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\n\n \n \n 2023\n \n \n (5)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Barbi, A.; Goessens, T.; Strubbe, D.; Deknock, A.; Van Leeuwenberg, R.; De Troyer, N.; Verbrugghe, E.; Greener, M.; De Baere, S.; Lens, L.; Goethals, P.; Martel, A.; Croubels, S.; and Pasmans, F.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Widespread triazole pesticide use affects infection dynamics of a global amphibian pathogen.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecology Letters, 26(2): 313–322. 2023.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.14154\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n![\"Widespread](\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t "\\"Paper\\"\n\t")
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\n\n\n@article{barbi_widespread_2023,\n\ttitle = {Widespread triazole pesticide use affects infection dynamics of a global amphibian pathogen},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1461-0248},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ele.14154},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ele.14154},\n\tabstract = {The sixth mass extinction is a consequence of complex interplay between multiple stressors with negative impact on biodiversity. We here examine the interaction between two globally widespread anthropogenic drivers of amphibian declines: the fungal disease chytridiomycosis and antifungal use in agriculture. Field monitoring of 26 amphibian ponds in an agricultural landscape shows widespread occurrence of triazole fungicides in the water column throughout the amphibian breeding season, together with a negative correlation between early season application of epoxiconazole and the prevalence of chytrid infections in aquatic newts. While triazole concentrations in the ponds remained below those that inhibit growth of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, they bioaccumulated in the newts' skin up to tenfold, resulting in cutaneous growth-suppressing concentrations. As such, a concentration of epoxiconazole, 10 times below that needed to inhibit fungal growth, prevented chytrid infection in anuran tadpoles. The widespread presence of triazoles may thus alter chytrid dynamics in agricultural landscapes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Ecology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Barbi, Andrea and Goessens, Tess and Strubbe, Diederik and Deknock, Arne and Van Leeuwenberg, Robby and De Troyer, Niels and Verbrugghe, Elin and Greener, Mark and De Baere, Siegrid and Lens, Luc and Goethals, Peter and Martel, An and Croubels, Siska and Pasmans, Frank},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.14154},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, amphibians, chytrid, chytridiomycosis, fungicides, infection dynamics, mitigation, triazoles},\n\tpages = {313--322},\n}\n\n\n\n The sixth mass extinction is a consequence of complex interplay between multiple stressors with negative impact on biodiversity. We here examine the interaction between two globally widespread anthropogenic drivers of amphibian declines: the fungal disease chytridiomycosis and antifungal use in agriculture. Field monitoring of 26 amphibian ponds in an agricultural landscape shows widespread occurrence of triazole fungicides in the water column throughout the amphibian breeding season, together with a negative correlation between early season application of epoxiconazole and the prevalence of chytrid infections in aquatic newts. While triazole concentrations in the ponds remained below those that inhibit growth of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, they bioaccumulated in the newts' skin up to tenfold, resulting in cutaneous growth-suppressing concentrations. As such, a concentration of epoxiconazole, 10 times below that needed to inhibit fungal growth, prevented chytrid infection in anuran tadpoles. The widespread presence of triazoles may thus alter chytrid dynamics in agricultural landscapes.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Alexiev, A.; Chen, M. Y.; Korpita, T.; Weier, A. M.; and McKenzie, V. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Together or Alone: Evaluating the Pathogen Inhibition Potential of Bacterial Cocktails against an Amphibian Pathogen.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Microbiology Spectrum, 0(0): e01518–22. January 2023.\n Publisher: American Society for Microbiology\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{alexiev_together_2023,\n\ttitle = {Together or {Alone}: {Evaluating} the {Pathogen} {Inhibition} {Potential} of {Bacterial} {Cocktails} against an {Amphibian} {Pathogen}},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tshorttitle = {Together or {Alone}},\n\turl = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/spectrum.01518-22},\n\tdoi = {10.1128/spectrum.01518-22},\n\tabstract = {The amphibian fungal skin disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused major biodiversity losses globally. Several experimental trials have tested the use of Janthinobacterium lividum to reduce mortality due to Bd infections, usually in single-strain amendments. It is well-characterized in terms of its anti-Bd activity mechanisms. However, there are many other microbes that inhibit Bd in vitro, and not all experiments have demonstrated consistent results with J. lividum. We used a series of in vitro assays involving bacterial coculture with Bd lawns, bacterial growth tests in liquid broth, and Bd grown in bacterial cell-free supernatant (CFS) to determine: (i) which skin bacteria isolated from a locally endangered amphibian, namely, the Colorado boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas), are able to inhibit Bd growth; (ii) whether multistrain combinations are more effective than single-strains; and (iii) the mechanism behind microbe-microbe interactions. Our results indicate that there are some single strain and multistrain probiotics (especially including strains from Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Microbacterium) that are potentially more Bd-inhibitive than is J. lividum alone and that some combinations may lead to a loss of inhibition, potentially through antagonistic metabolite effects. Additionally, if J. lividum continues being developed as a wild boreal toad probiotic, we should investigate it in combination with Curvibacter CW54D, as they inhibited Bd additively and grew at a higher rate when combined than did either alone. This highlights the fact that combinations of probiotics function in variable and unpredictable ways as well as the importance of considering the potential for interactions among naturally resident host microbiota and probiotic additions.\nIMPORTANCE Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a pathogen that infects amphibians globally and is causing a biodiversity crisis. Our research group studies one of the species affected by Bd, namely, the Colorado boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas). Many researchers focus their studies on one probiotic bacterial isolate called Janthinobacterium lividum, which slows Bd growth in lab cultures and is currently being field tested in Colorado boreal toads. Although promising, J. lividum is not consistently effective across all amphibian individuals or species. For Colorado boreal toads, we addressed whether there are other bacterial strains that also inhibit Bd (potentially better than does J. lividum) and whether we can create two-strain probiotics that function better than do single-strain probiotics. In addition, we evaluate which types of interactions occur between two-strain combinations and what these results mean in the context of adding a probiotic to an existing amphibian skin microbiome.},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Microbiology Spectrum},\n\tauthor = {Alexiev, Alexandra and Chen, Melissa Y. and Korpita, Timothy and Weier, Andrew M. and McKenzie, Valerie J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Society for Microbiology},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal},\n\tpages = {e01518--22},\n}\n\n\n\n The amphibian fungal skin disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused major biodiversity losses globally. Several experimental trials have tested the use of Janthinobacterium lividum to reduce mortality due to Bd infections, usually in single-strain amendments. It is well-characterized in terms of its anti-Bd activity mechanisms. However, there are many other microbes that inhibit Bd in vitro, and not all experiments have demonstrated consistent results with J. lividum. We used a series of in vitro assays involving bacterial coculture with Bd lawns, bacterial growth tests in liquid broth, and Bd grown in bacterial cell-free supernatant (CFS) to determine: (i) which skin bacteria isolated from a locally endangered amphibian, namely, the Colorado boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas), are able to inhibit Bd growth; (ii) whether multistrain combinations are more effective than single-strains; and (iii) the mechanism behind microbe-microbe interactions. Our results indicate that there are some single strain and multistrain probiotics (especially including strains from Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Microbacterium) that are potentially more Bd-inhibitive than is J. lividum alone and that some combinations may lead to a loss of inhibition, potentially through antagonistic metabolite effects. Additionally, if J. lividum continues being developed as a wild boreal toad probiotic, we should investigate it in combination with Curvibacter CW54D, as they inhibited Bd additively and grew at a higher rate when combined than did either alone. This highlights the fact that combinations of probiotics function in variable and unpredictable ways as well as the importance of considering the potential for interactions among naturally resident host microbiota and probiotic additions. IMPORTANCE Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a pathogen that infects amphibians globally and is causing a biodiversity crisis. Our research group studies one of the species affected by Bd, namely, the Colorado boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas). Many researchers focus their studies on one probiotic bacterial isolate called Janthinobacterium lividum, which slows Bd growth in lab cultures and is currently being field tested in Colorado boreal toads. Although promising, J. lividum is not consistently effective across all amphibian individuals or species. For Colorado boreal toads, we addressed whether there are other bacterial strains that also inhibit Bd (potentially better than does J. lividum) and whether we can create two-strain probiotics that function better than do single-strain probiotics. In addition, we evaluate which types of interactions occur between two-strain combinations and what these results mean in the context of adding a probiotic to an existing amphibian skin microbiome.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Plewnia, A.; Lötters, S.; Veith, M.; Peters, M.; and Böning, P.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Successful Drug-Mediated Host Clearance of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans - Volume 29, Number 2—February 2023.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC, 29(2). February 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{plewnia_successful_2023,\n\ttitle = {Successful {Drug}-{Mediated} {Host} {Clearance} of {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans - {Volume} 29, {Number} 2—{February} 2023},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\turl = {https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/2/22-1162_article},\n\tdoi = {10.3201/eid2902.221162},\n\tabstract = {Host Clearance of {\\textless}em{\\textgreater}B. salamandrivorans{\\textless}/em{\\textgreater}},\n\tlanguage = {en-us},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC},\n\tauthor = {Plewnia, Amadeus and Lötters, Stefan and Veith, Michael and Peters, Martin and Böning, Philipp},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n}\n\n\n\n Host Clearance of \\textlessem\\textgreaterB. salamandrivorans\\textless/em\\textgreater\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Palomar, G.; Fernández-Chacón, A.; and Bosch, J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Amphibian survival compromised by long-term effects of chytrid fungus.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(2): 793–809. February 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{palomar_amphibian_2023,\n\ttitle = {Amphibian survival compromised by long-term effects of chytrid fungus},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1572-9710},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02525-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10531-022-02525-3},\n\tabstract = {Chytridiomycosis, the disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been unambiguously implicated in the decline of amphibian populations worldwide. However, the impact of this devastating infectious disease can be difficult to gauge without empirical data on the population-level effects of Bd. Often, assessments of the amphibian chytridiomycosis panzootic are based primarily on expert opinions; as a result, declines in tropical areas are promptly attributed to Bd while its impact on temperate species not suffering from adult mass mortalities is frequently overlooked. Here, we investigated the survival probability in an amphibian species from a temperate area that until now has not been considered to be severely impacted by the disease. Specifically, we related individual survival to Bd infection status using long-term capture-mark-recapture data of male spiny common toads (Bufo spinosus) in Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in central Spain. Even though the study population has demonstrated potential for adaptation to Bd and die-offs of adult individuals have not been recorded, our results clearly indicated that the probability of survival was lower for Bd-positive individuals. Moreover, the probability of becoming Bd-positive was higher than the probability of clearance, driving the population to a slow but certain decline. These results are consistent with other indicators of a negative population trend and suggest that the impact of Bd on temperate species of less concern may be greater than previously thought.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Palomar, Gemma and Fernández-Chacón, Albert and Bosch, Jaime},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, survival},\n\tpages = {793--809},\n}\n\n\n\n Chytridiomycosis, the disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been unambiguously implicated in the decline of amphibian populations worldwide. However, the impact of this devastating infectious disease can be difficult to gauge without empirical data on the population-level effects of Bd. Often, assessments of the amphibian chytridiomycosis panzootic are based primarily on expert opinions; as a result, declines in tropical areas are promptly attributed to Bd while its impact on temperate species not suffering from adult mass mortalities is frequently overlooked. Here, we investigated the survival probability in an amphibian species from a temperate area that until now has not been considered to be severely impacted by the disease. Specifically, we related individual survival to Bd infection status using long-term capture-mark-recapture data of male spiny common toads (Bufo spinosus) in Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in central Spain. Even though the study population has demonstrated potential for adaptation to Bd and die-offs of adult individuals have not been recorded, our results clearly indicated that the probability of survival was lower for Bd-positive individuals. Moreover, the probability of becoming Bd-positive was higher than the probability of clearance, driving the population to a slow but certain decline. These results are consistent with other indicators of a negative population trend and suggest that the impact of Bd on temperate species of less concern may be greater than previously thought.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Hardman, R. H.; Reinert, L. K.; Irwin, K. J.; Oziminski, K.; Rollins-Smith, L.; and Miller, D. L.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disease state associated with chronic toe lesions in hellbenders may alter anti-chytrid skin defenses.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 13(1): 1982. February 2023.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{hardman_disease_2023,\n\ttitle = {Disease state associated with chronic toe lesions in hellbenders may alter anti-chytrid skin defenses},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tcopyright = {2023 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-28334-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-023-28334-4},\n\tabstract = {Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) are large, aquatic salamanders from the eastern United States. Both subspecies, eastern and Ozark hellbenders, have experienced declines resulting in federal listing of Ozark hellbenders. The globally distributed chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been detected in both subspecies, and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) poses a new threat if introduced into North America. Ozark hellbenders also suffer a high prevalence of toe lesions of unknown etiology, with changes in host immunocompetence hypothesized to contribute. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted from dermal granular glands may play a role in hellbender health. We collected skin secretions from free-ranging hellbenders and enriched them for small cationic peptides used for growth inhibition assays against Bd and Bsal. Generalized linear mixed models revealed the presence of active toe lesions as the strongest and only significant predictor of decreased Bd inhibition by skin peptides. We also found skin secretions were more inhibitory of Bsal than Bd. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed candidate peptides responsible for anti-chytrid activity. Results support the hypothesis that hellbender skin secretions are important for innate immunity against chytrid pathogens, and decreased production or release of skin peptides may be linked to other sub-lethal effects of disease associated with toe lesions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Hardman, Rebecca H. and Reinert, Laura K. and Irwin, Kelly J. and Oziminski, Kendall and Rollins-Smith, Louise and Miller, Debra L.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal, Conservation biology, Diseases, Fungal pathogenesis, Herpetology, Peptides},\n\tpages = {1982},\n}\n\n\n\n Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) are large, aquatic salamanders from the eastern United States. Both subspecies, eastern and Ozark hellbenders, have experienced declines resulting in federal listing of Ozark hellbenders. The globally distributed chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been detected in both subspecies, and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) poses a new threat if introduced into North America. Ozark hellbenders also suffer a high prevalence of toe lesions of unknown etiology, with changes in host immunocompetence hypothesized to contribute. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted from dermal granular glands may play a role in hellbender health. We collected skin secretions from free-ranging hellbenders and enriched them for small cationic peptides used for growth inhibition assays against Bd and Bsal. Generalized linear mixed models revealed the presence of active toe lesions as the strongest and only significant predictor of decreased Bd inhibition by skin peptides. We also found skin secretions were more inhibitory of Bsal than Bd. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed candidate peptides responsible for anti-chytrid activity. Results support the hypothesis that hellbender skin secretions are important for innate immunity against chytrid pathogens, and decreased production or release of skin peptides may be linked to other sub-lethal effects of disease associated with toe lesions.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Basanta, M. D.; Anaya-Morales, S. L.; Martínez-Ugalde, E.; González Martínez, T. M.; Ávila-Akerberg, V. D.; Trejo, M. V.; and Rebollar, E. A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Metamorphosis and seasonality are major determinants of chytrid infection in a paedomorphic salamander.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Animal Conservation, n/a(n/a). 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12824\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{basanta_metamorphosis_2022,\n\ttitle = {Metamorphosis and seasonality are major determinants of chytrid infection in a paedomorphic salamander},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1469-1795},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12824},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/acv.12824},\n\tabstract = {Chytridiomycosis, an emerging disease caused mostly by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has caused massive amphibian population declines and extinctions worldwide. The ecology of this disease is mainly explained by the interaction of environmental factors, pathogen biology, and host traits including development. For paedomorphic salamanders, differences in B. dendrobatidis infection may be explained by metamorphosis and water physicochemical conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine the influence of environmental and host factors on B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection intensity in the facultative paedomorphic salamander Ambystoma altamirani. We determined B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection load in four populations of A. altamirani along 1 year (four seasons) and assessed their relationship with environmental factors and host metamorphic status (gilled or non-gilled). We found that B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection load are largely explained by metamorphic status and environmental factors such as elevation, seasonality, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to empirically show the effect of metamorphosis on B. dendrobatidis infection status across locations and seasons. This information may be used to understand the temporal dynamics of B. dendrobatidis–host interactions and to identify potential disease outbreaks that may cause cryptic sublethal effects on salamander populations. Our results will help in the development of conservation strategies for paedomorphic salamanders that are already considered threatened by anthropogenic factors such as habitat loss and climate change.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Animal Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Basanta, M. D. and Anaya-Morales, S. L. and Martínez-Ugalde, E. and González Martínez, T. M. and Ávila-Akerberg, V. D. and Trejo, M. V. and Rebollar, E. A.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12824},\n\tkeywords = {B. dendrobatidis, Bd, amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis, paedomorphic salamanders},\n}\n\n\n\n Chytridiomycosis, an emerging disease caused mostly by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has caused massive amphibian population declines and extinctions worldwide. The ecology of this disease is mainly explained by the interaction of environmental factors, pathogen biology, and host traits including development. For paedomorphic salamanders, differences in B. dendrobatidis infection may be explained by metamorphosis and water physicochemical conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine the influence of environmental and host factors on B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection intensity in the facultative paedomorphic salamander Ambystoma altamirani. We determined B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection load in four populations of A. altamirani along 1 year (four seasons) and assessed their relationship with environmental factors and host metamorphic status (gilled or non-gilled). We found that B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection load are largely explained by metamorphic status and environmental factors such as elevation, seasonality, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to empirically show the effect of metamorphosis on B. dendrobatidis infection status across locations and seasons. This information may be used to understand the temporal dynamics of B. dendrobatidis–host interactions and to identify potential disease outbreaks that may cause cryptic sublethal effects on salamander populations. Our results will help in the development of conservation strategies for paedomorphic salamanders that are already considered threatened by anthropogenic factors such as habitat loss and climate change.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Bolom-Huet, R.; Pineda, E.; Andrade-Torres, A.; Díaz-Fleischer, F.; Muñoz, A. L.; and Galindo-González, J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Chytrid prevalence and infection intensity in treefrogs from three environments with different degrees of conservation in Mexico.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biotropica, n/a(n/a). 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/btp.13186\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{bolom-huet_chytrid_2022,\n\ttitle = {Chytrid prevalence and infection intensity in treefrogs from three environments with different degrees of conservation in {Mexico}},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1744-7429},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/btp.13186},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/btp.13186},\n\tabstract = {Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been related to rapid population declines and extinction in amphibians around the world. Bd has been associated with a severe decline in amphibian populations in southern Mexico. We compare the prevalence and intensity of Bd infection in two tree frogs in southern Mexico with similar life habits (Plectrohyla matudai and Ptychohyla euthysanota), inquiring if they differ across habitat types with different degrees of disturbance: preserved cloud forest, secondary cloud forest and anthropized riparian vegetation, and across three seasons. We examine the relationship between infection prevalence and intensity with biotic and abiotic variables. Infection prevalence differed between the two species, but not among environments, despite their similar life habits. Among seasons, prevalence decreased significantly at the end of the rainy season. There was no indication of significant changes in infection intensity between species, environments, and seasons. Moreover, the interaction among extrinsic factors (canopy cover, temperature, relative humidity) and factors intrinsic factors (body condition) explains the dynamics of Bd infection in the region. In our sample, we found no disease-affected individuals, which may indicate that both species are resistant to the effects of the pathogen under field conditions. Finally, our results found no evidence to indicate that open canopies and anthropized habitats of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas are a refuge that prevents high prevalence or infection of Bd in stream breeders' amphibians. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Biotropica},\n\tauthor = {Bolom-Huet, René and Pineda, Eduardo and Andrade-Torres, Antonio and Díaz-Fleischer, Francisco and Muñoz, Antonio L. and Galindo-González, Jorge},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/btp.13186},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Chiapas, Hylidae, Mesoamerica, Plectrohyla matudai, amphibian, chytridiomycosis, cloud forest},\n}\n\n\n\n Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been related to rapid population declines and extinction in amphibians around the world. Bd has been associated with a severe decline in amphibian populations in southern Mexico. We compare the prevalence and intensity of Bd infection in two tree frogs in southern Mexico with similar life habits (Plectrohyla matudai and Ptychohyla euthysanota), inquiring if they differ across habitat types with different degrees of disturbance: preserved cloud forest, secondary cloud forest and anthropized riparian vegetation, and across three seasons. We examine the relationship between infection prevalence and intensity with biotic and abiotic variables. Infection prevalence differed between the two species, but not among environments, despite their similar life habits. Among seasons, prevalence decreased significantly at the end of the rainy season. There was no indication of significant changes in infection intensity between species, environments, and seasons. Moreover, the interaction among extrinsic factors (canopy cover, temperature, relative humidity) and factors intrinsic factors (body condition) explains the dynamics of Bd infection in the region. In our sample, we found no disease-affected individuals, which may indicate that both species are resistant to the effects of the pathogen under field conditions. Finally, our results found no evidence to indicate that open canopies and anthropized habitats of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas are a refuge that prevents high prevalence or infection of Bd in stream breeders' amphibians. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Hossack, B. R.; Oja, E. B.; Owens, A. K.; Hall, D.; Cobos, C.; Crawford, C. L.; Goldberg, C. S.; Hedwall, S.; Howell, P. E.; Lemos-Espinal, J. A.; MacVean, S. K.; McCaffery, M.; Mosley, C.; Muths, E.; Sigafus, B. H.; Sredl, M. J.; and Rorabaugh, J. C.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Empirical evidence for effects of invasive American Bullfrogs on occurrence of native amphibians and emerging pathogens.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecological Applications, n/a(n/a): e2785. 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eap.2785\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{hossack_empirical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Empirical evidence for effects of invasive {American} {Bullfrogs} on occurrence of native amphibians and emerging pathogens},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1939-5582},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.2785},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/eap.2785},\n\tabstract = {Invasive species and emerging infectious diseases are two of the greatest threats to biodiversity. American Bullfrogs (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana), which have been introduced to many parts of the world, are often linked with declines in native amphibians via predation and the spread of emerging pathogens such as amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]) and ranaviruses. Although many studies have investigated the potential role of bullfrogs in the decline of native amphibians, analyses that account for shared habitat affinities and imperfect detection have found limited support for clear effects. Similarly, the role of bullfrogs in shaping the patch-level distribution of pathogens is unclear. We used eDNA methods to sample 233 sites in the southwestern USA and Sonora, Mexico (2016–2018) to estimate how the presence of bullfrogs affects the occurrence of four native amphibians, Bd, and ranaviruses. Based on two-species, dominant-subordinate occupancy models fitted in a Bayesian context, federally threatened Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Rana chiricahuensis) and Western Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) were eight times (32\\% vs. 4\\%) and two times (36\\% vs. 18\\%), respectively, less likely to occur at sites where bullfrogs occurred. Evidence for the negative effects of bullfrogs on Lowland Leopard Frogs (Rana yavapaiensis) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens) was less clear, possibly because of smaller numbers of sites where these native species still occurred and because bullfrogs often occur at lower densities in streams, the primary habitat for Lowland Leopard Frogs. At the community level, Bd was most likely to occur where bullfrogs co-occurred with native amphibians, which could increase the risk to native species. Ranaviruses were estimated to occur at 33\\% of bullfrog-only sites, 10\\% of sites where bullfrogs and native amphibians co-occurred, and only 3\\% of sites where only native amphibians occurred. Of the 85 sites where we did not detect any of the five target amphibian species, we also did not detect Bd or ranaviruses; this suggests other hosts do not drive the distribution of these pathogens in our study area. Our results provide landscape-scale evidence that bullfrogs reduce the occurrence of native amphibians and increase the occurrence of pathogens, information that can clarify risks and aid the prioritization of conservation actions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Ecological Applications},\n\tauthor = {Hossack, Blake R. and Oja, Emily B. and Owens, Audrey K. and Hall, David and Cobos, Cassidi and Crawford, Catherine L. and Goldberg, Caren S. and Hedwall, Shaula and Howell, Paige E. and Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. and MacVean, Susan K. and McCaffery, Magnus and Mosley, Cody and Muths, Erin and Sigafus, Brent H. and Sredl, Michael J. and Rorabaugh, James C.