understanding and treating fatigue is still limited. This limitation is already caused by an inconsistent and heterogeneous terminology and assessment of fatigue. In this review, we integrate previous literature on fatigue and propose a unified schema aiming to clarify the fatigue taxonomy. With special focus on cognitive fatigue, we survey the significance of objective behavioral and electrophysiological fatigue parameters and discuss the controversial literature on the relationship between subjective and objective fatigue assessment. As MS-related cognitive fatigue drastically affects quality of life, the development of efficient therapeutic approaches for overcoming cognitive fatigue is of high clinical relevance. In this regard, the reliable and valid assessment of the individual fatigue level by objective parameters is essential for systematic treatment evaluation and optimization. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may offer a unique opportunity to manipulate maladaptive neural activity underlying MS fatigue. Therefore, we discuss evidence for the therapeutic potential of tES on cognitive fatigue in people with MS.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Brain Sci},\n\tauthor = {Linnhoff, S. and Fiene, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2019},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cognitive fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Despite its clinical significance, progress in understanding and treating fatigue is still limited. This limitation is already caused by an inconsistent and heterogeneous terminology and assessment of fatigue. In this review, we integrate previous literature on fatigue and propose a unified schema aiming to clarify the fatigue taxonomy. With special focus on cognitive fatigue, we survey the significance of objective behavioral and electrophysiological fatigue parameters and discuss the controversial literature on the relationship between subjective and objective fatigue assessment. As MS-related cognitive fatigue drastically affects quality of life, the development of efficient therapeutic approaches for overcoming cognitive fatigue is of high clinical relevance. In this regard, the reliable and valid assessment of the individual fatigue level by objective parameters is essential for systematic treatment evaluation and optimization. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may offer a unique opportunity to manipulate maladaptive neural activity underlying MS fatigue. Therefore, we discuss evidence for the therapeutic potential of tES on cognitive fatigue in people with MS.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuehne-schmidt-heinze-zaehle-modulationofemotionalconflictprocessingbyhighdefinitiontranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationhdtdcs-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Modulation of Emotional Conflict Processing by High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-TDCS).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuehne, M.; Schmidt, K.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience</i>, 13: 224.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00224\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-schmidt-heinze-zaehle-modulationofemotionalconflictprocessingbyhighdefinitiontranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationhdtdcs-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00224', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuehne-schmidt-heinze-zaehle-modulationofemotionalconflictprocessingbyhighdefinitiontranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationhdtdcs-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuehne-schmidt-heinze-zaehle-modulationofemotionalconflictprocessingbyhighdefinitiontranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationhdtdcs-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuehne_modulation_2019,\n\ttitle = {Modulation of {Emotional} {Conflict} {Processing} by {High}-{Definition} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({HD}-{TDCS})},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00224},\n\tabstract = {Cognitive control is characterized by selective attention to relevant stimuli while irrelevant, distracting stimuli are inhibited. While the classical color-word Stroop task was implemented to investigate the processes of cognitive control, a variant of it-the face-word Stroop task-allows for directly investigating processes of emotional conflict control. It is thought that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is especially involved in processes of cognitive control, while the rostral cingulate is mainly associated with the resolution of emotional conflict. In recent years, the role of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the performance of the classical Stroop was investigated by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with divergent results. However, investigations to the causal role of the DLPFC during emotional conflict processing are rare. For this purpose, we used a combined high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS)/electroencephalogram (EEG) setting to investigate the impact of anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC on behavioral and electrophysiological responses during an emotional face-word Stroop task. In two separate sessions, participants (n = 18) received either sham or anodal HD-tdc stimulation while responding to the emotional expression of the face and ignoring the word. Our results show that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increases the behavioral interference effect, that is, the already decelerated reaction times (RTs) to incongruent trials further increase while RTs to congruent trials remain largely unaffected. Furthermore, the stimulation modulates brain response to emotional facial expressions during the face-word Stroop generally-independent of the valence of the emotional expression and the congruency of the combined face-word presentation, the N170 decreases during anodal stimulation. These results reveal that the left DLPFC has a causal role in emotional conflict processing during a face-word Stroop.},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Kuehne, M. and Schmidt, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {224},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cognitive control is characterized by selective attention to relevant stimuli while irrelevant, distracting stimuli are inhibited. While the classical color-word Stroop task was implemented to investigate the processes of cognitive control, a variant of it-the face-word Stroop task-allows for directly investigating processes of emotional conflict control. It is thought that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is especially involved in processes of cognitive control, while the rostral cingulate is mainly associated with the resolution of emotional conflict. In recent years, the role of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the performance of the classical Stroop was investigated by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with divergent results. However, investigations to the causal role of the DLPFC during emotional conflict processing are rare. For this purpose, we used a combined high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS)/electroencephalogram (EEG) setting to investigate the impact of anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC on behavioral and electrophysiological responses during an emotional face-word Stroop task. In two separate sessions, participants (n = 18) received either sham or anodal HD-tdc stimulation while responding to the emotional expression of the face and ignoring the word. Our results show that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increases the behavioral interference effect, that is, the already decelerated reaction times (RTs) to incongruent trials further increase while RTs to congruent trials remain largely unaffected. Furthermore, the stimulation modulates brain response to emotional facial expressions during the face-word Stroop generally-independent of the valence of the emotional expression and the congruency of the combined face-word presentation, the N170 decreases during anodal stimulation. These results reveal that the left DLPFC has a causal role in emotional conflict processing during a face-word Stroop.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"panther-kuehne-voges-nullmeier-kaufmann-hausmann-bittner-galazky-etal-electricstimulationofthemedialforebrainbundleinfluencessensorimotorgaitinginhumans-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle influences sensorimotor gaiting in humans.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Panther, P.; Kuehne, M.; Voges, J.; Nullmeier, S.; Kaufmann, J.; Hausmann, J.; Bittner, D.; Galazky, I.; Heinze, H. J.; Kupsch, A.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC neuroscience</i>, 20(1): 20. April 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.ids= pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019a, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019b</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-019-0503-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('panther-kuehne-voges-nullmeier-kaufmann-hausmann-bittner-galazky-etal-electricstimulationofthemedialforebrainbundleinfluencessensorimotorgaitinginhumans-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-019-0503-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/panther-kuehne-voges-nullmeier-kaufmann-hausmann-bittner-galazky-etal-electricstimulationofthemedialforebrainbundleinfluencessensorimotorgaitinginhumans-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('panther-kuehne-voges-nullmeier-kaufmann-hausmann-bittner-galazky-etal-electricstimulationofthemedialforebrainbundleinfluencessensorimotorgaitinginhumans-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{panther_electric_2019,\n\ttitle = {Electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle influences sensorimotor gaiting in humans},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12868-019-0503-y},\n\tabstract = {Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, a measurement of sensorimotor gaiting, is modulated by monoaminergic, presumably dopaminergic neurotransmission. Disturbances of the dopaminergic system can cause deficient PPI as found in neuropsychiatric diseases. A target specific influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on PPI has been shown in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, three patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type underwent DBS of the median forebrain bundle (MFB) in a compassionate use program to maintain cognitive abilities. This provided us the unique possibility to investigate the effects of different stimulation conditions of DBS of the MFB on PPI in humans.\n Separate analysis of each patient consistently showed a frequency dependent pattern with a DBS-induced increase of PPI at 60 Hz and unchanged PPI at 20 or 130 Hz, as compared to sham stimulation.\n Our data demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the MFB modulates PPI in a frequency-dependent manner. PPI measurement could serve as a potential marker for optimization of DBS settings independent of the patient or the examiner.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {BMC neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Panther, P. and Kuehne, M. and Voges, J. and Nullmeier, S. and Kaufmann, J. and Hausmann, J. and Bittner, D. and Galazky, I. and Heinze, H. J. and Kupsch, A. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {tex.ids= pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019a, pantherElectricStimulationMedial2019b},\n\tkeywords = {Alzheimer’s disease, DBS, Deep brain stimulation, Medial forebrain bundle, Neuromodulation, PPI, Prepulse inhibition, Reward system},\n\tpages = {20},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, a measurement of sensorimotor gaiting, is modulated by monoaminergic, presumably dopaminergic neurotransmission. Disturbances of the dopaminergic system can cause deficient PPI as found in neuropsychiatric diseases. A target specific influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on PPI has been shown in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, three patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type underwent DBS of the median forebrain bundle (MFB) in a compassionate use program to maintain cognitive abilities. This provided us the unique possibility to investigate the effects of different stimulation conditions of DBS of the MFB on PPI in humans. Separate analysis of each patient consistently showed a frequency dependent pattern with a DBS-induced increase of PPI at 60 Hz and unchanged PPI at 20 or 130 Hz, as compared to sham stimulation. Our data demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the MFB modulates PPI in a frequency-dependent manner. PPI measurement could serve as a potential marker for optimization of DBS settings independent of the patient or the examiner.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"keute-stenner-mueller-zaehle-krauel-errorrelateddynamicsofreactiontimeandfrontalmidlinethetaactivityinattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderadhdduringasubliminalmotorprimingtask-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Error-Related Dynamics of Reaction Time and Frontal Midline Theta Activity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) During a Subliminal Motor Priming Task.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Keute, M.; Stenner, M. P.; Mueller, M. K.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Krauel, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, 13: 381.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('keute-stenner-mueller-zaehle-krauel-errorrelateddynamicsofreactiontimeandfrontalmidlinethetaactivityinattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderadhdduringasubliminalmotorprimingtask-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/keute-stenner-mueller-zaehle-krauel-errorrelateddynamicsofreactiontimeandfrontalmidlinethetaactivityinattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderadhdduringasubliminalmotorprimingtask-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('keute-stenner-mueller-zaehle-krauel-errorrelateddynamicsofreactiontimeandfrontalmidlinethetaactivityinattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderadhdduringasubliminalmotorprimingtask-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{keute_error-related_2019,\n\ttitle = {Error-{Related} {Dynamics} of {Reaction} {Time} and {Frontal} {Midline} {Theta} {Activity} in {Attention} {Deficit} {Hyperactivity} {Disorder} ({ADHD}) {During} a {Subliminal} {Motor} {Priming} {Task}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381},\n\tabstract = {Post-error slowing (PES) is an established performance monitoring readout. Several previous studies have found that PES is reduced in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We analyzed reaction time data, along with electroencephalography (EEG) data, from a response priming experiment in children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 15) between 10 and 17 years of age. We report dynamic reaction time changes before and after errors: whereas TD controls readjusted their response speed to their individual average speed after committing an error, this reaction time adjustment appeared to be delayed and decreased in ADHD patients. In the EEG, error trials were accompanied by increased frontal midline theta activity, which was attenuated in ADHD compared to TD. We conclude that PES has a different time course rather than being fully absent in ADHD and discuss relationships with our EEG findings and potential implications for performance monitoring in ADHD.},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Keute, M. and Stenner, M. P. and Mueller, M. K. and Zaehle, T. and Krauel, K.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {381},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Post-error slowing (PES) is an established performance monitoring readout. Several previous studies have found that PES is reduced in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We analyzed reaction time data, along with electroencephalography (EEG) data, from a response priming experiment in children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 15) between 10 and 17 years of age. We report dynamic reaction time changes before and after errors: whereas TD controls readjusted their response speed to their individual average speed after committing an error, this reaction time adjustment appeared to be delayed and decreased in ADHD patients. In the EEG, error trials were accompanied by increased frontal midline theta activity, which was attenuated in ADHD compared to TD. We conclude that PES has a different time course rather than being fully absent in ADHD and discuss relationships with our EEG findings and potential implications for performance monitoring in ADHD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rufener-krauel-meyer-heinze-zaehle-transcranialelectricalstimulationimprovesphonemeprocessingindevelopmentaldyslexia-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rufener, K. S.; Krauel, K.; Meyer, M.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Stimulation</i>, 12(4): 930–937.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-krauel-meyer-heinze-zaehle-transcranialelectricalstimulationimprovesphonemeprocessingindevelopmentaldyslexia-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rufener-krauel-meyer-heinze-zaehle-transcranialelectricalstimulationimprovesphonemeprocessingindevelopmentaldyslexia-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rufener-krauel-meyer-heinze-zaehle-transcranialelectricalstimulationimprovesphonemeprocessingindevelopmentaldyslexia-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rufener_transcranial_2019,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.007},\n\tabstract = {About 10\\% of the western population suffers from a specific disability in the acquisition of reading and writing skills, known as developmental dyslexia (DD). Even though DD starts in childhood it frequently continuous throughout lifetime. Impaired processing of acoustic features at the phonematic scale based on dysfunctional auditory temporal resolution is considered as one core deficit underlying DD. Recently, the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to modulate auditory temporal resolution and phoneme processing in healthy individuals has been demonstrated.\n The present work aims to investigate online effects of tES on phoneme processing in individuals with DD.\n Using an established phoneme-categorization task, we assessed the immediate behavioral and electrophysiological effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral auditory cortex in children and adolescents with DD (study 1) and adults with DD (study 2) on auditory phoneme processing acuity.\n Our data revealed that tACS improved phoneme categorization in children and adolescents with DD, an effect that was paralleled by an increase in evoked brain response patterns representing low-level sensory processing. In the adult sample we replicated these findings and additionally showed a more pronounced impact of tRNS on phoneme-categorization acuity.\n These results provide compelling evidence for the potential of both tACS and tRNS to increase temporal precision of the auditory system in DD and suggest transcranial electrical stimulation as potential intervention in DD to foster the effect of standard phonology-based training.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Brain Stimulation},\n\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Krauel, K. and Meyer, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {930--937},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  About 10% of the western population suffers from a specific disability in the acquisition of reading and writing skills, known as developmental dyslexia (DD). Even though DD starts in childhood it frequently continuous throughout lifetime. Impaired processing of acoustic features at the phonematic scale based on dysfunctional auditory temporal resolution is considered as one core deficit underlying DD. Recently, the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to modulate auditory temporal resolution and phoneme processing in healthy individuals has been demonstrated. The present work aims to investigate online effects of tES on phoneme processing in individuals with DD. Using an established phoneme-categorization task, we assessed the immediate behavioral and electrophysiological effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral auditory cortex in children and adolescents with DD (study 1) and adults with DD (study 2) on auditory phoneme processing acuity. Our data revealed that tACS improved phoneme categorization in children and adolescents with DD, an effect that was paralleled by an increase in evoked brain response patterns representing low-level sensory processing. In the adult sample we replicated these findings and additionally showed a more pronounced impact of tRNS on phoneme-categorization acuity. These results provide compelling evidence for the potential of both tACS and tRNS to increase temporal precision of the auditory system in DD and suggest transcranial electrical stimulation as potential intervention in DD to foster the effect of standard phonology-based training.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564', event);\">\n    Local Network-Level Integration Mediates Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fuscà, M.; Ruhnau, P.; Neuling, T.;  and Weisz, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Connectivity</i>, 8(4): 212–219. February 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Local Network-Level Integration Mediates Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2017.0564\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2017.0564', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fusc-ruhnau-neuling-weisz-localnetworklevelintegrationmediateseffectsoftranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fusca_local_2018,\n\ttitle = {Local {Network}-{Level} {Integration} {Mediates} {Effects} of {Transcranial} {Alternating} {Current} {Stimulation}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {2158-0014},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/brain.2017.0564},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/brain.2017.0564},\n\tabstract = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed as a tool to draw causal inferences on the role of oscillatory activity in cognitive functioning and has the potential to induce long-term changes in cerebral networks. However, effectiveness of tACS underlies high variability and dependencies, which, as previous modeling works have suggested, may be mediated by local and network-level brain states. We used magnetoencephalography to record brain activity from 17 healthy participants at rest as they kept their eyes open (EO) or eyes closed (EC) while being stimulated with sham, weak, or strong alpha-tACS using a montage commonly assumed to target occipital areas. We reconstructed the activity of sources in all stimulation conditions by means of beamforming. The analysis of resting-state brain activity revealed an interaction of the external stimulation with the endogenous alpha power increase from EO to EC. This interaction was localized to the posterior cingulate, a region remote from occipital cortex. This suggests state-dependent (EO vs. EC) long-range effects of tACS. In a follow-up analysis of this online-tACS effect, we find evidence that this state-dependency effect is mediated by functional network changes: connection strength from the precuneus was significantly correlated with the state-dependency effect in the posterior cingulate during tACS. No analogous correlation could be found for alpha power modulations in occipital cortex. Altogether, this is the first strong evidence to illustrate how functional network architectures can shape tACS effects.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2021-04-28},\n\tjournal = {Brain Connectivity},\n\tauthor = {Fuscà, Marco and Ruhnau, Philipp and Neuling, Toralf and Weisz, Nathan},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {212--219},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed as a tool to draw causal inferences on the role of oscillatory activity in cognitive functioning and has the potential to induce long-term changes in cerebral networks. However, effectiveness of tACS underlies high variability and dependencies, which, as previous modeling works have suggested, may be mediated by local and network-level brain states. We used magnetoencephalography to record brain activity from 17 healthy participants at rest as they kept their eyes open (EO) or eyes closed (EC) while being stimulated with sham, weak, or strong alpha-tACS using a montage commonly assumed to target occipital areas. We reconstructed the activity of sources in all stimulation conditions by means of beamforming. The analysis of resting-state brain activity revealed an interaction of the external stimulation with the endogenous alpha power increase from EO to EC. This interaction was localized to the posterior cingulate, a region remote from occipital cortex. This suggests state-dependent (EO vs. EC) long-range effects of tACS. In a follow-up analysis of this online-tACS effect, we find evidence that this state-dependency effect is mediated by functional network changes: connection strength from the precuneus was significantly correlated with the state-dependency effect in the posterior cingulate during tACS. No analogous correlation could be found for alpha power modulations in occipital cortex. Altogether, this is the first strong evidence to illustrate how functional network architectures can shape tACS effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bauch-bunzeck-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-thetaoscillationsunderlieretrievalsuccesseffectsinthenucleusaccumbensandanteriorthalamusevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Theta oscillations underlie retrieval success effects in the nucleus accumbens and anterior thalamus: Evidence from human intracranial recordings.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bauch, E. M.; Bunzeck, N.; Hinrichs, H.; Schmitt, F. C.; Voges, J.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurobiology of Learning and Memory</i>, 155: 104–112. November 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bauch-bunzeck-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-thetaoscillationsunderlieretrievalsuccesseffectsinthenucleusaccumbensandanteriorthalamusevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bauch-bunzeck-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-thetaoscillationsunderlieretrievalsuccesseffectsinthenucleusaccumbensandanteriorthalamusevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bauch-bunzeck-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-thetaoscillationsunderlieretrievalsuccesseffectsinthenucleusaccumbensandanteriorthalamusevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bauch_theta_2018,\n\ttitle = {Theta oscillations underlie retrieval success effects in the nucleus accumbens and anterior thalamus: {Evidence} from human intracranial recordings},\n\tvolume = {155},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.001},\n\tabstract = {Previous imaging studies independently highlighted the role of the anterior thalamus (ANT) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in successful memory retrieval. While these findings accord with theoretical models, the precise temporal, oscillatory and network dynamics as well as the interplay between the NAcc and ANT in successfully retrieving information from long-term memory are largely unknown. We addressed this issue by recording intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients from the NAcc (n = 5) and ANT (n = 4) during an old/new recognition test. Our findings demonstrate that differences in event-related potentials between correctly classified old (i.e., studied) and new (i.e., unstudied) images emerged in the NAcc and ANT already between 200 and 600 ms after stimulus onset. Moreover, time-frequency analyses revealed theta (4-8 Hz) power decreases for old compared to new items in the NAcc and the opposite effect in the ANT. Importantly, Granger causality analyses revealed a directional communication from ANT to NAcc suggesting that entrainment from ANT drives successful memory retrieval. Together, our findings show evidence for the notion that the NAcc and ANT receive memory signals, and that theta oscillations may serve as a mechanism to bind these distributed neural assemblies.},\n\tjournal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},\n\tauthor = {Bauch, E. M. and Bunzeck, N. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {104--112},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous imaging studies independently highlighted the role of the anterior thalamus (ANT) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in successful memory retrieval. While these findings accord with theoretical models, the precise temporal, oscillatory and network dynamics as well as the interplay between the NAcc and ANT in successfully retrieving information from long-term memory are largely unknown. We addressed this issue by recording intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients from the NAcc (n = 5) and ANT (n = 4) during an old/new recognition test. Our findings demonstrate that differences in event-related potentials between correctly classified old (i.e., studied) and new (i.e., unstudied) images emerged in the NAcc and ANT already between 200 and 600 ms after stimulus onset. Moreover, time-frequency analyses revealed theta (4-8 Hz) power decreases for old compared to new items in the NAcc and the opposite effect in the ANT. Importantly, Granger causality analyses revealed a directional communication from ANT to NAcc suggesting that entrainment from ANT drives successful memory retrieval. Together, our findings show evidence for the notion that the NAcc and ANT receive memory signals, and that theta oscillations may serve as a mechanism to bind these distributed neural assemblies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"galazky-kluge-schmitt-kopitzki-zaehle-voges-bntjen-kupsch-etal-pallidalstimulationmodulatespedunculopontinenucleiinparkinsonsdisease-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Pallidal Stimulation Modulates Pedunculopontine Nuclei in Parkinson's Disease.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Galazky, I.; Kluge, C.; Schmitt, F. C.; Kopitzki, K.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Voges, J.; Büntjen, L.; Kupsch, A.;  and Hinrichs, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Sci</i>, 8(7). June 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8070117\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('galazky-kluge-schmitt-kopitzki-zaehle-voges-bntjen-kupsch-etal-pallidalstimulationmodulatespedunculopontinenucleiinparkinsonsdisease-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8070117', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/galazky-kluge-schmitt-kopitzki-zaehle-voges-bntjen-kupsch-etal-pallidalstimulationmodulatespedunculopontinenucleiinparkinsonsdisease-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('galazky-kluge-schmitt-kopitzki-zaehle-voges-bntjen-kupsch-etal-pallidalstimulationmodulatespedunculopontinenucleiinparkinsonsdisease-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{galazky_pallidal_2018,\n\ttitle = {Pallidal {Stimulation} {Modulates} {Pedunculopontine} {Nuclei} in {Parkinson}&#x27;s {Disease}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/brainsci8070117},\n\tabstract = {In advanced Parkinson’s disease, the pedunculopontine nucleus region is thought to be abnormally inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inputs from the over-active globus pallidus internus. Recent attempts to boost pedunculopontine nucleus function through deep brain stimulation are promising, but suffer from the incomplete understanding of the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus region.\n Local field potentials of the pedunculopontine nucleus region and the globus pallidus internus were recorded and quantitatively analyzed in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. In particular, we compared the local field potentials from the pedunculopontine nucleus region at rest and during deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus.\n At rest, the spectrum of local field potentials in the globus pallidus internus was mainly characterized by delta-theta and beta frequency activity whereas the spectrum of the pedunculopontine nucleus region was dominated by activity only in the delta and theta band. High-frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus led to increased theta activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus region and enabled information exchange between the left and right pedunculopontine nuclei. Therefore, Conclusions: When applying deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus, its modulatory effect on pedunculopontine nucleus physiology should be taken into account.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Brain Sci},\n\tauthor = {Galazky, I. and Kluge, C. and Schmitt, F. C. and Kopitzki, K. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Büntjen, L. and Kupsch, A. and Hinrichs, H.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In advanced Parkinson’s disease, the pedunculopontine nucleus region is thought to be abnormally inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inputs from the over-active globus pallidus internus. Recent attempts to boost pedunculopontine nucleus function through deep brain stimulation are promising, but suffer from the incomplete understanding of the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus region. Local field potentials of the pedunculopontine nucleus region and the globus pallidus internus were recorded and quantitatively analyzed in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. In particular, we compared the local field potentials from the pedunculopontine nucleus region at rest and during deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus. At rest, the spectrum of local field potentials in the globus pallidus internus was mainly characterized by delta-theta and beta frequency activity whereas the spectrum of the pedunculopontine nucleus region was dominated by activity only in the delta and theta band. High-frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus led to increased theta activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus region and enabled information exchange between the left and right pedunculopontine nuclei. Therefore, Conclusions: When applying deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus, its modulatory effect on pedunculopontine nucleus physiology should be taken into account.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fiene-rufener-kuehne-matzke-heinze-zaehle-electrophysiologicalandbehavioraleffectsoffrontaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationoncognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosis-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fiene, M.; Rufener, K. S.; Kuehne, M.; Matzke, M.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Neurology</i>, 265(3): 607–617. March 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiene-rufener-kuehne-matzke-heinze-zaehle-electrophysiologicalandbehavioraleffectsoffrontaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationoncognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosis-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fiene-rufener-kuehne-matzke-heinze-zaehle-electrophysiologicalandbehavioraleffectsoffrontaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationoncognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosis-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fiene-rufener-kuehne-matzke-heinze-zaehle-electrophysiologicalandbehavioraleffectsoffrontaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationoncognitivefatigueinmultiplesclerosis-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fiene_electrophysiological_2018,\n\ttitle = {Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis},\n\tvolume = {265},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6},\n\tabstract = {Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms affecting patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Sustained cognitive effort induces cognitive fatigue, operationalized as subjective exhaustion and fatigue-related objective alertness decrements with time-on-task. During prolonged cognitive testing, MS patients show increased simple reaction times (RT) accompanied by lower amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the P300 event-related potential. Previous studies suggested a major role of structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal cortex including a frontal hypo-activation in fatigue pathogenesis. In the present study we investigated the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on objective measures of fatigue-related decrements in cognitive performance in MS patients. P300 during an auditory oddball task and simple reaction times in an alertness test were recorded at baseline, during and after stimulation. Compared to sham, anodal tDCS caused an increase in P300 amplitude that persisted after the end of stimulation and eliminated the fatigue-related increase in RT over the course of a testing session. Our findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC can counteract performance decrements associated with fatigue thereby leading to an improvement in the patient&#x27;s ability to cope with sustained cognitive demands. This provides causal evidence for the functional relevance of the left DLPFC in fatigue pathophysiology. The results indicate that tDCS-induced modulations of frontal activity can be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of fatigue-related declines in cognitive performance in MS patients.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Neurology},\n\tauthor = {Fiene, M. and Rufener, K. S. and Kuehne, M. and Matzke, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {607--617},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms affecting patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Sustained cognitive effort induces cognitive fatigue, operationalized as subjective exhaustion and fatigue-related objective alertness decrements with time-on-task. During prolonged cognitive testing, MS patients show increased simple reaction times (RT) accompanied by lower amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the P300 event-related potential. Previous studies suggested a major role of structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal cortex including a frontal hypo-activation in fatigue pathogenesis. In the present study we investigated the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on objective measures of fatigue-related decrements in cognitive performance in MS patients. P300 during an auditory oddball task and simple reaction times in an alertness test were recorded at baseline, during and after stimulation. Compared to sham, anodal tDCS caused an increase in P300 amplitude that persisted after the end of stimulation and eliminated the fatigue-related increase in RT over the course of a testing session. Our findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC can counteract performance decrements associated with fatigue thereby leading to an improvement in the patient's ability to cope with sustained cognitive demands. This provides causal evidence for the functional relevance of the left DLPFC in fatigue pathophysiology. The results indicate that tDCS-induced modulations of frontal activity can be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of fatigue-related declines in cognitive performance in MS patients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X', event);\">\n    Faith and oscillations recovered: On analyzing EEG/MEG signals during tACS.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Neuling, T.; Ruhnau, P.; Weisz, N.; Herrmann, C. S;  and Demarchi, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>NeuroImage</i>, 147: 960–963. February 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Faith and oscillations recovered: On analyzing EEG/MEG signals during tACS. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('neuling-ruhnau-weisz-herrmann-demarchi-faithandoscillationsrecoveredonanalyzingeegmegsignalsduringtacs-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{neuling_faith_2017,\n\ttitle = {Faith and oscillations recovered: {On} analyzing {EEG}/{MEG} signals during {tACS}.},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105381191630622X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.022},\n\tabstract = {Despite recent success in analyzing brain oscillations recorded during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), the field still requires further research to establish standards in artifact removal methods. This includes taking a step back from the removal of the tACS artifact and thoroughly characterizing the to-be-removed artifact. A recent study by Noury et al. (2016) contributed importantly to this endeavour by showing the existence of nonlinear artefacts in the tACS signal as seen by MEG and EEG. Unfortunately however this paper conveys the message that current artifact removal attempts have failed altogether and that-based on these available tools-brain oscillations recorded during tACS cannot be analyzed using MEG and EEG. Here we want to balance this overly pessimistic conclusion: In-depth reanalyses of our own data and phantom-head measurements indicate that nonlinearities can occur, but only when technical limits of the stimulator are reached. As such they are part of the &quot;real&quot; stimulation and not a specific MEG analysis problem. Future tACS studies should consider these technical limits to avoid any nonlinear modulations of the tACS artifact. We conclude that even with current approaches, brain oscillations recorded during tACS can be meaningfully studied in many practical cases.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {NeuroImage},\n\tauthor = {Neuling, Toralf and Ruhnau, Philipp and Weisz, Nathan and Herrmann, Christoph S and Demarchi, Gianpaolo},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tpmid = {27888060},\n\tkeywords = {EEG, MEG, artifact removal, beamforming, brain oscillations, tACS},\n\tpages = {960--963},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite recent success in analyzing brain oscillations recorded during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), the field still requires further research to establish standards in artifact removal methods. This includes taking a step back from the removal of the tACS artifact and thoroughly characterizing the to-be-removed artifact. A recent study by Noury et al. (2016) contributed importantly to this endeavour by showing the existence of nonlinear artefacts in the tACS signal as seen by MEG and EEG. Unfortunately however this paper conveys the message that current artifact removal attempts have failed altogether and that-based on these available tools-brain oscillations recorded during tACS cannot be analyzed using MEG and EEG. Here we want to balance this overly pessimistic conclusion: In-depth reanalyses of our own data and phantom-head measurements indicate that nonlinearities can occur, but only when technical limits of the stimulator are reached. As such they are part of the \"real\" stimulation and not a specific MEG analysis problem. Future tACS studies should consider these technical limits to avoid any nonlinear modulations of the tACS artifact. We conclude that even with current approaches, brain oscillations recorded during tACS can be meaningfully studied in many practical cases.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-borchardt-walter-hinrichs-etal-anteriorthalamichighfrequencybandactivityiscoupledwiththetaoscillationsatrest-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Anterior Thalamic High Frequency Band Activity Is Coupled with Theta Oscillations at Rest.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sweeney-Reed, C. M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Voges, J.; Schmitt, F. C.; Buentjen, L.; Borchardt, V.; Walter, M.; Hinrichs, H.; Heinze, H. J.; Rugg, M. D.;  and Knight, R. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, 11: 358.  2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00358\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-borchardt-walter-hinrichs-etal-anteriorthalamichighfrequencybandactivityiscoupledwiththetaoscillationsatrest-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00358', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-borchardt-walter-hinrichs-etal-anteriorthalamichighfrequencybandactivityiscoupledwiththetaoscillationsatrest-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-borchardt-walter-hinrichs-etal-anteriorthalamichighfrequencybandactivityiscoupledwiththetaoscillationsatrest-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sweeney-reed_anterior_2017,\n\ttitle = {Anterior {Thalamic} {High} {Frequency} {Band} {Activity} {Is} {Coupled} with {Theta} {Oscillations} at {Rest}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00358},\n\tabstract = {Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between slow and fast brain rhythms, in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), is proposed to enable the coordination of neural oscillatory activity required for cognitive processing. PAC has been identified in the neocortex and mesial temporal regions, varying according to the cognitive task being performed and also at rest. PAC has also been observed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) during memory processing. The thalamus is active during the resting state and has been proposed to be involved in switching between task-free cognitive states such as rest, in which attention is internally-focused, and externally-focused cognitive states, in which an individual engages with environmental stimuli. It is unknown whether PAC is an ongoing phenomenon during the resting state in the ATN, which is modulated during different cognitive states, or whether it only arises during the performance of specific tasks. We analyzed electrophysiological recordings of ATN activity during rest from seven patients who received thalamic electrodes implanted for treatment of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. PAC was identified between theta (4-6 Hz) phase and high frequency band (80-150 Hz) amplitude during rest in all seven patients, which diminished during engagement in tasks involving an external focus of attention. The findings are consistent with the proposal that theta-gamma coupling in the ATN is an ongoing phenomenon, which is modulated by task performance.},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Buentjen, L. and Borchardt, V. and Walter, M. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Rugg, M. D. and Knight, R. T.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tpages = {358},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between slow and fast brain rhythms, in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), is proposed to enable the coordination of neural oscillatory activity required for cognitive processing. PAC has been identified in the neocortex and mesial temporal regions, varying according to the cognitive task being performed and also at rest. PAC has also been observed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) during memory processing. The thalamus is active during the resting state and has been proposed to be involved in switching between task-free cognitive states such as rest, in which attention is internally-focused, and externally-focused cognitive states, in which an individual engages with environmental stimuli. It is unknown whether PAC is an ongoing phenomenon during the resting state in the ATN, which is modulated during different cognitive states, or whether it only arises during the performance of specific tasks. We analyzed electrophysiological recordings of ATN activity during rest from seven patients who received thalamic electrodes implanted for treatment of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. PAC was identified between theta (4-6 Hz) phase and high frequency band (80-150 Hz) amplitude during rest in all seven patients, which diminished during engagement in tasks involving an external focus of attention. The findings are consistent with the proposal that theta-gamma coupling in the ATN is an ongoing phenomenon, which is modulated by task performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (12)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016', 'http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8', event);\">\n    Changed categorical perception of consonant–vowel syllables induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heimrath, K.; Fischer, A.; Heinze, H.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC Neuroscience</i>, 17(1): 8. December 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016', 'http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changed categorical perception of consonant–vowel syllables induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/f8jpmh\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016', 'http://doi.org/10/f8jpmh', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heimrath-fischer-heinze-zaehle-changedcategoricalperceptionofconsonantvowelsyllablesinducedbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heimrath_changed_2016,\n\ttitle = {Changed categorical perception of consonant–vowel syllables induced by transcranial direct current stimulation ({tDCS})},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1471-2202},\n\turl = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/17/8},\n\tdoi = {10/f8jpmh},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Heimrath, Kai and Fischer, Anna and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {8},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327', event);\">\n    Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fiore, V. G.; Rigoli, F.; Stenner, M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Hirth, F.; Heinze, H.;  and Dolan, R. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 6(1): 23327. March 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/f8d6jp\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016', 'http://doi.org/10/f8d6jp', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-changingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fiore_changing_2016,\n\ttitle = {Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\tshorttitle = {Changing pattern in the basal ganglia},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep23327},\n\tdoi = {10/f8d6jp},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            Action selection in the basal ganglia is often described within the framework of a standard model, associating low dopaminergic drive with motor suppression. Whilst powerful, this model does not explain several clinical and experimental data, including varying therapeutic efficacy across movement disorders. We tested the predictions of this model in patients with Parkinson’s disease, on and off subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), focussing on adaptive sensory-motor responses to a changing environment and maintenance of an action until it is no longer suitable. Surprisingly, we observed prolonged perseverance under on-stimulation, and high inter-individual variability in terms of the motor selections performed when comparing the two conditions. To account for these data, we revised the standard model exploring its space of parameters and associated motor functions and found that, depending on effective connectivity between external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and saliency of the sensory input, a low dopaminergic drive can result in increased, dysfunctional, motor switching, besides motor suppression. This new framework provides insight into the biophysical mechanisms underlying DBS, allowing a description in terms of alteration of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrophysiological data in comparison with the standard model.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Fiore, Vincenzo G. and Rigoli, Francesco and Stenner, Max-Philipp and Zaehle, Tino and Hirth, Frank and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Dolan, Raymond J.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {23327},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Action selection in the basal ganglia is often described within the framework of a standard model, associating low dopaminergic drive with motor suppression. Whilst powerful, this model does not explain several clinical and experimental data, including varying therapeutic efficacy across movement disorders. We tested the predictions of this model in patients with Parkinson’s disease, on and off subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), focussing on adaptive sensory-motor responses to a changing environment and maintenance of an action until it is no longer suitable. Surprisingly, we observed prolonged perseverance under on-stimulation, and high inter-individual variability in terms of the motor selections performed when comparing the two conditions. To account for these data, we revised the standard model exploring its space of parameters and associated motor functions and found that, depending on effective connectivity between external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and saliency of the sensory input, a low dopaminergic drive can result in increased, dysfunctional, motor switching, besides motor suppression. This new framework provides insight into the biophysical mechanisms underlying DBS, allowing a description in terms of alteration of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrophysiological data in comparison with the standard model.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841', event);\">\n    Erratum: Corrigendum: Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fiore, V. G.; Rigoli, F.; Stenner, M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Hirth, F.; Heinze, H.;  and Dolan, R. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 6(1): 30841. August 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Erratum: Corrigendum: Changing pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gmn3rp\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016', 'http://doi.org/10/gmn3rp', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fiore-rigoli-stenner-zaehle-hirth-heinze-dolan-erratumcorrigendumchangingpatterninthebasalgangliamotorswitchingunderreduceddopaminergicdrive-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fiore_erratum_2016,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Corrigendum}: {Changing} pattern in the basal ganglia: motor switching under reduced dopaminergic drive},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30841},\n\tdoi = {10/gmn3rp},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Fiore, Vincenzo G. and Rigoli, Francesco and Stenner, Max-Philipp and Zaehle, Tino and Hirth, Frank and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Dolan, Raymond J.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {30841},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016', 'http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053', event);\">\n    Modulating Human Auditory Processing by Transcranial Electrical Stimulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heimrath, K.; Fiene, M.; Rufener, K. S.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience</i>, 10. March 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016', 'http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Modulating Human Auditory Processing by Transcranial Electrical Stimulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gdz72h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016', 'http://doi.org/10/gdz72h', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heimrath-fiene-rufener-zaehle-modulatinghumanauditoryprocessingbytranscranialelectricalstimulation-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heimrath_modulating_2016,\n\ttitle = {Modulating {Human} {Auditory} {Processing} by {Transcranial} {Electrical} {Stimulation}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1662-5102},\n\turl = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2016.00053},\n\tdoi = {10/gdz72h},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Heimrath, Kai and Fiene, Marina and Rufener, Katharina S. and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"drschmid-zaehle-hinrichs-heinze-voges-garrido-dolan-knight-sensorydeviancydetectionmeasureddirectlywithinthehumannucleusaccumbens-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Sensory Deviancy Detection Measured Directly Within the Human Nucleus Accumbens.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dürschmid, S.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Hinrichs, H.; Heinze, H. J.; Voges, J.; Garrido, M. I.; Dolan, R. J.;  and Knight, R. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cerebral Cortex</i>, 26(3): 1168–1175. March 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu304\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('drschmid-zaehle-hinrichs-heinze-voges-garrido-dolan-knight-sensorydeviancydetectionmeasureddirectlywithinthehumannucleusaccumbens-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu304', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/drschmid-zaehle-hinrichs-heinze-voges-garrido-dolan-knight-sensorydeviancydetectionmeasureddirectlywithinthehumannucleusaccumbens-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('drschmid-zaehle-hinrichs-heinze-voges-garrido-dolan-knight-sensorydeviancydetectionmeasureddirectlywithinthehumannucleusaccumbens-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{durschmid_sensory_2016,\n\ttitle = {Sensory {Deviancy} {Detection} {Measured} {Directly} {Within} the {Human} {Nucleus} {Accumbens}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/cercor/bhu304},\n\tabstract = {Rapid changes in the environment evoke a comparison between expectancy and actual outcome to inform optimal subsequent behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key interface between the hippocampus and neocortical regions, is a candidate region for mediating this comparison. Here, we report event-related potentials obtained from the NAcc using direct intracranial recordings in 5 human participants while they listened to trains of auditory stimuli differing in their degree of deviation from repetitive background stimuli. NAcc recordings revealed an early mismatch signal (50-220 ms) in response to all deviants. NAcc activity in this time window was also sensitive to the statistics of stimulus deviancy, with larger amplitudes as a function of the level of deviancy. Importantly, this NAcc mismatch signal also predicted generation of longer latency scalp potentials (300-400 ms). The results provide direct human evidence that the NAcc is a key component of a network engaged in encoding statistics of the sensory environmental.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Cerebral Cortex},\n\tauthor = {Dürschmid, S. and Zaehle, T. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Garrido, M. I. and Dolan, R. J. and Knight, R. T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {1168--1175},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Rapid changes in the environment evoke a comparison between expectancy and actual outcome to inform optimal subsequent behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key interface between the hippocampus and neocortical regions, is a candidate region for mediating this comparison. Here, we report event-related potentials obtained from the NAcc using direct intracranial recordings in 5 human participants while they listened to trains of auditory stimuli differing in their degree of deviation from repetitive background stimuli. NAcc recordings revealed an early mismatch signal (50-220 ms) in response to all deviants. NAcc activity in this time window was also sensitive to the statistics of stimulus deviancy, with larger amplitudes as a function of the level of deviancy. Importantly, this NAcc mismatch signal also predicted generation of longer latency scalp potentials (300-400 ms). The results provide direct human evidence that the NAcc is a key component of a network engaged in encoding statistics of the sensory environmental.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rufener-zaehle-oechslin-meyer-40hztranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationtacsselectivelymodulatesspeechperception-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  40Hz-Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) selectively modulates speech perception.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rufener, K. S.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Oechslin, M. S.;  and Meyer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>, 101: 18–24. March 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rufener-zaehle-oechslin-meyer-40hztranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationtacsselectivelymodulatesspeechperception-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rufener-zaehle-oechslin-meyer-40hztranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationtacsselectivelymodulatesspeechperception-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rufener-zaehle-oechslin-meyer-40hztranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationtacsselectivelymodulatesspeechperception-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rufener_40hz-transcranial_2016,\n\ttitle = {{40Hz}-{Transcranial} alternating current stimulation ({tACS}) selectively modulates speech perception},\n\tvolume = {101},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.002},\n\tabstract = {The present study investigated the functional relevance of gamma oscillations for the processing of rapidly changing acoustic features in speech signals. For this purpose we analyzed repetition-induced perceptual learning effects in 18 healthy adult participants. The participants received either 6Hz or 40Hz tACS over the bilateral auditory cortex, while repeatedly performing a phoneme categorization task. In result, we found that 40Hz tACS led to a specific alteration in repetition-induced perceptual learning. While participants in the non-stimulated control group as well as those in the experimental group receiving 6Hz tACS considerably improved their perceptual performance, the application of 40Hz tACS selectively attenuated the repetition-induced improvement in phoneme categorization abilities. Our data provide causal evidence for a functional relevance of gamma oscillations during the perceptual learning of acoustic speech features. Moreover, we demonstrate that even less than twenty minutes of alternating current stimulation below the individual perceptual threshold is sufficient to affect speech perception. This finding is relevant in that this novel approach might have implications with respect to impaired speech processing in dyslexics and older adults.},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},\n\tauthor = {Rufener, K. S. and Zaehle, T. and Oechslin, M. S. and Meyer, M.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {18--24},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study investigated the functional relevance of gamma oscillations for the processing of rapidly changing acoustic features in speech signals. For this purpose we analyzed repetition-induced perceptual learning effects in 18 healthy adult participants. The participants received either 6Hz or 40Hz tACS over the bilateral auditory cortex, while repeatedly performing a phoneme categorization task. In result, we found that 40Hz tACS led to a specific alteration in repetition-induced perceptual learning. While participants in the non-stimulated control group as well as those in the experimental group receiving 6Hz tACS considerably improved their perceptual performance, the application of 40Hz tACS selectively attenuated the repetition-induced improvement in phoneme categorization abilities. Our data provide causal evidence for a functional relevance of gamma oscillations during the perceptual learning of acoustic speech features. Moreover, we demonstrate that even less than twenty minutes of alternating current stimulation below the individual perceptual threshold is sufficient to affect speech perception. This finding is relevant in that this novel approach might have implications with respect to impaired speech processing in dyslexics and older adults.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"breitling-zaehle-dannhauer-bonath-tegelbeckers-flechtner-krauel-improvinginterferencecontrolinadhdpatientswithtranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Improving Interference Control in ADHD Patients with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Breitling, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Dannhauer, M.; Bonath, B.; Tegelbeckers, J.; Flechtner, H. H.;  and Krauel, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience</i>, 10: 72.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2016.00072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('breitling-zaehle-dannhauer-bonath-tegelbeckers-flechtner-krauel-improvinginterferencecontrolinadhdpatientswithtranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2016.00072', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/breitling-zaehle-dannhauer-bonath-tegelbeckers-flechtner-krauel-improvinginterferencecontrolinadhdpatientswithtranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('breitling-zaehle-dannhauer-bonath-tegelbeckers-flechtner-krauel-improvinginterferencecontrolinadhdpatientswithtranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcs-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{breitling_improving_2016,\n\ttitle = {Improving {Interference} {Control} in {ADHD} {Patients} with {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS})},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fncel.2016.00072},\n\tabstract = {The use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been suggested as a promising alternative to psychopharmacological treatment approaches due to its local and network effects on brain activation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of tDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on interference control in 21 male adolescents with ADHD and 21 age matched healthy controls aged 13-17 years, who underwent three separate sessions of tDCS (anodal, cathodal, and sham) while completing a Flanker task. Even though anodal stimulation appeared to diminish commission errors in the ADHD group, the overall analysis revealed no significant effect of tDCS. Since participants showed a considerable learning effect from the first to the second session, performance in the first session was separately analyzed. ADHD patients receiving sham stimulation in the first session showed impaired interference control compared to healthy control participants whereas ADHD patients who were exposed to anodal stimulation, showed comparable performance levels (commission errors, reaction time variability) to the control group. These results suggest that anodal tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus could improve interference control in patients with ADHD.},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Breitling, C. and Zaehle, T. and Dannhauer, M. and Bonath, B. and Tegelbeckers, J. and Flechtner, H. H. and Krauel, K.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {72},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been suggested as a promising alternative to psychopharmacological treatment approaches due to its local and network effects on brain activation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of tDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on interference control in 21 male adolescents with ADHD and 21 age matched healthy controls aged 13-17 years, who underwent three separate sessions of tDCS (anodal, cathodal, and sham) while completing a Flanker task. Even though anodal stimulation appeared to diminish commission errors in the ADHD group, the overall analysis revealed no significant effect of tDCS. Since participants showed a considerable learning effect from the first to the second session, performance in the first session was separately analyzed. ADHD patients receiving sham stimulation in the first session showed impaired interference control compared to healthy control participants whereas ADHD patients who were exposed to anodal stimulation, showed comparable performance levels (commission errors, reaction time variability) to the control group. These results suggest that anodal tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus could improve interference control in patients with ADHD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-richardsonklavehn-hinrichs-etal-clinicalneuropsychologicalandprestimulusdorsomedialthalamicnucleuselectrophysiologicaldataindeepbrainstimulationpatients-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Clinical, neuropsychological, and pre-stimulus dorsomedial thalamic nucleus electrophysiological data in deep brain stimulation patients.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sweeney-Reed, C. M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Voges, J.; Schmitt, F. C.; Buentjen, L.; Kopitzki, K.; Richardson-Klavehn, A.; Hinrichs, H.; Heinze, H. J.; Knight, R. T.;  and Rugg, M. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Data Brief</i>, 8: 557–561. September 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-richardsonklavehn-hinrichs-etal-clinicalneuropsychologicalandprestimulusdorsomedialthalamicnucleuselectrophysiologicaldataindeepbrainstimulationpatients-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-richardsonklavehn-hinrichs-etal-clinicalneuropsychologicalandprestimulusdorsomedialthalamicnucleuselectrophysiologicaldataindeepbrainstimulationpatients-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-richardsonklavehn-hinrichs-etal-clinicalneuropsychologicalandprestimulusdorsomedialthalamicnucleuselectrophysiologicaldataindeepbrainstimulationpatients-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sweeney-reed_clinical_2016,\n\ttitle = {Clinical, neuropsychological, and pre-stimulus dorsomedial thalamic nucleus electrophysiological data in deep brain stimulation patients},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.008},\n\tabstract = {The data presented here comprise clinical, neuropsychological, and intrathalamic electrophysiological data from 7 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and are related to the article &quot;Pre-stimulus thalamic theta power predicts human memory formation&quot; C.M. Sweeney-Reed, T. Zaehle, J. Voges, F.C. Schmitt, L. Buentjen, K. Kopitzki, et al. (2016) [1]. The patients participated in a memory paradigm after receiving electrodes implanted in the DMTN due to the surgical approach taken in electrode insertion for deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus. Epilepsy duration and pre-operative neuropsychological tests provide an indication of the profile of patients receiving intrathalamic electrode implantation and the memory capabilities in such a patient group. The electrophysiological data were recorded from the right DMTN preceding stimulus presentation during intentional memory encoding. The patients viewed a series of photographic scenes, which they judged as indoors or outdoors. The 900 ms epochs prior to stimulus presentation were labeled as preceding successful or unsuccessful subsequent memory formation according to a subsequent memory test for the items. The difference between theta power preceding successful versus unsuccessful subsequent memory formation is shown against time for each patient individually.},\n\tjournal = {Data Brief},\n\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, C. M. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Buentjen, L. and Kopitzki, K. and Richardson-Klavehn, A. and Hinrichs, H. and Heinze, H. J. and Knight, R. T. and Rugg, M. D.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {557--561},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The data presented here comprise clinical, neuropsychological, and intrathalamic electrophysiological data from 7 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and are related to the article \"Pre-stimulus thalamic theta power predicts human memory formation\" C.M. Sweeney-Reed, T. Zaehle, J. Voges, F.C. Schmitt, L. Buentjen, K. Kopitzki, et al. (2016) [1]. The patients participated in a memory paradigm after receiving electrodes implanted in the DMTN due to the surgical approach taken in electrode insertion for deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus. Epilepsy duration and pre-operative neuropsychological tests provide an indication of the profile of patients receiving intrathalamic electrode implantation and the memory capabilities in such a patient group. The electrophysiological data were recorded from the right DMTN preceding stimulus presentation during intentional memory encoding. The patients viewed a series of photographic scenes, which they judged as indoors or outdoors. The 900 ms epochs prior to stimulus presentation were labeled as preceding successful or unsuccessful subsequent memory formation according to a subsequent memory test for the items. The difference between theta power preceding successful versus unsuccessful subsequent memory formation is shown against time for each patient individually.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733', event);\">\n    Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power: the neural basis of impaired task performance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weise, A.; Hartmann, T.; Schröger, E.; Weisz, N.;  and Ruhnau, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychophysiology</i>, 53(11): 1651–1659.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power: the neural basis of impaired task performance [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12733\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12733', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weise-hartmann-schrger-weisz-ruhnau-crossmodaldistractorsmodulateoscillatoryalphapowertheneuralbasisofimpairedtaskperformance-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weise_cross-modal_2016,\n\ttitle = {Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power: the neural basis of impaired task performance},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {1469-8986},\n\tshorttitle = {Cross-modal distractors modulate oscillatory alpha power},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.12733},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/psyp.12733},\n\tabstract = {Unexpected novel sounds capture one&#x27;s attention, even when irrelevant to the task pursued (e.g., playing video game). This often comes at a cost to the task (e.g., slower responding). The neural basis for this behavioral distraction effect is not well understood and is subject of this study. Our approach was motivated by findings from cuing paradigms suggesting a link between modulations in oscillatory activity and voluntary attention shifts. The current study tested whether oscillatory activity is also modulated by a task-irrelevant auditory distractor, reflecting a neural signature of an involuntary shift of attention and accounting for the impaired task performance. We reanalyzed magnetoencephalographic data collected via an auditory-visual distraction paradigm in which a task-relevant visual stimulus was preceded by a task-irrelevant sound on each trial. In 87.5\\% this was a regular sound (Standard); in 12.5\\% this was a novel sound (Distractor). We compared nonphase locked oscillatory activity in a time window prior to the visual target as a function of the experimental manipulation (Distractor, Standard). We found low power in the pretarget time window for Distractors compared to Standards in the alpha and beta frequency bands. Importantly, individual alpha power correlated with response speed on a trial-by-trial basis for the Distractor only. Sources were localized to the occipital cortex, and also to the parietal and supratemporal cortices. These findings support our hypothesis that the distractor-related alpha power modulation indexes an involuntary shift of attention which accounts for the impaired task performance.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2021-04-28},\n\tjournal = {Psychophysiology},\n\tauthor = {Weise, Annekathrin and Hartmann, Thomas and Schröger, Erich and Weisz, Nathan and Ruhnau, Philipp},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Alpha oscillations, Cross-modal distraction, Involuntary attention, Magnetoencephalography (MEG)},\n\tpages = {1651--1659},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Unexpected novel sounds capture one's attention, even when irrelevant to the task pursued (e.g., playing video game). This often comes at a cost to the task (e.g., slower responding). The neural basis for this behavioral distraction effect is not well understood and is subject of this study. Our approach was motivated by findings from cuing paradigms suggesting a link between modulations in oscillatory activity and voluntary attention shifts. The current study tested whether oscillatory activity is also modulated by a task-irrelevant auditory distractor, reflecting a neural signature of an involuntary shift of attention and accounting for the impaired task performance. We reanalyzed magnetoencephalographic data collected via an auditory-visual distraction paradigm in which a task-relevant visual stimulus was preceded by a task-irrelevant sound on each trial. In 87.5% this was a regular sound (Standard); in 12.5% this was a novel sound (Distractor). We compared nonphase locked oscillatory activity in a time window prior to the visual target as a function of the experimental manipulation (Distractor, Standard). We found low power in the pretarget time window for Distractors compared to Standards in the alpha and beta frequency bands. Importantly, individual alpha power correlated with response speed on a trial-by-trial basis for the Distractor only. Sources were localized to the occipital cortex, and also to the parietal and supratemporal cortices. These findings support our hypothesis that the distractor-related alpha power modulation indexes an involuntary shift of attention which accounts for the impaired task performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full', event);\">\n    Flicker-Driven Responses in Visual Cortex Change during Matched-Frequency Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ruhnau, P.; Keitel, C.; Lithari, C.; Weisz, N.;  and Neuling, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, 10.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flicker-Driven Responses in Visual Cortex Change during Matched-Frequency Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ruhnau-keitel-lithari-weisz-neuling-flickerdrivenresponsesinvisualcortexchangeduringmatchedfrequencytranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ruhnau_flicker-driven_2016,\n\ttitle = {Flicker-{Driven} {Responses} in {Visual} {Cortex} {Change} during {Matched}-{Frequency} {Transcranial} {Alternating} {Current} {Stimulation}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1662-5161},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00184},\n\tabstract = {We tested a novel combination of two neuro-stimulation techniques, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and frequency tagging, that promises powerful paradigms to study the causal role of rhythmic brain activity in perception and cognition. Participants viewed a stimulus flickering at 7 or 11 Hz that elicited periodic brain activity, termed steady-state responses (SSRs), at the same temporal frequency and its higher order harmonics. Further, they received simultaneous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 7 or 11 Hz that either matched or differed from the flicker frequency. Sham tACS served as a control condition. Recent advances in reconstructing cortical sources of oscillatory activity allowed us to measure SSRs during concurrent tACS, which is known to impose strong artifacts in magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. For the first time, we were thus able to demonstrate immediate effects of tACS on SSR-indexed early visual processing. Our data suggest that tACS effects are largely frequency-specific and reveal a characteristic pattern of differential influences on the harmonic constituents of SSRs.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2021-04-28},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Keitel, Christian and Lithari, Chrysa and Weisz, Nathan and Neuling, Toralf},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Alpha Rhythm, MEG, NIBS, Steady-state response, TACs, brain oscillations, entrainment, frequency tagging},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We tested a novel combination of two neuro-stimulation techniques, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and frequency tagging, that promises powerful paradigms to study the causal role of rhythmic brain activity in perception and cognition. Participants viewed a stimulus flickering at 7 or 11 Hz that elicited periodic brain activity, termed steady-state responses (SSRs), at the same temporal frequency and its higher order harmonics. Further, they received simultaneous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 7 or 11 Hz that either matched or differed from the flicker frequency. Sham tACS served as a control condition. Recent advances in reconstructing cortical sources of oscillatory activity allowed us to measure SSRs during concurrent tACS, which is known to impose strong artifacts in magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. For the first time, we were thus able to demonstrate immediate effects of tACS on SSR-indexed early visual processing. Our data suggest that tACS effects are largely frequency-specific and reveal a characteristic pattern of differential influences on the harmonic constituents of SSRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wagenbreth-wattenberg-heinze-zaehle-implicitandexplicitprocessingofemotionalfacialexpressionsinparkinsonsdisease-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson's disease.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wagenbreth, C.; Wattenberg, L.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Behavioural Brain Research</i>, 303: 182–190. April 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wagenbreth-wattenberg-heinze-zaehle-implicitandexplicitprocessingofemotionalfacialexpressionsinparkinsonsdisease-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wagenbreth-wattenberg-heinze-zaehle-implicitandexplicitprocessingofemotionalfacialexpressionsinparkinsonsdisease-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wagenbreth-wattenberg-heinze-zaehle-implicitandexplicitprocessingofemotionalfacialexpressionsinparkinsonsdisease-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wagenbreth_implicit_2016,\n\ttitle = {Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in {Parkinson}&#x27;s disease},\n\tvolume = {303},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059},\n\tabstract = {Besides motor problems, Parkinson&#x27;s disease (PD) is associated with detrimental emotional and cognitive functioning. Deficient explicit emotional processing has been observed, whilst patients also show impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. However, it is unclear whether this PD patients&#x27; ToM deficit is based on an inability to infer otherś emotional states or whether it is due to explicit emotional processing deficits. We investigated implicit and explicit emotional processing in PD with an affective priming paradigm in which we used pictures of human eyes for emotional primes and a lexical decision task (LDT) with emotional connoted words for target stimuli.\n Sixteen PD patients and sixteen matched healthy controls performed a LTD combined with an emotional priming paradigm providing emotional information through the facial eye region to assess implicit emotional processing. Second, participants explicitly evaluated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task.\n Compared to controls implicit emotional processing abilities were generally preserved in PD with, however, considerable alterations for happiness and disgust processing. Furthermore, we observed a general impairment of patients for explicit evaluation of emotional stimuli, which was augmented for the rating of facial expressions.\n This is the first study reporting results for affective priming with facial eye expressions in PD patients. Our findings indicate largely preserved implicit emotional processing, with a specific altered processing of disgust and happiness. Explicit emotional processing was considerably impaired for semantic and especially for facial stimulus material. Poor ToM abilities in PD patients might be based on deficient explicit emotional processing, with preserved ability to implicitly infer other people&#x27;s feelings.},\n\tjournal = {Behavioural Brain Research},\n\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Wattenberg, L. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {182--190},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Besides motor problems, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with detrimental emotional and cognitive functioning. Deficient explicit emotional processing has been observed, whilst patients also show impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. However, it is unclear whether this PD patients' ToM deficit is based on an inability to infer otherś emotional states or whether it is due to explicit emotional processing deficits. We investigated implicit and explicit emotional processing in PD with an affective priming paradigm in which we used pictures of human eyes for emotional primes and a lexical decision task (LDT) with emotional connoted words for target stimuli. Sixteen PD patients and sixteen matched healthy controls performed a LTD combined with an emotional priming paradigm providing emotional information through the facial eye region to assess implicit emotional processing. Second, participants explicitly evaluated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task. Compared to controls implicit emotional processing abilities were generally preserved in PD with, however, considerable alterations for happiness and disgust processing. Furthermore, we observed a general impairment of patients for explicit evaluation of emotional stimuli, which was augmented for the rating of facial expressions. This is the first study reporting results for affective priming with facial eye expressions in PD patients. Our findings indicate largely preserved implicit emotional processing, with a specific altered processing of disgust and happiness. Explicit emotional processing was considerably impaired for semantic and especially for facial stimulus material. Poor ToM abilities in PD patients might be based on deficient explicit emotional processing, with preserved ability to implicitly infer other people's feelings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138', event);\">\n    Eyes wide shut: Transcranial alternating current stimulation drives alpha rhythm in a state dependent manner.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ruhnau, P.; Neuling, T.; Fuscá, M.; Herrmann, C. S.; Demarchi, G.;  and Weisz, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 6(1): 27138. June 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Eyes wide shut: Transcranial alternating current stimulation drives alpha rhythm in a state dependent manner [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/srep27138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/srep27138', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ruhnau-neuling-fusc-herrmann-demarchi-weisz-eyeswideshuttranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulationdrivesalpharhythminastatedependentmanner-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ruhnau_eyes_2016,\n\ttitle = {Eyes wide shut: {Transcranial} alternating current stimulation drives alpha rhythm in a state dependent manner},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tcopyright = {2016 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\tshorttitle = {Eyes wide shut},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27138},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/srep27138},\n\tabstract = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used to modulate brain oscillations to measure changes in cognitive function. It is only since recently that brain activity in human subjects during tACS can be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the phase relationship between the external tACS signal and concurrent brain activity. Subjects were stimulated with tACS at individual alpha frequency during eyes open and eyes closed resting states. Electrodes were placed at Cz and Oz, which should affect parieto-occipital areas most strongly. Source space magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were used to estimate phase coherence between tACS and brain activity. Phase coherence was significantly increased in areas in the occipital pole in eyes open resting state only. The lag between tACS and brain responses showed considerable inter-individual variability. In conclusion, tACS at individual alpha frequency entrains brain activity in visual cortices. Interestingly, this effect is state dependent and is clearly observed with eyes open but only to a lesser extent with eyes closed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-04-28},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Ruhnau, Philipp and Neuling, Toralf and Fuscá, Marco and Herrmann, Christoph S. and Demarchi, Gianpaolo and Weisz, Nathan},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {27138},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used to modulate brain oscillations to measure changes in cognitive function. It is only since recently that brain activity in human subjects during tACS can be investigated. The present study aims to investigate the phase relationship between the external tACS signal and concurrent brain activity. Subjects were stimulated with tACS at individual alpha frequency during eyes open and eyes closed resting states. Electrodes were placed at Cz and Oz, which should affect parieto-occipital areas most strongly. Source space magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were used to estimate phase coherence between tACS and brain activity. Phase coherence was significantly increased in areas in the occipital pole in eyes open resting state only. The lag between tACS and brain responses showed considerable inter-individual variability. In conclusion, tACS at individual alpha frequency entrains brain activity in visual cortices. Interestingly, this effect is state dependent and is clearly observed with eyes open but only to a lesser extent with eyes closed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (8)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015', 'https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578', event);\">\n    Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic cross-frequency coupling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sweeney-Reed, C. M; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Voges, J.; Schmitt, F. C; Buentjen, L.; Kopitzki, K.; Hinrichs, H.; Heinze, H.; Rugg, M. D; Knight, R. T;  and Richardson-Klavehn, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>eLife</i>, 4: e07578. May 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015', 'https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic cross-frequency coupling [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gdz7tp\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015', 'http://doi.org/10/gdz7tp', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-hinrichs-heinze-etal-thalamicthetaphasealignmentpredictshumanmemoryformationandanteriorthalamiccrossfrequencycoupling-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sweeney-reed_thalamic_2015,\n\ttitle = {Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic cross-frequency coupling},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2050-084X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07578},\n\tdoi = {10/gdz7tp},\n\tabstract = {Previously we reported electrophysiological evidence for a role for the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) in human memory formation (Sweeney-Reed et al., 2014). Theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) predicted successful memory formation, with the involvement of gamma oscillations suggesting memory-relevant local processing in the ATN. The importance of the theta frequency range in memory processing is well-established, and phase alignment of oscillations is considered to be necessary for synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that theta phase alignment in the ATN would be necessary for memory encoding. Further analysis of the electrophysiological data reveal that phase alignment in the theta rhythm was greater during successful compared with unsuccessful encoding, and that this alignment was correlated with the CFC. These findings support an active processing role for the ATN during memory formation.},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {eLife},\n\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M and Zaehle, Tino and Voges, Jürgen and Schmitt, Friedhelm C and Buentjen, Lars and Kopitzki, Klaus and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Rugg, Michael D and Knight, Robert T and Richardson-Klavehn, Alan},\n\teditor = {Eichenbaum, Howard},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {cross-frequency coupling, encoding, iEEG, memory, phase alignment, thalamus},\n\tpages = {e07578},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previously we reported electrophysiological evidence for a role for the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) in human memory formation (Sweeney-Reed et al., 2014). Theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) predicted successful memory formation, with the involvement of gamma oscillations suggesting memory-relevant local processing in the ATN. The importance of the theta frequency range in memory processing is well-established, and phase alignment of oscillations is considered to be necessary for synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that theta phase alignment in the ATN would be necessary for memory encoding. Further analysis of the electrophysiological data reveal that phase alignment in the theta rhythm was greater during successful compared with unsuccessful encoding, and that this alignment was correlated with the CFC. These findings support an active processing role for the ATN during memory formation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015', 'http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520', event);\">\n    Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory: a near infrared spectroscopy study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heilbronner, U.; Hinrichs, H.; Heinze, H.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC Research Notes</i>, 8(1): 520. December 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015', 'http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory: a near infrared spectroscopy study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/f75t92\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015', 'http://doi.org/10/f75t92', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heilbronner-hinrichs-heinze-zaehle-caffeinedifferentiallyalterscorticalhemodynamicactivityduringworkingmemoryanearinfraredspectroscopystudy-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heilbronner_caffeine_2015,\n\ttitle = {Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory: a near infrared spectroscopy study},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1756-0500},\n\tshorttitle = {Caffeine differentially alters cortical hemodynamic activity during working memory},\n\turl = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/8/520},\n\tdoi = {10/f75t92},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {BMC Research Notes},\n\tauthor = {Heilbronner, Urs and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Zaehle, Tino},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {520},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mller-vellage-heinze-zaehle-entrainmentofhumanalphaoscillationsselectivelyenhancesvisualconjunctionsearch-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Entrainment of Human Alpha Oscillations Selectively Enhances Visual Conjunction Search.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Müller, N. G.; Vellage, A. K.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 10(11): e0143533.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-vellage-heinze-zaehle-entrainmentofhumanalphaoscillationsselectivelyenhancesvisualconjunctionsearch-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143533', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mller-vellage-heinze-zaehle-entrainmentofhumanalphaoscillationsselectivelyenhancesvisualconjunctionsearch-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mller-vellage-heinze-zaehle-entrainmentofhumanalphaoscillationsselectivelyenhancesvisualconjunctionsearch-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{muller_entrainment_2015,\n\ttitle = {Entrainment of {Human} {Alpha} {Oscillations} {Selectively} {Enhances} {Visual} {Conjunction} {Search}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143533},\n\tabstract = {The functional role of the alpha-rhythm which dominates the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is unclear. It has been related to visual processing, attentional selection and object coherence, respectively. Here we tested the interaction of alpha oscillations of the human brain with visual search tasks that differed in their attentional demands (pre-attentive vs. attentive) and also in the necessity to establish object coherence (conjunction vs. single feature). Between pre- and post-assessment elderly subjects received 20 min/d of repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the occipital cortex adjusted to their individual alpha frequency over five consecutive days. Compared to sham the entrained alpha oscillations led to a selective, set size independent improvement in the conjunction search task performance but not in the easy or in the hard feature search task. These findings suggest that cortical alpha oscillations play a specific role in establishing object coherence through suppression of distracting objects.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {Müller, N. G. and Vellage, A. K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {e0143533},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The functional role of the alpha-rhythm which dominates the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is unclear. It has been related to visual processing, attentional selection and object coherence, respectively. Here we tested the interaction of alpha oscillations of the human brain with visual search tasks that differed in their attentional demands (pre-attentive vs. attentive) and also in the necessity to establish object coherence (conjunction vs. single feature). Between pre- and post-assessment elderly subjects received 20 min/d of repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the occipital cortex adjusted to their individual alpha frequency over five consecutive days. Compared to sham the entrained alpha oscillations led to a selective, set size independent improvement in the conjunction search task performance but not in the easy or in the hard feature search task. These findings suggest that cortical alpha oscillations play a specific role in establishing object coherence through suppression of distracting objects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuehne-heimrath-heinze-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheleftdorsolateralprefrontalcortexshiftspreferenceofmoraljudgments-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Transcranial direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shifts preference of moral judgments.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuehne, M.; Heimrath, K.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 10(5): e0127061.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuehne-heimrath-heinze-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheleftdorsolateralprefrontalcortexshiftspreferenceofmoraljudgments-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuehne-heimrath-heinze-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheleftdorsolateralprefrontalcortexshiftspreferenceofmoraljudgments-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuehne-heimrath-heinze-zaehle-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheleftdorsolateralprefrontalcortexshiftspreferenceofmoraljudgments-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuehne_transcranial_2015,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shifts preference of moral judgments},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127061},\n\tabstract = {Attitude to morality, reflecting cultural norms and values, is considered unique to human social behavior. Resulting moral behavior in a social environment is controlled by a widespread neural network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which plays an important role in decision making. In the present study we investigate the influence of neurophysiological modulation of DLPFC reactivity by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on moral reasoning. For that purpose we administered anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation of the left DLPFC while subjects judged the appropriateness of hard moral personal dilemmas. In contrast to sham and cathodal stimulation, anodal stimulation induced a shift in judgment of personal moral dilemmas towards more non-utilitarian actions. Our results demonstrate that alterations of left DLPFC activity can change moral judgments and, in consequence, provide a causal link between left DLPFC activity and moral reasoning. Most important, the observed shift towards non-utilitarian actions suggests that moral decision making is not a permanent individual trait but can be manipulated; consequently individuals with boundless, uncontrollable, and maladaptive moral behavior, such as found in psychopathy, might benefit from neuromodulation-based approaches.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {Kuehne, M. and Heimrath, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {e0127061},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Attitude to morality, reflecting cultural norms and values, is considered unique to human social behavior. Resulting moral behavior in a social environment is controlled by a widespread neural network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which plays an important role in decision making. In the present study we investigate the influence of neurophysiological modulation of DLPFC reactivity by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on moral reasoning. For that purpose we administered anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation of the left DLPFC while subjects judged the appropriateness of hard moral personal dilemmas. In contrast to sham and cathodal stimulation, anodal stimulation induced a shift in judgment of personal moral dilemmas towards more non-utilitarian actions. Our results demonstrate that alterations of left DLPFC activity can change moral judgments and, in consequence, provide a causal link between left DLPFC activity and moral reasoning. Most important, the observed shift towards non-utilitarian actions suggests that moral decision making is not a permanent individual trait but can be manipulated; consequently individuals with boundless, uncontrollable, and maladaptive moral behavior, such as found in psychopathy, might benefit from neuromodulation-based approaches.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heimrath-breitling-krauel-heinze-zaehle-modulationofpreattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystembyhdtdcs-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by HD-tDCS.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heimrath, K.; Breitling, C.; Krauel, K.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 41(12): 1580–1586. June 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12908\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heimrath-breitling-krauel-heinze-zaehle-modulationofpreattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystembyhdtdcs-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12908', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heimrath-breitling-krauel-heinze-zaehle-modulationofpreattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystembyhdtdcs-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heimrath-breitling-krauel-heinze-zaehle-modulationofpreattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystembyhdtdcs-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heimrath_modulation_2015,\n\ttitle = {Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by {HD}-{tDCS}},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ejn.12908},\n\tabstract = {The present study examined the functional lateralization of the human auditory cortex (AC) for pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing. By using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), we systematically modulated neuronal activity of the bilateral AC. We assessed the influence of anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS delivered over the left or right AC on auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to temporal as well as spectral deviants in 12 healthy subjects. The results showed that MMN to temporal deviants was significantly enhanced by anodal HD-tDCS applied over the left AC only. Our data indicate a left hemispheric dominance for the pre-attentive processing of low-level temporal information.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Heimrath, K. and Breitling, C. and Krauel, K. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {1580--1586},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study examined the functional lateralization of the human auditory cortex (AC) for pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing. By using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), we systematically modulated neuronal activity of the bilateral AC. We assessed the influence of anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS delivered over the left or right AC on auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to temporal as well as spectral deviants in 12 healthy subjects. The results showed that MMN to temporal deviants was significantly enhanced by anodal HD-tDCS applied over the left AC only. Our data indicate a left hemispheric dominance for the pre-attentive processing of low-level temporal information.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wagenbreth-zaehle-galazky-voges-guitartmasip-heinze-dzel-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusmodulatesrewardprocessingandactionselectioninparkinsonpatients-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates reward processing and action selection in Parkinson patients.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wagenbreth, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Galazky, I.; Voges, J.; Guitart-Masip, M.; Heinze, H. J.;  and Düzel, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Neurology</i>, 262(6): 1541–1547. June 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.ids= wagenbrethDeepBrainStimulation2015</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7749-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wagenbreth-zaehle-galazky-voges-guitartmasip-heinze-dzel-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusmodulatesrewardprocessingandactionselectioninparkinsonpatients-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7749-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wagenbreth-zaehle-galazky-voges-guitartmasip-heinze-dzel-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusmodulatesrewardprocessingandactionselectioninparkinsonpatients-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wagenbreth-zaehle-galazky-voges-guitartmasip-heinze-dzel-deepbrainstimulationofthesubthalamicnucleusmodulatesrewardprocessingandactionselectioninparkinsonpatients-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wagenbreth_deep_2015,\n\ttitle = {Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates reward processing and action selection in {Parkinson} patients},\n\tvolume = {262},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00415-015-7749-9},\n\tabstract = {Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for motor impairments in Parkinson&#x27;s disease (PD) but its effect on the motivational regulation of action control is still not fully understood. We investigated whether DBS of the STN influences the ability of PD patients to act for anticipated reward or loss, or whether DBS improves action execution independent of motivational valence. 16 PD patients (12 male, mean age = 58.5 ± 10.17 years) treated with bilateral STN-DBS and an age- and gender-matched group of healthy controls (HC) performed a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action. Patients were tested with (ON) and without (OFF) active STN stimulation. For HC, there was a benefit in performing rewarded actions when compared to actions that avoided punishment. PD patients showed such a benefit reliably only when STN stimulation was ON. In fact, the relative behavioral benefit for go for reward over go to avoid losing was stronger in the PD patients under DBS ON than in HC. In PD patients, rather than generally improving motor functions independent of motivational valence, modulation of the STN by DBS improves action execution specifically when rewards are anticipated. Thus, STN-DBS establishes a reliable congruency between action and reward (&quot;Pavlovian congruency&quot;) and remarkably enhances it over the level observed in HC.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Neurology},\n\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Zaehle, T. and Galazky, I. and Voges, J. and Guitart-Masip, M. and Heinze, H. J. and Düzel, E.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {tex.ids= wagenbrethDeepBrainStimulation2015},\n\tkeywords = {Action selection, Deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, Reward, Subthalamic nucleus},\n\tpages = {1541--1547},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) but its effect on the motivational regulation of action control is still not fully understood. We investigated whether DBS of the STN influences the ability of PD patients to act for anticipated reward or loss, or whether DBS improves action execution independent of motivational valence. 16 PD patients (12 male, mean age = 58.5 ± 10.17 years) treated with bilateral STN-DBS and an age- and gender-matched group of healthy controls (HC) performed a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action. Patients were tested with (ON) and without (OFF) active STN stimulation. For HC, there was a benefit in performing rewarded actions when compared to actions that avoided punishment. PD patients showed such a benefit reliably only when STN stimulation was ON. In fact, the relative behavioral benefit for go for reward over go to avoid losing was stronger in the PD patients under DBS ON than in HC. In PD patients, rather than generally improving motor functions independent of motivational valence, modulation of the STN by DBS improves action execution specifically when rewards are anticipated. Thus, STN-DBS establishes a reliable congruency between action and reward (\"Pavlovian congruency\") and remarkably enhances it over the level observed in HC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stenner-litvak-rutledge-zaehle-schmitt-voges-heinze-dolan-corticaldriveoflowfrequencyoscillationsinthehumannucleusaccumbensduringactionselection-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cortical drive of low-frequency oscillations in the human nucleus accumbens during action selection.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stenner, M. P.; Litvak, V.; Rutledge, R. B.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Schmitt, F. C.; Voges, J.; Heinze, H. J.;  and Dolan, R. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>, 114(1): 29–39. July 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00988.2014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stenner-litvak-rutledge-zaehle-schmitt-voges-heinze-dolan-corticaldriveoflowfrequencyoscillationsinthehumannucleusaccumbensduringactionselection-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00988.2014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stenner-litvak-rutledge-zaehle-schmitt-voges-heinze-dolan-corticaldriveoflowfrequencyoscillationsinthehumannucleusaccumbensduringactionselection-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stenner-litvak-rutledge-zaehle-schmitt-voges-heinze-dolan-corticaldriveoflowfrequencyoscillationsinthehumannucleusaccumbensduringactionselection-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stenner_cortical_2015,\n\ttitle = {Cortical drive of low-frequency oscillations in the human nucleus accumbens during action selection},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tdoi = {10.1152/jn.00988.2014},\n\tabstract = {The nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to action selection by integrating behaviorally relevant information from multiple regions, including prefrontal cortex. Studies in rodents suggest that information flow to the nucleus accumbens may be regulated via task-dependent oscillatory coupling between regions. During instrumental behavior, local field potentials (LFP) in the rat nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are coupled at delta frequencies (Gruber AJ, Hussain RJ, O&#x27;Donnell P. PLoS One 4: e5062, 2009), possibly mediating suppression of afferent input from other areas and thereby supporting cortical control (Calhoon GG, O&#x27;Donnell P. Neuron 78: 181-190, 2013). In this report, we demonstrate low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling in humans, both at rest and during a decision-making task. We recorded LFP from the nucleus accumbens in six epilepsy patients who underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. All patients showed significant coherence and phase-synchronization between LFP and surface EEG at delta and low theta frequencies. Although the direction of this coupling as indexed by Granger causality varied between subjects in the resting-state data, all patients showed a cortical drive of the nucleus accumbens during action selection in a decision-making task. In three patients this was accompanied by a significant coherence increase over baseline. Our results suggest that low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling represents a highly conserved regulatory mechanism for action selection.