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eap.2785},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, amphibian chytrid, disease, endangered, imperiled, nonnative, ranavirus, recombination},\n\tpages = {e2785},\n}\n\n\n\n Invasive species and emerging infectious diseases are two of the greatest threats to biodiversity. American Bullfrogs (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana), which have been introduced to many parts of the world, are often linked with declines in native amphibians via predation and the spread of emerging pathogens such as amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]) and ranaviruses. Although many studies have investigated the potential role of bullfrogs in the decline of native amphibians, analyses that account for shared habitat affinities and imperfect detection have found limited support for clear effects. Similarly, the role of bullfrogs in shaping the patch-level distribution of pathogens is unclear. We used eDNA methods to sample 233 sites in the southwestern USA and Sonora, Mexico (2016–2018) to estimate how the presence of bullfrogs affects the occurrence of four native amphibians, Bd, and ranaviruses. Based on two-species, dominant-subordinate occupancy models fitted in a Bayesian context, federally threatened Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Rana chiricahuensis) and Western Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) were eight times (32% vs. 4%) and two times (36% vs. 18%), respectively, less likely to occur at sites where bullfrogs occurred. Evidence for the negative effects of bullfrogs on Lowland Leopard Frogs (Rana yavapaiensis) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens) was less clear, possibly because of smaller numbers of sites where these native species still occurred and because bullfrogs often occur at lower densities in streams, the primary habitat for Lowland Leopard Frogs. At the community level, Bd was most likely to occur where bullfrogs co-occurred with native amphibians, which could increase the risk to native species. Ranaviruses were estimated to occur at 33% of bullfrog-only sites, 10% of sites where bullfrogs and native amphibians co-occurred, and only 3% of sites where only native amphibians occurred. Of the 85 sites where we did not detect any of the five target amphibian species, we also did not detect Bd or ranaviruses; this suggests other hosts do not drive the distribution of these pathogens in our study area. Our results provide landscape-scale evidence that bullfrogs reduce the occurrence of native amphibians and increase the occurrence of pathogens, information that can clarify risks and aid the prioritization of conservation actions.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Wu, N. C.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Pathogen load predicts host functional disruption: A meta-analysis of an amphibian fungal panzootic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Functional Ecology, n/a(n/a). 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.14245\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{wu_pathogen_2022,\n\ttitle = {Pathogen load predicts host functional disruption: {A} meta-analysis of an amphibian fungal panzootic},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1365-2435},\n\tshorttitle = {Pathogen load predicts host functional disruption},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.14245},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1365-2435.14245},\n\tabstract = {The progression of infectious disease depends on the intensity of and sensitivity to pathogen infection. Understanding commonalities in trait sensitivity to pathogen infection across studies through meta-analytic approaches could provide insight to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The globally devastating amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), offers a good case system due to the widely available dataset on disruption to functional traits across species. Here, I systematically conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to test how infection intensity affects different functional traits (e.g. behaviour, physiology, morphology, reproduction) and the survival in amphibians infected with Bd. There was a consistent effect of Bd infection on energy metabolism, while traits related to body condition, osmoregulation, and behaviour generally decreased with Bd infection. Skin integrity, hormone levels, and osmoregulation were most sensitive to Bd infection (minimum Bd load ln 2.5 zoospore equivalent), while higher minimum Bd loads were required to influence reproduction (ln 10.6 zoospore equivalent). Mortality differed between life stages, where juvenile mortality was dependent on infection intensity and exposure duration, while adult mortality was dependent on infection intensity only. Importantly, there were strong biases for studies on immune response, body condition and survival, while locomotor capacity, energy metabolism and cardiovascular traits were lacking. The influence of pathogen load on functional disruption can help inform pathogen thresholds before the onset of irreversible damage and mortality. Meta-analytic approaches can provide quantitative assessment across studies to reveal commonalities, differences and biases of panzootic diseases, especially for understanding the ecological relevance of disease impact.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Functional Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Nicholas C.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.14245},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, anuran, chytridiomycosis, emerging infectious diseases, energy metabolism, meta-analysis, pathogen, quantitative synthesis},\n}\n\n\n\n The progression of infectious disease depends on the intensity of and sensitivity to pathogen infection. Understanding commonalities in trait sensitivity to pathogen infection across studies through meta-analytic approaches could provide insight to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The globally devastating amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), offers a good case system due to the widely available dataset on disruption to functional traits across species. Here, I systematically conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to test how infection intensity affects different functional traits (e.g. behaviour, physiology, morphology, reproduction) and the survival in amphibians infected with Bd. There was a consistent effect of Bd infection on energy metabolism, while traits related to body condition, osmoregulation, and behaviour generally decreased with Bd infection. Skin integrity, hormone levels, and osmoregulation were most sensitive to Bd infection (minimum Bd load ln 2.5 zoospore equivalent), while higher minimum Bd loads were required to influence reproduction (ln 10.6 zoospore equivalent). Mortality differed between life stages, where juvenile mortality was dependent on infection intensity and exposure duration, while adult mortality was dependent on infection intensity only. Importantly, there were strong biases for studies on immune response, body condition and survival, while locomotor capacity, energy metabolism and cardiovascular traits were lacking. The influence of pathogen load on functional disruption can help inform pathogen thresholds before the onset of irreversible damage and mortality. Meta-analytic approaches can provide quantitative assessment across studies to reveal commonalities, differences and biases of panzootic diseases, especially for understanding the ecological relevance of disease impact.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Castro Monzon, F.; Rödel, M.; Ruland, F.; Parra-Olea, G.; and Jeschke, J. M.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans’ Amphibian Host Species and Invasion Range.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n EcoHealth, 19(4): 475–486. December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{castro_monzon_batrachochytrium_2022,\n\ttitle = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans’ {Amphibian} {Host} {Species} and {Invasion} {Range}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1612-9210},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-022-01620-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10393-022-01620-9},\n\tabstract = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), a species related to the destructive pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), was found and identified in Europe in 2013. Now, a decade later, a large amount of information is available. This includes data from studies in the field, reports of infection in captive amphibians, laboratory studies testing host susceptibility, and data from prospective studies that test for Bsal’s presence in a location. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature and compiled a dataset of Bsal tests. We identified 67 species that have been reported positive for Bsal, 20 of which have a threatened conservation status. The distribution of species that have been found with infection encompasses 69 countries, highlighting the potential threat that Bsal poses. We point out where surveillance to detect Bsal have taken place and highlight areas that have not been well monitored. The large number of host species belonging to the families Plethodontidae and Salamandridae suggests a taxonomic pattern of susceptibility. Our results provide insight into the risk posed by Bsal and identifies vulnerable species and areas where surveillance is needed to fill existing knowledge gaps.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {EcoHealth},\n\tauthor = {Castro Monzon, Federico and Rödel, Mark-Oliver and Ruland, Florian and Parra-Olea, Gabriela and Jeschke, Jonathan M.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {475--486},\n}\n\n\n\n Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), a species related to the destructive pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), was found and identified in Europe in 2013. Now, a decade later, a large amount of information is available. This includes data from studies in the field, reports of infection in captive amphibians, laboratory studies testing host susceptibility, and data from prospective studies that test for Bsal’s presence in a location. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature and compiled a dataset of Bsal tests. We identified 67 species that have been reported positive for Bsal, 20 of which have a threatened conservation status. The distribution of species that have been found with infection encompasses 69 countries, highlighting the potential threat that Bsal poses. We point out where surveillance to detect Bsal have taken place and highlight areas that have not been well monitored. The large number of host species belonging to the families Plethodontidae and Salamandridae suggests a taxonomic pattern of susceptibility. Our results provide insight into the risk posed by Bsal and identifies vulnerable species and areas where surveillance is needed to fill existing knowledge gaps.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Strachinis, I.; Marschang, R. E.; Lymberakis, P.; Karagianni, K. M.; and Azmanis, P.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Infectious disease threats to amphibians in Greece: new localities positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 152: 127–138. December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{strachinis_infectious_2022,\n\ttitle = {Infectious disease threats to amphibians in {Greece}: new localities positive for {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis},\n\tvolume = {152},\n\tissn = {0177-5103, 1616-1580},\n\tshorttitle = {Infectious disease threats to amphibians in {Greece}},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v152/p127-138/},\n\tdoi = {10.3354/dao03712},\n\tabstract = {In the early 2000s, numerous cases of European amphibian population declines and mass die-offs started to emerge. Investigating those events led to the discovery that wild European amphibians were confronted with grave disease threats caused by introduced pathogens, namely the amphibian and the salamander chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) and ranaviruses. In Greece, Bd was previously documented among wild amphibian populations in 2 different locations and 3 different species. However, no disease-related mass declines or mortality events have been reported. In this work, we build upon previous findings with new, subsequently obtained data, resulting in a 225-sample dataset of 14 species from 17 different locations throughout Greece, in order to examine the occurrence status of all 3 pathogens responsible for emerging infectious diseases in European amphibians. No positive samples for Bsal or ranavirus were recorded in any location. We confirmed the presence of Bd in 4 more localities and in 4 more species, including 1 urodelan (Macedonian crested newt Triturus macedonicus) and 1 introduced anuran (American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus). All insular localities were negative for Bd, except for Crete, where Bd was identified in 2 different locations. Again, no mass declines or die-offs were recorded in any Bd-positive area or elsewhere. However, given the persistence of Bd across Greece over the past {\\textasciitilde}20 yr, monitoring efforts should continue, and ideally be further expanded.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},\n\tauthor = {Strachinis, Ilias and Marschang, Rachel E. and Lymberakis, Petros and Karagianni, Korina M. and Azmanis, Panagiotis},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bd, Bsal, Chytrid fungus, Frog, Ranavirus, Salamander},\n\tpages = {127--138},\n}\n\n\n\n In the early 2000s, numerous cases of European amphibian population declines and mass die-offs started to emerge. Investigating those events led to the discovery that wild European amphibians were confronted with grave disease threats caused by introduced pathogens, namely the amphibian and the salamander chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) and ranaviruses. In Greece, Bd was previously documented among wild amphibian populations in 2 different locations and 3 different species. However, no disease-related mass declines or mortality events have been reported. In this work, we build upon previous findings with new, subsequently obtained data, resulting in a 225-sample dataset of 14 species from 17 different locations throughout Greece, in order to examine the occurrence status of all 3 pathogens responsible for emerging infectious diseases in European amphibians. No positive samples for Bsal or ranavirus were recorded in any location. We confirmed the presence of Bd in 4 more localities and in 4 more species, including 1 urodelan (Macedonian crested newt Triturus macedonicus) and 1 introduced anuran (American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus). All insular localities were negative for Bd, except for Crete, where Bd was identified in 2 different locations. Again, no mass declines or die-offs were recorded in any Bd-positive area or elsewhere. However, given the persistence of Bd across Greece over the past ~20 yr, monitoring efforts should continue, and ideally be further expanded.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Goodwin, K. B.; Hutchinson, J. D.; and Gompert, Z.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Spatiotemporal and ontogenetic variation, microbial selection, and predicted Bd-inhibitory function in the skin-associated microbiome of a Rocky Mountain amphibian.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. December 2022.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{goodwin_spatiotemporal_2022,\n\ttitle = {Spatiotemporal and ontogenetic variation, microbial selection, and predicted {Bd}-inhibitory function in the skin-associated microbiome of a {Rocky} {Mountain} amphibian},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-302X},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020329/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Microbiology&id=1020329},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020329},\n\tabstract = {Host-associated microbiomes play important roles in host health and pathogen defense. In amphibians, the skin-associated microbiota can contribute to innate immunity with potential implications for disease management. Few studies have examined season-long temporal variation in the amphibian skin-associated microbiome, and the interactions between bacteria and fungi on amphibian skin remain poorly understood. We characterize season-long temporal variation in the skin-associated microbiome of the western tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) for both bacteria and fungi between sites and across salamander life stages. 207 skin-associated microbiome samples were collected from salamanders at two Rocky Mountain lakes throughout the summer and fall of 2018, and 127 additional microbiome samples were collected from lake water and lake substrate. We used 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing with Bayesian Dirichlet-multinomial regression to estimate the relative abundances of bacterial and fungal taxa, test for differential abundance, examine microbial selection, and derive alpha diversity. We predicted the ability of bacterial communities to inhibit the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a cutaneous fungal pathogen, using stochastic character mapping and a database of Bd-inhibitory bacterial isolates. For both bacteria and fungi, we observed variation in community composition through time, between sites, and with salamander age and life stage. We further found that temporal trends in community composition were specific to each combination of salamander age, life stage, and lake. We found salamander skin to be selective for microbes, with many taxa disproportionately represented relative to the environment. Salamander skin appeared to select for predicted Bd-inhibitory bacteria, and we found a negative relationship between the relative abundances of predicted Bd-inhibitory bacteria and Bd. We hope these findings will assist in the conservation of amphibian species threatened by chytridiomycosis and other emerging diseases.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Goodwin, Kenen B. and Hutchinson, Jaren D. and Gompert, Zachariah},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n}\n\n\n\n Host-associated microbiomes play important roles in host health and pathogen defense. In amphibians, the skin-associated microbiota can contribute to innate immunity with potential implications for disease management. Few studies have examined season-long temporal variation in the amphibian skin-associated microbiome, and the interactions between bacteria and fungi on amphibian skin remain poorly understood. We characterize season-long temporal variation in the skin-associated microbiome of the western tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) for both bacteria and fungi between sites and across salamander life stages. 207 skin-associated microbiome samples were collected from salamanders at two Rocky Mountain lakes throughout the summer and fall of 2018, and 127 additional microbiome samples were collected from lake water and lake substrate. We used 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing with Bayesian Dirichlet-multinomial regression to estimate the relative abundances of bacterial and fungal taxa, test for differential abundance, examine microbial selection, and derive alpha diversity. We predicted the ability of bacterial communities to inhibit the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a cutaneous fungal pathogen, using stochastic character mapping and a database of Bd-inhibitory bacterial isolates. For both bacteria and fungi, we observed variation in community composition through time, between sites, and with salamander age and life stage. We further found that temporal trends in community composition were specific to each combination of salamander age, life stage, and lake. We found salamander skin to be selective for microbes, with many taxa disproportionately represented relative to the environment. Salamander skin appeared to select for predicted Bd-inhibitory bacteria, and we found a negative relationship between the relative abundances of predicted Bd-inhibitory bacteria and Bd. We hope these findings will assist in the conservation of amphibian species threatened by chytridiomycosis and other emerging diseases.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Muths, E.; and Hossack, B. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of monitoring and research in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in framing our understanding of the effects of disease on amphibians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecological Indicators, 136: 108577. March 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{muths_role_2022,\n\ttitle = {The role of monitoring and research in the {Greater} {Yellowstone} {Ecosystem} in framing our understanding of the effects of disease on amphibians},\n\tvolume = {136},\n\tissn = {1470-160X},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X22000486},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108577},\n\tabstract = {Emerging infectious disease threatens amphibian biodiversity worldwide, including in landscapes that are protected from many anthropogenic stressors. We summarized data from studies in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), one of the largest and most complete temperate-zone ecosystems on Earth, to assess the current state of knowledge about ranaviruses and the novel amphibian chytrid fungus (Bd) in this landscape, and to provide insight into future threats and conservation strategies. Our comprehension of these amphibian diseases in the GYE is based on {\\textgreater}20 years of monitoring, surveys, population studies, and opportunistic observations of mortality events. Research indicates that local species are affected differently, depending on temperature, community structure, and location in the GYE. Bd has not been linked to die-offs in the GYE but evidence for ongoing reductions in survival contributes to foundational data about the effects of this pathogen in North America. Localized mortality events attributed to, or consistent with, disease from ranaviruses, are widespread in the GYE, but there is less information on how ranaviruses affect amphibian vital rates. The significance of disease in the long-term persistence of amphibians in the GYE is linked to anticipated changes in climate, especially drought. Additionally, expected increases in visitor use, and its associated impacts, have the potential to exacerbate the effects of disease. Long-term information from this large, intact landscape helps to frame our understanding of the effects of disease on amphibians and provides data that can contribute to management decisions, mitigation strategies, and forecasting efforts.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Ecological Indicators},\n\tauthor = {Muths, Erin and Hossack, Blake R.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Chorus frog, Columbia spotted frog, Ranavirus, Tiger salamander, Western toad},\n\tpages = {108577},\n}\n\n\n\n Emerging infectious disease threatens amphibian biodiversity worldwide, including in landscapes that are protected from many anthropogenic stressors. We summarized data from studies in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), one of the largest and most complete temperate-zone ecosystems on Earth, to assess the current state of knowledge about ranaviruses and the novel amphibian chytrid fungus (Bd) in this landscape, and to provide insight into future threats and conservation strategies. Our comprehension of these amphibian diseases in the GYE is based on \\textgreater20 years of monitoring, surveys, population studies, and opportunistic observations of mortality events. Research indicates that local species are affected differently, depending on temperature, community structure, and location in the GYE. Bd has not been linked to die-offs in the GYE but evidence for ongoing reductions in survival contributes to foundational data about the effects of this pathogen in North America. Localized mortality events attributed to, or consistent with, disease from ranaviruses, are widespread in the GYE, but there is less information on how ranaviruses affect amphibian vital rates. The significance of disease in the long-term persistence of amphibians in the GYE is linked to anticipated changes in climate, especially drought. Additionally, expected increases in visitor use, and its associated impacts, have the potential to exacerbate the effects of disease. Long-term information from this large, intact landscape helps to frame our understanding of the effects of disease on amphibians and provides data that can contribute to management decisions, mitigation strategies, and forecasting efforts.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rollins-Smith, L. A.; Reinert, L. K.; Le Sage, M.; Linney, K. N.; Gillard, B. M.; Umile, T. P.; and Minbiole, K. P. C.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lymphocyte Inhibition by the Salamander-Killing Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Infection and Immunity, 90(3): e00020–22. March 2022.\n Publisher: American Society for Microbiology\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{rollins-smith_lymphocyte_2022,\n\ttitle = {Lymphocyte {Inhibition} by the {Salamander}-{Killing} {Chytrid} {Fungus}, {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\turl = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/iai.00020-22},\n\tdoi = {10.1128/iai.00020-22},\n\tabstract = {Amphibian populations have been declining around the world for more than five decades, and the losses continue. Although causes are complex, major contributors to these declines are two chytrid fungi, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, which both cause the disease termed chytridiomycosis. Previously, we showed that B. dendrobatidis impedes amphibian defenses by directly inhibiting lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo by release of soluble metabolites, including kynurenine (KYN), methylthioadenosine (MTA), and spermidine (SPD). Here, we show that B. salamandrivorans cells and cell-free supernatants also inhibit amphibian lymphocytes as well as a human T cell line. As we have shown for B. dendrobatidis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry revealed that KYN, MTA, and SPD are key metabolites found in the B. salamandrivorans supernatants. Production of inhibitory factors by B. salamandrivorans is limited to mature zoosporangia and can occur over a range of temperatures between 16°C and 26°C. Taken together, these results suggest that both pathogenic Batrachochytrium fungi have evolved similar mechanisms to inhibit lymphocytes in order to evade clearance by the amphibian immune system.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Infection and Immunity},\n\tauthor = {Rollins-Smith, Louise A. and Reinert, Laura K. and Le Sage, Mitchell and Linney, Kaitlyn N. and Gillard, Bria M. and Umile, Thomas P. and Minbiole, Kevin P. C.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Society for Microbiology},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {e00020--22},\n}\n\n\n\n Amphibian populations have been declining around the world for more than five decades, and the losses continue. Although causes are complex, major contributors to these declines are two chytrid fungi, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, which both cause the disease termed chytridiomycosis. Previously, we showed that B. dendrobatidis impedes amphibian defenses by directly inhibiting lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo by release of soluble metabolites, including kynurenine (KYN), methylthioadenosine (MTA), and spermidine (SPD). Here, we show that B. salamandrivorans cells and cell-free supernatants also inhibit amphibian lymphocytes as well as a human T cell line. As we have shown for B. dendrobatidis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry revealed that KYN, MTA, and SPD are key metabolites found in the B. salamandrivorans supernatants. Production of inhibitory factors by B. salamandrivorans is limited to mature zoosporangia and can occur over a range of temperatures between 16°C and 26°C. Taken together, these results suggest that both pathogenic Batrachochytrium fungi have evolved similar mechanisms to inhibit lymphocytes in order to evade clearance by the amphibian immune system.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Beranek, C. T.; Sanders, S.; Clulow, J.; and Mahony, M.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Factors influencing persistence of a threatened amphibian in restored wetlands despite severe population decline during climate change driven weather extremes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biodiversity and Conservation, 31(4): 1267–1287. March 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{beranek_factors_2022,\n\ttitle = {Factors influencing persistence of a threatened amphibian in restored wetlands despite severe population decline during climate change driven weather extremes},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1572-9710},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02387-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10531-022-02387-9},\n\tabstract = {Biodiversity is in global decline during the Anthropocene. Declines have been caused by multiple factors, such as habitat removal, invasive species, and disease, which are often targets for conservation management. However, conservation interventions are under threat from climate change induced weather extremes. Weather extremes are becoming more frequent and devastating and an example of this was the 2019/2020 Australian drought and mega-fires. We provide a case study the impacts of these extreme weather events had on a population of the threatened frog Litoria aurea that occurs in a constructed habitat which was designed to reduce the impact of introduced fish and chytrid-induced disease. We aimed to determine what factors influenced persistence so that the design of wetlands can be further optimised to future-proof threatened amphibians. We achieved this with 4 years (2016–2020) of intensive capture–recapture surveys during austral spring and summer across nine wetlands (n = 94 repeat surveys). As hypothesized, drought caused a sharp reduction in population size, but persistence was achieved. The most parsimonious predictor of survival was an interaction between maximum air temperature and rainfall, indicating that weather extremes likely caused the decline. Survival was positively correlated with wetland vegetation coverage, positing this is an important feature to target to enhance resilience in wetland restoration programs. Additionally, the benefits obtained from measures to reduce chytrid prevalence were not compromised during drought, as there was a positive correlation between salinity and survival. We emphasize that many species may not be able to persist under worse extreme weather scenarios. Despite the potential for habitat augmentation to buffer effects of extreme weather, global action on climate change is needed to reduce extinction risk.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Beranek, Chad T. and Sanders, Samantha and Clulow, John and Mahony, Michael},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {1267--1287},\n}\n\n\n\n Biodiversity is in global decline during the Anthropocene. Declines have been caused by multiple factors, such as habitat removal, invasive species, and disease, which are often targets for conservation management. However, conservation interventions are under threat from climate change induced weather extremes. Weather extremes are becoming more frequent and devastating and an example of this was the 2019/2020 Australian drought and mega-fires. We provide a case study the impacts of these extreme weather events had on a population of the threatened frog Litoria aurea that occurs in a constructed habitat which was designed to reduce the impact of introduced fish and chytrid-induced disease. We aimed to determine what factors influenced persistence so that the design of wetlands can be further optimised to future-proof threatened amphibians. We achieved this with 4 years (2016–2020) of intensive capture–recapture surveys during austral spring and summer across nine wetlands (n = 94 repeat surveys). As hypothesized, drought caused a sharp reduction in population size, but persistence was achieved. The most parsimonious predictor of survival was an interaction between maximum air temperature and rainfall, indicating that weather extremes likely caused the decline. Survival was positively correlated with wetland vegetation coverage, positing this is an important feature to target to enhance resilience in wetland restoration programs. Additionally, the benefits obtained from measures to reduce chytrid prevalence were not compromised during drought, as there was a positive correlation between salinity and survival. We emphasize that many species may not be able to persist under worse extreme weather scenarios. Despite the potential for habitat augmentation to buffer effects of extreme weather, global action on climate change is needed to reduce extinction risk.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Webb, R. J.; Waddle, A. W.; Webb, R. J.; and Waddle, A. W.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Frogs vs fungus: the emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Microbiology Australia, 43(4): 169–172. December 2022.\n Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{webb_frogs_2022,\n\ttitle = {Frogs vs fungus: the emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {2201-9189, 2201-9189},\n\tshorttitle = {Frogs vs fungus},\n\turl = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/ma/MA22056},\n\tdoi = {10.1071/MA22056},\n\tabstract = {By the late 1980s, widespread dramatic declines in amphibian populations were causing alarm. The culprit was identified as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a chytrid fungus that infects the skin of various amphibian hosts, particularly anurans (frogs), and the first example of a chytridiomycete parasitising vertebrates. The disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread globally and is linked to the decline and extinction of many amphibian species. This review summarises the discovery of Bd, its emergence as a panzootic pathogen, and some current mitigation strategies to conserve amphibians.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Microbiology Australia},\n\tauthor = {Webb, Rebecca J. and Waddle, Anthony W. and Webb, Rebecca J. and Waddle, Anthony W.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {169--172},\n}\n\n\n\n By the late 1980s, widespread dramatic declines in amphibian populations were causing alarm. The culprit was identified as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a chytrid fungus that infects the skin of various amphibian hosts, particularly anurans (frogs), and the first example of a chytridiomycete parasitising vertebrates. The disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread globally and is linked to the decline and extinction of many amphibian species. This review summarises the discovery of Bd, its emergence as a panzootic pathogen, and some current mitigation strategies to conserve amphibians.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Kásler, A.; Ujszegi, J.; Holly, D.; Üveges, B.; Móricz, Á. M.; Herczeg, D.; and Hettyey, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Metamorphic common toads keep chytrid infection under control, but at a cost.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Zoology, n/a(n/a). 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jzo.12974\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{kasler_metamorphic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Metamorphic common toads keep chytrid infection under control, but at a cost},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1469-7998},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12974},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jzo.12974},\n\tabstract = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, which has contributed to population declines in hundreds of species worldwide. Common toads (Bufo bufo) exhibit low resistance and relatively high tolerance to Bd infection, which may partly be attributable to bufadienolide toxins secreted in their granular skin glands. Bufadienolides are known to provide an effective defense against several pathogens, parasites, and predators. The toxin production of bufonids is a plastic trait, inducible by several environmental factors. Here, we experimentally infected juvenile common toads with Bd and investigated if the toadlets could clear the infection over time, whether the infection induced bufadienolide production, and whether the infection caused decreased body mass. We found that prevalence remained 100\\% throughout the entire experimental period, but infection intensity did not increase and it was significantly lower on day 30 than on day 20. At the same time, compared to controls, infected toadlets produced lesser amounts of bufadienolides and their body mass was also lower. These results suggest that although young toadlets may not be able to clear Bd infection on their own, they may be able to keep infection intensities under control. Nonetheless, even if toadlets do not succumb to the disease, the costs of chronic infection may still compromise their fitness.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2022-05-22},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Zoology},\n\tauthor = {Kásler, A. and Ujszegi, J. and Holly, D. and Üveges, B. and Móricz, Á. M. and Herczeg, D. and Hettyey, A.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jzo.12974},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, BdGPL, Bufo bufo, bufadienolides, costs of infection, fungal pathogen, indirect effect},\n}\n\n\n\n Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, which has contributed to population declines in hundreds of species worldwide. Common toads (Bufo bufo) exhibit low resistance and relatively high tolerance to Bd infection, which may partly be attributable to bufadienolide toxins secreted in their granular skin glands. Bufadienolides are known to provide an effective defense against several pathogens, parasites, and predators. The toxin production of bufonids is a plastic trait, inducible by several environmental factors. Here, we experimentally infected juvenile common toads with Bd and investigated if the toadlets could clear the infection over time, whether the infection induced bufadienolide production, and whether the infection caused decreased body mass. We found that prevalence remained 100% throughout the entire experimental period, but infection intensity did not increase and it was significantly lower on day 30 than on day 20. At the same time, compared to controls, infected toadlets produced lesser amounts of bufadienolides and their body mass was also lower. These results suggest that although young toadlets may not be able to clear Bd infection on their own, they may be able to keep infection intensities under control. Nonetheless, even if toadlets do not succumb to the disease, the costs of chronic infection may still compromise their fitness.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Byrne, A. Q.; Waddle, A. W.; Saenz, V.; Ohmer, M.; Jaeger, J. R.; Richards-Zawacki, C. L.; Voyles, J.; and Rosenblum, E. B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Host species is linked to pathogen genotype for the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 17(3): e0261047. March 2022.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{byrne_host_2022,\n\ttitle = {Host species is linked to pathogen genotype for the amphibian chytrid fungus ({Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis)},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261047},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0261047},\n\tabstract = {Host-pathogen specificity can arise from certain selective environments mediated by both the host and pathogen. Therefore, understanding the degree to which host species identity is correlated with pathogen genotype can help reveal historical host-pathogen dynamics. One animal disease of particular concern is chytridiomycosis, typically caused by the global panzootic lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd), termed Bd-GPL. This pathogen lineage has caused devastating declines in amphibian communities around the world. However, the site of origin for the common ancestor of modern Bd-GPL and the fine-scale transmission dynamics of this lineage have remained a mystery. This is especially the case in North America where Bd-GPL is widespread, but disease outbreaks occur sporadically. Herein, we use Bd genetic data collected throughout the United States from amphibian skin swabs and cultured isolate samples to investigate Bd genetic patterns. We highlight two case studies in Pennsylvania and Nevada where Bd-GPL genotypes are strongly correlated with host species identity. Specifically, in some localities bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) are infected with Bd-GPL lineages that are distinct from those infecting other sympatric amphibian species. Overall, we reveal a previously unknown association of Bd genotype with host species and identify the eastern United States as a Bd diversity hotspot and potential site of origin for Bd-GPL.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Byrne, Allison Q. and Waddle, Anthony W. and Saenz, Veronica and Ohmer, Michel and Jaeger, Jef R. and Richards-Zawacki, Corinne L. and Voyles, Jamie and Rosenblum, Erica Bree},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Alleles, Amphibians, Bd, BdGPL, Evolutionary genetics, Frogs, Fungal pathogens, Heterozygosity, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogeography},\n\tpages = {e0261047},\n}\n\n\n\n Host-pathogen specificity can arise from certain selective environments mediated by both the host and pathogen. Therefore, understanding the degree to which host species identity is correlated with pathogen genotype can help reveal historical host-pathogen dynamics. One animal disease of particular concern is chytridiomycosis, typically caused by the global panzootic lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd), termed Bd-GPL. This pathogen lineage has caused devastating declines in amphibian communities around the world. However, the site of origin for the common ancestor of modern Bd-GPL and the fine-scale transmission dynamics of this lineage have remained a mystery. This is especially the case in North America where Bd-GPL is widespread, but disease outbreaks occur sporadically. Herein, we use Bd genetic data collected throughout the United States from amphibian skin swabs and cultured isolate samples to investigate Bd genetic patterns. We highlight two case studies in Pennsylvania and Nevada where Bd-GPL genotypes are strongly correlated with host species identity. Specifically, in some localities bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) are infected with Bd-GPL lineages that are distinct from those infecting other sympatric amphibian species. Overall, we reveal a previously unknown association of Bd genotype with host species and identify the eastern United States as a Bd diversity hotspot and potential site of origin for Bd-GPL.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Lambertini, C.; Ernetti, J. R.; Missassi, A. F. R.; Jorge, R. F.; Leite, D. d. S.; Lima, A. P.; and Toledo, L. F.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Chytrid fungus in amphibians from the lowland Brazilian Amazon.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 152: 115–125. December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{lambertini_chytrid_2022,\n\ttitle = {Chytrid fungus in amphibians from the lowland {Brazilian} {Amazon}},\n\tvolume = {152},\n\tissn = {0177-5103, 1616-1580},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v152/p115-125/},\n\tdoi = {10.3354/dao03709},\n\tabstract = {Infectious diseases are one of the main threats to biodiversity. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is associated with several amphibian losses around the globe, and environmental conditions may dictate the success of pathogen spread. The Brazilian Amazon has been considered climatically unsuitable for chytrid fungus, but additional information on Bd dynamics in this ecoregion is still lacking. We sampled 462 amphibians (449 anurans, 4 caudatans and 9 caecilians), representing 57 species from the Brazilian Amazon, and quantified Bd infections using qPCR. We tested whether abiotic variables predicted the risk of Bd infections, and tested for relationships between biotic variables and Bd. Finally, we experimentally tested the effects of Bd strains CLFT 156 and CLFT 102 (from the southern and northern Atlantic Forest, respectively) on Atelopus manauensis. We detected higher Bd prevalence than those previously reported for the Brazilian Amazon, and positive individuals in all 3 orders of amphibians sampled. Both biotic and abiotic predictors were related to prevalence, and no variable explained infection load. Moreover, we detected higher Bd prevalence in forested than open areas, while the host’s reproductive biology was not a factor. We detected higher mortality in the experimental group infected with CLFT 156, probably because this strain was isolated from a region characterized by discrepant climatic conditions (latitudinally more distant) when compared with the host’s sampling site in Amazon. The lowland Brazilian Amazon is still underexplored and future studies targeting all amphibian orders are essential to better understand Bd infection dynamics in this region.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},\n\tauthor = {Lambertini, Carolina and Ernetti, Julia R. and Missassi, Alexandre F. R. and Jorge, Rafael F. and Leite, Domingos da Silva and Lima, Albertina P. and Toledo, Luís Felipe},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Anura, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Caudata, Disease ecology, Environmental variables, Gymnophiona, Tropical forest},\n\tpages = {115--125},\n}\n\n\n\n Infectious diseases are one of the main threats to biodiversity. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is associated with several amphibian losses around the globe, and environmental conditions may dictate the success of pathogen spread. The Brazilian Amazon has been considered climatically unsuitable for chytrid fungus, but additional information on Bd dynamics in this ecoregion is still lacking. We sampled 462 amphibians (449 anurans, 4 caudatans and 9 caecilians), representing 57 species from the Brazilian Amazon, and quantified Bd infections using qPCR. We tested whether abiotic variables predicted the risk of Bd infections, and tested for relationships between biotic variables and Bd. Finally, we experimentally tested the effects of Bd strains CLFT 156 and CLFT 102 (from the southern and northern Atlantic Forest, respectively) on Atelopus manauensis. We detected higher Bd prevalence than those previously reported for the Brazilian Amazon, and positive individuals in all 3 orders of amphibians sampled. Both biotic and abiotic predictors were related to prevalence, and no variable explained infection load. Moreover, we detected higher Bd prevalence in forested than open areas, while the host’s reproductive biology was not a factor. We detected higher mortality in the experimental group infected with CLFT 156, probably because this strain was isolated from a region characterized by discrepant climatic conditions (latitudinally more distant) when compared with the host’s sampling site in Amazon. The lowland Brazilian Amazon is still underexplored and future studies targeting all amphibian orders are essential to better understand Bd infection dynamics in this region.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n de Andrade Serrano, J.; Toledo, L. F.; and Sales, L. P.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Human impact modulates chytrid fungus occurrence in amphibians in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 20(3): 256–262. July 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{de_andrade_serrano_human_2022,\n\ttitle = {Human impact modulates chytrid fungus occurrence in amphibians in the {Brazilian} {Atlantic} {Forest}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {2530-0644},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064422000359},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2022.05.002},\n\tabstract = {Here, we investigate the influence of scale on different drivers influencing the occurrence of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We used gridded values of proxies of the abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic components of landscapes where Bd infects amphibians. Building upon disease prevalence data obtained from a previous work, we fitted GLS multiple regression models using extracted values of the three predictors for each prevalence centroid in space, explicitly controlling for spatial autocorrelation among predictors. To test for the effect of scale on driving the macroecology of Bd infection, we performed tests at different spatial scales. We then used model selection procedures to evaluate the relative contribution of the different predictors on the occurrence of the fungus. The Human Footprint Index better explained a pathogenic species occurrence than largely studied biotic and abiotic factors (i.e., host species distribution and minimum monthly potential evapotranspiration). That effect was, however, not observed at landscape scale, where we found no difference among the relative influence of predictors. Our results indicate that human-mediated impacts on environments can be strong drivers of spread of infectious diseases on native faunas worldwide, thus, suggesting that anthropogenic landscapes may create favourable conditions for the occurrence of this and other infectious diseases.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {de Andrade Serrano, Janaína and Toledo, Luís Felipe and Sales, Lilian Patrícia},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Anthropogenic impact, Bd, Disease ecology, Human impact, Spatial scale, Threats},\n\tpages = {256--262},\n}\n\n\n\n Here, we investigate the influence of scale on different drivers influencing the occurrence of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We used gridded values of proxies of the abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic components of landscapes where Bd infects amphibians. Building upon disease prevalence data obtained from a previous work, we fitted GLS multiple regression models using extracted values of the three predictors for each prevalence centroid in space, explicitly controlling for spatial autocorrelation among predictors. To test for the effect of scale on driving the macroecology of Bd infection, we performed tests at different spatial scales. We then used model selection procedures to evaluate the relative contribution of the different predictors on the occurrence of the fungus. The Human Footprint Index better explained a pathogenic species occurrence than largely studied biotic and abiotic factors (i.e., host species distribution and minimum monthly potential evapotranspiration). That effect was, however, not observed at landscape scale, where we found no difference among the relative influence of predictors. Our results indicate that human-mediated impacts on environments can be strong drivers of spread of infectious diseases on native faunas worldwide, thus, suggesting that anthropogenic landscapes may create favourable conditions for the occurrence of this and other infectious diseases.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Zipkin, E. F.; and DiRenzo, G. V.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Biodiversity is decimated by the cascading effects of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS Pathogens, 18(7): e1010624. July 2022.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{zipkin_biodiversity_2022,\n\ttitle = {Biodiversity is decimated by the cascading effects of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1553-7374},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010624},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1010624},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {PLOS Pathogens},\n\tauthor = {Zipkin, Elise F. and DiRenzo, Graziella V.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bd, Biodiversity, Ecosystems, Epizootics, Fungal pathogens, Invasive species, Snakes, Taxonomy},\n\tpages = {e1010624},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Torres-Sánchez, M.; Villate, J.; McGrath-Blaser, S.; and Longo, A. V.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Panzootic chytrid fungus exploits diverse amphibian host environments through plastic infection strategies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Molecular Ecology, 31(17): 4558–4570. 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.16601\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{torres-sanchez_panzootic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Panzootic chytrid fungus exploits diverse amphibian host environments through plastic infection strategies},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1365-294X},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.16601},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/mec.16601},\n\tabstract = {While some pathogens are limited to single species, others can colonize many hosts, likely contributing to the emergence of novel disease outbreaks. Despite this biodiversity threat, traits associated with host niche expansions are not well understood in multihost pathogens. Here, we aimed to uncover functional machinery driving multihost invasion by focusing on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that infects the skin of hundreds of amphibians worldwide. We performed a meta-analysis of Bd gene expression using data from published infection experiments and newly generated profiles. We analysed Bd transcriptomic landscapes across the skin of 14 host species, reconstructed Bd isolates phylogenetic relationships, and inferred the origin and evolutionary history of differentially expressed genes under a phylogenetic framework comprising other 12 zoosporic fungi. Bd displayed plastic infection strategies when challenged by hosts with different disease susceptibility. Our analyses identified sets of differentially expressed genes under host environments with similar infection outcome. We stressed nutritional immunity and gene silencing as important processes required to overcome challenging skin environments in less susceptible hosts. Overall, Bd genes expressed during amphibian skin exploitation have arisen mainly via gene duplications with great family expansions, increasing the gene copy events previously described for this fungal species. Finally, we provide a comprehensive gene data set that can be used to further examine eco-evolutionary hypotheses for this host-pathogen system. Our study supports the idea that host environments exert contrasting selective pressures, such that gene expression plasticity could be one of the evolutionary keys leading to the success of multihost pathogens.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Molecular Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Torres-Sánchez, María and Villate, Jennifer and McGrath-Blaser, Sarah and Longo, Ana V.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.16601},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, molecular phenotypic plasticity, multihost pathogen evolution, pathogenic fungus, transcriptomic meta-analysis},\n\tpages = {4558--4570},\n}\n\n\n\n While some pathogens are limited to single species, others can colonize many hosts, likely contributing to the emergence of novel disease outbreaks. Despite this biodiversity threat, traits associated with host niche expansions are not well understood in multihost pathogens. Here, we aimed to uncover functional machinery driving multihost invasion by focusing on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that infects the skin of hundreds of amphibians worldwide. We performed a meta-analysis of Bd gene expression using data from published infection experiments and newly generated profiles. We analysed Bd transcriptomic landscapes across the skin of 14 host species, reconstructed Bd isolates phylogenetic relationships, and inferred the origin and evolutionary history of differentially expressed genes under a phylogenetic framework comprising other 12 zoosporic fungi. Bd displayed plastic infection strategies when challenged by hosts with different disease susceptibility. Our analyses identified sets of differentially expressed genes under host environments with similar infection outcome. We stressed nutritional immunity and gene silencing as important processes required to overcome challenging skin environments in less susceptible hosts. Overall, Bd genes expressed during amphibian skin exploitation have arisen mainly via gene duplications with great family expansions, increasing the gene copy events previously described for this fungal species. Finally, we provide a comprehensive gene data set that can be used to further examine eco-evolutionary hypotheses for this host-pathogen system. Our study supports the idea that host environments exert contrasting selective pressures, such that gene expression plasticity could be one of the evolutionary keys leading to the success of multihost pathogens.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Jiménez, R. R.; Carfagno, A.; Linhoff, L.; Gratwicke, B.; Woodhams, D. C.; Chafran, L. S.; Bletz, M. C.; Bishop, B.; and Muletz-Wolz, C. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 88(8): e01818–21. March 2022.\n Publisher: American Society for Microbiology\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{jimenez_inhibitory_2022,\n\ttitle = {Inhibitory {Bacterial} {Diversity} and {Mucosome} {Function} {Differentiate} {Susceptibility} of {Appalachian} {Salamanders} to {Chytrid} {Fungal} {Infection}},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\turl = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/aem.01818-21},\n\tdoi = {10.1128/aem.01818-21},\n\tabstract = {Mucosal defenses are crucial in animals for protection against pathogens and predators. Host defense peptides (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) as well as skin-associated microbes are key components of mucosal immunity, particularly in amphibians. We integrate microbiology, molecular biology, network-thinking, and proteomics to understand how host and microbially derived products on amphibian skin (referred to as the mucosome) serve as pathogen defenses. We studied defense mechanisms against chytrid pathogens, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), in four salamander species with different Batrachochytrium susceptibilities. Bd infection was quantified using qPCR, mucosome function (i.e., ability to kill Bd or Bsal zoospores in vitro), skin bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the role of Bd-inhibitory bacteria in microbial networks across all species. We explored the presence of candidate-AMPs in eastern newts and red-backed salamanders. Eastern newts had the highest Bd prevalence and mucosome function, while red-back salamanders had the lowest Bd prevalence and mucosome function, and two-lined salamanders and seal salamanders were intermediates. Salamanders with highest Bd infection intensity showed greater mucosome function. Bd infection prevalence significantly decreased as putative Bd-inhibitory bacterial richness and relative abundance increased on hosts. In co-occurrence networks, some putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria were found as hub-taxa, with red-backs having the highest proportion of protective hubs and positive associations related to putative Bd-inhibitory hub bacteria. We found more AMP candidates on salamanders with lower Bd susceptibility. These findings suggest that salamanders possess distinct innate mechanisms that affect chytrid fungi.\nIMPORTANCE How host mucosal defenses interact, and influence disease outcome is critical in understanding host defenses against pathogens. A more detailed understanding is needed of the interactions between the host and the functioning of its mucosal defenses in pathogen defense. This study investigates the variability of chytrid susceptibility in salamanders and the innate defenses each species possesses to mediate pathogens, thus advancing the knowledge toward a deeper understanding of the microbial ecology of skin-associated bacteria and contributing to the development of bioaugmentation strategies to mediate pathogen infection and disease. This study improves the understanding of complex immune defense mechanisms in salamanders and highlights the potential role of the mucosome to reduce the probability of Bd disease development and that putative protective bacteria may reduce likelihood of Bd infecting skin.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Jiménez, Randall R. and Carfagno, Amy and Linhoff, Luke and Gratwicke, Brian and Woodhams, Douglas C. and Chafran, Liana Soares and Bletz, Molly C. and Bishop, Barney and Muletz-Wolz, Carly R.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Society for Microbiology},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal},\n\tpages = {e01818--21},\n}\n\n\n\n Mucosal defenses are crucial in animals for protection against pathogens and predators. Host defense peptides (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) as well as skin-associated microbes are key components of mucosal immunity, particularly in amphibians. We integrate microbiology, molecular biology, network-thinking, and proteomics to understand how host and microbially derived products on amphibian skin (referred to as the mucosome) serve as pathogen defenses. We studied defense mechanisms against chytrid pathogens, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), in four salamander species with different Batrachochytrium susceptibilities. Bd infection was quantified using qPCR, mucosome function (i.e., ability to kill Bd or Bsal zoospores in vitro), skin bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the role of Bd-inhibitory bacteria in microbial networks across all species. We explored the presence of candidate-AMPs in eastern newts and red-backed salamanders. Eastern newts had the highest Bd prevalence and mucosome function, while red-back salamanders had the lowest Bd prevalence and mucosome function, and two-lined salamanders and seal salamanders were intermediates. Salamanders with highest Bd infection intensity showed greater mucosome function. Bd infection prevalence significantly decreased as putative Bd-inhibitory bacterial richness and relative abundance increased on hosts. In co-occurrence networks, some putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria were found as hub-taxa, with red-backs having the highest proportion of protective hubs and positive associations related to putative Bd-inhibitory hub bacteria. We found more AMP candidates on salamanders with lower Bd susceptibility. These findings suggest that salamanders possess distinct innate mechanisms that affect chytrid fungi. IMPORTANCE How host mucosal defenses interact, and influence disease outcome is critical in understanding host defenses against pathogens. A more detailed understanding is needed of the interactions between the host and the functioning of its mucosal defenses in pathogen defense. This study investigates the variability of chytrid susceptibility in salamanders and the innate defenses each species possesses to mediate pathogens, thus advancing the knowledge toward a deeper understanding of the microbial ecology of skin-associated bacteria and contributing to the development of bioaugmentation strategies to mediate pathogen infection and disease. This study improves the understanding of complex immune defense mechanisms in salamanders and highlights the potential role of the mucosome to reduce the probability of Bd disease development and that putative protective bacteria may reduce likelihood of Bd infecting skin.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Schmeller, D. S.; Cheng, T.; Shelton, J.; Lin, C.; Chan-Alvarado, A.; Bernardo-Cravo, A.; Zoccarato, L.; Ding, T.; Lin, Y.; Swei, A.; Fisher, M. C.; Vredenburg, V. T.; and Loyau, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Environment is associated with chytrid infection and skin microbiome richness on an amphibian rich island (Taiwan).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 12(1): 16456. September 2022.