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},\n\tauthor = {Stenner, M. P. and Litvak, V. and Rutledge, R. B. and Zaehle, T. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Dolan, R. J.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {29--39},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to action selection by integrating behaviorally relevant information from multiple regions, including prefrontal cortex. Studies in rodents suggest that information flow to the nucleus accumbens may be regulated via task-dependent oscillatory coupling between regions. During instrumental behavior, local field potentials (LFP) in the rat nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are coupled at delta frequencies (Gruber AJ, Hussain RJ, O'Donnell P. PLoS One 4: e5062, 2009), possibly mediating suppression of afferent input from other areas and thereby supporting cortical control (Calhoon GG, O'Donnell P. Neuron 78: 181-190, 2013). In this report, we demonstrate low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling in humans, both at rest and during a decision-making task. We recorded LFP from the nucleus accumbens in six epilepsy patients who underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. All patients showed significant coherence and phase-synchronization between LFP and surface EEG at delta and low theta frequencies. Although the direction of this coupling as indexed by Granger causality varied between subjects in the resting-state data, all patients showed a cortical drive of the nucleus accumbens during action selection in a decision-making task. In three patients this was accompanied by a significant coherence increase over baseline. Our results suggest that low-frequency cortico-accumbens coupling represents a highly conserved regulatory mechanism for action selection.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fischer-schwiecker-bittner-heinze-voges-galazky-zaehle-modulationofattentionalprocessingbydeepbrainstimulationofthepedunculopontinenucleusregioninpatientswithparkinsoniandisorders-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Modulation of attentional processing by deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region in patients with parkinsonian disorders.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fischer, J.; Schwiecker, K.; Bittner, V.; Heinze, H. J.; Voges, J.; Galazky, I.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuropsychology</i>, 29(4): 632–637. July 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000179\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fischer-schwiecker-bittner-heinze-voges-galazky-zaehle-modulationofattentionalprocessingbydeepbrainstimulationofthepedunculopontinenucleusregioninpatientswithparkinsoniandisorders-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000179', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fischer-schwiecker-bittner-heinze-voges-galazky-zaehle-modulationofattentionalprocessingbydeepbrainstimulationofthepedunculopontinenucleusregioninpatientswithparkinsoniandisorders-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fischer-schwiecker-bittner-heinze-voges-galazky-zaehle-modulationofattentionalprocessingbydeepbrainstimulationofthepedunculopontinenucleusregioninpatientswithparkinsoniandisorders-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fischer_modulation_2015,\n\ttitle = {Modulation of attentional processing by deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region in patients with parkinsonian disorders},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tdoi = {10.1037/neu0000179},\n\tabstract = {Low-frequency electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a therapeutic approach aiming to improve motor symptoms such as freezing of gate and postural instability in parkinsonian disorders. Because the PPN is a component of the reticular activating system, we tested whether PPN stimulation directly affects attention and consciousness.\n Eight patients with parkinsonian disorders and implanted with electrodes in the bilateral PPN underwent computerized assessment of attention. Performance in 3 standard reaction time (RT) tasks was assessed at 5 different stimulation frequencies in 5 consecutive sessions.\n Stimulation of the PPN at low (8 Hz) and therapeutic (20 Hz) frequencies led to a significant improvement of performance in a simple RT task. Patients&#x27; RTs were significantly faster at stimulation frequencies of 8 Hz and 20 Hz relative to no stimulation. Stimulation did not affect patients&#x27; performance in more complex attentional tasks.\n Low-frequent stimulation of PPN improves basal attentional processing in patients with parkinsonian disorders, leading to an improved tonic alertness. As successful performance in this task requires the intrinsic ability to build up and keep a certain level of attention, this might be interpreted as attentional augmentation related to stimulation features. Stimulation had no effect on more complex attentional processing. Our results suggest an influence of the PPN on certain aspects of attention, supporting attentional augmentation as one possible mechanism to improve motor action and gait in patients with parkinsonian disorders.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Neuropsychology},\n\tauthor = {Fischer, J. and Schwiecker, K. and Bittner, V. and Heinze, H. J. and Voges, J. and Galazky, I. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {632--637},\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Low-frequency electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a therapeutic approach aiming to improve motor symptoms such as freezing of gate and postural instability in parkinsonian disorders. Because the PPN is a component of the reticular activating system, we tested whether PPN stimulation directly affects attention and consciousness. Eight patients with parkinsonian disorders and implanted with electrodes in the bilateral PPN underwent computerized assessment of attention. Performance in 3 standard reaction time (RT) tasks was assessed at 5 different stimulation frequencies in 5 consecutive sessions. Stimulation of the PPN at low (8 Hz) and therapeutic (20 Hz) frequencies led to a significant improvement of performance in a simple RT task. Patients' RTs were significantly faster at stimulation frequencies of 8 Hz and 20 Hz relative to no stimulation. Stimulation did not affect patients' performance in more complex attentional tasks. Low-frequent stimulation of PPN improves basal attentional processing in patients with parkinsonian disorders, leading to an improved tonic alertness. As successful performance in this task requires the intrinsic ability to build up and keep a certain level of attention, this might be interpreted as attentional augmentation related to stimulation features. Stimulation had no effect on more complex attentional processing. Our results suggest an influence of the PPN on certain aspects of attention, supporting attentional augmentation as one possible mechanism to improve motor action and gait in patients with parkinsonian disorders.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014', 'https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352', event);\">\n    Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sweeney-Reed, C. M; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Voges, J.; Schmitt, F. C; Buentjen, L.; Kopitzki, K.; Esslinger, C.; Hinrichs, H.; Heinze, H.; Knight, R. T;  and Richardson-Klavehn, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>eLife</i>, 3: e05352. December 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014', 'https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/gg39j7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014', 'http://doi.org/10/gg39j7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sweeneyreed-zaehle-voges-schmitt-buentjen-kopitzki-esslinger-hinrichs-etal-corticothalamicphasesynchronyandcrossfrequencycouplingpredicthumanmemoryformation-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sweeney-reed_corticothalamic_2014,\n\ttitle = {Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2050-084X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05352},\n\tdoi = {10/gg39j7},\n\tabstract = {The anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) is thought to play an important role in a brain network involving the hippocampus and neocortex, which enables human memories to be formed. However, its small size and location deep within the brain have impeded direct investigation in humans with non-invasive techniques. Here we provide direct evidence for a functional role for the ATN in memory formation from rare simultaneous human intrathalamic and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from eight volunteering patients receiving intrathalamic electrodes implanted for the treatment of epilepsy, demonstrating real-time communication between neocortex and ATN during successful memory encoding. Neocortical-ATN theta oscillatory phase synchrony of local field potentials and neocortical-theta-to-ATN-gamma cross-frequency coupling during presentation of complex photographic scenes predicted later memory for the scenes, demonstrating a key role for the ATN in human memory encoding.},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {eLife},\n\tauthor = {Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M and Zaehle, Tino and Voges, Juergen and Schmitt, Friedhelm C and Buentjen, Lars and Kopitzki, Klaus and Esslinger, Christine and Hinrichs, Hermann and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Knight, Robert T and Richardson-Klavehn, Alan},\n\teditor = {Eichenbaum, Howard},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {cross-frequency coupling, memory, synchrony, thalamus},\n\tpages = {e05352},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) is thought to play an important role in a brain network involving the hippocampus and neocortex, which enables human memories to be formed. However, its small size and location deep within the brain have impeded direct investigation in humans with non-invasive techniques. Here we provide direct evidence for a functional role for the ATN in memory formation from rare simultaneous human intrathalamic and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from eight volunteering patients receiving intrathalamic electrodes implanted for the treatment of epilepsy, demonstrating real-time communication between neocortex and ATN during successful memory encoding. Neocortical-ATN theta oscillatory phase synchrony of local field potentials and neocortical-theta-to-ATN-gamma cross-frequency coupling during presentation of complex photographic scenes predicted later memory for the scenes, demonstrating a key role for the ATN in human memory encoding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-holtkamp-kowski-safetyandfeasibilityofnucleusaccumbensstimulationinfivepatientswithepilepsy-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Safety and feasibility of nucleus accumbens stimulation in five patients with epilepsy.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schmitt, F. C.; Voges, J.; Heinze, H. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Holtkamp, M.;  and Kowski, A. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Neurology</i>, 261(8): 1477–1484. August 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7364-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-holtkamp-kowski-safetyandfeasibilityofnucleusaccumbensstimulationinfivepatientswithepilepsy-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7364-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-holtkamp-kowski-safetyandfeasibilityofnucleusaccumbensstimulationinfivepatientswithepilepsy-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schmitt-voges-heinze-zaehle-holtkamp-kowski-safetyandfeasibilityofnucleusaccumbensstimulationinfivepatientswithepilepsy-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schmitt_safety_2014,\n\ttitle = {Safety and feasibility of nucleus accumbens stimulation in five patients with epilepsy},\n\tvolume = {261},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00415-014-7364-1},\n\tabstract = {In five adult patients with intractable partial epilepsy, safety and feasibility of chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) were assessed, also providing initial indications of therapeutic efficacy. Concurrent medication remained unchanged. In this phase 1 trial, clinical outcome parameters of interest were Quality of Life in Epilepsy questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P), Beck Depression Inventory, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, neuropsychological testing, and Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Those data were obtained after 6 months of NAC stimulation and compared to the equivalent assessments made directly before implantation of electrodes. Additionally, monthly frequencies of simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures (CPS), and generalised tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were assessed during 3 months before electrode implantation and at the end of 6-month NAC stimulation. Proportion of responders, i.e. ≥50 \\% reduction in frequency of disabling seizures (sum of CPS and GTCS), was calculated. Main findings were unchanged psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment and a significant decrease in seizure severity (p = 0.043). QOLIE-31-P total score trended towards improvement (p = 0.068). Two out of five participants were responders. The median reduction in frequency of disabling seizures was 37.5 \\%. In summary, we provide initial evidence for safety and feasibility of chronic electrical stimulation of the NAC in patients with intractable partial epilepsy, as indicated by largely unchanged neurocognitive function and psychiatric comorbidity. Even though our data are underpowered to reliably assess efficacy, the significant decrease in seizure severity provides an initial indication of antiictal efficacy of NAC stimulation. This calls for larger and at best randomised trials to further elucidate efficacy of NAC stimulation in patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Neurology},\n\tauthor = {Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T. and Holtkamp, M. and Kowski, A. B.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {1477--1484},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In five adult patients with intractable partial epilepsy, safety and feasibility of chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) were assessed, also providing initial indications of therapeutic efficacy. Concurrent medication remained unchanged. In this phase 1 trial, clinical outcome parameters of interest were Quality of Life in Epilepsy questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P), Beck Depression Inventory, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, neuropsychological testing, and Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. Those data were obtained after 6 months of NAC stimulation and compared to the equivalent assessments made directly before implantation of electrodes. Additionally, monthly frequencies of simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures (CPS), and generalised tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were assessed during 3 months before electrode implantation and at the end of 6-month NAC stimulation. Proportion of responders, i.e. ≥50 % reduction in frequency of disabling seizures (sum of CPS and GTCS), was calculated. Main findings were unchanged psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment and a significant decrease in seizure severity (p = 0.043). QOLIE-31-P total score trended towards improvement (p = 0.068). Two out of five participants were responders. The median reduction in frequency of disabling seizures was 37.5 %. In summary, we provide initial evidence for safety and feasibility of chronic electrical stimulation of the NAC in patients with intractable partial epilepsy, as indicated by largely unchanged neurocognitive function and psychiatric comorbidity. Even though our data are underpowered to reliably assess efficacy, the significant decrease in seizure severity provides an initial indication of antiictal efficacy of NAC stimulation. This calls for larger and at best randomised trials to further elucidate efficacy of NAC stimulation in patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wagenbreth-rieger-heinze-zaehle-seeingemotionsintheeyesinverseprimingeffectsinducedbyeyesexpressingmentalstates-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Seeing emotions in the eyes - inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wagenbreth, C.; Rieger, J.; Heinze, H. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Front Psychol</i>, 5: 1039.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wagenbreth-rieger-heinze-zaehle-seeingemotionsintheeyesinverseprimingeffectsinducedbyeyesexpressingmentalstates-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wagenbreth-rieger-heinze-zaehle-seeingemotionsintheeyesinverseprimingeffectsinducedbyeyesexpressingmentalstates-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wagenbreth-rieger-heinze-zaehle-seeingemotionsintheeyesinverseprimingeffectsinducedbyeyesexpressingmentalstates-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wagenbreth_seeing_2014,\n\ttitle = {Seeing emotions in the eyes - inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039},\n\tabstract = {Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming.\n Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories &quot;fear,&quot; &quot;disgust,&quot; &quot;happiness,&quot; and &quot;neutral.&quot;\n A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words - with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words - with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs.\n Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.},\n\tjournal = {Front Psychol},\n\tauthor = {Wagenbreth, C. and Rieger, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Zaehle, T.},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {1039},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming. Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories \"fear,\" \"disgust,\" \"happiness,\" and \"neutral.\" A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words - with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words - with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs. Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"drschmid-zaehle-kopitzki-voges-schmitt-heinze-knight-hinrichs-phaseamplitudecrossfrequencycouplinginthehumannucleusaccumbenstracksactionmonitoringduringcognitivecontrol-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling in the human nucleus accumbens tracks action monitoring during cognitive control.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dürschmid, S.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Kopitzki, K.; Voges, J.; Schmitt, F. C.; Heinze, H. J.; Knight, R. T.;  and Hinrichs, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, 7: 635.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00635\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('drschmid-zaehle-kopitzki-voges-schmitt-heinze-knight-hinrichs-phaseamplitudecrossfrequencycouplinginthehumannucleusaccumbenstracksactionmonitoringduringcognitivecontrol-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00635', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/drschmid-zaehle-kopitzki-voges-schmitt-heinze-knight-hinrichs-phaseamplitudecrossfrequencycouplinginthehumannucleusaccumbenstracksactionmonitoringduringcognitivecontrol-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('drschmid-zaehle-kopitzki-voges-schmitt-heinze-knight-hinrichs-phaseamplitudecrossfrequencycouplinginthehumannucleusaccumbenstracksactionmonitoringduringcognitivecontrol-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{durschmid_phase-amplitude_2013,\n\ttitle = {Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling in the human nucleus accumbens tracks action monitoring during cognitive control},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00635},\n\tabstract = {The Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) is an important structure for the transfer of information between cortical and subcortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. However, the mechanism that allows the NAcc to achieve this integration is not well understood. Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) of oscillations in different frequency bands has been proposed as an effective mechanism to form functional networks to optimize transfer and integration of information. Here we assess PAC between theta and high gamma oscillations as a potential mechanism that facilitates motor adaptation. To address this issue we recorded intracranial field potentials directly from the bilateral human NAcc in three patients while they performed a motor learning task that varied in the level of cognitive control needed to perform the task. As in rodents, PAC was observable in the human NAcc, transiently occurring contralateral to a movement following the motor response. Importantly, PAC correlated with the level of cognitive control needed to monitor the action performed. This functional relation indicates that the NAcc is engaged in action monitoring and supports the evaluation of motor programs during adaptive behavior by means of PAC.},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Dürschmid, S. and Zaehle, T. and Kopitzki, K. and Voges, J. and Schmitt, F. C. and Heinze, H. J. and Knight, R. T. and Hinrichs, H.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {635},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) is an important structure for the transfer of information between cortical and subcortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. However, the mechanism that allows the NAcc to achieve this integration is not well understood. Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) of oscillations in different frequency bands has been proposed as an effective mechanism to form functional networks to optimize transfer and integration of information. Here we assess PAC between theta and high gamma oscillations as a potential mechanism that facilitates motor adaptation. To address this issue we recorded intracranial field potentials directly from the bilateral human NAcc in three patients while they performed a motor learning task that varied in the level of cognitive control needed to perform the task. As in rodents, PAC was observable in the human NAcc, transiently occurring contralateral to a movement following the motor response. Importantly, PAC correlated with the level of cognitive control needed to monitor the action performed. This functional relation indicates that the NAcc is engaged in action monitoring and supports the evaluation of motor programs during adaptive behavior by means of PAC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-bauch-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-bunzeck-nucleusaccumbensactivitydissociatesdifferentformsofsalienceevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Nucleus accumbens activity dissociates different forms of salience: evidence from human intracranial recordings.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Bauch, E. M.; Hinrichs, H.; Schmitt, F. C.; Voges, J.; Heinze, H. J.;  and Bunzeck, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 33(20): 8764–8771. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.ids= zaehleNucleusAccumbensActivity2013</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-bauch-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-bunzeck-nucleusaccumbensactivitydissociatesdifferentformsofsalienceevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-bauch-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-bunzeck-nucleusaccumbensactivitydissociatesdifferentformsofsalienceevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-bauch-hinrichs-schmitt-voges-heinze-bunzeck-nucleusaccumbensactivitydissociatesdifferentformsofsalienceevidencefromhumanintracranialrecordings-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_nucleus_2013,\n\ttitle = {Nucleus accumbens activity dissociates different forms of salience: evidence from human intracranial recordings},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tdoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013},\n\tabstract = {Theoretical models and empirical work indicate a critical role of the NAcc in salience processing. For instance, the NAcc not only responds to appetitive and aversive information, but it also signals novelty, contextual deviance, and action monitoring. However, because most studies have investigated only one specific type of salience independently, it remains unclear how the NAcc concurrently differentiates between different forms of salience. To investigate this issue, we used intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients together with a previously established visual oddball paradigm. Here, three different oddball categories (novel, neutral, and target images) were infrequently presented among a standard scene image, and subjects responded to the target via button press. This task allowed us to differentiate &quot;item novelty&quot; (new vs neutral oddballs) from &quot;contextual deviance&quot; (neutral oddballs vs standard images) and &quot;targetness&quot; (target vs neutral oddballs). Time-frequency analysis revealed a dissociation between item novelty and contextual deviance on the basis of decreases in either θ (4-8 Hz) or β power (20-30 Hz). Targetness, on the other hand, was signaled by positive deflections in the stimulus-locked local field potentials, which, importantly, correlated with subjects&#x27; reaction times. These findings indicate that, in an ongoing stream of information, the NAcc differentiates between types of salience by distinct neural mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Bauch, E. M. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Voges, J. and Heinze, H. J. and Bunzeck, N.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {tex.ids= zaehleNucleusAccumbensActivity2013},\n\tpages = {8764--8771},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Theoretical models and empirical work indicate a critical role of the NAcc in salience processing. For instance, the NAcc not only responds to appetitive and aversive information, but it also signals novelty, contextual deviance, and action monitoring. However, because most studies have investigated only one specific type of salience independently, it remains unclear how the NAcc concurrently differentiates between different forms of salience. To investigate this issue, we used intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients together with a previously established visual oddball paradigm. Here, three different oddball categories (novel, neutral, and target images) were infrequently presented among a standard scene image, and subjects responded to the target via button press. This task allowed us to differentiate \"item novelty\" (new vs neutral oddballs) from \"contextual deviance\" (neutral oddballs vs standard images) and \"targetness\" (target vs neutral oddballs). Time-frequency analysis revealed a dissociation between item novelty and contextual deviance on the basis of decreases in either θ (4-8 Hz) or β power (20-30 Hz). Targetness, on the other hand, was signaled by positive deflections in the stimulus-locked local field potentials, which, importantly, correlated with subjects' reaction times. These findings indicate that, in an ongoing stream of information, the NAcc differentiates between types of salience by distinct neural mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-becke-naue-machts-abdulla-petri-kollewe-dengler-etal-workingmemoryinalspatientspreservedperformancebutmarkedchangesinunderlyingneuronalnetworks-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Working memory in ALS patients: preserved performance but marked changes in underlying neuronal networks.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Becke, A.; Naue, N.; Machts, J.; Abdulla, S.; Petri, S.; Kollewe, K.; Dengler, R.; Heinze, H. J.; Vielhaber, S.;  and Müller, N. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 8(8): e71973.