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{schmeller_environment_2022,\n\ttitle = {Environment is associated with chytrid infection and skin microbiome richness on an amphibian rich island ({Taiwan})},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tcopyright = {2022 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20547-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-022-20547-3},\n\tabstract = {Growing evidence suggests that the origins of the panzootic amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) are in Asia. In Taiwan, an island hotspot of high amphibian diversity, no amphibian mass mortality events linked to Bd or Bsal have been reported. We conducted a multi-year study across this subtropical island, sampling 2517 individuals from 30 species at 34 field sites, between 2010 and 2017, and including 171 museum samples collected between 1981 and 2009. We analyzed the skin microbiome of 153 samples (6 species) from 2017 in order to assess any association between the amphibian skin microbiome and the probability of infection amongst different host species. We did not detect Bsal in our samples, but found widespread infection by Bd across central and northern Taiwan, both taxonomically and spatially. Museum samples show that Bd has been present in Taiwan since at least 1990. Host species, geography (elevation), climatic conditions and microbial richness were all associated with the prevalence of infection. Host life-history traits, skin microbiome composition and phylogeny were associated with lower prevalence of infection for high altitude species. Overall, we observed low prevalence and burden of infection in host populations, suggesting that Bd is enzootic in Taiwan where it causes subclinical infections. While amphibian species in Taiwan are currently threatened by habitat loss, our study indicates that Bd is in an endemic equilibrium with the populations and species we investigated. However, ongoing surveillance of the infection is warranted, as changing environmental conditions may disturb the currently stable equilibrium.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Schmeller, Dirk S. and Cheng, Tina and Shelton, Jennifer and Lin, Chun-Fu and Chan-Alvarado, Alan and Bernardo-Cravo, Adriana and Zoccarato, Luca and Ding, Tzung-Su and Lin, Yu-Pin and Swei, Andrea and Fisher, Matthew C. and Vredenburg, Vance T. and Loyau, Adeline},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Ecological epidemiology, Environmental health, Freshwater ecology, Microbial ecology},\n\tpages = {16456},\n}\n\n\n\n Growing evidence suggests that the origins of the panzootic amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) are in Asia. In Taiwan, an island hotspot of high amphibian diversity, no amphibian mass mortality events linked to Bd or Bsal have been reported. We conducted a multi-year study across this subtropical island, sampling 2517 individuals from 30 species at 34 field sites, between 2010 and 2017, and including 171 museum samples collected between 1981 and 2009. We analyzed the skin microbiome of 153 samples (6 species) from 2017 in order to assess any association between the amphibian skin microbiome and the probability of infection amongst different host species. We did not detect Bsal in our samples, but found widespread infection by Bd across central and northern Taiwan, both taxonomically and spatially. Museum samples show that Bd has been present in Taiwan since at least 1990. Host species, geography (elevation), climatic conditions and microbial richness were all associated with the prevalence of infection. Host life-history traits, skin microbiome composition and phylogeny were associated with lower prevalence of infection for high altitude species. Overall, we observed low prevalence and burden of infection in host populations, suggesting that Bd is enzootic in Taiwan where it causes subclinical infections. While amphibian species in Taiwan are currently threatened by habitat loss, our study indicates that Bd is in an endemic equilibrium with the populations and species we investigated. However, ongoing surveillance of the infection is warranted, as changing environmental conditions may disturb the currently stable equilibrium.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Robinson, K. A.; Prostak, S. M.; Campbell Grant, E. H.; and Fritz-Laylin, L. K.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Amphibian mucus triggers a developmental transition in the frog-killing chytrid fungus.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Biology, 32(12): 2765–2771.e4. June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{robinson_amphibian_2022,\n\ttitle = {Amphibian mucus triggers a developmental transition in the frog-killing chytrid fungus},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {0960-9822},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982222005759},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.006},\n\tabstract = {The frog-killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is decimating amphibian populations around the world.1, 2, 3, 4 Bd has a biphasic life cycle, alternating between motile zoospores that disperse within aquatic environments and sessile sporangia that grow within the mucus-coated skin of amphibians.5,6 Zoospores lack cell walls and swim rapidly through aquatic environments using a posterior flagellum and crawl across solid surfaces using actin structures similar to those of human cells.7,8 Bd transitions from this motile dispersal form to its reproductive form by absorbing its flagellum, rearranging its actin cytoskeleton, and rapidly building a chitin-based cell wall—a process called “encystation.”5, 6, 7 The resulting sporangium increases in volume by two or three orders of magnitude while undergoing rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis to form a large ceonocyte. The sporangium then cellurizes by dividing its cytoplasm into dozens of new zoospores. After exiting the sporangium through a discharge tube onto the amphibian skin, daughter zoospores can then reinfect the same individual or find a new host.5 Although encystation is critical to Bd growth, whether and how this developmental transition is triggered by external signals was previously unknown. We discovered that exposure to amphibian mucus triggers rapid and reproducible encystation within minutes. This response can be recapitulated with purified mucin, the bulk component of mucus, but not by similarly viscous methylcellulose or simple sugars. Mucin-induced encystation does not require gene expression but does require surface adhesion, calcium signaling, and modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Mucus-induced encystation may represent a key mechanism for synchronizing Bd development with the arrival at the host.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Current Biology},\n\tauthor = {Robinson, Kristyn A. and Prostak, Sarah M. and Campbell Grant, Evan H. and Fritz-Laylin, Lillian K.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, actin, calcium, cell wall, chytrid, development, encystation, fungus, mucin, mucus, parasite},\n\tpages = {2765--2771.e4},\n}\n\n\n\n The frog-killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is decimating amphibian populations around the world.1, 2, 3, 4 Bd has a biphasic life cycle, alternating between motile zoospores that disperse within aquatic environments and sessile sporangia that grow within the mucus-coated skin of amphibians.5,6 Zoospores lack cell walls and swim rapidly through aquatic environments using a posterior flagellum and crawl across solid surfaces using actin structures similar to those of human cells.7,8 Bd transitions from this motile dispersal form to its reproductive form by absorbing its flagellum, rearranging its actin cytoskeleton, and rapidly building a chitin-based cell wall—a process called “encystation.”5, 6, 7 The resulting sporangium increases in volume by two or three orders of magnitude while undergoing rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis to form a large ceonocyte. The sporangium then cellurizes by dividing its cytoplasm into dozens of new zoospores. After exiting the sporangium through a discharge tube onto the amphibian skin, daughter zoospores can then reinfect the same individual or find a new host.5 Although encystation is critical to Bd growth, whether and how this developmental transition is triggered by external signals was previously unknown. We discovered that exposure to amphibian mucus triggers rapid and reproducible encystation within minutes. This response can be recapitulated with purified mucin, the bulk component of mucus, but not by similarly viscous methylcellulose or simple sugars. Mucin-induced encystation does not require gene expression but does require surface adhesion, calcium signaling, and modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Mucus-induced encystation may represent a key mechanism for synchronizing Bd development with the arrival at the host.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Fu, M.; and Waldman, B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Novel chytrid pathogen variants and the global amphibian pet trade.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Conservation Biology, 36(5): e13938. 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.13938\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{fu_novel_2022,\n\ttitle = {Novel chytrid pathogen variants and the global amphibian pet trade},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1523-1739},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.13938},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/cobi.13938},\n\tabstract = {Global wildlife trade spreads emerging infectious diseases that threaten biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused population declines and species extinctions worldwide except in Asia. Fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis), exported in large numbers from Asia, are tolerant of Bd and carry hypervirulent ancestral chytrid BdAsia-1 variants. We assayed the virulence of a new isolate of BdAsia-1 on the model Australasian frog host Litoria caerulea. Infected individuals (n = 15) all showed rapid disease progression culminating in death, whereas sham-inoculated individuals (n = 10) presented no clinical signs of disease and all survived (log rank test, χ2 = 15.6, df = 1, p {\\textless} 0.0001). The virulence of the new isolate of BdAsia-1 is comparable to the one we assayed previously (χ2 = 0.0, df = 1, p = 0.91). Internationally traded wildlife, even when they appear healthy, can carry hypervirulent variants of pathogens. Once new pathogen variants escape into the environment, native species that have had no opportunity to evolve resistance to them may perish. Our study suggests that hypervirulent pathogens are being spread by the international pet trade. Notifiable wildlife diseases attributable to locally endemic pathogens often fail to generate conservation concern so are rarely subject to border surveillance or import controls. Because of the danger novel variants pose, national border control agencies need to implement disease screening and quarantine protocols to ensure the safety of their endemic fauna.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Conservation Biology},\n\tauthor = {Fu, Minjie and Waldman, Bruce},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.13938},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, amphibian chytridiomycosis, contaminación por patógenos, global wildlife trade, mercado mundial de fauna, pathogen pollution, pathogen virulence, quitridiomicosis anfibia, virulencia patógena, 两栖动物壶菌病, 全球野生动物贸易, 病原体毒力, 病原体污染, 蛙壶菌},\n\tpages = {e13938},\n}\n\n\n\n Global wildlife trade spreads emerging infectious diseases that threaten biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused population declines and species extinctions worldwide except in Asia. Fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis), exported in large numbers from Asia, are tolerant of Bd and carry hypervirulent ancestral chytrid BdAsia-1 variants. We assayed the virulence of a new isolate of BdAsia-1 on the model Australasian frog host Litoria caerulea. Infected individuals (n = 15) all showed rapid disease progression culminating in death, whereas sham-inoculated individuals (n = 10) presented no clinical signs of disease and all survived (log rank test, χ2 = 15.6, df = 1, p \\textless 0.0001). The virulence of the new isolate of BdAsia-1 is comparable to the one we assayed previously (χ2 = 0.0, df = 1, p = 0.91). Internationally traded wildlife, even when they appear healthy, can carry hypervirulent variants of pathogens. Once new pathogen variants escape into the environment, native species that have had no opportunity to evolve resistance to them may perish. Our study suggests that hypervirulent pathogens are being spread by the international pet trade. Notifiable wildlife diseases attributable to locally endemic pathogens often fail to generate conservation concern so are rarely subject to border surveillance or import controls. Because of the danger novel variants pose, national border control agencies need to implement disease screening and quarantine protocols to ensure the safety of their endemic fauna.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Hulting, K. A.; Mason, S. D.; Story, C. M.; and Keller, G. S.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Wetland cohesion is associated with increased probability of infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 151: 97–109. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{hulting_wetland_2022,\n\ttitle = {Wetland cohesion is associated with increased probability of infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis},\n\tvolume = {151},\n\tissn = {0177-5103, 1616-1580},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v151/p97-109/},\n\tdoi = {10.3354/dao03692},\n\tabstract = {The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) poses a substantial threat to amphibian populations. Understanding the landscape conditions that facilitate Bd transmission and persistence is crucial for predicting Bd trends in amphibian populations. Here, we investigated the interactions between land use, wetland connectivity, and Bd occurrence and infection intensity. In northeastern Massachusetts, we sampled Pseudacris crucifer, Lithobates sylvaticus, L. clamitans, and L. pipiens from 24 sites. We found an overall 30.6\\% Bd prevalence at our sites, with prevalence differing among species. Bd occurrence increased with wetland-patch cohesion, potentially due to microclimate shifts from decreased forest or changes in host movement. Bd infection intensity was not mediated by landscape context. Overall, our results highlight the importance of landscape structure for Bd dynamics, suggesting that certain landscapes may facilitate transmission and harbor Bd more than others. To mitigate the impacts of Bd on amphibian populations, conservation efforts should account for interactions between Bd and landscape variables.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},\n\tauthor = {Hulting, Katherine A. and Mason, Samuel D. and Story, Craig M. and Keller, Gregory S.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibian, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Connectivity, Frog, Landscape, Lithobates, Pseudacris},\n\tpages = {97--109},\n}\n\n\n\n The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) poses a substantial threat to amphibian populations. Understanding the landscape conditions that facilitate Bd transmission and persistence is crucial for predicting Bd trends in amphibian populations. Here, we investigated the interactions between land use, wetland connectivity, and Bd occurrence and infection intensity. In northeastern Massachusetts, we sampled Pseudacris crucifer, Lithobates sylvaticus, L. clamitans, and L. pipiens from 24 sites. We found an overall 30.6% Bd prevalence at our sites, with prevalence differing among species. Bd occurrence increased with wetland-patch cohesion, potentially due to microclimate shifts from decreased forest or changes in host movement. Bd infection intensity was not mediated by landscape context. Overall, our results highlight the importance of landscape structure for Bd dynamics, suggesting that certain landscapes may facilitate transmission and harbor Bd more than others. To mitigate the impacts of Bd on amphibian populations, conservation efforts should account for interactions between Bd and landscape variables.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rumschlag, S. L.; Roth, S. A.; McMahon, T. A.; Rohr, J. R.; and Civitello, D. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Variability in environmental persistence but not per capita transmission rates of the amphibian chytrid fungus leads to differences in host infection prevalence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Animal Ecology, 91(1): 170–181. 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2656.13612\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{rumschlag_variability_2022,\n\ttitle = {Variability in environmental persistence but not per capita transmission rates of the amphibian chytrid fungus leads to differences in host infection prevalence},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {1365-2656},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2656.13612},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13612},\n\tabstract = {Heterogeneities in infections among host populations may arise through differences in environmental conditions through two mechanisms. First, environmental conditions may alter host exposure to pathogens via effects on survival. Second, environmental conditions may alter host susceptibility, making infection more or less likely if contact between a host and pathogen occurs. Further, host susceptibility might be altered through acquired resistance, which hosts can develop, in some systems, through exposure to dead or decaying pathogens and their metabolites. Environmental conditions may alter the rates of pathogen decomposition, influencing the likelihood of hosts developing acquired resistance. The present study primarily tests how environmental context influences the relative contributions of pathogen survival and per capita transmission on host infection prevalence using the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd) as a model system. Secondarily, we evaluate how environmental context influences the decomposition of Bd because previous studies have shown that dead Bd and its metabolites can illicit acquired resistance in hosts. We conducted Bd survival and infection experiments and then fit models to discern how Bd mortality, decomposition and per capita transmission rates vary among water sources [e.g. artificial spring water (ASW) or water from three ponds]. We found that infection prevalence differed among water sources, which was driven by differences in mortality rates of Bd, rather than differences in per capita transmission rates. Bd mortality rates varied among pond water treatments and were lower in ASW compared to pond water. These results suggest that variation in Bd infection dynamics could be a function of environmental factors in waterbodies that result in differences in exposure of hosts to live Bd. In contrast to the persistence of live Bd, we found that the rates of decomposition of dead Bd did not vary among water sources, which may suggest that exposure of hosts to dead Bd or its metabolites might not commonly vary among nearby sites. Ultimately, a mechanistic understanding of the environmental dependence of free-living pathogens could lead to a deeper understanding of the patterns of outbreak heterogeneity, which could inform surveillance and management strategies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Rumschlag, Samantha L. and Roth, Sadie A. and McMahon, Taegan A. and Rohr, Jason R. and Civitello, David J.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2656.13612},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Osteopilus septentrionalis, amphibians, host-pathogen dynamics, pathogen decomposition, pathogen mortality, transmission},\n\tpages = {170--181},\n}\n\n\n\n Heterogeneities in infections among host populations may arise through differences in environmental conditions through two mechanisms. First, environmental conditions may alter host exposure to pathogens via effects on survival. Second, environmental conditions may alter host susceptibility, making infection more or less likely if contact between a host and pathogen occurs. Further, host susceptibility might be altered through acquired resistance, which hosts can develop, in some systems, through exposure to dead or decaying pathogens and their metabolites. Environmental conditions may alter the rates of pathogen decomposition, influencing the likelihood of hosts developing acquired resistance. The present study primarily tests how environmental context influences the relative contributions of pathogen survival and per capita transmission on host infection prevalence using the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd) as a model system. Secondarily, we evaluate how environmental context influences the decomposition of Bd because previous studies have shown that dead Bd and its metabolites can illicit acquired resistance in hosts. We conducted Bd survival and infection experiments and then fit models to discern how Bd mortality, decomposition and per capita transmission rates vary among water sources [e.g. artificial spring water (ASW) or water from three ponds]. We found that infection prevalence differed among water sources, which was driven by differences in mortality rates of Bd, rather than differences in per capita transmission rates. Bd mortality rates varied among pond water treatments and were lower in ASW compared to pond water. These results suggest that variation in Bd infection dynamics could be a function of environmental factors in waterbodies that result in differences in exposure of hosts to live Bd. In contrast to the persistence of live Bd, we found that the rates of decomposition of dead Bd did not vary among water sources, which may suggest that exposure of hosts to dead Bd or its metabolites might not commonly vary among nearby sites. Ultimately, a mechanistic understanding of the environmental dependence of free-living pathogens could lead to a deeper understanding of the patterns of outbreak heterogeneity, which could inform surveillance and management strategies.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Webb, R. J.; Roberts, A. A.; Wylie, S.; Kosch, T.; Toledo, L. F.; Merces, M.; Skerratt, L. F.; and Berger, L.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Non-detection of mycoviruses in amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) from Australia.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fungal Biology, 126(1): 75–81. January 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{webb_non-detection_2022,\n\ttitle = {Non-detection of mycoviruses in amphibian chytrid fungus ({Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis) from {Australia}},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {1878-6146},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878614621001355},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2021.10.004},\n\tabstract = {Mycoviruses may influence the pathogenicity of disease-causing fungi. Although mycoviruses have been found in some chytrid fungi, limited testing has not detected them in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the cause of the devastating amphibian disease, chytridiomycosis. Here we conducted a survey for mycovirus presence in 38 Bd isolates from Australia (n = 31), Brazil (n = 5) and South Korea (n = 2) with a combination of modern high-throughput sequencing and conventional dsRNA cellulose chromatography. Mycoviruses were not detected in any isolates. This result was unexpected, given the long evolutionary history of Bd, as well as the high prevalence of mycoviruses in related fungal species. Given our widespread sampling in Australia and the limited number of Bd introductions, we suggest that mycoviruses are uncommon or absent from Australian Bd. Testing more isolates from regions where Bd originated, as well as regions with high diversity or low fungal virulence may identify mycoviruses that could aid in disease control.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {Fungal Biology},\n\tauthor = {Webb, Rebecca J. and Roberts, Alexandra A. and Wylie, Stephen and Kosch, Tiffany and Toledo, Luís Felipe and Merces, Marcia and Skerratt, Lee F. and Berger, Lee},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibia, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Biocontrol, Chytrid, Mycovirus, Wildlife diseases},\n\tpages = {75--81},\n}\n\n\n\n Mycoviruses may influence the pathogenicity of disease-causing fungi. Although mycoviruses have been found in some chytrid fungi, limited testing has not detected them in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the cause of the devastating amphibian disease, chytridiomycosis. Here we conducted a survey for mycovirus presence in 38 Bd isolates from Australia (n = 31), Brazil (n = 5) and South Korea (n = 2) with a combination of modern high-throughput sequencing and conventional dsRNA cellulose chromatography. Mycoviruses were not detected in any isolates. This result was unexpected, given the long evolutionary history of Bd, as well as the high prevalence of mycoviruses in related fungal species. Given our widespread sampling in Australia and the limited number of Bd introductions, we suggest that mycoviruses are uncommon or absent from Australian Bd. Testing more isolates from regions where Bd originated, as well as regions with high diversity or low fungal virulence may identify mycoviruses that could aid in disease control.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Wetsch, O.; Strasburg, M.; McQuigg, J.; and Boone, M. D.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Is overwintering mortality driving enigmatic declines? Evaluating the impacts of trematodes and the amphibian chytrid fungus on an anuran from hatching through overwintering.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 17(1): e0262561. January 2022.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{wetsch_is_2022,\n\ttitle = {Is overwintering mortality driving enigmatic declines? {Evaluating} the impacts of trematodes and the amphibian chytrid fungus on an anuran from hatching through overwintering},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Is overwintering mortality driving enigmatic declines?},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262561},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0262561},\n\tabstract = {Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are an additional challenge to species dealing with native parasites and pathogens. Therefore, understanding the combined effects of infectious agents on hosts is important for species’ conservation and population management. Amphibians are hosts to many parasites and pathogens, including endemic trematode flatworms (e.g., Echinostoma spp.) and the novel pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]). Our study examined how exposure to trematodes during larval development influenced the consequences of Bd pathogen exposure through critical life events. We found that prior exposure to trematode parasites negatively impacted metamorphosis but did not influence the effect of Bd infection on terrestrial growth and survival. Bd infection alone, however, resulted in significant mortality during overwintering—an annual occurrence for most temperate amphibians. The results of our study indicated overwintering mortality from Bd could provide an explanation for enigmatic declines and highlights the importance of examining the long-term consequences of novel parasite exposure.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-02-13},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Wetsch, Olivia and Strasburg, Miranda and McQuigg, Jessica and Boone, Michelle D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bd, Frogs, Larvae, Mesocosms, Metamorphosis, Parasitic diseases, Ponds, Trematodes},\n\tpages = {e0262561},\n}\n\n\n\n Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are an additional challenge to species dealing with native parasites and pathogens. Therefore, understanding the combined effects of infectious agents on hosts is important for species’ conservation and population management. Amphibians are hosts to many parasites and pathogens, including endemic trematode flatworms (e.g., Echinostoma spp.) and the novel pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]). Our study examined how exposure to trematodes during larval development influenced the consequences of Bd pathogen exposure through critical life events. We found that prior exposure to trematode parasites negatively impacted metamorphosis but did not influence the effect of Bd infection on terrestrial growth and survival. Bd infection alone, however, resulted in significant mortality during overwintering—an annual occurrence for most temperate amphibians. The results of our study indicated overwintering mortality from Bd could provide an explanation for enigmatic declines and highlights the importance of examining the long-term consequences of novel parasite exposure.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n LaFond, J.; Martin, K. R; Dahn, H.; Richmond, J. Q; Murphy, R. W; Rollinson, N.; and Savage, A. E\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Invasive Bullfrogs Maintain MHC Polymorphism Including Alleles Associated with Chytrid Fungal Infection.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Integrative and Comparative Biology, 62(2): 262–274. August 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{lafond_invasive_2022,\n\ttitle = {Invasive {Bullfrogs} {Maintain} {MHC} {Polymorphism} {Including} {Alleles} {Associated} with {Chytrid} {Fungal} {Infection}},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1540-7063},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac044},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/icb/icac044},\n\tabstract = {Maintenance of genetic diversity at adaptive loci may facilitate invasions by non-native species by allowing populations to adapt to novel environments, despite the loss of diversity at neutral loci that typically occurs during founder events. To evaluate this prediction, we compared genetic diversity at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cytochrome b (cytb) loci from 20 populations of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) across theinvasive and native ranges in North America and quantified the presence of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Compared to native populations, invasive populations had significantly higher Bd prevalence and intensity, significantly higher pairwise MHC and cytb FST, and significantly lower cytb diversity, but maintained similar levels of MHC diversity. The two most common MHC alleles (LiCA\\_B and Rapi\\_33) were associated with a significant decreased risk of Bd infection, and we detected positive selection acting on four peptide binding residues. Phylogenetic analysis suggested invasive populations likely arose from a single founding population in the American Midwest with a possible subsequent invasion in the northwest. Overall, our study suggests that the maintenance of diversity at adaptive loci may contribute to invasion success and highlights the importance of quantifying diversity at functional loci to assess the evolutionary potential of invasive populations.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-04},\n\tjournal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},\n\tauthor = {LaFond, Jacob and Martin, Katherine R and Dahn, Hollis and Richmond, Jonathan Q and Murphy, Robert W and Rollinson, Njal and Savage, Anna E},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {262--274},\n}\n\n\n\n Maintenance of genetic diversity at adaptive loci may facilitate invasions by non-native species by allowing populations to adapt to novel environments, despite the loss of diversity at neutral loci that typically occurs during founder events. To evaluate this prediction, we compared genetic diversity at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cytochrome b (cytb) loci from 20 populations of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) across theinvasive and native ranges in North America and quantified the presence of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Compared to native populations, invasive populations had significantly higher Bd prevalence and intensity, significantly higher pairwise MHC and cytb FST, and significantly lower cytb diversity, but maintained similar levels of MHC diversity. The two most common MHC alleles (LiCA_B and Rapi_33) were associated with a significant decreased risk of Bd infection, and we detected positive selection acting on four peptide binding residues. Phylogenetic analysis suggested invasive populations likely arose from a single founding population in the American Midwest with a possible subsequent invasion in the northwest. Overall, our study suggests that the maintenance of diversity at adaptive loci may contribute to invasion success and highlights the importance of quantifying diversity at functional loci to assess the evolutionary potential of invasive populations.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Do immune system changes at metamorphosis predict vulnerability to chytridiomycosis? An update \\textbar Elsevier Enhanced Reader.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@misc{noauthor_immune_2022,\n\ttitle = {Do immune system changes at metamorphosis predict vulnerability to chytridiomycosis? {An} update {\\textbar} {Elsevier} {Enhanced} {Reader}},\n\tshorttitle = {Do immune system changes at metamorphosis predict vulnerability to chytridiomycosis?},\n\turl = {https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0145305X22001720?token=3AA39D87931BCD8AF05738E9F7568DE2C2D6C195479ABB3767F19A49C126CECE5A8FBBEC63FFE90570B084C57B2CC715&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20220829213359},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.dci.2022.104510},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Sopniewski, J.; Scheele, B. C.; and Cardillo, M.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Predicting the distribution of Australian frogs and their overlap with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis under climate change.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diversity and Distributions, n/a(n/a). 2022.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ddi.13533\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{sopniewski_predicting_2022,\n\ttitle = {Predicting the distribution of {Australian} frogs and their overlap with {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis under climate change},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tissn = {1472-4642},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ddi.13533},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ddi.13533},\n\tabstract = {Aim Amphibians, with over 40\\% of assessed species listed as threatened, are disproportionately at risk in the global extinction crisis. Among the many factors implicated in the ongoing loss of amphibian biodiversity are climate change and the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). These threats are of particular concern in Australia, where Bd has been implicated in the declines of at least 43 frog species, and climate change is emerging as an additional threat. We explore how climate change is likely to affect the distributions of Australian frog species and Bd to the year 2100, and how the spatial and climatic niche overlap between chytridiomycosis-declined frogs and Bd could shift. Location Australia. Methods We used species distribution modelling to infer the current and future distribution of 141 Australian frog species and Bd, under two emissions scenarios. We used various metrics of niche similarity to quantify predicted alterations to spatial interactions between Bd and frog species. Results Climate change is likely to have a variable impact on frog distributions in Australia, with some 23 and 47 species, primarily in southern Australia, predicted to lose at least 30\\% of their current distributions under low and high emissions scenarios, respectively. In contrast, 69 and 68 species, respectively, have potential to increase their distributions, primarily in northern Australia. While the distribution of Bd is predicted to decrease, the proportional spatial and niche overlap between Bd and susceptible frog species is predicted to remain little changed, and in some cases, to increase. Main conclusions Although effects will be variable across the continent, climate change is likely to be a threatening factor to many Australian frog species. Additionally, chytridiomycosis is likely to remain a significant threat to many frog species, as any reductions to the pathogen's distribution largely coincide with geographic range contractions of chytridiomycosis-susceptible species.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2022-05-22},\n\tjournal = {Diversity and Distributions},\n\tauthor = {Sopniewski, Jarrod and Scheele, Benjamin C. and Cardillo, Marcel},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ddi.13533},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, amphibian declines, chytridiomycosis, future threats, maxent, niche overlap, species distribution modelling},\n}\n\n\n\n Aim Amphibians, with over 40% of assessed species listed as threatened, are disproportionately at risk in the global extinction crisis. Among the many factors implicated in the ongoing loss of amphibian biodiversity are climate change and the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). These threats are of particular concern in Australia, where Bd has been implicated in the declines of at least 43 frog species, and climate change is emerging as an additional threat. We explore how climate change is likely to affect the distributions of Australian frog species and Bd to the year 2100, and how the spatial and climatic niche overlap between chytridiomycosis-declined frogs and Bd could shift. Location Australia. Methods We used species distribution modelling to infer the current and future distribution of 141 Australian frog species and Bd, under two emissions scenarios. We used various metrics of niche similarity to quantify predicted alterations to spatial interactions between Bd and frog species. Results Climate change is likely to have a variable impact on frog distributions in Australia, with some 23 and 47 species, primarily in southern Australia, predicted to lose at least 30% of their current distributions under low and high emissions scenarios, respectively. In contrast, 69 and 68 species, respectively, have potential to increase their distributions, primarily in northern Australia. While the distribution of Bd is predicted to decrease, the proportional spatial and niche overlap between Bd and susceptible frog species is predicted to remain little changed, and in some cases, to increase. Main conclusions Although effects will be variable across the continent, climate change is likely to be a threatening factor to many Australian frog species. Additionally, chytridiomycosis is likely to remain a significant threat to many frog species, as any reductions to the pathogen's distribution largely coincide with geographic range contractions of chytridiomycosis-susceptible species.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Costa, A.; Dondero, L.; Allaria, G.; Morales Sanchez, B. N.; Rosa, G.; Salvidio, S.; and Grasselli, E.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Modelling the amphibian chytrid fungus spread by connectivity analysis: towards a national monitoring network in Italy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biodiversity and Conservation. June 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{costa_modelling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Modelling the amphibian chytrid fungus spread by connectivity analysis: towards a national monitoring network in {Italy}},\n\tissn = {1572-9710},\n\tshorttitle = {Modelling the amphibian chytrid fungus spread by connectivity analysis},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02224-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10531-021-02224-5},\n\tabstract = {The emerging amphibian disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is driving population declines worldwide and even species extinctions in Australia, South and Central America. In order to mitigate effects of Bd on amphibian populations, high-exposed areas should be identified at the local scale and effective conservation measures should be planned at the national level. This assessment is actually lacking in the Mediterranean basin, and in particular in Italy, one of the most relevant amphibian diversity hotspots in the entire region. In this study, we reviewed the available information on Bd in Italy, and conducted a 5-year molecular screening on 1274 individual skin swabs belonging to 18 species. Overall, we found presence of Bd in 13 species and in a total of 56 known occurrence locations for peninsular Italy and Sardinia. We used these occurrence locations and climate data to model habitat suitability of Bd for current and future climatic scenarios. We then employed electric circuit theory to model landscape permeability to the diffusion of Bd, using a resistance map. With this procedure, we were able to model, for the first time, the diffusion pathways of Bd at the landscape scale, characterising the main future pathways towards areas with a high probability of Bd occurrence. Thus, we identified six national protected areas that will become pivotal for a nationally-based strategic plan in order to monitor, mitigate and possibly contrast Bd diffusion in Italy.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-06-20},\n\tjournal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Costa, Andrea and Dondero, Lorenzo and Allaria, Giorgia and Morales Sanchez, Bryan Nelson and Rosa, Giacomo and Salvidio, Sebastiano and Grasselli, Elena},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, diffusion, landscape ecology, modeling},\n}\n\n\n\n The emerging amphibian disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is driving population declines worldwide and even species extinctions in Australia, South and Central America. In order to mitigate effects of Bd on amphibian populations, high-exposed areas should be identified at the local scale and effective conservation measures should be planned at the national level. This assessment is actually lacking in the Mediterranean basin, and in particular in Italy, one of the most relevant amphibian diversity hotspots in the entire region. In this study, we reviewed the available information on Bd in Italy, and conducted a 5-year molecular screening on 1274 individual skin swabs belonging to 18 species. Overall, we found presence of Bd in 13 species and in a total of 56 known occurrence locations for peninsular Italy and Sardinia. We used these occurrence locations and climate data to model habitat suitability of Bd for current and future climatic scenarios. We then employed electric circuit theory to model landscape permeability to the diffusion of Bd, using a resistance map. With this procedure, we were able to model, for the first time, the diffusion pathways of Bd at the landscape scale, characterising the main future pathways towards areas with a high probability of Bd occurrence. Thus, we identified six national protected areas that will become pivotal for a nationally-based strategic plan in order to monitor, mitigate and possibly contrast Bd diffusion in Italy.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Bosch, J.; Mora-Cabello de Alba, A.; Marquínez, S.; Price, S. J.; Thumsová, B.; and Bielby, J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Long-Term Monitoring of Amphibian Populations of a National Park in Northern Spain Reveals Negative Persisting Effects of Ranavirus, but Not Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 0. 2021.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{bosch_long-term_2021,\n\ttitle = {Long-{Term} {Monitoring} of {Amphibian} {Populations} of a {National} {Park} in {Northern} {Spain} {Reveals} {Negative} {Persisting} {Effects} of {Ranavirus}, but {Not} {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tissn = {2297-1769},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.645491/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fvets.2021.645491},\n\tabstract = {Amphibians are the most highly threatened vertebrates, and emerging pathogens are a serious threat to their conservation. Amphibian chytrid fungi and the viruses of the Ranavirus genus are causing disease outbreaks worldwide, including in protected areas such as National Parks. However, we lack information about their effect over amphibian populations in the long-term, and sometimes these mortality episodes are considered as transient events without serious consequences over longer time-spans. Here, we relate the occurrence of both pathogens with the population trends of 24 amphibian populations at 15 sites across a national Park in northern Spain over a 14-year period. Just one out 24 populations presents a positive population trend being free of both pathogens, while seven populations exposed to one or two pathogens experienced strong declines during the study period. The rest of the study populations (16) remain stable, and these tend to be of species that are not susceptible to the pathogen present or are free of pathogens. Our study is consistent with infectious diseases playing an important role in dictating amphibian population trends and emphasizes the need to adopt measures to control these pathogens in nature. We highlight that sites housing species carrying Ranavirus seems to have experienced more severe population-level effects compared to those with the amphibian chytrid fungus, and that Ranaviruses could be just as, or more important, as other more high-profile amphibian emerging pathogens.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2021-07-16},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Veterinary Science},\n\tauthor = {Bosch, Jaime and Mora-Cabello de Alba, Amparo and Marquínez, Susana and Price, Stephen J. and Thumsová, Barbora and Bielby, Jon},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Emerging-diseases, Ranaviruses, amphibian-declines, chytrid-fungus, population-trends},\n}\n\n\n\n Amphibians are the most highly threatened vertebrates, and emerging pathogens are a serious threat to their conservation. Amphibian chytrid fungi and the viruses of the Ranavirus genus are causing disease outbreaks worldwide, including in protected areas such as National Parks. However, we lack information about their effect over amphibian populations in the long-term, and sometimes these mortality episodes are considered as transient events without serious consequences over longer time-spans. Here, we relate the occurrence of both pathogens with the population trends of 24 amphibian populations at 15 sites across a national Park in northern Spain over a 14-year period. Just one out 24 populations presents a positive population trend being free of both pathogens, while seven populations exposed to one or two pathogens experienced strong declines during the study period. The rest of the study populations (16) remain stable, and these tend to be of species that are not susceptible to the pathogen present or are free of pathogens. Our study is consistent with infectious diseases playing an important role in dictating amphibian population trends and emphasizes the need to adopt measures to control these pathogens in nature. We highlight that sites housing species carrying Ranavirus seems to have experienced more severe population-level effects compared to those with the amphibian chytrid fungus, and that Ranaviruses could be just as, or more important, as other more high-profile amphibian emerging pathogens.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Olson, D. H.; Ronnenberg, K. L.; Glidden, C. K.; Christiansen, K. R.; and Blaustein, A. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Global Patterns of the Fungal Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Support Conservation Urgency.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 0. 2021.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{olson_global_2021,\n\ttitle = {Global {Patterns} of the {Fungal} {Pathogen} {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis {Support} {Conservation} {Urgency}},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tissn = {2297-1769},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.685877/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fvets.2021.685877},\n\tabstract = {The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a skin pathogen that can cause the emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis in susceptible species. It has been considered one of the most severe threats to amphibian biodiversity. We aimed to provide an updated compilation of global Bd occurrences by host taxon and geography, and with the larger global Bd dataset we reanalyzed Bd associations with environmental metrics at the world and regional scales. We also compared our Bd data compilation with a recent independent assessment to provide a more comprehensive count of species and countries with Bd occurrences. Bd has been detected in 1375 of 2525 (55\\%) species sampled, more than doubling known species infections since 2013. Bd occurrence is known from 93 of 134 (69\\%) countries at this writing; this compares to known occurrences in 56 of 82 (68\\%) countries in 2013. Climate-niche space is highly associated with Bd detection, with different climate metrics emerging as key predictors of Bd occurrence at regional scales; this warrants further assessment relative to climate-change projections. The accretion of Bd occurrence reports points to the common aims of worldwide investigators to understand the conservation concerns for amphibian biodiversity in the face of potential disease threat. Renewed calls for better mitigation of amphibian disease threats resonate across continents with amphibians, especially outside Asia. As Bd appears to be able to infect about half of amphibian taxa and sites, there is considerable room for biosecurity actions to forestall its spread using both bottom-up community-run efforts and top-down national-to-international policies. Conservation safeguards for sensitive species and biodiversity refugia are continuing priorities.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2021-07-16},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Veterinary Science},\n\tauthor = {Olson, Deanna H. and Ronnenberg, Kathryn L. and Glidden, Caroline K. and Christiansen, Kelly R. and Blaustein, Andrew R.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibian chytrid, Bd, Fungal pathogen, climate associations, emerging infectious disease},\n}\n\n\n\n The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a skin pathogen that can cause the emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis in susceptible species. It has been considered one of the most severe threats to amphibian biodiversity. We aimed to provide an updated compilation of global Bd occurrences by host taxon and geography, and with the larger global Bd dataset we reanalyzed Bd associations with environmental metrics at the world and regional scales. We also compared our Bd data compilation with a recent independent assessment to provide a more comprehensive count of species and countries with Bd occurrences. Bd has been detected in 1375 of 2525 (55%) species sampled, more than doubling known species infections since 2013. Bd occurrence is known from 93 of 134 (69%) countries at this writing; this compares to known occurrences in 56 of 82 (68%) countries in 2013. Climate-niche space is highly associated with Bd detection, with different climate metrics emerging as key predictors of Bd occurrence at regional scales; this warrants further assessment relative to climate-change projections. The accretion of Bd occurrence reports points to the common aims of worldwide investigators to understand the conservation concerns for amphibian biodiversity in the face of potential disease threat. Renewed calls for better mitigation of amphibian disease threats resonate across continents with amphibians, especially outside Asia. As Bd appears to be able to infect about half of amphibian taxa and sites, there is considerable room for biosecurity actions to forestall its spread using both bottom-up community-run efforts and top-down national-to-international policies. Conservation safeguards for sensitive species and biodiversity refugia are continuing priorities.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Basanta, M. D.; Byrne, A. Q.; Rosenblum, E. B.; Piovia-Scott, J.; and Parra-Olea, G.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Early presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Mexico with a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Molecular Ecology, 30(2): 424–437. 2021.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.15733\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{basanta_early_2021,\n\ttitle = {Early presence of {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis in {Mexico} with a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tcopyright = {© 2020 John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd},\n\tissn = {1365-294X},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.15733},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/mec.15733},\n\tabstract = {Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a devastating infectious disease of amphibians. Retrospective studies using museum vouchers and genetic samples supported the hypothesis that Bd colonized Mexico from North America and then continued to spread into Central and South America, where it led to dramatic losses in tropical amphibian biodiversity (the epizootic wave hypothesis). While these studies suggest that Bd has been in Mexico since the 1970s, information regarding the historical and contemporary occurrence of different pathogen genetic lineages across the country is limited. In the current study, we investigated the historical and contemporary patterns of Bd in Mexico. We combined the swabbing of historical museum vouchers and sampling of wild amphibians with a custom Bd genotyping assay to assess the presence, prevalence, and genetic diversity of Bd over time in Mexico. We found Bd-positive museum specimens from the late 1800s, far earlier than previous records and well before recent amphibian declines. With Bd genotypes from samples collected between 1975–2019, we observed a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage in Mexico and report four genetic subpopulations and potential for admixture among these populations. The observed genetic variation did not have a clear geographic signature or provide clear support for the epizootic wave hypothesis. These results provide a framework for testing new questions regarding Bd invasions and their temporal relationship to observed amphibian declines in the Americas.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-06-16},\n\tjournal = {Molecular Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Basanta, M. Delia and Byrne, Allison Q. and Rosenblum, Erica Bree and Piovia-Scott, Jonah and Parra-Olea, Gabriela},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.15733},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Chytridiomycosis, amphibians, infectious disease, pathogen},\n\tpages = {424--437},\n}\n\n\n\n Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a devastating infectious disease of amphibians. Retrospective studies using museum vouchers and genetic samples supported the hypothesis that Bd colonized Mexico from North America and then continued to spread into Central and South America, where it led to dramatic losses in tropical amphibian biodiversity (the epizootic wave hypothesis). While these studies suggest that Bd has been in Mexico since the 1970s, information regarding the historical and contemporary occurrence of different pathogen genetic lineages across the country is limited. In the current study, we investigated the historical and contemporary patterns of Bd in Mexico. We combined the swabbing of historical museum vouchers and sampling of wild amphibians with a custom Bd genotyping assay to assess the presence, prevalence, and genetic diversity of Bd over time in Mexico. We found Bd-positive museum specimens from the late 1800s, far earlier than previous records and well before recent amphibian declines. With Bd genotypes from samples collected between 1975–2019, we observed a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage in Mexico and report four genetic subpopulations and potential for admixture among these populations. The observed genetic variation did not have a clear geographic signature or provide clear support for the epizootic wave hypothesis. These results provide a framework for testing new questions regarding Bd invasions and their temporal relationship to observed amphibian declines in the Americas.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Lastra González, D.; Baláž, V.; Vojar, J.; and Chajma, P.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Dual Detection of the Chytrid Fungi Batrachochytrium spp. with an Enhanced Environmental DNA Approach.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Fungi, 7(4): 258. April 2021.\n Number: 4 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{lastra_gonzalez_dual_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dual {Detection} of the {Chytrid} {Fungi} {Batrachochytrium} spp. with an {Enhanced} {Environmental} {DNA} {Approach}},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/4/258},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/jof7040258},\n\tabstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming an indispensable tool in biodiversity monitoring, including the monitoring of invasive species and pathogens. Aquatic chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) are major threats to amphibians. However, the use of eDNA for detecting these pathogens has not yet become widespread, due to technological and economic obstacles. Using the enhanced eDNA approach (a simple and cheap sampling protocol) and the universally accepted qPCR assay, we confirmed the presence of Bsal and Bd in previously identified sites in Spain, including four sites that were new for Bsal. The new approach was successfully tested in laboratory conditions using manufactured gene fragments (gBlocks) of the targeted DNA sequence. A comparison of storage methods showed that samples kept in ethanol had the best DNA yield. Our results showed that the number of DNA copies in the Internal Transcribed Spacer region was 120 copies per Bsal cell. Eradication of emerging diseases requires quick and cost-effective solutions. We therefore performed cost-efficiency analyses of standard animal swabbing, a previous eDNA approach, and our own approach. The procedure presented here was evaluated as the most cost-efficient. Our findings will help to disseminate information about efforts to prevent the spread of chytrid fungi.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fungi},\n\tauthor = {Lastra González, David and Baláž, Vojtech and Vojar, Jiří and Chajma, Petr},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Number: 4\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal, biomonitoring, chytridiomycosis, eDNA, fungal pathogens, water samples},\n\tpages = {258},\n}\n\n\n\n Environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming an indispensable tool in biodiversity monitoring, including the monitoring of invasive species and pathogens. Aquatic chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) are major threats to amphibians. However, the use of eDNA for detecting these pathogens has not yet become widespread, due to technological and economic obstacles. Using the enhanced eDNA approach (a simple and cheap sampling protocol) and the universally accepted qPCR assay, we confirmed the presence of Bsal and Bd in previously identified sites in Spain, including four sites that were new for Bsal. The new approach was successfully tested in laboratory conditions using manufactured gene fragments (gBlocks) of the targeted DNA sequence. A comparison of storage methods showed that samples kept in ethanol had the best DNA yield. Our results showed that the number of DNA copies in the Internal Transcribed Spacer region was 120 copies per Bsal cell. Eradication of emerging diseases requires quick and cost-effective solutions. We therefore performed cost-efficiency analyses of standard animal swabbing, a previous eDNA approach, and our own approach. The procedure presented here was evaluated as the most cost-efficient. Our findings will help to disseminate information about efforts to prevent the spread of chytrid fungi.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Venesky, M. D.; and Laskey, C. A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis reduces salamander capacity to mount a cell-mediated immune response.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology, n/a(n/a). June 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{venesky_infection_2021,\n\ttitle = {Infection with {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis reduces salamander capacity to mount a cell-mediated immune response},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tcopyright = {© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC},\n\tissn = {2471-5646},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.2497},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jez.2497},\n\tabstract = {The vertebrate immune system is a costly defense system that is responsible for preventing and eliminating parasites and pathogens. Theory predicts that hosts experience tradeoffs associated with immune deployment and other physiological functions. Although empirical evidence for immune-physiology tradeoffs are well documented in the literature, fewer studies have examined tradeoffs within the immune system in wild vertebrates. We explored the topic of concomitant immune challenges in amphibians by exposing salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) to a fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter “Bd”) and then to phytohemagglutinin (hereafter “PHA”). We measured Bd infection using quantitative PCR and used measurements of the tail thickness at the PHA injection site as an estimate of skin swelling. We tested whether Bd reduced the salamander's capacity to mount an immune response towards PHA or whether Bd would stimulate immune activity and thereby increase the response towards PHA. Salamanders that were infected with Bd had a reduced skin-swelling when injected with PHA compared to noninfected salamanders, a result that is consistent with the hypothesis that Bd-infected salamanders have lower immunocompetence than noninfected salamanders. We also found that PHA-induced swelling response was negatively associated with Bd infection abundance (i.e., the infection burden of all exposed salamanders, including those that were exposed but not infected), indicating that salamanders with a higher infection abundance had the lowest swelling response to PHA. Our results suggest that individuals of P. cinereus might experience an energetic tradeoff between successfully fighting off Bd and mounting an immune response towards PHA.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2021-06-12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology},\n\tauthor = {Venesky, Matthew D. and Laskey, Corey A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, PHA, amphibian, concomitant immune challenges, fungal pathogen, phytohemagglutinin},\n}\n\n\n\n The vertebrate immune system is a costly defense system that is responsible for preventing and eliminating parasites and pathogens. Theory predicts that hosts experience tradeoffs associated with immune deployment and other physiological functions. Although empirical evidence for immune-physiology tradeoffs are well documented in the literature, fewer studies have examined tradeoffs within the immune system in wild vertebrates. We explored the topic of concomitant immune challenges in amphibians by exposing salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) to a fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter “Bd”) and then to phytohemagglutinin (hereafter “PHA”). We measured Bd infection using quantitative PCR and used measurements of the tail thickness at the PHA injection site as an estimate of skin swelling. We tested whether Bd reduced the salamander's capacity to mount an immune response towards PHA or whether Bd would stimulate immune activity and thereby increase the response towards PHA. Salamanders that were infected with Bd had a reduced skin-swelling when injected with PHA compared to noninfected salamanders, a result that is consistent with the hypothesis that Bd-infected salamanders have lower immunocompetence than noninfected salamanders. We also found that PHA-induced swelling response was negatively associated with Bd infection abundance (i.e., the infection burden of all exposed salamanders, including those that were exposed but not infected), indicating that salamanders with a higher infection abundance had the lowest swelling response to PHA. Our results suggest that individuals of P. cinereus might experience an energetic tradeoff between successfully fighting off Bd and mounting an immune response towards PHA.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Beukema, W.; Pasmans, F.; Praet, S. V.; Ferri‐Yáñez, F.; Kelly, M.; Laking, A. E.; Erens, J.; Speybroeck, J.; Verheyen, K.; Lens, L.; and Martel, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Microclimate limits thermal behaviour favourable to disease control in a nocturnal amphibian.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecology Letters, 24(1): 27–37. 2021.