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071973\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-becke-naue-machts-abdulla-petri-kollewe-dengler-etal-workingmemoryinalspatientspreservedperformancebutmarkedchangesinunderlyingneuronalnetworks-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071973', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-becke-naue-machts-abdulla-petri-kollewe-dengler-etal-workingmemoryinalspatientspreservedperformancebutmarkedchangesinunderlyingneuronalnetworks-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-becke-naue-machts-abdulla-petri-kollewe-dengler-etal-workingmemoryinalspatientspreservedperformancebutmarkedchangesinunderlyingneuronalnetworks-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_working_2013,\n\ttitle = {Working memory in {ALS} patients: preserved performance but marked changes in underlying neuronal networks},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0071973},\n\tabstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects the motor system but also other frontal brain regions. In this study we investigated changes in functional neuronal networks including posterior brain regions that are not directly affected by the neurodegenerative process. To this end, we analyzed the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an ERP component considered an online marker of memory storage in posterior cortex, while 23 ALS patients and their controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample working memory (WM) task. The task required encoding of stimuli in the cued hemifield whilst ignoring stimuli in the other hemifield. Despite their unimpaired behavioral performance patients displayed several changes in the neuronal markers of the memory processes. Their CDA amplitude was smaller; it showed less load-dependent modulation and lacked the reduction observed when controls performed the same task three months later. The smaller CDA in the patients could be attributed to more ipsilateral cortical activity which may indicate that ALS patients unnecessarily processed the irrelevant stimuli as well. The latter is presumably related to deterioration of the frontal cortex in the patient group which was indicated by slight deficits in tests of their executive functions that increased over time. The frontal pathology presumably affected their top-down control of memory storage in remote regions in the posterior brain. In sum, the present results demonstrate functional changes in neuronal networks, i.e. neuroplasticity, in ALS that go well beyond the known structural changes. They also show that at least in WM tasks, in which strategic top-down control demands are relatively low, the frontal deficit can be compensated for by intact low level processes in posterior brain regions.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Becke, A. and Naue, N. and Machts, J. and Abdulla, S. and Petri, S. and Kollewe, K. and Dengler, R. and Heinze, H. J. and Vielhaber, S. and Müller, N. G.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {e71973},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects the motor system but also other frontal brain regions. In this study we investigated changes in functional neuronal networks including posterior brain regions that are not directly affected by the neurodegenerative process. To this end, we analyzed the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an ERP component considered an online marker of memory storage in posterior cortex, while 23 ALS patients and their controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample working memory (WM) task. The task required encoding of stimuli in the cued hemifield whilst ignoring stimuli in the other hemifield. Despite their unimpaired behavioral performance patients displayed several changes in the neuronal markers of the memory processes. Their CDA amplitude was smaller; it showed less load-dependent modulation and lacked the reduction observed when controls performed the same task three months later. The smaller CDA in the patients could be attributed to more ipsilateral cortical activity which may indicate that ALS patients unnecessarily processed the irrelevant stimuli as well. The latter is presumably related to deterioration of the frontal cortex in the patient group which was indicated by slight deficits in tests of their executive functions that increased over time. The frontal pathology presumably affected their top-down control of memory storage in remote regions in the posterior brain. In sum, the present results demonstrate functional changes in neuronal networks, i.e. neuroplasticity, in ALS that go well beyond the known structural changes. They also show that at least in WM tasks, in which strategic top-down control demands are relatively low, the frontal deficit can be compensated for by intact low level processes in posterior brain regions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2012\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2012</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"neuling-wagner-wolters-zaehle-herrmann-finiteelementmodelpredictscurrentdensitydistributionforclinicalapplicationsoftdcsandtacs-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Finite-Element Model Predicts Current Density Distribution for Clinical Applications of tDCS and tACS.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Neuling, T.; Wagner, S.; Wolters, C. H.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Herrmann, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Front Psychiatry</i>, 3: 83.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00083\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neuling-wagner-wolters-zaehle-herrmann-finiteelementmodelpredictscurrentdensitydistributionforclinicalapplicationsoftdcsandtacs-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00083', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/neuling-wagner-wolters-zaehle-herrmann-finiteelementmodelpredictscurrentdensitydistributionforclinicalapplicationsoftdcsandtacs-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('neuling-wagner-wolters-zaehle-herrmann-finiteelementmodelpredictscurrentdensitydistributionforclinicalapplicationsoftdcsandtacs-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{neuling_finite-element_2012,\n\ttitle = {Finite-{Element} {Model} {Predicts} {Current} {Density} {Distribution} for {Clinical} {Applications} of {tDCS} and {tACS}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00083},\n\tabstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied in numerous scientific studies over the past decade. However, the possibility to apply tDCS in therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders is still debated. While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been approved for treatment of major depression in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), tDCS is not as widely accepted. One of the criticisms against tDCS is the lack of spatial specificity. Focality is limited by the electrode size (35 cm(2) are commonly used) and the bipolar arrangement. However, a current flow through the head directly from anode to cathode is an outdated view. Finite-element (FE) models have recently been used to predict the exact current flow during tDCS. These simulations have demonstrated that the current flow depends on tissue shape and conductivity. To face the challenge to predict the location, magnitude, and direction of the current flow induced by tDCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), we used a refined realistic FE modeling approach. With respect to the literature on clinical tDCS and tACS, we analyzed two common setups for the location of the stimulation electrodes which target the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, respectively. We compared lateral and medial electrode configuration with regard to their usability. We were able to demonstrate that the lateral configurations yielded more focused stimulation areas as well as higher current intensities in the target areas. The high resolution of our simulation allows one to combine the modeled current flow with the knowledge of neuronal orientation to predict the consequences of tDCS and tACS. Our results not only offer a basis for a deeper understanding of the stimulation sites currently in use for clinical applications but also offer a better interpretation of observed effects.},\n\tjournal = {Front Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Neuling, T. and Wagner, S. and Wolters, C. H. and Zaehle, T. and Herrmann, C. S.},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {83},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied in numerous scientific studies over the past decade. However, the possibility to apply tDCS in therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders is still debated. While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been approved for treatment of major depression in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), tDCS is not as widely accepted. One of the criticisms against tDCS is the lack of spatial specificity. Focality is limited by the electrode size (35 cm(2) are commonly used) and the bipolar arrangement. However, a current flow through the head directly from anode to cathode is an outdated view. Finite-element (FE) models have recently been used to predict the exact current flow during tDCS. These simulations have demonstrated that the current flow depends on tissue shape and conductivity. To face the challenge to predict the location, magnitude, and direction of the current flow induced by tDCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), we used a refined realistic FE modeling approach. With respect to the literature on clinical tDCS and tACS, we analyzed two common setups for the location of the stimulation electrodes which target the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, respectively. We compared lateral and medial electrode configuration with regard to their usability. We were able to demonstrate that the lateral configurations yielded more focused stimulation areas as well as higher current intensities in the target areas. The high resolution of our simulation allows one to combine the modeled current flow with the knowledge of neuronal orientation to predict the consequences of tDCS and tACS. Our results not only offer a basis for a deeper understanding of the stimulation sites currently in use for clinical applications but also offer a better interpretation of observed effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"staudigl-zaehle-voges-hanslmayr-esslinger-hinrichs-schmitt-heinze-etal-memorysignalsfromthethalamusearlythalamocorticalphasesynchronizationentrainsgammaoscillationsduringlongtermmemoryretrieval-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Memory signals from the thalamus: early thalamocortical phase synchronization entrains gamma oscillations during long-term memory retrieval.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Staudigl, T.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Voges, J.; Hanslmayr, S.; Esslinger, C.; Hinrichs, H.; Schmitt, F. C.; Heinze, H. J.;  and Richardson-Klavehn, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuropsychologia</i>, 50(14): 3519–3527. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('staudigl-zaehle-voges-hanslmayr-esslinger-hinrichs-schmitt-heinze-etal-memorysignalsfromthethalamusearlythalamocorticalphasesynchronizationentrainsgammaoscillationsduringlongtermmemoryretrieval-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/staudigl-zaehle-voges-hanslmayr-esslinger-hinrichs-schmitt-heinze-etal-memorysignalsfromthethalamusearlythalamocorticalphasesynchronizationentrainsgammaoscillationsduringlongtermmemoryretrieval-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('staudigl-zaehle-voges-hanslmayr-esslinger-hinrichs-schmitt-heinze-etal-memorysignalsfromthethalamusearlythalamocorticalphasesynchronizationentrainsgammaoscillationsduringlongtermmemoryretrieval-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{staudigl_memory_2012,\n\ttitle = {Memory signals from the thalamus: early thalamocortical phase synchronization entrains gamma oscillations during long-term memory retrieval},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023},\n\tabstract = {The thalamus is believed to be a key node in human memory networks, however, very little is known about its real-time functional role. Here we examined the dynamics of thalamocortical communication during long-term episodic memory retrieval in two experiments. In experiment 1, intrathalamic and surface EEG was recorded in an epileptic patient implanted with depth electrodes for brain stimulation therapy. In a recognition memory test, early (300-500 ms) stimulus-linked oscillatory synchrony between mediodorsal thalamic and frontal surface electrodes at beta frequency (20 Hz) was enhanced for correctly remembered old compared to correctly rejected new items. Directionality measures (Granger causality) indicated that the thalamus was the sender, and the neocortex the receiver, of this beta signal, which also modulated the power of neocortical gamma (55-80 Hz) oscillations (cross-frequency coupling). Experiment 2 validated the cross-frequency coupling effects in a healthy participant sample. Confirming the findings from experiment 1, significantly increased cross-frequency coupling was found over frontal scalp electrodes during successful recognition. Extending anatomical knowledge on thalamic connectivity with frontal neocortex, these results suggest that the thalamus sends an early memory signal to frontal regions, triggering further memory search processes.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Neuropsychologia},\n\tauthor = {Staudigl, T. and Zaehle, T. and Voges, J. and Hanslmayr, S. and Esslinger, C. and Hinrichs, H. and Schmitt, F. C. and Heinze, H. J. and Richardson-Klavehn, A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {3519--3527},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The thalamus is believed to be a key node in human memory networks, however, very little is known about its real-time functional role. Here we examined the dynamics of thalamocortical communication during long-term episodic memory retrieval in two experiments. In experiment 1, intrathalamic and surface EEG was recorded in an epileptic patient implanted with depth electrodes for brain stimulation therapy. In a recognition memory test, early (300-500 ms) stimulus-linked oscillatory synchrony between mediodorsal thalamic and frontal surface electrodes at beta frequency (20 Hz) was enhanced for correctly remembered old compared to correctly rejected new items. Directionality measures (Granger causality) indicated that the thalamus was the sender, and the neocortex the receiver, of this beta signal, which also modulated the power of neocortical gamma (55-80 Hz) oscillations (cross-frequency coupling). Experiment 2 validated the cross-frequency coupling effects in a healthy participant sample. Confirming the findings from experiment 1, significantly increased cross-frequency coupling was found over frontal scalp electrodes during successful recognition. Extending anatomical knowledge on thalamic connectivity with frontal neocortex, these results suggest that the thalamus sends an early memory signal to frontal regions, triggering further memory search processes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liem-zaehle-burkhard-jncke-meyer-corticalthicknessofsupratemporalplanepredictsauditoryn1amplitude-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cortical thickness of supratemporal plane predicts auditory N1 amplitude.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liem, F.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Burkhard, A.; Jäncke, L.;  and Meyer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroreport</i>, 23(17): 1026–1030. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835abc5c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liem-zaehle-burkhard-jncke-meyer-corticalthicknessofsupratemporalplanepredictsauditoryn1amplitude-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835abc5c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liem-zaehle-burkhard-jncke-meyer-corticalthicknessofsupratemporalplanepredictsauditoryn1amplitude-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liem-zaehle-burkhard-jncke-meyer-corticalthicknessofsupratemporalplanepredictsauditoryn1amplitude-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liem_cortical_2012,\n\ttitle = {Cortical thickness of supratemporal plane predicts auditory {N1} amplitude},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835abc5c},\n\tabstract = {The auditory-evoked potential&#x27;s N1 component of the scalp electroencephalogram is a well-established measure of electrical brain activity. The N1 reflects basic auditory processing and is modulated by auditory experience, for instance, by musical training. Here, we explore a possible correlation between the auditory N1 amplitude and cortical architecture in the supratemporal plane. We hypothesize that individual differences in N1 amplitude reflect differential acuity, which might also be reflected by differences in auditory cortex anatomy. Auditory potentials evoked by sine wave tones and structural MRI were collected from 27 healthy volunteers. The thickness and surface area of the cortex were calculated using a surface-based morphometry approach. Cortical thickness, rather than surface area, in a cluster on the posterior supratemporal plane, predominantly located on Heschl&#x27;s sulcus and lateral aspects of Heschl&#x27;s gyrus, correlated with the N1 amplitude. In particular, lower cortical thickness was associated with larger N1 amplitudes. This is well in agreement with previous functional magnetic resonance studies reporting a thinner cortex to be related to a larger functional response.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Neuroreport},\n\tauthor = {Liem, F. and Zaehle, T. and Burkhard, A. and Jäncke, L. and Meyer, M.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {1026--1030},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The auditory-evoked potential's N1 component of the scalp electroencephalogram is a well-established measure of electrical brain activity. The N1 reflects basic auditory processing and is modulated by auditory experience, for instance, by musical training. Here, we explore a possible correlation between the auditory N1 amplitude and cortical architecture in the supratemporal plane. We hypothesize that individual differences in N1 amplitude reflect differential acuity, which might also be reflected by differences in auditory cortex anatomy. Auditory potentials evoked by sine wave tones and structural MRI were collected from 27 healthy volunteers. The thickness and surface area of the cortex were calculated using a surface-based morphometry approach. Cortical thickness, rather than surface area, in a cluster on the posterior supratemporal plane, predominantly located on Heschl's sulcus and lateral aspects of Heschl's gyrus, correlated with the N1 amplitude. In particular, lower cortical thickness was associated with larger N1 amplitudes. This is well in agreement with previous functional magnetic resonance studies reporting a thinner cortex to be related to a larger functional response.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011', 'https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2', event);\">\n    Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Sandmann, P.; Thorne, J. D; Jäncke, L.;  and Herrmann, C. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC Neuroscience</i>, 12(1): 2. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011', 'https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/b75vr3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011', 'http://doi.org/10/b75vr3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-sandmann-thorne-jncke-herrmann-transcranialdirectcurrentstimulationoftheprefrontalcortexmodulatesworkingmemoryperformancecombinedbehaviouralandelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_transcranial_2011,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1471-2202},\n\tshorttitle = {Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance},\n\turl = {https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-2},\n\tdoi = {10/b75vr3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {BMC Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Sandmann, Pascale and Thorne, Jeremy D and Jäncke, Lutz and Herrmann, Christoph S},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {2},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-herrmann-neuralsynchronyandwhitemattervariationsinthehumanbrainrelationbetweenevokedfrequencyandcorpuscallosummorphology-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Neural synchrony and white matter variations in the human brain–relation between evoked γ frequency and corpus callosum morphology.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>;  and Herrmann, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>, 79(1): 49–54. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-herrmann-neuralsynchronyandwhitemattervariationsinthehumanbrainrelationbetweenevokedfrequencyandcorpuscallosummorphology-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-herrmann-neuralsynchronyandwhitemattervariationsinthehumanbrainrelationbetweenevokedfrequencyandcorpuscallosummorphology-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-herrmann-neuralsynchronyandwhitemattervariationsinthehumanbrainrelationbetweenevokedfrequencyandcorpuscallosummorphology-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_neural_2011,\n\ttitle = {Neural synchrony and white matter variations in the human brain–relation between evoked γ frequency and corpus callosum morphology},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.029},\n\tabstract = {Synchronous gamma oscillations frame a general principle of functional connectivity and communication in the cortex. Efficient communication and coordination across neural networks rely upon the temporal precision of neural signals, which depends on the structural properties of the fibre bundles serving neural signal transmission. Therefore a direct relation between the geometry of cortical connections and the formation of stimulus-driven synchronous neural activity can be assumed. The aim of the present study was to identify the neuroanatomical correspondents of individual gamma frequency variations. For that purpose we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to correlate the frequency of visually evoked gamma band responses (eGBR) with local inter-individual variations in white matter (WM) density across a group of 17 individuals. Analyses demonstrate an association of eGBR frequency and white matter density in the individual human brain. Individuals with a higher eGBR frequency demonstrate increased white matter in fibres of the corpus callosum, whereas participants with low-density callosal WM show lower eGBR frequencies. The observed positive correlation between callosal white matter measure and frequency of visually evoked GBR may indicate that additional or better-myelinated callosal pathways facilitate a more efficient inter-hemispheric information transfer, which is likely to benefit the integration and processing of information and consequently to facilitate more efficient synchronization of neural activity between the two hemispheres.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Herrmann, C. S.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {49--54},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Synchronous gamma oscillations frame a general principle of functional connectivity and communication in the cortex. Efficient communication and coordination across neural networks rely upon the temporal precision of neural signals, which depends on the structural properties of the fibre bundles serving neural signal transmission. Therefore a direct relation between the geometry of cortical connections and the formation of stimulus-driven synchronous neural activity can be assumed. The aim of the present study was to identify the neuroanatomical correspondents of individual gamma frequency variations. For that purpose we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to correlate the frequency of visually evoked gamma band responses (eGBR) with local inter-individual variations in white matter (WM) density across a group of 17 individuals. Analyses demonstrate an association of eGBR frequency and white matter density in the individual human brain. Individuals with a higher eGBR frequency demonstrate increased white matter in fibres of the corpus callosum, whereas participants with low-density callosal WM show lower eGBR frequencies. The observed positive correlation between callosal white matter measure and frequency of visually evoked GBR may indicate that additional or better-myelinated callosal pathways facilitate a more efficient inter-hemispheric information transfer, which is likely to benefit the integration and processing of information and consequently to facilitate more efficient synchronization of neural activity between the two hemispheres.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-beretta-jncke-herrmann-sandmann-excitabilitychangesinducedinthehumanauditorycortexbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationdirectelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Beretta, M.; Jäncke, L.; Herrmann, C. S.;  and Sandmann, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Experimental Brain Research</i>, 215(2): 135–140. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-beretta-jncke-herrmann-sandmann-excitabilitychangesinducedinthehumanauditorycortexbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationdirectelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-beretta-jncke-herrmann-sandmann-excitabilitychangesinducedinthehumanauditorycortexbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationdirectelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-beretta-jncke-herrmann-sandmann-excitabilitychangesinducedinthehumanauditorycortexbytranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationdirectelectrophysiologicalevidence-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_excitability_2011,\n\ttitle = {Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence},\n\tvolume = {215},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5},\n\tabstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can systematically modify behavior by inducing changes in the underlying brain function. Objective electrophysiological evidence for tDCS-induced excitability changes has been demonstrated for the visual and somatosensory cortex, while evidence for excitability changes in the auditory cortex is lacking. In the present study, we applied tDCS over the left temporal as well as the left temporo-parietal cortex and investigated tDCS-induced effects on auditory evoked potentials after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation. Results show that anodal and cathodal tDCS can modify auditory cortex reactivity. Moreover, auditory evoked potentials were differentially modulated as a function of site of stimulation. While anodal tDCS over the temporal cortex increased auditory P50 amplitudes, cathodal tDCS over the temporo-parietal cortex induced larger N1 amplitudes. The results directly demonstrate excitability changes in the auditory cortex induced by active tDCS over the temporal and temporo-parietal cortex and might contribute to the understanding of mechanisms involved in the successful treatment of auditory disorders like tinnitus via tDCS.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Experimental Brain Research},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Beretta, M. and Jäncke, L. and Herrmann, C. S. and Sandmann, P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {135--140},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can systematically modify behavior by inducing changes in the underlying brain function. Objective electrophysiological evidence for tDCS-induced excitability changes has been demonstrated for the visual and somatosensory cortex, while evidence for excitability changes in the auditory cortex is lacking. In the present study, we applied tDCS over the left temporal as well as the left temporo-parietal cortex and investigated tDCS-induced effects on auditory evoked potentials after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation. Results show that anodal and cathodal tDCS can modify auditory cortex reactivity. Moreover, auditory evoked potentials were differentially modulated as a function of site of stimulation. While anodal tDCS over the temporal cortex increased auditory P50 amplitudes, cathodal tDCS over the temporo-parietal cortex induced larger N1 amplitudes. The results directly demonstrate excitability changes in the auditory cortex induced by active tDCS over the temporal and temporo-parietal cortex and might contribute to the understanding of mechanisms involved in the successful treatment of auditory disorders like tinnitus via tDCS.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"naue-rach-strber-huster-zaehle-krner-herrmann-auditoryeventrelatedresponseinvisualcortexmodulatessubsequentvisualresponsesinhumans-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Auditory event-related response in visual cortex modulates subsequent visual responses in humans.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Naue, N.; Rach, S.; Strüber, D.; Huster, R. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Körner, U.;  and Herrmann, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 31(21): 7729–7736. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1076-11.2011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('naue-rach-strber-huster-zaehle-krner-herrmann-auditoryeventrelatedresponseinvisualcortexmodulatessubsequentvisualresponsesinhumans-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1076-11.2011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/naue-rach-strber-huster-zaehle-krner-herrmann-auditoryeventrelatedresponseinvisualcortexmodulatessubsequentvisualresponsesinhumans-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('naue-rach-strber-huster-zaehle-krner-herrmann-auditoryeventrelatedresponseinvisualcortexmodulatessubsequentvisualresponsesinhumans-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{naue_auditory_2011,\n\ttitle = {Auditory event-related response in visual cortex modulates subsequent visual responses in humans},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tdoi = {10.1523/jneurosci.1076-11.2011},\n\tabstract = {Growing evidence from electrophysiological data in animal and human studies suggests that multisensory interaction is not exclusively a higher-order process, but also takes place in primary sensory cortices. Such early multisensory interaction is thought to be mediated by means of phase resetting. The presentation of a stimulus to one sensory modality resets the phase of ongoing oscillations in another modality such that processing in the latter modality is modulated. In humans, evidence for such a mechanism is still sparse. In the current study, the influence of an auditory stimulus on visual processing was investigated by measuring the electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral responses of humans to visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimulation with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). We observed three distinct oscillatory EEG responses in our data. An initial gamma-band response around 50 Hz was followed by a beta-band response around 25 Hz, and a theta response around 6 Hz. The latter was enhanced in response to cross-modal stimuli as compared to either unimodal stimuli. Interestingly, the beta response to unimodal auditory stimuli was dominant in electrodes over visual areas. The SOA between auditory and visual stimuli–albeit not consciously perceived–had a modulatory impact on the multisensory evoked beta-band responses; i.e., the amplitude depended on SOA in a sinusoidal fashion, suggesting a phase reset. These findings further support the notion that parameters of brain oscillations such as amplitude and phase are essential predictors of subsequent brain responses and might be one of the mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Naue, N. and Rach, S. and Strüber, D. and Huster, R. J. and Zaehle, T. and Körner, U. and Herrmann, C. S.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {7729--7736},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Growing evidence from electrophysiological data in animal and human studies suggests that multisensory interaction is not exclusively a higher-order process, but also takes place in primary sensory cortices. Such early multisensory interaction is thought to be mediated by means of phase resetting. The presentation of a stimulus to one sensory modality resets the phase of ongoing oscillations in another modality such that processing in the latter modality is modulated. In humans, evidence for such a mechanism is still sparse. In the current study, the influence of an auditory stimulus on visual processing was investigated by measuring the electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral responses of humans to visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimulation with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). We observed three distinct oscillatory EEG responses in our data. An initial gamma-band response around 50 Hz was followed by a beta-band response around 25 Hz, and a theta response around 6 Hz. The latter was enhanced in response to cross-modal stimuli as compared to either unimodal stimuli. Interestingly, the beta response to unimodal auditory stimuli was dominant in electrodes over visual areas. The SOA between auditory and visual stimuli–albeit not consciously perceived–had a modulatory impact on the multisensory evoked beta-band responses; i.e., the amplitude depended on SOA in a sinusoidal fashion, suggesting a phase reset. These findings further support the notion that parameters of brain oscillations such as amplitude and phase are essential predictors of subsequent brain responses and might be one of the mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2010\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2010</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-rach-herrmann-transcranialalternatingcurrentstimulationenhancesindividualalphaactivityinhumaneeg-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human EEG.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Rach, S.;  and Herrmann, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 5(11): e13766. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.ids= zaehleTranscranialAlternatingCurrent2010</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013766\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-rach-herrmann-transcranialalternatingcurrentstimulationenhancesindividualalphaactivityinhumaneeg-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013766', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-rach-herrmann-transcranialalternatingcurrentstimulationenhancesindividualalphaactivityinhumaneeg-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-rach-herrmann-transcranialalternatingcurrentstimulationenhancesindividualalphaactivityinhumaneeg-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_transcranial_2010,\n\ttitle = {Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human {EEG}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0013766},\n\tabstract = {Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the human cortex by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been instrumental in a number of important discoveries in the field of human cortical function and has become a well-established method for evaluating brain function in healthy human participants. Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been introduced to directly modulate the ongoing rhythmic brain activity by the application of oscillatory currents on the human scalp. Until now the efficiency of tACS in modulating rhythmic brain activity has been indicated only by inference from perceptual and behavioural consequences of electrical stimulation. No direct electrophysiological evidence of tACS has been reported. We delivered tACS over the occipital cortex of 10 healthy participants to entrain the neuronal oscillatory activity in their individual alpha frequency range and compared results with those from a separate group of participants receiving sham stimulation. The tACS but not the sham stimulation elevated the endogenous alpha power in parieto-central electrodes of the electroencephalogram. Additionally, in a network of spiking neurons, we simulated how tACS can be affected even after the end of stimulation. The results show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) selectively modulates synapses depending on the resonance frequencies of the neural circuits that they belong to. Thus, tACS influences STDP which in turn results in aftereffects upon neural activity.The present findings are the first direct electrophysiological evidence of an interaction of tACS and ongoing oscillatory activity in the human cortex. The data demonstrate the ability of tACS to specifically modulate oscillatory brain activity and show its potential both at fostering knowledge on the functional significance of brain oscillations and for therapeutic application.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Rach, S. and Herrmann, C. S.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {tex.ids= zaehleTranscranialAlternatingCurrent2010},\n\tkeywords = {Action potentials, Electroencephalography, Functional electrical stimulation, Neural pathways, Neurons, Synapses, Transcranial alternating current stimulation, Transcranial direct-current stimulation},\n\tpages = {e13766},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the human cortex by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been instrumental in a number of important discoveries in the field of human cortical function and has become a well-established method for evaluating brain function in healthy human participants. Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been introduced to directly modulate the ongoing rhythmic brain activity by the application of oscillatory currents on the human scalp. Until now the efficiency of tACS in modulating rhythmic brain activity has been indicated only by inference from perceptual and behavioural consequences of electrical stimulation. No direct electrophysiological evidence of tACS has been reported. We delivered tACS over the occipital cortex of 10 healthy participants to entrain the neuronal oscillatory activity in their individual alpha frequency range and compared results with those from a separate group of participants receiving sham stimulation. The tACS but not the sham stimulation elevated the endogenous alpha power in parieto-central electrodes of the electroencephalogram. Additionally, in a network of spiking neurons, we simulated how tACS can be affected even after the end of stimulation. The results show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) selectively modulates synapses depending on the resonance frequencies of the neural circuits that they belong to. Thus, tACS influences STDP which in turn results in aftereffects upon neural activity.The present findings are the first direct electrophysiological evidence of an interaction of tACS and ongoing oscillatory activity in the human cortex. The data demonstrate the ability of tACS to specifically modulate oscillatory brain activity and show its potential both at fostering knowledge on the functional significance of brain oscillations and for therapeutic application.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2009\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2009</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-frnd-schadow-thrig-schoenfeld-herrmann-interandintraindividualcovariationsofhemodynamicandoscillatorygammaresponsesinthehumancortex-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Inter- and intra-individual covariations of hemodynamic and oscillatory gamma responses in the human cortex.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Fründ, I.; Schadow, J.; Thärig, S.; Schoenfeld, M. A.;  and Herrmann, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, 3: 8.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.008.2009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-frnd-schadow-thrig-schoenfeld-herrmann-interandintraindividualcovariationsofhemodynamicandoscillatorygammaresponsesinthehumancortex-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.008.2009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-frnd-schadow-thrig-schoenfeld-herrmann-interandintraindividualcovariationsofhemodynamicandoscillatorygammaresponsesinthehumancortex-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-frnd-schadow-thrig-schoenfeld-herrmann-interandintraindividualcovariationsofhemodynamicandoscillatorygammaresponsesinthehumancortex-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_inter-_2009,\n\ttitle = {Inter- and intra-individual covariations of hemodynamic and oscillatory gamma responses in the human cortex},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/neuro.09.008.2009},\n\tabstract = {The time course of local field potentials (LFPs) displaying typical discharge frequencies in the gamma frequency range highly correlates with the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to rotating checkerboard stimuli in animals. In humans, oscillatory gamma-band responses (GBRs) show strong inter-individual variations in frequency and amplitude but considerable intra-individual reliability indicating that individual gamma activity reflects a personal trait. While the functional role of these GBRs is still debated, investigations combining electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) measurements provide a tool to obtain further insights into the underlying functional architecture of the human brain and will shed light onto the understanding of the dynamic relation between the BOLD signal and the properties of the electrical activity recorded on the scalp. We investigated the relation between the hemodynamic response and evoked gamma-band response (eGBR) to visual stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that the amplitude of human eGBRs and BOLD responses covary intra-individually as a function of stimulation as well as inter-individually as a function of gamma-trait. Seventeen participants performed visual discrimination tasks during separate EEG and fMRI recordings. Results revealed that visual stimuli that evoked high GBRs also elicited strong BOLD responses in the human V1/V2 complex. Furthermore, inter-individual variations of BOLD responses to visual stimuli in the bilateral primary (Area 17) and secondary (Area V5/MT) visual cortex and the right hippocampal formation were correlated with the individual gamma-trait of the subjects. The present study further supports the notion that neural oscillations in the gamma frequency range are involved in the cascade of neural processes that underlie the hemodynamic responses measured with fMRI.},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Fründ, I. and Schadow, J. and Thärig, S. and Schoenfeld, M. A. and Herrmann, C. S.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {8},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The time course of local field potentials (LFPs) displaying typical discharge frequencies in the gamma frequency range highly correlates with the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to rotating checkerboard stimuli in animals. In humans, oscillatory gamma-band responses (GBRs) show strong inter-individual variations in frequency and amplitude but considerable intra-individual reliability indicating that individual gamma activity reflects a personal trait. While the functional role of these GBRs is still debated, investigations combining electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) measurements provide a tool to obtain further insights into the underlying functional architecture of the human brain and will shed light onto the understanding of the dynamic relation between the BOLD signal and the properties of the electrical activity recorded on the scalp. We investigated the relation between the hemodynamic response and evoked gamma-band response (eGBR) to visual stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that the amplitude of human eGBRs and BOLD responses covary intra-individually as a function of stimulation as well as inter-individually as a function of gamma-trait. Seventeen participants performed visual discrimination tasks during separate EEG and fMRI recordings. Results revealed that visual stimuli that evoked high GBRs also elicited strong BOLD responses in the human V1/V2 complex. Furthermore, inter-individual variations of BOLD responses to visual stimuli in the bilateral primary (Area 17) and secondary (Area V5/MT) visual cortex and the right hippocampal formation were correlated with the individual gamma-trait of the subjects. The present study further supports the notion that neural oscillations in the gamma frequency range are involved in the cascade of neural processes that underlie the hemodynamic responses measured with fMRI.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-jancke-herrmann-meyer-preattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystem-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Jancke, L.; Herrmann, C. S.;  and Meyer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Topography</i>, 22(2): 97–108. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-009-0085-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-jancke-herrmann-meyer-preattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystem-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-009-0085-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-jancke-herrmann-meyer-preattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystem-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-jancke-herrmann-meyer-preattentivespectrotemporalfeatureprocessinginthehumanauditorysystem-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_pre-attentive_2009,\n\ttitle = {Pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10548-009-0085-6},\n\tabstract = {In the present study, we investigated the pre-attentive processing of low-level acoustic properties and the impact of this mechanism on functional lateralization in the human auditory system. Mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in 19 adult humans who passively listened to a standard stimulus and spectrally and temporally deviant sounds. We predicted modulations of the MMN amplitude in response to spectrally and temporally graded deviants. Based on recent models of functional hemispheric lateralisation, we further hypothesized a left-lateralized source of the MMN in response to temporal deviants and, in contrast, a right-lateralized source of the MMN in response to spectral deviants. In agreement with our hypothesis, we showed that spectrally and temporally deviant sounds lead to robust MMNs recorded from frontocentral scalp electrodes. The amplitudes of the MMNs were modulated by the grade of spectral and temporal deviation from the standard sound. Furthermore, by using an assumption-free source localization approach (LORETA) we demonstrated functionally lateralized activations with dominance of the right hemisphere for the processing of spectral characteristics and of the left hemisphere for the processing of temporal acoustic properties. Results of our study further contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of low-level acoustic feature perception in functional hemispheric lateralization in the context of auditory and speech processing. Our data indicate that the pre-attentive feature-specific deviant processing is mediated by partly distinct neural subsystems for temporal and spectral information.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Brain Topography},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Herrmann, C. S. and Meyer, M.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {97--108},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study, we investigated the pre-attentive processing of low-level acoustic properties and the impact of this mechanism on functional lateralization in the human auditory system. Mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in 19 adult humans who passively listened to a standard stimulus and spectrally and temporally deviant sounds. We predicted modulations of the MMN amplitude in response to spectrally and temporally graded deviants. Based on recent models of functional hemispheric lateralisation, we further hypothesized a left-lateralized source of the MMN in response to temporal deviants and, in contrast, a right-lateralized source of the MMN in response to spectral deviants. In agreement with our hypothesis, we showed that spectrally and temporally deviant sounds lead to robust MMNs recorded from frontocentral scalp electrodes. The amplitudes of the MMNs were modulated by the grade of spectral and temporal deviation from the standard sound. Furthermore, by using an assumption-free source localization approach (LORETA) we demonstrated functionally lateralized activations with dominance of the right hemisphere for the processing of spectral characteristics and of the left hemisphere for the processing of temporal acoustic properties. Results of our study further contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of low-level acoustic feature perception in functional hemispheric lateralization in the context of auditory and speech processing. Our data indicate that the pre-attentive feature-specific deviant processing is mediated by partly distinct neural subsystems for temporal and spectral information.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"geiser-zaehle-jancke-meyer-theneuralcorrelateofspeechrhythmasevidencedbymetricalspeechprocessing-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The neural correlate of speech rhythm as evidenced by metrical speech processing.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Geiser, E.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Jancke, L.;  and Meyer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of cognitive neuroscience</i>, 20(3): 541–552. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geiser-zaehle-jancke-meyer-theneuralcorrelateofspeechrhythmasevidencedbymetricalspeechprocessing-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/geiser-zaehle-jancke-meyer-theneuralcorrelateofspeechrhythmasevidencedbymetricalspeechprocessing-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('geiser-zaehle-jancke-meyer-theneuralcorrelateofspeechrhythmasevidencedbymetricalspeechprocessing-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{geiser_neural_2008,\n\ttitle = {The neural correlate of speech rhythm as evidenced by metrical speech processing},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tdoi = {10.1162/jocn.2008.20029},\n\tabstract = {The present study investigates the neural correlates of rhythm processing in speech perception. German pseudosentences spoken with an exaggerated (isochronous) or a conversational (nonisochronous) rhythm were compared in an auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. The subjects had to perform either a rhythm task (explicit rhythm processing) or a prosody task (implicit rhythm processing). The study revealed bilateral activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA), extending into the cingulate gyrus, and in the insulae, extending into the right basal ganglia (neostriatum), as well as activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) related to the performance of the rhythm task. A direct contrast between isochronous and nonisochronous sentences revealed differences in lateralization of activation for isochronous processing as a function of the explicit and implicit tasks. Explicit processing revealed activation in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), the right supramarginal gyrus, and the right parietal operculum. Implicit processing showed activation in the left supramarginal gyrus, the left pSTG, and the left parietal operculum. The present results indicate a function of the SMA and the insula beyond motor timing and speak for a role of these brain areas in the perception of acoustically temporal intervals. Secondly, the data speak for a specific task-related function of the right IFG in the processing of accent patterns. Finally, the data sustain the assumption that the right secondary auditory cortex is involved in the explicit perception of auditory suprasegmental cues and, moreover, that activity in the right secondary auditory cortex can be modulated by top-down processing mechanisms.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Geiser, E. and Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Meyer, M.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {541--552},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study investigates the neural correlates of rhythm processing in speech perception. German pseudosentences spoken with an exaggerated (isochronous) or a conversational (nonisochronous) rhythm were compared in an auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. The subjects had to perform either a rhythm task (explicit rhythm processing) or a prosody task (implicit rhythm processing). The study revealed bilateral activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA), extending into the cingulate gyrus, and in the insulae, extending into the right basal ganglia (neostriatum), as well as activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) related to the performance of the rhythm task. A direct contrast between isochronous and nonisochronous sentences revealed differences in lateralization of activation for isochronous processing as a function of the explicit and implicit tasks. Explicit processing revealed activation in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), the right supramarginal gyrus, and the right parietal operculum. Implicit processing showed activation in the left supramarginal gyrus, the left pSTG, and the left parietal operculum. The present results indicate a function of the SMA and the insula beyond motor timing and speak for a role of these brain areas in the perception of acoustically temporal intervals. Secondly, the data speak for a specific task-related function of the right IFG in the processing of accent patterns. Finally, the data sustain the assumption that the right secondary auditory cortex is involved in the explicit perception of auditory suprasegmental cues and, moreover, that activity in the right secondary auditory cortex can be modulated by top-down processing mechanisms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schmidt-zaehle-meyer-geiser-boesiger-jancke-silentandcontinuousfmriscanningdifferentiallymodulateactivationinanauditorylanguagecomprehensiontask-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Silent and continuous fMRI scanning differentially modulate activation in an auditory language comprehension task.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schmidt, C. F.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Meyer, M.; Geiser, E.; Boesiger, P.;  and Jancke, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human Brain Mapping</i>, 29(1): 46–56. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20372\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schmidt-zaehle-meyer-geiser-boesiger-jancke-silentandcontinuousfmriscanningdifferentiallymodulateactivationinanauditorylanguagecomprehensiontask-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20372', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schmidt-zaehle-meyer-geiser-boesiger-jancke-silentandcontinuousfmriscanningdifferentiallymodulateactivationinanauditorylanguagecomprehensiontask-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schmidt-zaehle-meyer-geiser-boesiger-jancke-silentandcontinuousfmriscanningdifferentiallymodulateactivationinanauditorylanguagecomprehensiontask-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schmidt_silent_2008,\n\ttitle = {Silent and continuous {fMRI} scanning differentially modulate activation in an auditory language comprehension task},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/hbm.20372},\n\tabstract = {Sparse temporal acquisition schemes have been adopted to investigate the neural correlates of human audition using blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) devoid of ambient confounding acoustic scanner noise. These schemes have previously been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession in order to enhance temporal sampling efficiency. In the present study we demonstrate that an event-related task design can effectively be combined with a clustered temporal acquisition technique in an auditory language comprehension task. The same fifteen volunteers performed two separate auditory runs which either applied customary fMRI acquisition (CA) composed of continuous scanner noise or &quot;silent&quot; fMRI built on a clustered temporal acquisition (CTA) protocol. In accord with our hypothesis, the CTA scheme relative to the CA protocol is accompanied by significantly stronger functional responses along the entire superior temporal plane. By contrast, the bilateral insulae engage more strongly during continuous scanning. A post-hoc region-of-interest analysis reveals cortical activation in subportions of the supratemporal plane which varies as a function of acquisition protocol. The middle part of the supratemporal plane shows a rightward asymmetry only for the CTA scheme while the posterior supratemporal plane exposes a significantly stronger leftward asymmetry during the CTA. Our findings implicate that silent fMRI is advantageous when it comes to the exploration of auditory and speech functions residing in the supratemporal plane.