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.13616\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{beukema_microclimate_2021,\n\ttitle = {Microclimate limits thermal behaviour favourable to disease control in a nocturnal amphibian},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tcopyright = {© 2020 John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1461-0248},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ele.13616},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13616},\n\tabstract = {While epizootics increasingly affect wildlife, it remains poorly understood how the environment shapes most host–pathogen systems. Here, we employ a three-step framework to study microclimate influence on ectotherm host thermal behaviour, focusing on amphibian chytridiomycosis in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) infected with the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Laboratory trials reveal that innate variation in thermal preference, rather than behavioural fever, can inhibit infection and facilitate salamander recovery under humidity-saturated conditions. Yet, a 3-year field study and a mesocosm experiment close to the invasive Bsal range show that microclimate constraints suppress host thermal behaviour favourable to disease control. A final mechanistic model, that estimates range-wide, year-round host body temperature relative to microclimate, suggests that these constraints are rule rather than exception. Our results demonstrate how innate host defences against epizootics may remain constrained in the wild, which predisposes to range-wide disease outbreaks and population declines.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Ecology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Beukema, Wouter and Pasmans, Frank and Praet, Sarah Van and Ferri‐Yáñez, Francisco and Kelly, Moira and Laking, Alexandra E. and Erens, Jesse and Speybroeck, Jeroen and Verheyen, Kris and Lens, Luc and Martel, An},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.13616},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bsal, chytridiomycosis, disease ecology, environmental context, host response, salamander, thermal ecology, thermoregulation},\n\tpages = {27--37},\n}\n\n\n\n While epizootics increasingly affect wildlife, it remains poorly understood how the environment shapes most host–pathogen systems. Here, we employ a three-step framework to study microclimate influence on ectotherm host thermal behaviour, focusing on amphibian chytridiomycosis in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) infected with the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Laboratory trials reveal that innate variation in thermal preference, rather than behavioural fever, can inhibit infection and facilitate salamander recovery under humidity-saturated conditions. Yet, a 3-year field study and a mesocosm experiment close to the invasive Bsal range show that microclimate constraints suppress host thermal behaviour favourable to disease control. A final mechanistic model, that estimates range-wide, year-round host body temperature relative to microclimate, suggests that these constraints are rule rather than exception. Our results demonstrate how innate host defences against epizootics may remain constrained in the wild, which predisposes to range-wide disease outbreaks and population declines.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Islam, M. R.; Gray, M. J.; and Peace, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Identifying the Dominant Transmission Pathway in a Multi-stage Infection Model of the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans on the Eastern Newt.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Teboh-Ewungkem, M. I.; and Ngwa, G. A., editor(s), Infectious Diseases and Our Planet, of Mathematics of Planet Earth, pages 193–216. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@incollection{islam_identifying_2021,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\tseries = {Mathematics of {Planet} {Earth}},\n\ttitle = {Identifying the {Dominant} {Transmission} {Pathway} in a {Multi}-stage {Infection} {Model} of the {Emerging} {Fungal} {Pathogen} {Batrachochytrium} {Salamandrivorans} on the {Eastern} {Newt}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-50826-5},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50826-5_7},\n\tabstract = {Epidemic dynamics of infectious diseases with multiple routes of transmission are complex. Mathematical models can be used to determine invasion potential and identify which transmission pathway is dominant and can ultimately help identify appropriate intervention strategies. We developed compartmental host–pathogen models to examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bsal) on a North American salamander population. Multiple stages of infection are incorporated into the model, allowing disease induced mortality and zoospore shedding rates to vary as the disease progresses. Parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the recovery and disease induced mortality rates, the length of incubation period, and environmental zoospore degradation rates are influential parameters. Calculation of the basic reproductive number (0{\\textgreater}1.15R0{\\textgreater}1.15{\\textbackslash}mathcal \\{R\\}\\_0{\\textgreater}1.15) highlights the invasion potential of this pathogen and was used to determine that direct transmission via host contact was the dominant transmission pathway for small population densities, while environmental transmission dominated in large populations. Collectively, these results suggest strategies that reduce host contacts at small densities or reduce environmental persistence of zoospores at high host densities may be effective Bsal management strategies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tbooktitle = {Infectious {Diseases} and {Our} {Planet}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Islam, Md Rafiul and Gray, Matthew J. and Peace, Angela},\n\teditor = {Teboh-Ewungkem, Miranda I. and Ngwa, Gideon Akumah},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-50826-5_7},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibian declines, Bsal, Emerging disease, Epidemiological model, Wildlife pathogen},\n\tpages = {193--216},\n}\n\n\n\n Epidemic dynamics of infectious diseases with multiple routes of transmission are complex. Mathematical models can be used to determine invasion potential and identify which transmission pathway is dominant and can ultimately help identify appropriate intervention strategies. We developed compartmental host–pathogen models to examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bsal) on a North American salamander population. Multiple stages of infection are incorporated into the model, allowing disease induced mortality and zoospore shedding rates to vary as the disease progresses. Parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the recovery and disease induced mortality rates, the length of incubation period, and environmental zoospore degradation rates are influential parameters. Calculation of the basic reproductive number (0\\textgreater1.15R0\\textgreater1.15\\mathcal \\R\\_0\\textgreater1.15) highlights the invasion potential of this pathogen and was used to determine that direct transmission via host contact was the dominant transmission pathway for small population densities, while environmental transmission dominated in large populations. Collectively, these results suggest strategies that reduce host contacts at small densities or reduce environmental persistence of zoospores at high host densities may be effective Bsal management strategies.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Tompros, A.; Dean, A. D.; Fenton, A.; Wilber, M. Q.; Carter, E. D.; and Gray, M. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Frequency-dependent transmission of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in eastern newts.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, n/a(n/a). 2021.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tbed.14043\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{tompros_frequency-dependent_2021,\n\ttitle = {Frequency-dependent transmission of {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans in eastern newts},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tcopyright = {© 2021 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.},\n\tissn = {1865-1682},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tbed.14043},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14043},\n\tabstract = {Transmission is the fundamental process whereby pathogens infect their hosts and spread through populations, and can be characterized using mathematical functions. The functional form of transmission for emerging pathogens can determine pathogen impacts on host populations and can inform the efficacy of disease management strategies. By directly measuring transmission between infected and susceptible adult eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) in aquatic mesocosms, we identified the most plausible transmission function for the emerging amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Although we considered a range of possible transmission functions, we found that Bsal transmission was best explained by pure frequency dependence. We observed that {\\textgreater}90\\% of susceptible newts became infected within 17 days post-exposure to an infected newt across a range of host densities and initial infection prevalence treatments. Under these conditions, we estimated R0 = 4.9 for Bsal in an eastern newt population. Our results suggest that Bsal has the capability of driving eastern newt populations to extinction and that managing host density may not be an effective management strategy. Intervention strategies that prevent Bsal introduction or increase host resistance or tolerance to infection may be more effective. Our results add to the growing empirical evidence that transmission of wildlife pathogens can saturate and be functionally frequency-dependent.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Transboundary and Emerging Diseases},\n\tauthor = {Tompros, Adrianna and Dean, Andrew D. and Fenton, Andy and Wilber, Mark Q. and Carter, Edward Davis and Gray, Matthew J.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tbed.14043},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium, Bsal, amphibian, density-dependent transmission, disease, fungus, model},\n}\n\n\n\n Transmission is the fundamental process whereby pathogens infect their hosts and spread through populations, and can be characterized using mathematical functions. The functional form of transmission for emerging pathogens can determine pathogen impacts on host populations and can inform the efficacy of disease management strategies. By directly measuring transmission between infected and susceptible adult eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) in aquatic mesocosms, we identified the most plausible transmission function for the emerging amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Although we considered a range of possible transmission functions, we found that Bsal transmission was best explained by pure frequency dependence. We observed that \\textgreater90% of susceptible newts became infected within 17 days post-exposure to an infected newt across a range of host densities and initial infection prevalence treatments. Under these conditions, we estimated R0 = 4.9 for Bsal in an eastern newt population. Our results suggest that Bsal has the capability of driving eastern newt populations to extinction and that managing host density may not be an effective management strategy. Intervention strategies that prevent Bsal introduction or increase host resistance or tolerance to infection may be more effective. Our results add to the growing empirical evidence that transmission of wildlife pathogens can saturate and be functionally frequency-dependent.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Wilber, M. Q.; Carter, E. D.; Gray, M. J.; and Briggs, C. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Putative resistance and tolerance mechanisms have little impact on disease progression for an emerging salamander pathogen.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Functional Ecology, 35(4): 847–859. 2021.\n _eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13754\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{wilber_putative_2021,\n\ttitle = {Putative resistance and tolerance mechanisms have little impact on disease progression for an emerging salamander pathogen},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tcopyright = {© 2021 British Ecological Society},\n\tissn = {1365-2435},\n\turl = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.13754},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13754},\n\tabstract = {Resistance and tolerance are unique host defence strategies that can limit the impacts of a pathogen on a host. However, for most wildlife–pathogen systems, there are still fundamental uncertainties regarding (a) how changes in resistance and tolerance can affect disease outcomes and (b) the mechanisms underlying resistance and tolerance in host populations. Here, we first compared observed patterns of resistance and tolerance and their effects on disease outcomes among salamander species that are susceptible to infection and mortality from the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). We then tested whether two putative mechanisms that contribute to host resistance and tolerance, skin sloughing and skin lesion reduction, predicted reduced Bsal growth rate or increased host survival during infection, respectively. We performed multi-dose Bsal challenge experiments on four species of Salamandridae found throughout North America. We combined the laboratory experiments with dynamic models and sensitivity analysis to examine how changes in load-dependent resistance and tolerance functions affected Bsal-induced mortality risk. Finally, we used our disease model to test whether skin sloughing and lesion reduction predicted variability in infection outcomes not described by Bsal infection intensity. We found that resistance and tolerance differed significantly among salamander species, with the most susceptible species being both less resistance and less tolerant of Bsal infection. Our dynamic model showed that the relative influence of resistance versus tolerance on host survival was species-dependent—increasing resistance was only more influential than increasing tolerance for the least tolerant species where changes in pathogen load had a threshold-like effect on host survival. Testing two candidate mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, skin sloughing and lesion reduction, respectively, we found limited support that either of these processes were strong mechanisms of host defence. Our study contributes to a broader understanding of resistance and tolerance in host–pathogen systems by showing that differences in host tolerance can significantly affect whether changes in resistance or tolerance have larger effects on disease outcomes, highlighting the need for species and even population-specific management approaches that target host defence strategies. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Functional Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Wilber, Mark Q. and Carter, Edward Davis and Gray, Matthew J. and Briggs, Cheryl J.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13754},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bsal, Integral Projection Model, Notophthalmus viridescens, chytridiomycosis, disease-induced mortality, emerging infectious disease, resistance, tolerance},\n\tpages = {847--859},\n}\n\n\n\n Resistance and tolerance are unique host defence strategies that can limit the impacts of a pathogen on a host. However, for most wildlife–pathogen systems, there are still fundamental uncertainties regarding (a) how changes in resistance and tolerance can affect disease outcomes and (b) the mechanisms underlying resistance and tolerance in host populations. Here, we first compared observed patterns of resistance and tolerance and their effects on disease outcomes among salamander species that are susceptible to infection and mortality from the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). We then tested whether two putative mechanisms that contribute to host resistance and tolerance, skin sloughing and skin lesion reduction, predicted reduced Bsal growth rate or increased host survival during infection, respectively. We performed multi-dose Bsal challenge experiments on four species of Salamandridae found throughout North America. We combined the laboratory experiments with dynamic models and sensitivity analysis to examine how changes in load-dependent resistance and tolerance functions affected Bsal-induced mortality risk. Finally, we used our disease model to test whether skin sloughing and lesion reduction predicted variability in infection outcomes not described by Bsal infection intensity. We found that resistance and tolerance differed significantly among salamander species, with the most susceptible species being both less resistance and less tolerant of Bsal infection. Our dynamic model showed that the relative influence of resistance versus tolerance on host survival was species-dependent—increasing resistance was only more influential than increasing tolerance for the least tolerant species where changes in pathogen load had a threshold-like effect on host survival. Testing two candidate mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, skin sloughing and lesion reduction, respectively, we found limited support that either of these processes were strong mechanisms of host defence. Our study contributes to a broader understanding of resistance and tolerance in host–pathogen systems by showing that differences in host tolerance can significantly affect whether changes in resistance or tolerance have larger effects on disease outcomes, highlighting the need for species and even population-specific management approaches that target host defence strategies. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Carter, E. D.; Bletz, M. C.; Sage, M. L.; LaBumbard, B.; Rollins-Smith, L. A.; Woodhams, D. C.; Miller, D. L.; and Gray, M. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Winter is coming–Temperature affects immune defenses and susceptibility to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS Pathogens, 17(2): e1009234. February 2021.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{carter_winter_2021,\n\ttitle = {Winter is coming–{Temperature} affects immune defenses and susceptibility to {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1553-7374},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009234},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1009234},\n\tabstract = {Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14°C than at 6 and 22°C. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent susceptibility results, we performed a geographic analysis that revealed N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion, which shifted risk north compared to previous assessments. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable disease management strategy.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {PLOS Pathogens},\n\tauthor = {Carter, Edward Davis and Bletz, Molly C. and Sage, Mitchell Le and LaBumbard, Brandon and Rollins-Smith, Louise A. and Woodhams, Douglas C. and Miller, Debra L. and Gray, Matthew J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bacteria, Bsal, Death rates, Fungal pathogens, Medical risk factors, Microbiome, Secretion, Tempering},\n\tpages = {e1009234},\n}\n\n\n\n Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14°C than at 6 and 22°C. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent susceptibility results, we performed a geographic analysis that revealed N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion, which shifted risk north compared to previous assessments. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable disease management strategy.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Beukema, W.; Erens, J.; Schulz, V.; Stegen, G.; Sluijs, A. S. d.; Stark, T.; Laudelout, A.; Kinet, T.; Kirschey, T.; Poulain, M.; Miaud, C.; Steinfartz, S.; Martel, A.; and Pasmans, F.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Landscape epidemiology of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans: reconciling data limitations and conservation urgency.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecological Applications, n/a(n/a): e2342. 2021.\n _eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eap.2342\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{beukema_landscape_2021,\n\ttitle = {Landscape epidemiology of {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans: reconciling data limitations and conservation urgency},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tcopyright = {This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},\n\tissn = {1939-5582},\n\tshorttitle = {Landscape epidemiology of {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans},\n\turl = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.2342},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2342},\n\tabstract = {Starting in 2010, rapid fire salamander Salamandra salamandra population declines in northwestern Europe heralded the emergence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), a salamander-pathogenic chytrid fungus. Bsal poses an imminent threat to global salamander diversity owing to its wide host range, high pathogenicity and long-term persistence in ecosystems. While there is a pressing need to develop further research and conservation actions, data limitations inherent to recent pathogen emergence obscure necessary insights into Bsal disease ecology. Here, we use a hierarchical modeling framework to describe Bsal landscape epidemiology of outbreak sites in light of these methodological challenges. Using model selection and machine learning, we find that Bsal presence is associated with humid and relatively cool, stable climates. Outbreaks are generally located in areas characterized by low landscape heterogeneity and low steepness of slope. We further find an association between Bsal presence and high trail density, suggesting that human-mediated spread may increase risk for spillover between populations. We then use distribution modeling to show that favorable conditions occur in lowlands influenced by the North Sea, where increased survey effort is needed to determine how Bsal impacts local newt populations, but also in hill- and mountain ranges in northeastern France and the lower half of Germany. Finally, connectivity analyses suggest that these hill- and mountain ranges may act as stepping stones for further spread southwards. Our results provide initial insight into regional environmental conditions underlying Bsal epizootics, present updated invasibility predictions for northwestern Europe, and lead us to discuss a wide variety of potential survey and research actions needed to advance future conservation and mitigation efforts.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Ecological Applications},\n\tauthor = {Beukema, Wouter and Erens, Jesse and Schulz, Vanessa and Stegen, Gwij and Sluijs, Annemarieke Spitzen-van der and Stark, Tariq and Laudelout, Arnaud and Kinet, Thierry and Kirschey, Tom and Poulain, Marie and Miaud, Claude and Steinfartz, Sebastian and Martel, An and Pasmans, Frank},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eap.2342},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal, Chytridiomycosis, Circuitscape, connectivity, conservation prioritization, distribution model, emerging infectious disease, landscape ecology, population declines},\n\tpages = {e2342},\n}\n\n\n\n Starting in 2010, rapid fire salamander Salamandra salamandra population declines in northwestern Europe heralded the emergence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), a salamander-pathogenic chytrid fungus. Bsal poses an imminent threat to global salamander diversity owing to its wide host range, high pathogenicity and long-term persistence in ecosystems. While there is a pressing need to develop further research and conservation actions, data limitations inherent to recent pathogen emergence obscure necessary insights into Bsal disease ecology. Here, we use a hierarchical modeling framework to describe Bsal landscape epidemiology of outbreak sites in light of these methodological challenges. Using model selection and machine learning, we find that Bsal presence is associated with humid and relatively cool, stable climates. Outbreaks are generally located in areas characterized by low landscape heterogeneity and low steepness of slope. We further find an association between Bsal presence and high trail density, suggesting that human-mediated spread may increase risk for spillover between populations. We then use distribution modeling to show that favorable conditions occur in lowlands influenced by the North Sea, where increased survey effort is needed to determine how Bsal impacts local newt populations, but also in hill- and mountain ranges in northeastern France and the lower half of Germany. Finally, connectivity analyses suggest that these hill- and mountain ranges may act as stepping stones for further spread southwards. Our results provide initial insight into regional environmental conditions underlying Bsal epizootics, present updated invasibility predictions for northwestern Europe, and lead us to discuss a wide variety of potential survey and research actions needed to advance future conservation and mitigation efforts.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Schulz, V.; Gerhardt, P.; Stützer, D.; Seidel, U.; and Vences, M.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lungless salamanders of the genus Speleomantes in the Solling, Germany: genetic identification, Bd/Bsal -screening, and introduction hypothesis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Herpetology Notes, 14(0): 421–429. February 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{schulz_lungless_2021,\n\ttitle = {Lungless salamanders of the genus {Speleomantes} in the {Solling}, {Germany}: genetic identification, {Bd}/{Bsal} -screening, and introduction hypothesis},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2021 Herpetology Notes},\n\tissn = {2071-5773},\n\tshorttitle = {Lungless salamanders of the genus {Speleomantes} in the {Solling}, {Germany}},\n\turl = {https://www.biotaxa.org/hn/article/view/65716},\n\tabstract = {We report on an introduced population of Italian Cave Salamander (Speleomantes italicus) that has been living in an abandoned quarry of the Solling area, Germany, within a beech forest near the town of Holzminden, since at least 2013. DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes for 16S rRNA and cytochrome b confirm these specimens being genetically assignable to S. italicus, without genetic differentiation from populations of the native range. Nine individuals studied for infection by chytrid fungi by quantitative PCR tested all negative, both for Bd and Bsal. Up to 18 specimens per night were seen, and small juveniles (35 mm total length) observed from 2015–2020, suggesting continued successful reproduction. To understand the origin of this introduced Speleomantes population, it is relevant to consider the existence of an animal trade business in Holzminden until 1977 that imported, among many other amphibians and reptiles, Speleomantes italicus as early as 1914; furthermore, the same family business also exploited up to three quarries from 1946 to 1956 in the same area, although we could not verify whether this includes the one currently populated by Speleomantes. Although no proof exists that this business is related to the introduction, it is plausible to hypothesise that the introduced cave salamanders have persisted at the site for decades, maybe even for more than a century, given that the quarry populated by these salamanders exists since at least 1896 based on historical maps. The population appears to be highly localised and not invasive, and at present does not appear to represent any danger for native animals or plants. Eradication therefore does not appear to be necessary, and we emphasise that according to German law also introduced populations of wild animals benefit from protection, unless lifted as for instance in the management of invasive species.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\turldate = {2021-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Herpetology Notes},\n\tauthor = {Schulz, Vanessa and Gerhardt, Philip and Stützer, Dominik and Seidel, Uwe and Vences, Miguel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal},\n\tpages = {421--429},\n}\n\n\n\n We report on an introduced population of Italian Cave Salamander (Speleomantes italicus) that has been living in an abandoned quarry of the Solling area, Germany, within a beech forest near the town of Holzminden, since at least 2013. DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes for 16S rRNA and cytochrome b confirm these specimens being genetically assignable to S. italicus, without genetic differentiation from populations of the native range. Nine individuals studied for infection by chytrid fungi by quantitative PCR tested all negative, both for Bd and Bsal. Up to 18 specimens per night were seen, and small juveniles (35 mm total length) observed from 2015–2020, suggesting continued successful reproduction. To understand the origin of this introduced Speleomantes population, it is relevant to consider the existence of an animal trade business in Holzminden until 1977 that imported, among many other amphibians and reptiles, Speleomantes italicus as early as 1914; furthermore, the same family business also exploited up to three quarries from 1946 to 1956 in the same area, although we could not verify whether this includes the one currently populated by Speleomantes. Although no proof exists that this business is related to the introduction, it is plausible to hypothesise that the introduced cave salamanders have persisted at the site for decades, maybe even for more than a century, given that the quarry populated by these salamanders exists since at least 1896 based on historical maps. The population appears to be highly localised and not invasive, and at present does not appear to represent any danger for native animals or plants. Eradication therefore does not appear to be necessary, and we emphasise that according to German law also introduced populations of wild animals benefit from protection, unless lifted as for instance in the management of invasive species.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Castro Monzon, F.; Rödel, M.; and Jeschke, J. M.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Tracking Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection Across the Globe.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n EcoHealth, 17(3): 270–279. September 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{castro_monzon_tracking_2020,\n\ttitle = {Tracking {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis {Infection} {Across} the {Globe}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1612-9210},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-020-01504-w},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10393-020-01504-w},\n\tabstract = {Infection records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that has devastated amphibian populations worldwide, have rapidly increased since the pathogen’s discovery. Dealing with so many records makes it difficult to (a) know where, when and in which species infections have been detected, (b) understand how widespread and pervasive Bd is and (c) prioritize study and management areas. We conducted a systematic review of papers and compiled a database with Bd infection records. Our dataset covers 71 amphibian families and 119 countries. The data revealed how widespread and adaptable Bd is, being able to infect over 50\\% of all tested amphibian species, with over 1000 confirmed host species and being present in 86 countries. The distribution of infected species is uneven among and within countries. Areas where the distributions of many infected species overlap are readily visible; these are regions where Bd likely develops well. Conversely, areas where the distributions of species that tested negative overlap, such as the Atlantic Coast in the USA, suggest the presence of Bd refuges. Finally, we report how the number of tested and infected species has changed through time, and provide a list of oldest detection records per country.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-18},\n\tjournal = {EcoHealth},\n\tauthor = {Castro Monzon, Federico and Rödel, Mark-Oliver and Jeschke, Jonathan M.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, BdGPL, global},\n\tpages = {270--279},\n}\n\n\n\n Infection records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that has devastated amphibian populations worldwide, have rapidly increased since the pathogen’s discovery. Dealing with so many records makes it difficult to (a) know where, when and in which species infections have been detected, (b) understand how widespread and pervasive Bd is and (c) prioritize study and management areas. We conducted a systematic review of papers and compiled a database with Bd infection records. Our dataset covers 71 amphibian families and 119 countries. The data revealed how widespread and adaptable Bd is, being able to infect over 50% of all tested amphibian species, with over 1000 confirmed host species and being present in 86 countries. The distribution of infected species is uneven among and within countries. Areas where the distributions of many infected species overlap are readily visible; these are regions where Bd likely develops well. Conversely, areas where the distributions of species that tested negative overlap, such as the Atlantic Coast in the USA, suggest the presence of Bd refuges. Finally, we report how the number of tested and infected species has changed through time, and provide a list of oldest detection records per country.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Barnes, M. A.; Brown, A. D.; Daum, M. N.; Garza, K. A. d. l.; Driskill, J.; Garrett, K.; Goldstein, M. S.; Luk, A.; Maguire, J. I.; Moke, R.; Ostermaier, E. M.; Sanders, Y. M.; Sandhu, T.; Stith, A.; and Suresh, V. V.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Detection of the Amphibian Pathogens Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and Ranavirus in West Texas, USA, Using Environmental DNA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(3): 702–706. July 2020.\n Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{barnes_detection_2020,\n\ttitle = {Detection of the {Amphibian} {Pathogens} {Chytrid} {Fungus} ({Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis) and {Ranavirus} in {West} {Texas}, {USA}, {Using} {Environmental} {DNA}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {0090-3558, 1943-3700},\n\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-wildlife-diseases/volume-56/issue-3/2019-08-212/Detection-of-the-Amphibian-Pathogens-Chytrid-Fungus-Batrachochytrium-dendrobatidis-and/10.7589/2019-08-212.full},\n\tdoi = {10.7589/2019-08-212},\n\tabstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods provide novel options for the detection of pathogens. The amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Ranavirus have been relatively understudied in Texas, US, so we applied eDNA assays for the surveillance of these pathogens in the upper Brazos River basin near the Texas panhandle. We collected water samples from five urban playa lakes and one reservoir in and around Lubbock, Texas. Quantitative PCR detected both Bd and Ranavirus at one playa lake, representing novel detection of both pathogens in the region. Based on these results, we recommend increased monitoring for the pathogens and symptoms of amphibian disease throughout the region.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-12-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases},\n\tauthor = {Barnes, Matthew A. and Brown, Audrey D. and Daum, Mikaela N. and Garza, Karla A. de la and Driskill, Jackson and Garrett, Kylie and Goldstein, Madeleine S. and Luk, Alaia and Maguire, Joel I. and Moke, Robert and Ostermaier, Emily M. and Sanders, Yorick M. and Sandhu, Theodore and Stith, Aryiah and Suresh, Varshini V.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Ranavirus, eDNA},\n\tpages = {702--706},\n}\n\n\n\n Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods provide novel options for the detection of pathogens. The amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Ranavirus have been relatively understudied in Texas, US, so we applied eDNA assays for the surveillance of these pathogens in the upper Brazos River basin near the Texas panhandle. We collected water samples from five urban playa lakes and one reservoir in and around Lubbock, Texas. Quantitative PCR detected both Bd and Ranavirus at one playa lake, representing novel detection of both pathogens in the region. Based on these results, we recommend increased monitoring for the pathogens and symptoms of amphibian disease throughout the region.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Schmeller, D. S.; and R. Utzel, F. P. & A. M.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans kills alpine newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris) in southernmost Germany.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Salamandra, 56(3): 230–232. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{schmeller_d_s_r_utzel_f_pasmans__a_martel_batrachochytrium_2020,\n\ttitle = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans kills alpine newts ({Ichthyosaura} alpestris) in southernmost {Germany}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\turl = {https://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2020-vol-56/1983-schmeller-d-s-r-utzel-f-pasmans-a-martel},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-11-17},\n\tjournal = {Salamandra},\n\tauthor = {Schmeller, D. S., R. Utzel, F. Pasmans \\& A. Martel},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {230--232},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Thein, J.; U. Reck, C. D.; and A. Martel, V. S. & G. H.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Preliminary report on the occurrence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in the Steigerwald, Bavaria, Germany.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Salamandra, 56(3): 227–229. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{thein_j_u_reck_c_dittrich_a_martel_v_schulz__g_hansbauer_preliminary_2020,\n\ttitle = {Preliminary report on the occurrence of {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans in the {Steigerwald}, {Bavaria}, {Germany}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\turl = {https://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2020-vol-56/1982-thein-j-u-reck-c-dittrich-a-martel-v-schulz-g-hansbauer},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-11-17},\n\tjournal = {Salamandra},\n\tauthor = {Thein, J., U. Reck, C. Dittrich, A. Martel, V. Schulz \\& G. Hansbauer},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {227--229},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Sandvoß, M.; N. Wagner, S. L.; and S. Feldmeier, V. S.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Spread of the pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans and large-scale absence of larvae suggest unnoticed declines of the European fire salamander in the southern Eifel Mountains.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Salamandra, 56(3): 215–226. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{sandvos_m_n_wagner_s_lotters_s_feldmeier_v_schulz_s_steinfartz__m_veith_spread_2020,\n\ttitle = {Spread of the pathogen {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans and large-scale absence of larvae suggest unnoticed declines of the {European} fire salamander in the southern {Eifel} {Mountains}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\turl = {https://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2020-vol-56/1981-sandvoss-m-n-wagner-s-loetters-s-feldmeier-v-schulz-s-steinfartz-m-veith},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-11-16},\n\tjournal = {Salamandra},\n\tauthor = {Sandvoß, M., N. Wagner, S. Lötters, S. Feldmeier, V. Schulz, S. Steinfartz \\& M. Veith},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {215--226},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Schulz, V.; A. Schulz, M. K.; K. Preissler, J. S.; M. Müsken, M. S.; L. Heldt, F. K.; J. Enss, M. S.; J. Virgo, H. R.; M. Veith, S. L.; and N. Wagner, S. S. & M. V.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in the Ruhr District, Germany: history, distribution, decline dynamics and disease symptoms of the salamander plague.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Salamandra, 56(3): 189–214. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{schulz_v_a_schulz_m_klamke_k_preissler_j_sabino-pinto_m_musken_m_schlupmann_l_heldt_f_kamprad_j_enss_m_schweinsberg_j_virgo_h_rau_m_veith_s_lotters_n_wagner_s_steinfartz__m_vences_batrachochytrium_2020,\n\ttitle = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in the {Ruhr} {District}, {Germany}: history, distribution, decline dynamics and disease symptoms of the salamander plague},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\turl = {https://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2020-vol-56/1980-schulz-v-a-schulz-m-klamke-k-preissler-j-sabino-pinto-m-muesken-m-schluepmann-l-heldt-f-kamprad-j-enss-m-schweinsberg-j-virgo-h-rau-m-veith-s-loetters-n-wagner-s-steinfartz-m-vences},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-11-16},\n\tjournal = {Salamandra},\n\tauthor = {Schulz, V., A. Schulz, M. Klamke, K. Preissler, J. Sabino-Pinto, M. Müsken, M. Schlüpmann, L. Heldt, F. Kamprad, J. Enss, M. Schweinsberg, J. Virgo, H. Rau, M. Veith, S. Lötters, N. Wagner, S. Steinfartz \\& M. Vences},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {189--214},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Lötters, S.; N. Wagner, G. A.; P. Böning, L. D.; H. Düssel, S. F.; M. Guschal, K. K.; D. Ohlhoff, K. P.; T. Reinhardt, M. S.; U. Schulte, V. S.; S. Steinfartz, S. T.; and M. Veith, M. V. & J. W.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in the hotspot of its European invasive range: past – present – future.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Salamandra, 56(3): 173–188. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{lotters_s_n_wagner_g_albaladejo_p_boning_l_dalbeck_h_dussel_s_feldmeier_m_guschal_k_kirst_d_ohlhoff_k_preissler_t_reinhardt_m_schlupmann_u_schulte_v_schulz_s_steinfartz_s_twietmeyer_m_veith_m_vences__j_wegge_amphibian_2020,\n\ttitle = {The amphibian pathogen {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans in the hotspot of its {European} invasive range: past – present – future},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\turl = {https://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2020-vol-56/1979-loetters-s-n-wagner-g-albaladejo-p-boening-l-dalbeck-h-duessel-s-feldmeier-m-guschal-k-kirst-d-ohl-hoff-k-preissler-t-reinhardt-m-schluepmann-u-schulte-v-schulz-s-steinfartz-s-twietmeyer-m-veith-m-vences-j-wegge},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-11-16},\n\tjournal = {Salamandra},\n\tauthor = {Lötters, S., N. Wagner, G. Albaladejo, P. Böning, L. Dalbeck, H. Düssel, S. Feldmeier, M. Guschal, K. Kirst, D. Ohlhoff, K. Preissler, T. Reinhardt, M. Schlüpmann, U. Schulte, V. Schulz, S. Steinfartz, S. Twietmeyer, M. Veith, M. Vences \\& J. Wegge},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {173--188},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rebollar, E. A.; Martínez-Ugalde, E.; and Orta, A. H.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Amphibian Skin Microbiome and Its Protective Role Against Chytridiomycosis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Herpetologica, 76(2): 167–177. June 2020.\n Publisher: The Herpetologists' League\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{rebollar_amphibian_2020,\n\ttitle = {The {Amphibian} {Skin} {Microbiome} and {Its} {Protective} {Role} {Against} {Chytridiomycosis}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0018-0831, 1938-5099},\n\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/herpetologica/volume-76/issue-2/0018-0831-76.2.167/The-Amphibian-Skin-Microbiome-and-Its-Protective-Role-Against-Chytridiomycosis/10.1655/0018-0831-76.2.167.full},\n\tdoi = {10.1655/0018-0831-76.2.167},\n\tabstract = {Here we review the knowledge about skin microbiomes in amphibians accumulated over the last two decades and the evidence regarding the protective role of skin bacteria. Amphibians all over the world are declining because of several factors, including chytridiomycosis disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans. In this context, the antifungal capacities of many bacteria living symbiotically on amphibian skin, which have been described both in vitro and in vivo, are important in disease prevention. We discuss the major factors influencing amphibian skin bacterial communities, the fungal component of the amphibian skin microbiome, and the potential use of antifungal bacteria as probiotics. The structure of amphibian skin microbial communities is influenced by host-specific microhabitat, biogeographic, and climatic factors, but the functional aspects of these microbiomes and how these nested factors modulate skin microbial functions remains largely unexplored. However, the field has grown considerably, and recent technologies have prompted the exploration of exciting new questions aimed at providing more detailed knowledge about the ecology of amphibian–microbial symbioses and the precise role of the skin microbiome in protecting host amphibians against emerging diseases.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2020-10-27},\n\tjournal = {Herpetologica},\n\tauthor = {Rebollar, Eria A. and Martínez-Ugalde, Emanuel and Orta, Alberto H.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: The Herpetologists' League},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal, microbiome},\n\tpages = {167--177},\n}\n\n\n\n Here we review the knowledge about skin microbiomes in amphibians accumulated over the last two decades and the evidence regarding the protective role of skin bacteria. Amphibians all over the world are declining because of several factors, including chytridiomycosis disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans. In this context, the antifungal capacities of many bacteria living symbiotically on amphibian skin, which have been described both in vitro and in vivo, are important in disease prevention. We discuss the major factors influencing amphibian skin bacterial communities, the fungal component of the amphibian skin microbiome, and the potential use of antifungal bacteria as probiotics. The structure of amphibian skin microbial communities is influenced by host-specific microhabitat, biogeographic, and climatic factors, but the functional aspects of these microbiomes and how these nested factors modulate skin microbial functions remains largely unexplored. However, the field has grown considerably, and recent technologies have prompted the exploration of exciting new questions aimed at providing more detailed knowledge about the ecology of amphibian–microbial symbioses and the precise role of the skin microbiome in protecting host amphibians against emerging diseases.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n LaBumbard, B. C.; Shepack, A.; and Catenazzi, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n After the epizootic: Host–pathogen dynamics in montane tropical amphibian communities with high prevalence of chytridiomycosis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biotropica, n/a(n/a). August 2020.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/btp.12824\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{labumbard_after_2020,\n\ttitle = {After the epizootic: {Host}–pathogen dynamics in montane tropical amphibian communities with high prevalence of chytridiomycosis},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tcopyright = {© 2020 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation},\n\tissn = {1744-7429},\n\tshorttitle = {After the epizootic},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/btp.12824},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/btp.12824},\n\tabstract = {The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), poses a great threat to global amphibian biodiversity. In Peruvian cloud forests of the Kosñipata Valley of Manu National Park where chytrid infection is highly prevalent, we have monitored species-rich amphibian communities since 1996. An epizootic of chytridiomycosis is thought to have caused the disappearance of 35\\% of species richness in the early 2000s. We investigated the post-epizootic Bd prevalence and infection intensity within the remnant amphibian community from 2008 to 2015, and modeled Bd dynamics as a function of species, season, reproductive mode, life stage, and elevation. Prevalence was higher in 2012–2015 than in 2008–2009, but overall prevalence has remained fairly constant ( 50\\%) post-epizootic. We also found that while prevalence decreased with elevation during the wet season, it generally increased with elevation during the dry season, potentially due to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. In aquatic habitats, Bd is likely maintained through a single, stream-breeding, putative reservoir species (which survived epizootics, in contrast to other aquatic-breeding species). The now-dominant terrestrial-breeding species allow Bd to persist and spread in terrestrial habitats, possibly through individual dispersal into naïve areas. We conclude that Bd prevalence in the Kosñipata Valley has stabilized over time, suggesting that Bd is now enzootic. Long-term monitoring of host infection is important because temporal changes in prevalence and infection intensity can cause changes in host species richness and abundance, which in turn may alter the trajectory of host–pathogen dynamics. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Biotropica},\n\tauthor = {LaBumbard, Brandon C. and Shepack, Alexander and Catenazzi, Alessandro},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/btp.12824},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Manu National Park, Peru, amphibian community, cloud forest, disease distribution, enzootic},\n}\n\n\n\n The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), poses a great threat to global amphibian biodiversity. In Peruvian cloud forests of the Kosñipata Valley of Manu National Park where chytrid infection is highly prevalent, we have monitored species-rich amphibian communities since 1996. An epizootic of chytridiomycosis is thought to have caused the disappearance of 35% of species richness in the early 2000s. We investigated the post-epizootic Bd prevalence and infection intensity within the remnant amphibian community from 2008 to 2015, and modeled Bd dynamics as a function of species, season, reproductive mode, life stage, and elevation. Prevalence was higher in 2012–2015 than in 2008–2009, but overall prevalence has remained fairly constant ( 50%) post-epizootic. We also found that while prevalence decreased with elevation during the wet season, it generally increased with elevation during the dry season, potentially due to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. In aquatic habitats, Bd is likely maintained through a single, stream-breeding, putative reservoir species (which survived epizootics, in contrast to other aquatic-breeding species). The now-dominant terrestrial-breeding species allow Bd to persist and spread in terrestrial habitats, possibly through individual dispersal into naïve areas. We conclude that Bd prevalence in the Kosñipata Valley has stabilized over time, suggesting that Bd is now enzootic. Long-term monitoring of host infection is important because temporal changes in prevalence and infection intensity can cause changes in host species richness and abundance, which in turn may alter the trajectory of host–pathogen dynamics. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Shepack, A.; and Catenazzi, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Transcriptomics reveal immune downregulation of newts overwhelmed by chytrid co-infection.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Molecular Ecology, 29(17): 3167–3169. 2020.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.15576\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{shepack_transcriptomics_2020,\n\ttitle = {Transcriptomics reveal immune downregulation of newts overwhelmed by chytrid co-infection},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tcopyright = {© 2020 John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd},\n\tissn = {1365-294X},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.15576},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/mec.15576},\n\tabstract = {What happens when two emergent diseases infect the same host? In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, McDonald et al. (2020) compare transcriptomic responses to co-infection by the two chytrid fungi in the skin, liver and spleen of Eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Novel molecular tools, such as high-throughput DNA sequencing for genome discovery and transcriptomics, have revolutionized our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and disease ecology (Güimil et al. 2005; Rosenblum et al. 2012). For example, epidemiologists are using genomic data to track the spread of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 in real time, both locally and globally. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is routinely employed to study response to disease in humans, improving disease diagnostics, profiling and development of intervention strategies. Transcriptomic profiles may be particularly informative for emergent diseases, whose pathologies and effect on host phenotype are poorly known. Fungal pathogens increasingly threaten a variety of wild and domesticated organisms (Fisher et al. 2012), and two chytrid fungi attacking amphibians are causing one of the worst losses of vertebrate biodiversity ever recorded (Scheele et al. 2019).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Molecular Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Shepack, Alexander and Catenazzi, Alessandro},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.15576},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal},\n\tpages = {3167--3169},\n}\n\n\n\n What happens when two emergent diseases infect the same host? In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, McDonald et al. (2020) compare transcriptomic responses to co-infection by the two chytrid fungi in the skin, liver and spleen of Eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Novel molecular tools, such as high-throughput DNA sequencing for genome discovery and transcriptomics, have revolutionized our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and disease ecology (Güimil et al. 2005; Rosenblum et al. 2012). For example, epidemiologists are using genomic data to track the spread of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 in real time, both locally and globally. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is routinely employed to study response to disease in humans, improving disease diagnostics, profiling and development of intervention strategies. Transcriptomic profiles may be particularly informative for emergent diseases, whose pathologies and effect on host phenotype are poorly known. Fungal pathogens increasingly threaten a variety of wild and domesticated organisms (Fisher et al. 2012), and two chytrid fungi attacking amphibians are causing one of the worst losses of vertebrate biodiversity ever recorded (Scheele et al. 2019).\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Fu, M.; and Waldman, B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ancestral chytrid pathogen remains hypervirulent following its long coevolution with amphibian hosts.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1904): 20190833. June 2019.\n Publisher: Royal Society\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{fu_ancestral_2019,\n\ttitle = {Ancestral chytrid pathogen remains hypervirulent following its long coevolution with amphibian hosts},\n\tvolume = {286},\n\turl = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0833},\n\tdoi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0833},\n\tabstract = {Many amphibian species around the world, except in Asia, suffer morbidity and mortality when infected by the emerging infectious pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). A lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus isolated from South Korean amphibians (BdAsia-1) is evolutionarily basal to recombinant global pandemic lineages (BdGPL) associated with worldwide amphibian population declines. In Asia, the Bd pathogen and its amphibian hosts have coevolved over 100 years or more. Thus, resilience of Asian amphibian populations to infection might result from attenuated virulence of endemic Bd lineages, evolved immunity to the pathogen or both. We compared susceptibilities of an Australasian amphibian, Litoria caerulea, known to lack resistance to BdGPL, with those of three Korean species, Bufo gargarizans, Bombina orientalis and Hyla japonica, after inoculation with BdAsia-1, BdGPL or a blank solution. Subjects became infected in all experimental treatments but Korean species rapidly cleared themselves of infection, regardless of Bd lineage. They survived with no apparent secondary effects. By contrast, L. caerulea, after infection by either BdAsia-1 or BdGPL, suffered deteriorating body condition and carried progressively higher Bd loads over time. Subsequently, most subjects died. Comparing their effects on L. caerulea, BdAsia-1 induced more rapid disease progression than BdGPL. The results suggest that genomic recombination with other lineages was not necessary for the ancestral Bd lineage to evolve hypervirulence over its long period of coevolution with amphibian hosts. The pathogen's virulence may have driven strong selection for immune responses in endemic Asian amphibian host species.},\n\tnumber = {1904},\n\turldate = {2021-06-18},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Fu, Minjie and Waldman, Bruce},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Royal Society},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {20190833},\n}\n\n\n\n Many amphibian species around the world, except in Asia, suffer morbidity and mortality when infected by the emerging infectious pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). A lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus isolated from South Korean amphibians (BdAsia-1) is evolutionarily basal to recombinant global pandemic lineages (BdGPL) associated with worldwide amphibian population declines. In Asia, the Bd pathogen and its amphibian hosts have coevolved over 100 years or more. Thus, resilience of Asian amphibian populations to infection might result from attenuated virulence of endemic Bd lineages, evolved immunity to the pathogen or both. We compared susceptibilities of an Australasian amphibian, Litoria caerulea, known to lack resistance to BdGPL, with those of three Korean species, Bufo gargarizans, Bombina orientalis and Hyla japonica, after inoculation with BdAsia-1, BdGPL or a blank solution. Subjects became infected in all experimental treatments but Korean species rapidly cleared themselves of infection, regardless of Bd lineage. They survived with no apparent secondary effects. By contrast, L. caerulea, after infection by either BdAsia-1 or BdGPL, suffered deteriorating body condition and carried progressively higher Bd loads over time. Subsequently, most subjects died. Comparing their effects on L. caerulea, BdAsia-1 induced more rapid disease progression than BdGPL. The results suggest that genomic recombination with other lineages was not necessary for the ancestral Bd lineage to evolve hypervirulence over its long period of coevolution with amphibian hosts. The pathogen's virulence may have driven strong selection for immune responses in endemic Asian amphibian host species.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n De León, M. E.; Zumbado-Ulate, H.; García-Rodríguez, A.; Alvarado, G.; Sulaeman, H.; Bolaños, F.; and Vredenburg, V. T.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in amphibians predates first known epizootic in Costa Rica.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 14(12): e0208969. December 2019.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{de_leon_batrachochytrium_2019,\n\ttitle = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in amphibians predates first known epizootic in {Costa} {Rica}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0208969},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0208969},\n\tabstract = {Emerging infectious diseases are a growing threat to biodiversity worldwide. Outbreaks of the infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), are implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous amphibian species. In Costa Rica, a major decline event occurred in 1987, more than two decades before this pathogen was discovered. The loss of many species in Costa Rica is assumed to be due to Bd-epizootics, but there are few studies that provide data from amphibians in the time leading up to the proposed epizootics. In this study, we provide new data on Bd infection rates of amphibians collected throughout Costa Rica, in the decades prior to the epizootics. We used a quantitative PCR assay to test for Bd presence in 1016 anuran museum specimens collected throughout Costa Rica. The earliest specimen that tested positive for Bd was collected in 1964. Across all time periods, we found an overall infection rate (defined as the proportion of Bd-positive individuals) of 4\\%. The number of infected individuals remained relatively low across all species tested and the range of Bd-positive specimens was shown to be geographically constrained up until the 1980s; when epizootics are hypothesized to have occurred. After that time, infection rate increased three-fold, and the range of specimens tested positive for Bd increased, with Bd-positive specimens collected across the entire country. Our results suggest that Bd dynamics in Costa Rica are more complicated than previously thought. The discovery of Bd’s presence in the country preceding massive declines leads to a number of different hypotheses: 1) Bd invaded Costa Rica earlier than previously known, and spread more slowly than previously reported; 2) Bd invaded multiple times and faded out; 3) an endemic Bd lineage existed; 4) an earlier Bd lineage evolved into the current Bd lineage or hybridized with an invasive lineage; or 5) an earlier Bd lineage went extinct and a new invasion event occurred causing epizootics. To help visualize areas where future studies should take place, we provide a Bd habitat suitability model trained with local data. Studies that provide information on genetic lineages of Bd are needed to determine the most plausible spatial-temporal, host-pathogen dynamics that could best explain the epizootics resulting in amphibian declines in Costa Rica and throughout Central America.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2020-07-01},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {De León, Marina E. and Zumbado-Ulate, Héctor and García-Rodríguez, Adrián and Alvarado, Gilbert and Sulaeman, Hasan and Bolaños, Federico and Vredenburg, Vance T.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bd, Costa Rica, Epizootics, Frogs, Linear regression analysis, Museum collections, Pathogens},\n\tpages = {e0208969},\n}\n\n\n\n Emerging infectious diseases are a growing threat to biodiversity worldwide. Outbreaks of the infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), are implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous amphibian species. In Costa Rica, a major decline event occurred in 1987, more than two decades before this pathogen was discovered. The loss of many species in Costa Rica is assumed to be due to Bd-epizootics, but there are few studies that provide data from amphibians in the time leading up to the proposed epizootics. In this study, we provide new data on Bd infection rates of amphibians collected throughout Costa Rica, in the decades prior to the epizootics. We used a quantitative PCR assay to test for Bd presence in 1016 anuran museum specimens collected throughout Costa Rica. The earliest specimen that tested positive for Bd was collected in 1964. Across all time periods, we found an overall infection rate (defined as the proportion of Bd-positive individuals) of 4%. The number of infected individuals remained relatively low across all species tested and the range of Bd-positive specimens was shown to be geographically constrained up until the 1980s; when epizootics are hypothesized to have occurred. After that time, infection rate increased three-fold, and the range of specimens tested positive for Bd increased, with Bd-positive specimens collected across the entire country. Our results suggest that Bd dynamics in Costa Rica are more complicated than previously thought. The discovery of Bd’s presence in the country preceding massive declines leads to a number of different hypotheses: 1) Bd invaded Costa Rica earlier than previously known, and spread more slowly than previously reported; 2) Bd invaded multiple times and faded out; 3) an endemic Bd lineage existed; 4) an earlier Bd lineage evolved into the current Bd lineage or hybridized with an invasive lineage; or 5) an earlier Bd lineage went extinct and a new invasion event occurred causing epizootics. To help visualize areas where future studies should take place, we provide a Bd habitat suitability model trained with local data. Studies that provide information on genetic lineages of Bd are needed to determine the most plausible spatial-temporal, host-pathogen dynamics that could best explain the epizootics resulting in amphibian declines in Costa Rica and throughout Central America.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Basanta, M. D.; Rebollar, E. A.; and Parra-Olea, G.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Potential risk of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Mexico.