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Human Brain Mapping},\n\tauthor = {Schmidt, C. F. and Zaehle, T. and Meyer, M. and Geiser, E. and Boesiger, P. and Jancke, L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {46--56},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Sparse temporal acquisition schemes have been adopted to investigate the neural correlates of human audition using blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) devoid of ambient confounding acoustic scanner noise. These schemes have previously been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession in order to enhance temporal sampling efficiency. In the present study we demonstrate that an event-related task design can effectively be combined with a clustered temporal acquisition technique in an auditory language comprehension task. The same fifteen volunteers performed two separate auditory runs which either applied customary fMRI acquisition (CA) composed of continuous scanner noise or \"silent\" fMRI built on a clustered temporal acquisition (CTA) protocol. In accord with our hypothesis, the CTA scheme relative to the CA protocol is accompanied by significantly stronger functional responses along the entire superior temporal plane. By contrast, the bilateral insulae engage more strongly during continuous scanning. A post-hoc region-of-interest analysis reveals cortical activation in subportions of the supratemporal plane which varies as a function of acquisition protocol. The middle part of the supratemporal plane shows a rightward asymmetry only for the CTA scheme while the posterior supratemporal plane exposes a significantly stronger leftward asymmetry during the CTA. Our findings implicate that silent fMRI is advantageous when it comes to the exploration of auditory and speech functions residing in the supratemporal plane.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-geiser-alter-jancke-meyer-segmentalprocessinginthehumanauditorydorsalstream-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Segmental processing in the human auditory dorsal stream.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Geiser, E.; Alter, K.; Jancke, L.;  and Meyer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Research</i>, 1220: 179–190. July 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-geiser-alter-jancke-meyer-segmentalprocessinginthehumanauditorydorsalstream-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-geiser-alter-jancke-meyer-segmentalprocessinginthehumanauditorydorsalstream-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-geiser-alter-jancke-meyer-segmentalprocessinginthehumanauditorydorsalstream-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_segmental_2008,\n\ttitle = {Segmental processing in the human auditory dorsal stream},\n\tvolume = {1220},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.013},\n\tabstract = {In the present study we investigated the functional organization of sublexical auditory perception with specific respect to auditory spectro-temporal processing in speech and non-speech sounds. Participants discriminated verbal and nonverbal auditory stimuli according to either spectral or temporal acoustic features in the context of a sparse event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Based on recent models of speech processing, we hypothesized that auditory segmental processing, as is required in the discrimination of speech and non-speech sound according to its temporal features, will lead to a specific involvement of a left-hemispheric dorsal processing network comprising the posterior portion of the inferior frontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe. In agreement with our hypothesis results revealed significant responses in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the parietal operculum of the left hemisphere when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli based on subtle temporal acoustic features. In contrast, when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli on the basis of changes in the frequency content, we observed bilateral activations along the middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The results of the present study demonstrate an involvement of the dorsal pathway in the segmental sublexical analysis of speech sounds as well as in the segmental acoustic analysis of non-speech sounds with analogous spectro-temporal characteristics.},\n\tjournal = {Brain Research},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Geiser, E. and Alter, K. and Jancke, L. and Meyer, M.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {179--190},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study we investigated the functional organization of sublexical auditory perception with specific respect to auditory spectro-temporal processing in speech and non-speech sounds. Participants discriminated verbal and nonverbal auditory stimuli according to either spectral or temporal acoustic features in the context of a sparse event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Based on recent models of speech processing, we hypothesized that auditory segmental processing, as is required in the discrimination of speech and non-speech sound according to its temporal features, will lead to a specific involvement of a left-hemispheric dorsal processing network comprising the posterior portion of the inferior frontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe. In agreement with our hypothesis results revealed significant responses in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the parietal operculum of the left hemisphere when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli based on subtle temporal acoustic features. In contrast, when participants had to discriminate speech and non-speech stimuli on the basis of changes in the frequency content, we observed bilateral activations along the middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The results of the present study demonstrate an involvement of the dorsal pathway in the segmental sublexical analysis of speech sounds as well as in the segmental acoustic analysis of non-speech sounds with analogous spectro-temporal characteristics.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2007\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2007</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773', event);\">\n    The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Jordan, K.; Wüstenberg, T.; Baudewig, J.; Dechent, P.;  and Mast, F. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Brain Research</i>, 1137: 92–103. March 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/dt5xrc\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007', 'http://doi.org/10/dt5xrc', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-jordan-wstenberg-baudewig-dechent-mast-theneuralbasisoftheegocentricandallocentricspatialframeofreference-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_neural_2007,\n\ttitle = {The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference},\n\tvolume = {1137},\n\tissn = {00068993},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006899306035773},\n\tdoi = {10/dt5xrc},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Brain Research},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Jordan, Kirsten and Wüstenberg, Torsten and Baudewig, Jürgen and Dechent, Peter and Mast, Fred W.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {92--103},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-clapp-hamm-meyer-kirk-inductionofltplikechangesinhumanauditorycortexbyrapidauditorystimulationanfmristudy-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zaehle-clapp-hamm-meyer-kirk-inductionofltplikechangesinhumanauditorycortexbyrapidauditorystimulationanfmristudy-2007', 'https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407', event);\">\n    Induction of LTP-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation: An FMRI study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Clapp, W. C.; Hamm, J. P.; Meyer, M.;  and Kirk, I. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience</i>, 25(3-4): 251–259. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-clapp-hamm-meyer-kirk-inductionofltplikechangesinhumanauditorycortexbyrapidauditorystimulationanfmristudy-2007', 'https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Induction of LTP-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation: An FMRI study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-clapp-hamm-meyer-kirk-inductionofltplikechangesinhumanauditorycortexbyrapidauditorystimulationanfmristudy-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-clapp-hamm-meyer-kirk-inductionofltplikechangesinhumanauditorycortexbyrapidauditorystimulationanfmristudy-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_induction_2007,\n\ttitle = {Induction of {LTP}-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation: {An} {FMRI} study},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {0922-6028},\n\tshorttitle = {Induction of {LTP}-like changes in human auditory cortex by rapid auditory stimulation},\n\turl = {https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn253407},\n\tabstract = {Purpose : Previously we have shown that rapid sensory stimulation, in this case, auditory tone pips, can induce long-lasting plastic changes akin to Long Term Potentiation (LTP) within adult human sensory cortex. In a previous study, auditory LTP was},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Clapp, Wesley C. and Hamm, Jeff P. and Meyer, Martin and Kirk, Ian J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {⛔ No DOI found},\n\tpages = {251--259},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Purpose : Previously we have shown that rapid sensory stimulation, in this case, auditory tone pips, can induce long-lasting plastic changes akin to Long Term Potentiation (LTP) within adult human sensory cortex. In a previous study, auditory LTP was\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007', 'http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63', event);\">\n    Electrical brain imaging evidences left auditory cortex involvement in speech and non-speech discrimination based on temporal features.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Jancke, L.;  and Meyer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Behavioral and Brain Functions</i>, 3(1): 63.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007', 'http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Electrical brain imaging evidences left auditory cortex involvement in speech and non-speech discrimination based on temporal features [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10/b3dqn5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007', 'http://doi.org/10/b3dqn5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-jancke-meyer-electricalbrainimagingevidencesleftauditorycortexinvolvementinspeechandnonspeechdiscriminationbasedontemporalfeatures-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_electrical_2007,\n\ttitle = {Electrical brain imaging evidences left auditory cortex involvement in speech and non-speech discrimination based on temporal features},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1744-9081},\n\turl = {http://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-9081-3-63},\n\tdoi = {10/b3dqn5},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Behavioral and Brain Functions},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, Tino and Jancke, Lutz and Meyer, Martin},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {63},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zaehle-schmidt-meyer-baumann-baltes-boesiger-jancke-comparisonofsilentclusteredandsparsetemporalfmriacquisitionsintonalandspeechperceptiontasks-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Comparison of \"silent\" clustered and sparse temporal fMRI acquisitions in tonal and speech perception tasks.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Schmidt, C. F.; Meyer, M.; Baumann, S.; Baltes, C.; Boesiger, P.;  and Jancke, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroimage</i>, 37(4): 1195–1204. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zaehle-schmidt-meyer-baumann-baltes-boesiger-jancke-comparisonofsilentclusteredandsparsetemporalfmriacquisitionsintonalandspeechperceptiontasks-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zaehle-schmidt-meyer-baumann-baltes-boesiger-jancke-comparisonofsilentclusteredandsparsetemporalfmriacquisitionsintonalandspeechperceptiontasks-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zaehle-schmidt-meyer-baumann-baltes-boesiger-jancke-comparisonofsilentclusteredandsparsetemporalfmriacquisitionsintonalandspeechperceptiontasks-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zaehle_comparison_2007,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of &quot;silent&quot; clustered and sparse temporal {fMRI} acquisitions in tonal and speech perception tasks},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073},\n\tabstract = {In the functional imaging of auditory cortical functions, long silent periods between the data acquisitions prevent interferences between scanner noise and the auditory stimulus processing. Recent fMRI studies have shown that sparse temporal acquisition designs are advantageous over continuous scanning protocols on physiological, perceptual, and cognitive levels. Sparse temporal acquisition schemes (STA) which use a single volume acquisition after each trial imply the advantage of auditory stimulation devoid of ambient scanner noise but have the drawback of a reduced statistical power. To alleviate this effect, STA schemes have been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition (CTA) designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession. In the present study, we collected data from 13 healthy volunteers performing a speech and a tonal discrimination task using both a CTA and STA scheme to carry out a systematic evaluation of these acquisition protocols. By statistical modeling of the fMRI data sets, we revealed stronger effect sizes for the STA protocol regardless of the task, reflecting the better signal-to-noise-ratio of MR images acquired with this scheme. In contrast, we demonstrate higher statistical power for the use of a CTA protocol. Accordingly, in the context of standard fMRI analysis, the CTA protocol clearly outperformed the STA scheme at the level of single-subject analysis and fixed-effects group analysis. Our results clearly suggest that it is advantageous to acquire several sample points per trial if one wants to use the benefit of &quot;silent&quot; fMRI. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the feasibility of the clustered acquisition of subsequent imaging volumes along the T1-decay.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Neuroimage},\n\tauthor = {Zaehle, T. and Schmidt, C. F. and Meyer, M. and Baumann, S. and Baltes, C. and Boesiger, P. and Jancke, L.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {1195--1204},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the functional imaging of auditory cortical functions, long silent periods between the data acquisitions prevent interferences between scanner noise and the auditory stimulus processing. Recent fMRI studies have shown that sparse temporal acquisition designs are advantageous over continuous scanning protocols on physiological, perceptual, and cognitive levels. Sparse temporal acquisition schemes (STA) which use a single volume acquisition after each trial imply the advantage of auditory stimulation devoid of ambient scanner noise but have the drawback of a reduced statistical power. To alleviate this effect, STA schemes have been extended to clustered-sparse temporal acquisition (CTA) designs which record several subsequent BOLD contrast images in rapid succession. In the present study, we collected data from 13 healthy volunteers performing a speech and a tonal discrimination task using both a CTA and STA scheme to carry out a systematic evaluation of these acquisition protocols. By statistical modeling of the fMRI data sets, we revealed stronger effect sizes for the STA protocol regardless of the task, reflecting the better signal-to-noise-ratio of MR images acquired with this scheme. In contrast, we demonstrate higher statistical power for the use of a CTA protocol. Accordingly, in the context of standard fMRI analysis, the CTA protocol clearly outperformed the STA scheme at the level of single-subject analysis and fixed-effects group analysis. Our results clearly suggest that it is advantageous to acquire several sample points per trial if one wants to use the benefit of \"silent\" fMRI. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the feasibility of the clustered acquisition of subsequent imaging volumes along the T1-decay.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2005\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2005</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meyer-zaehle-gountouna-barron-jancke-turk-spectrotemporalprocessingduringspeechperceptioninvolvesleftposteriorauditorycortex-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Spectro-temporal processing during speech perception involves left posterior auditory cortex.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meyer, M.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Gountouna, V. E.; Barron, A.; Jancke, L.;  and Turk, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroreport</i>, 16(18): 1985–1989. December 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200512190-00003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meyer-zaehle-gountouna-barron-jancke-turk-spectrotemporalprocessingduringspeechperceptioninvolvesleftposteriorauditorycortex-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200512190-00003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meyer-zaehle-gountouna-barron-jancke-turk-spectrotemporalprocessingduringspeechperceptioninvolvesleftposteriorauditorycortex-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meyer-zaehle-gountouna-barron-jancke-turk-spectrotemporalprocessingduringspeechperceptioninvolvesleftposteriorauditorycortex-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meyer_spectro-temporal_2005,\n\ttitle = {Spectro-temporal processing during speech perception involves left posterior auditory cortex},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/00001756-200512190-00003},\n\tabstract = {This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigates the neural underpinnings of spectro-temporal integration during speech perception. Participants performed an auditory discrimination task on a set of sine-wave analogues that could be perceived as either nonspeech or speech. Behavioural results revealed a difference in the processing mode; spectro-temporal integration occurred during speech perception, but not when stimuli were perceived as nonspeech. In terms of neuroimaging, we observed an activation increase in the left posterior primary and secondary auditory cortex, namely Heschl&#x27;s gyrus and planum temporale encroaching onto the superior temporal sulcus, reflecting a shift from auditory to speech perception. This finding demonstrates that the left posterior superior temporal lobe is essential for spectro-temporal processing during speech perception.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Neuroreport},\n\tauthor = {Meyer, M. and Zaehle, T. and Gountouna, V. E. and Barron, A. and Jancke, L. and Turk, A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {1985--1989},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigates the neural underpinnings of spectro-temporal integration during speech perception. Participants performed an auditory discrimination task on a set of sine-wave analogues that could be perceived as either nonspeech or speech. Behavioural results revealed a difference in the processing mode; spectro-temporal integration occurred during speech perception, but not when stimuli were perceived as nonspeech. In terms of neuroimaging, we observed an activation increase in the left posterior primary and secondary auditory cortex, namely Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale encroaching onto the superior temporal sulcus, reflecting a shift from auditory to speech perception. This finding demonstrates that the left posterior superior temporal lobe is essential for spectro-temporal processing during speech perception.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"clapp-zaehle-lutz-marcar-kirk-hamm-teyler-corballis-etal-effectsoflongtermpotentiationinthehumanvisualcortexafunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingstudy-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Effects of long-term potentiation in the human visual cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Clapp, W. C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Lutz, K.; Marcar, V. L.; Kirk, I. J.; Hamm, J. P.; Teyler, T. J.; Corballis, M. C.;  and Jancke, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroreport</i>, 16(18): 1977–1980. December 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200512190-00001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clapp-zaehle-lutz-marcar-kirk-hamm-teyler-corballis-etal-effectsoflongtermpotentiationinthehumanvisualcortexafunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingstudy-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200512190-00001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/clapp-zaehle-lutz-marcar-kirk-hamm-teyler-corballis-etal-effectsoflongtermpotentiationinthehumanvisualcortexafunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingstudy-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('clapp-zaehle-lutz-marcar-kirk-hamm-teyler-corballis-etal-effectsoflongtermpotentiationinthehumanvisualcortexafunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingstudy-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{clapp_effects_2005,\n\ttitle = {Effects of long-term potentiation in the human visual cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/00001756-200512190-00001},\n\tabstract = {Applying functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, hemodynamic responses elicited by slowly flashing checkerboards (0.25 Hz) were measured both before and after a block of rapidly presented checkerboards (9 Hz – a &#x27;photic tetanus&#x27;) was delivered. It has been shown previously, using electroencephalography, that this photic tetanus potentiates components of the visual-evoked potential. In the present study, hemodynamic responses in the extrastriate visual cortex were significantly increased to checkerboards presented at a low frequency after the administration of the photic tetanus. These results support the idea that long-term potentiation can be demonstrated non-invasively within the human visual cortex and provide evidence that the plastic changes are localized within the secondary visual cortex.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Neuroreport},\n\tauthor = {Clapp, W. C. and Zaehle, T. and Lutz, K. and Marcar, V. L. and Kirk, I. J. and Hamm, J. P. and Teyler, T. J. and Corballis, M. C. and Jancke, L.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {1977--1980},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Applying functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, hemodynamic responses elicited by slowly flashing checkerboards (0.25 Hz) were measured both before and after a block of rapidly presented checkerboards (9 Hz – a 'photic tetanus') was delivered. It has been shown previously, using electroencephalography, that this photic tetanus potentiates components of the visual-evoked potential. In the present study, hemodynamic responses in the extrastriate visual cortex were significantly increased to checkerboards presented at a low frequency after the administration of the photic tetanus. These results support the idea that long-term potentiation can be demonstrated non-invasively within the human visual cortex and provide evidence that the plastic changes are localized within the secondary visual cortex.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2003\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2003</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gaab-gaser-zaehle-jancke-schlaug-functionalanatomyofpitchmemoryanfmristudywithsparsetemporalsampling-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Functional anatomy of pitch memory–an fMRI study with sparse temporal sampling.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gaab, N.; Gaser, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://zaehlelab.org/\">Zaehle, T.</a>; Jancke, L.;  and Schlaug, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroimage</i>, 19(4): 1417–1426. August 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00224-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaab-gaser-zaehle-jancke-schlaug-functionalanatomyofpitchmemoryanfmristudywithsparsetemporalsampling-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00224-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gaab-gaser-zaehle-jancke-schlaug-functionalanatomyofpitchmemoryanfmristudywithsparsetemporalsampling-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gaab-gaser-zaehle-jancke-schlaug-functionalanatomyofpitchmemoryanfmristudywithsparsetemporalsampling-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gaab_functional_2003,\n\ttitle = {Functional anatomy of pitch memory–an {fMRI} study with sparse temporal sampling},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00224-6},\n\tabstract = {Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks are challenging since the MR scanner noise can interfere with the auditory stimulation. To avoid this interference a sparse temporal sampling method with a long repetition time (TR = 17 s) was used to explore the functional anatomy of pitch memory. Eighteen right-handed subjects listened to a sequence of sine-wave tones (4.6 s total duration) and were asked to make a decision (depending on a visual prompt) whether the last or second to last tone was the same or different as the first tone. An alternating button press condition served as a control. Sets of 24 axial slices were acquired with a variable delay time (between 0 and 6 s) between the end of the auditory stimulation and the MR acquisition. Individual imaging time points were combined into three clusters (0-2, 3-4, and 5-6 s after the end of the auditory stimulation) for the analysis. The analysis showed a dynamic activation pattern over time which involved the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, posterior dorsolateral frontal regions, superior parietal regions, and dorsolateral cerebellar regions bilaterally as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus. By regressing the performance score in the pitch memory task with task-related MR signal changes, the supramarginal gyrus (left¿right) and the dorsolateral cerebellum (lobules V and VI, left¿right) were significantly correlated with good task performance. The SMG and the dorsolateral cerebellum may play a critical role in short-term storage of pitch information and the continuous pitch discrimination necessary for performing this pitch memory task.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Neuroimage},\n\tauthor = {Gaab, N. and Gaser, C. and Zaehle, T. and Jancke, L. and Schlaug, G.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {1417--1426},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks are challenging since the MR scanner noise can interfere with the auditory stimulation. To avoid this interference a sparse temporal sampling method with a long repetition time (TR = 17 s) was used to explore the functional anatomy of pitch memory. Eighteen right-handed subjects listened to a sequence of sine-wave tones (4.6 s total duration) and were asked to make a decision (depending on a visual prompt) whether the last or second to last tone was the same or different as the first tone. An alternating button press condition served as a control. Sets of 24 axial slices were acquired with a variable delay time (between 0 and 6 s) between the end of the auditory stimulation and the MR acquisition. Individual imaging time points were combined into three clusters (0-2, 3-4, and 5-6 s after the end of the auditory stimulation) for the analysis. The analysis showed a dynamic activation pattern over time which involved the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, posterior dorsolateral frontal regions, superior parietal regions, and dorsolateral cerebellar regions bilaterally as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus. By regressing the performance score in the pitch memory task with task-related MR signal changes, the supramarginal gyrus (left¿right) and the dorsolateral cerebellum (lobules V and VI, left¿right) were significantly correlated with good task performance. The SMG and the dorsolateral cerebellum may play a critical role in short-term storage of pitch information and the continuous pitch discrimination necessary for performing this pitch memory task.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);