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 14(2): e0211960. February 2019.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{basanta_potential_2019,\n\ttitle = {Potential risk of {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans in {Mexico}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211960},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0211960},\n\tabstract = {The recent decline in populations of European salamanders caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has generated worldwide concern, as it is a major threat to amphibians. Evaluation of the areas most suitable for the establishment of Bsal combined with analysis of the distribution of salamander species could be used to generate and implement biosecurity measures and protect biodiversity at sites with high salamander diversity. In this study, we identified the areas most suitable for the establishment of Bsal in Mexico. Mexico has the second-highest salamander species diversity in the world; thus, we identified areas moderately to highly suitable for the establishment of Bsal with high salamander diversity as potential hotspots for surveillance. Central and Southern Mexico were identified as high-risk zones, with 13 hotspots where 30\\% of Mexican salamander species occur, including range-restricted species and endangered species. We propose that these hotspots should be thoroughly monitored for the presence of Bsal to prevent the spread of the pathogen if it is introduced to the country.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2020-10-27},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Basanta, M. Delia and Rebollar, Eria A. and Parra-Olea, Gabriela},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bsal, Ecological niches, Endangered species, Fungal pathogens, Mexican people, Mexico, Salamanders, Volcanic hotspots},\n\tpages = {e0211960},\n}\n\n\n\n The recent decline in populations of European salamanders caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has generated worldwide concern, as it is a major threat to amphibians. Evaluation of the areas most suitable for the establishment of Bsal combined with analysis of the distribution of salamander species could be used to generate and implement biosecurity measures and protect biodiversity at sites with high salamander diversity. In this study, we identified the areas most suitable for the establishment of Bsal in Mexico. Mexico has the second-highest salamander species diversity in the world; thus, we identified areas moderately to highly suitable for the establishment of Bsal with high salamander diversity as potential hotspots for surveillance. Central and Southern Mexico were identified as high-risk zones, with 13 hotspots where 30% of Mexican salamander species occur, including range-restricted species and endangered species. We propose that these hotspots should be thoroughly monitored for the presence of Bsal to prevent the spread of the pathogen if it is introduced to the country.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Ossiboff, R. J.; Towe, A. E.; Brown, M. A.; Longo, A. V.; Lips, K. R.; Miller, D. L.; Carter, E. D.; Gray, M. J.; and Frasca, S. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Differentiating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans in Amphibian Chytridiomycosis Using RNAScope®in situ Hybridization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6. 2019.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{ossiboff_differentiating_2019,\n\ttitle = {Differentiating {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis and {B}. salamandrivorans in {Amphibian} {Chytridiomycosis} {Using} {RNAScope}®in situ {Hybridization}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2297-1769},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2019.00304/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fvets.2019.00304},\n\tabstract = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans are important amphibian pathogens responsible for morbidity and mortality in free-ranging and captive frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. While B. dendrobatidis has a widespread global distribution, B. salamandrivorans has only been detected in amphibians in Asia and Europe. Although molecular detection methods for these fungi are well characterized, differentiation of the morphologically similar organisms in the tissues of affected amphibians is incredibly difficult. Moreover, an accurate tool to identify and differentiate Batrachochytrium in affected amphibian tissues is essential for a specific diagnosis of the causative agent in chytridiomycosis cases. To address this need, an automated dual-plex chromogenic RNAScope® in situ hybridization (ISH) assay was developed and characterized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of B. dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans. The assay, utilizing double Z target probe pairs designed to hybridize to 28S rRNA sequences, was specific for the identification of both organisms in culture and in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded amphibian tissues. The assay successfully identified organisms in tissue samples from five salamander and one frog species preserved in formalin for up to 364 days and was sensitive for the detection of Batrachochytrium in animals with qPCR loads as low as 1.1 x 102 zoospores/microliter. ISH staining of B. salamandrivorans also highlighted the infection of dermal cutaneous glands, a feature not observed in amphibian B. dendrobatidis cases and which may play an important role in B. salamandrivorans pathogenesis in salamanders. The developed ISH assay will benefit both amphibian chytridiomycosis surveillance projects and pathogenesis studies by providing a reliable tool for Batrachochytrium differentiation in tissues.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Veterinary Science},\n\tauthor = {Ossiboff, Robert J. and Towe, Anastasia E. and Brown, Melissa A. and Longo, Ana V. and Lips, Karen R. and Miller, Debra L. and Carter, E. Davis and Gray, Matthew J. and Frasca, Salvatore Jr},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal, Chytrid, Dermal glands, Frog, Granular gland, ISH, Mucus gland, Pathology, fungus, salamander},\n}\n\n\n\n Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans are important amphibian pathogens responsible for morbidity and mortality in free-ranging and captive frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. While B. dendrobatidis has a widespread global distribution, B. salamandrivorans has only been detected in amphibians in Asia and Europe. Although molecular detection methods for these fungi are well characterized, differentiation of the morphologically similar organisms in the tissues of affected amphibians is incredibly difficult. Moreover, an accurate tool to identify and differentiate Batrachochytrium in affected amphibian tissues is essential for a specific diagnosis of the causative agent in chytridiomycosis cases. To address this need, an automated dual-plex chromogenic RNAScope® in situ hybridization (ISH) assay was developed and characterized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of B. dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans. The assay, utilizing double Z target probe pairs designed to hybridize to 28S rRNA sequences, was specific for the identification of both organisms in culture and in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded amphibian tissues. The assay successfully identified organisms in tissue samples from five salamander and one frog species preserved in formalin for up to 364 days and was sensitive for the detection of Batrachochytrium in animals with qPCR loads as low as 1.1 x 102 zoospores/microliter. ISH staining of B. salamandrivorans also highlighted the infection of dermal cutaneous glands, a feature not observed in amphibian B. dendrobatidis cases and which may play an important role in B. salamandrivorans pathogenesis in salamanders. The developed ISH assay will benefit both amphibian chytridiomycosis surveillance projects and pathogenesis studies by providing a reliable tool for Batrachochytrium differentiation in tissues.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n O’Hanlon, S. J.; Rieux, A.; Farrer, R. A.; Rosa, G. M.; Waldman, B.; Bataille, A.; Kosch, T. A.; Murray, K. A.; Brankovics, B.; Fumagalli, M.; Martin, M. D.; Wales, N.; Alvarado-Rybak, M.; Bates, K. A.; Berger, L.; Böll, S.; Brookes, L.; Clare, F.; Courtois, E. A.; Cunningham, A. A.; Doherty-Bone, T. M.; Ghosh, P.; Gower, D. J.; Hintz, W. E.; Höglund, J.; Jenkinson, T. S.; Lin, C.; Laurila, A.; Loyau, A.; Martel, A.; Meurling, S.; Miaud, C.; Minting, P.; Pasmans, F.; Schmeller, D. S.; Schmidt, B. R.; Shelton, J. M. G.; Skerratt, L. F.; Smith, F.; Soto-Azat, C.; Spagnoletti, M.; Tessa, G.; Toledo, L. F.; Valenzuela-Sánchez, A.; Verster, R.; Vörös, J.; Webb, R. J.; Wierzbicki, C.; Wombwell, E.; Zamudio, K. R.; Aanensen, D. M.; James, T. Y.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Weldon, C.; Bosch, J.; Balloux, F.; Garner, T. W. J.; and Fisher, M. C.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, 360(6389): 621–627. May 2018.\n Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science Section: Research Article\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{ohanlon_recent_2018,\n\ttitle = {Recent {Asian} origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines},\n\tvolume = {360},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},\n\tissn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},\n\turl = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6389/621},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.aar1965},\n\tabstract = {{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Globalized infectious diseases are causing species declines worldwide, but their source often remains elusive. We used whole-genome sequencing to solve the spatiotemporal origins of the most devastating panzootic to date, caused by the fungus \\textit{Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis}, a proximate driver of global amphibian declines. We traced the source of \\textit{B. dendrobatidis} to the Korean peninsula, where one lineage, \\textit{Bd}ASIA-1, exhibits the genetic hallmarks of an ancestral population that seeded the panzootic. We date the emergence of this pathogen to the early 20th century, coinciding with the global expansion of commercial trade in amphibians, and we show that intercontinental transmission is ongoing. Our findings point to East Asia as a geographic hotspot for \\textit{B. dendrobatidis} biodiversity and the original source of these lineages that now parasitize amphibians worldwide.{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6389},\n\turldate = {2021-06-18},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {O’Hanlon, Simon J. and Rieux, Adrien and Farrer, Rhys A. and Rosa, Gonçalo M. and Waldman, Bruce and Bataille, Arnaud and Kosch, Tiffany A. and Murray, Kris A. and Brankovics, Balázs and Fumagalli, Matteo and Martin, Michael D. and Wales, Nathan and Alvarado-Rybak, Mario and Bates, Kieran A. and Berger, Lee and Böll, Susanne and Brookes, Lola and Clare, Frances and Courtois, Elodie A. and Cunningham, Andrew A. and Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. and Ghosh, Pria and Gower, David J. and Hintz, William E. and Höglund, Jacob and Jenkinson, Thomas S. and Lin, Chun-Fu and Laurila, Anssi and Loyau, Adeline and Martel, An and Meurling, Sara and Miaud, Claude and Minting, Pete and Pasmans, Frank and Schmeller, Dirk S. and Schmidt, Benedikt R. and Shelton, Jennifer M. G. and Skerratt, Lee F. and Smith, Freya and Soto-Azat, Claudio and Spagnoletti, Matteo and Tessa, Giulia and Toledo, Luís Felipe and Valenzuela-Sánchez, Andrés and Verster, Ruhan and Vörös, Judit and Webb, Rebecca J. and Wierzbicki, Claudia and Wombwell, Emma and Zamudio, Kelly R. and Aanensen, David M. and James, Timothy Y. and Gilbert, M. Thomas P. and Weldon, Ché and Bosch, Jaime and Balloux, François and Garner, Trenton W. J. and Fisher, Matthew C.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29748278},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science\nSection: Research Article},\n\tkeywords = {Asia, Bd, global},\n\tpages = {621--627},\n}\n\n\n\n \\textlessp\\textgreaterGlobalized infectious diseases are causing species declines worldwide, but their source often remains elusive. We used whole-genome sequencing to solve the spatiotemporal origins of the most devastating panzootic to date, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a proximate driver of global amphibian declines. We traced the source of B. dendrobatidis to the Korean peninsula, where one lineage, BdASIA-1, exhibits the genetic hallmarks of an ancestral population that seeded the panzootic. We date the emergence of this pathogen to the early 20th century, coinciding with the global expansion of commercial trade in amphibians, and we show that intercontinental transmission is ongoing. Our findings point to East Asia as a geographic hotspot for B. dendrobatidis biodiversity and the original source of these lineages that now parasitize amphibians worldwide.\\textless/p\\textgreater\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Sabino-Pinto, J.; Veith, M.; Vences, M.; and Steinfartz, S.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Asymptomatic infection of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in captivity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 8(1): 11767. August 2018.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{sabino-pinto_asymptomatic_2018,\n\ttitle = {Asymptomatic infection of the fungal pathogen {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans in captivity},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tcopyright = {2018 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30240-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30240-z},\n\tabstract = {One of the most important factors driving amphibian declines worldwide is the infectious disease, chytridiomycosis. Two fungi have been associated with this disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). The latter has recently driven Salamandra salamandra populations to extirpation in parts of the Netherlands, and Belgium, and potentially also in Germany. Bsal has been detected in the pet trade, which has been hypothesized to be the pathway by which it reached Europe, and which may continuously contribute to its spread. In the present study, 918 amphibians belonging to 20 captive collections in Germany and Sweden were sampled to explore the extent of Bsal presence in captivity. The fungus was detected by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in ten collections, nine of which lacked clinical symptoms. 23 positives were confirmed by independent processing of duplicate swabs, which were analysed in a separate laboratory, and/or by sequencing ITS and 28 S gene segments. These asymptomatic positives highlight the possibility of Bsal being widespread in captive collections, and is of high conservation concern. This finding may increase the likelihood of the pathogen being introduced from captivity into the wild, and calls for according biosecurity measures. The detection of Bsal-positive alive specimens of the hyper-susceptible fire salamander could indicate the existence of a less aggressive Bsal variant or the importance of environmental conditions for infection progression.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2020-10-27},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Sabino-Pinto, Joana and Veith, Michael and Vences, Miguel and Steinfartz, Sebastian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal, asymptomatic, captive},\n\tpages = {11767},\n}\n\n\n\n One of the most important factors driving amphibian declines worldwide is the infectious disease, chytridiomycosis. Two fungi have been associated with this disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). The latter has recently driven Salamandra salamandra populations to extirpation in parts of the Netherlands, and Belgium, and potentially also in Germany. Bsal has been detected in the pet trade, which has been hypothesized to be the pathway by which it reached Europe, and which may continuously contribute to its spread. In the present study, 918 amphibians belonging to 20 captive collections in Germany and Sweden were sampled to explore the extent of Bsal presence in captivity. The fungus was detected by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in ten collections, nine of which lacked clinical symptoms. 23 positives were confirmed by independent processing of duplicate swabs, which were analysed in a separate laboratory, and/or by sequencing ITS and 28 S gene segments. These asymptomatic positives highlight the possibility of Bsal being widespread in captive collections, and is of high conservation concern. This finding may increase the likelihood of the pathogen being introduced from captivity into the wild, and calls for according biosecurity measures. The detection of Bsal-positive alive specimens of the hyper-susceptible fire salamander could indicate the existence of a less aggressive Bsal variant or the importance of environmental conditions for infection progression.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n von May, R.; Catenazzi, A.; Santa-Cruz, R.; Kosch, T. A.; and Vredenburg, V. T.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Microhabitat Temperatures and Prevalence of the Pathogenic Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Lowland Amazonian Frogs:.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Tropical Conservation Science. September 2018.\n Publisher: SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{von_may_microhabitat_2018,\n\ttitle = {Microhabitat {Temperatures} and {Prevalence} of the {Pathogenic} {Fungus} {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis in {Lowland} {Amazonian} {Frogs}:},\n\tcopyright = {© The Author(s) 2018},\n\tshorttitle = {Microhabitat {Temperatures} and {Prevalence} of the {Pathogenic} {Fungus} {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis in {Lowland} {Amazonian} {Frogs}},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940082918797057},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1940082918797057},\n\tabstract = {Until recently, it was assumed that the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was not widely distributed in warm ecosystems such as lowland tropical rainforests because high environ...},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Tropical Conservation Science},\n\tauthor = {von May, Rudolf and Catenazzi, Alessandro and Santa-Cruz, Roy and Kosch, Tiffany A. and Vredenburg, Vance T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA},\n\tkeywords = {Amazonia, Bd, museum specimen},\n}\n\n\n\n Until recently, it was assumed that the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was not widely distributed in warm ecosystems such as lowland tropical rainforests because high environ...\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rubio, A. O.; Kupferberg, S. J.; García, V. V.; Ttito, A.; Shepack, A.; and Catenazzi, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Widespread occurrence of the antifungal cutaneous bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum on Andean water frogs threatened by fungal disease.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 131(3): 233–238. November 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{rubio_widespread_2018,\n\ttitle = {Widespread occurrence of the antifungal cutaneous bacterium {Janthinobacterium} lividum on {Andean} water frogs threatened by fungal disease},\n\tvolume = {131},\n\tissn = {0177-5103, 1616-1580},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v131/n3/p233-238/},\n\tdoi = {10.3354/dao03298},\n\tabstract = {Amphibian diversity has declined due to the infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Coexistence between amphibian hosts and this pathogen in some locations is attributed to the presence of the cutaneous bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum (Jliv). This microbe inhibits the growth of Bd on the host, reduces morbidity, and improves survival. Andean water frogs in the genus Telmatobius seem to be particularly vulnerable to the disease yet populations of T. intermedius and T. marmoratus persist in southern and central Peru. We investigated the presence of Jliv on these 2 frog species and assessed the relationship of Jliv presence with prevalence and intensity of Bd infection. By sampling 125 frogs from 7 streams (3323-3950 m a.s.l.) and 27 from a city market, we found spatial variation in the mutualism among populations (range 0-40\\% proportion of Jliv-positives). Overall, 57\\% of frogs were infected with Bd, 12.5\\% of frogs hosted both Jliv and Bd, while 7.2\\% hosted just Jliv. We found that the probability of an individual being infected with Bd was independent of the presence of Jliv; however, we did detect a protective effect of Jliv with respect to intensity of infection. The extent of Jliv distribution in the high Andes stands in stark contrast to the rarity of Jliv on frogs in lower elevation cloud forest biomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},\n\tauthor = {Rubio, Andrew O. and Kupferberg, Sarah J. and García, Victor Vargas and Ttito, Alex and Shepack, Alexander and Catenazzi, Alessandro},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibian conservation, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Chytridiomycosis, Host defenses, Microbial symbiosis, Peru, Telmatobiidae, Telmatobius},\n\tpages = {233--238},\n}\n\n\n\n Amphibian diversity has declined due to the infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Coexistence between amphibian hosts and this pathogen in some locations is attributed to the presence of the cutaneous bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum (Jliv). This microbe inhibits the growth of Bd on the host, reduces morbidity, and improves survival. Andean water frogs in the genus Telmatobius seem to be particularly vulnerable to the disease yet populations of T. intermedius and T. marmoratus persist in southern and central Peru. We investigated the presence of Jliv on these 2 frog species and assessed the relationship of Jliv presence with prevalence and intensity of Bd infection. By sampling 125 frogs from 7 streams (3323-3950 m a.s.l.) and 27 from a city market, we found spatial variation in the mutualism among populations (range 0-40% proportion of Jliv-positives). Overall, 57% of frogs were infected with Bd, 12.5% of frogs hosted both Jliv and Bd, while 7.2% hosted just Jliv. We found that the probability of an individual being infected with Bd was independent of the presence of Jliv; however, we did detect a protective effect of Jliv with respect to intensity of infection. The extent of Jliv distribution in the high Andes stands in stark contrast to the rarity of Jliv on frogs in lower elevation cloud forest biomes.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Catenazzi, A.; Flechas, S. V.; Burkart, D.; Hooven, N. D.; Townsend, J.; and Vredenburg, V. T.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Widespread Elevational Occurrence of Antifungal Bacteria in Andean Amphibians Decimated by Disease: A Complex Role for Skin Symbionts in Defense Against Chytridiomycosis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Microbiology, 9. 2018.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{catenazzi_widespread_2018,\n\ttitle = {Widespread {Elevational} {Occurrence} of {Antifungal} {Bacteria} in {Andean} {Amphibians} {Decimated} by {Disease}: {A} {Complex} {Role} for {Skin} {Symbionts} in {Defense} {Against} {Chytridiomycosis}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1664-302X},\n\tshorttitle = {Widespread {Elevational} {Occurrence} of {Antifungal} {Bacteria} in {Andean} {Amphibians} {Decimated} by {Disease}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00465/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.00465},\n\tabstract = {Emerging infectious disease is a growing threat to global health, and recent discoveries reveal that the microbiota dwelling on and within hosts can play an important role in health and disease. To understand the capacity of skin bacteria to protect amphibian hosts from the fungal disease chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), we isolated 190 bacterial morphotypes from the skin of 28 host species of frogs (families Centrolenidae, Craugastoridae, Hemiphractidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, and Telmatobiidae) collected from the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes (540–3865 m a.s.l.) in the Kosñipata Valley near Manu National Park, a site where we previously documented the collapse of montane frog communities following chytridiomycosis epizootics. We obtained isolates through agar culture from skin swabs of wild frogs, and identified bacterial isolates by comparing 16S rRNA sequences against the GenBank database using BLAST. We identified 177 bacterial strains of 38 genera, including 59 bacterial species not previously reported from any amphibian host. The most common bacterial isolates were species of Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Chryseobacterium, Comamonas, Sphingobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas. We assayed the anti-fungal abilities of 133 bacterial isolates from 23 frog species. To test whether cutaneous bacteria might inhibit growth of the fungal pathogen, we used a local Bd strain isolated from the mouthparts of stream-dwelling tadpoles (Hypsiboas gladiator, Hylidae). We quantified Bd-inhibition in-vitro with co-culture assays. We found 20 bacterial isolates that inhibited Bd growth, including three isolates not previously known for such inhibitory abilities. Anti-Bd isolates occurred on aquatic and terrestrial breeding frogs across a wide range of elevations (560–3695 m a.s.l.). The inhibitory ability of anti-Bd isolates varied considerably. The proportion of anti-Bd isolates was lowest at mid-elevations (6\\%), where amphibian declines have been steepest, and among hosts that are highly susceptible to chytridiomycosis (0–14\\%). Among non-susceptible species, two had the highest proportion of anti-Bd isolates (40 and 45\\%), but one common and non-susceptible species had a low proportion (13\\%). In conclusion, we show that anti-Bd bacteria are widely distributed elevationally and phylogenetically across frog species that have persisted in a region where chytridiomycosis emerged, caused a devastating epizootic and continues to infect amphibians.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Catenazzi, Alessandro and Flechas, Sandra V. and Burkart, David and Hooven, Nathan D. and Townsend, Joseph and Vredenburg, Vance T.},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {16S rRNA gene, Amphibian declines, Antifungal bacteria, Bd, Tropical Andes, amphibian skin bacteria, montane diversity gradient, neotropical},\n}\n\n\n\n Emerging infectious disease is a growing threat to global health, and recent discoveries reveal that the microbiota dwelling on and within hosts can play an important role in health and disease. To understand the capacity of skin bacteria to protect amphibian hosts from the fungal disease chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), we isolated 190 bacterial morphotypes from the skin of 28 host species of frogs (families Centrolenidae, Craugastoridae, Hemiphractidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, and Telmatobiidae) collected from the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes (540–3865 m a.s.l.) in the Kosñipata Valley near Manu National Park, a site where we previously documented the collapse of montane frog communities following chytridiomycosis epizootics. We obtained isolates through agar culture from skin swabs of wild frogs, and identified bacterial isolates by comparing 16S rRNA sequences against the GenBank database using BLAST. We identified 177 bacterial strains of 38 genera, including 59 bacterial species not previously reported from any amphibian host. The most common bacterial isolates were species of Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Chryseobacterium, Comamonas, Sphingobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas. We assayed the anti-fungal abilities of 133 bacterial isolates from 23 frog species. To test whether cutaneous bacteria might inhibit growth of the fungal pathogen, we used a local Bd strain isolated from the mouthparts of stream-dwelling tadpoles (Hypsiboas gladiator, Hylidae). We quantified Bd-inhibition in-vitro with co-culture assays. We found 20 bacterial isolates that inhibited Bd growth, including three isolates not previously known for such inhibitory abilities. Anti-Bd isolates occurred on aquatic and terrestrial breeding frogs across a wide range of elevations (560–3695 m a.s.l.). The inhibitory ability of anti-Bd isolates varied considerably. The proportion of anti-Bd isolates was lowest at mid-elevations (6%), where amphibian declines have been steepest, and among hosts that are highly susceptible to chytridiomycosis (0–14%). Among non-susceptible species, two had the highest proportion of anti-Bd isolates (40 and 45%), but one common and non-susceptible species had a low proportion (13%). In conclusion, we show that anti-Bd bacteria are widely distributed elevationally and phylogenetically across frog species that have persisted in a region where chytridiomycosis emerged, caused a devastating epizootic and continues to infect amphibians.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Klocke, B.; Becker, M.; Lewis, J.; Fleischer, R. C.; Muletz-Wolz, C. R.; Rockwood, L.; Aguirre, A. A.; and Gratwicke, B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans not detected in U.S. survey of pet salamanders.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 7(1): 13132. October 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{klocke_batrachochytrium_2017,\n\ttitle = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans not detected in {U}.{S}. survey of pet salamanders},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tcopyright = {2017 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13500-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-017-13500-2},\n\tabstract = {We engaged pet salamander owners in the United States to screen their animals for two amphibian chytrid fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). We provided pet owners with a sampling kit and instructional video to swab the skin of their animals. We received 639 salamander samples from 65 species by mail, and tested them for Bd and Bsal using qPCR. We detected Bd on 1.3\\% of salamanders (95\\% CI 0.0053–0.0267) and did not detect Bsal (95\\% CI 0.0000–0.0071). If Bsal is present in the U.S. population of pet salamanders, it occurs at a very low prevalence. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed 201 species of salamanders as “injurious wildlife” under the Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. § 42) on January 28, 2016, a precautionary action to prevent the introduction of Bsal to the U.S. through the importation of salamanders. This action reduced the number of salamanders imported to the U.S. from 2015 to 2016 by 98.4\\%. Our results indicate that continued precautions should be taken to prevent the introduction and establishment of Bsal in the U.S., which is a hotspot of salamander biodiversity.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-01-25},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Klocke, Blake and Becker, Matthew and Lewis, James and Fleischer, Robert C. and Muletz-Wolz, Carly R. and Rockwood, Larry and Aguirre, A. Alonso and Gratwicke, Brian},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal, Conservation biology, Fungal infection, Herpetology, Invasive species},\n\tpages = {13132},\n}\n\n\n\n We engaged pet salamander owners in the United States to screen their animals for two amphibian chytrid fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). We provided pet owners with a sampling kit and instructional video to swab the skin of their animals. We received 639 salamander samples from 65 species by mail, and tested them for Bd and Bsal using qPCR. We detected Bd on 1.3% of salamanders (95% CI 0.0053–0.0267) and did not detect Bsal (95% CI 0.0000–0.0071). If Bsal is present in the U.S. population of pet salamanders, it occurs at a very low prevalence. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed 201 species of salamanders as “injurious wildlife” under the Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. § 42) on January 28, 2016, a precautionary action to prevent the introduction of Bsal to the U.S. through the importation of salamanders. This action reduced the number of salamanders imported to the U.S. from 2015 to 2016 by 98.4%. Our results indicate that continued precautions should be taken to prevent the introduction and establishment of Bsal in the U.S., which is a hotspot of salamander biodiversity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Klocke, B.; Becker, M.; Lewis, J.; Fleischer, R. C.; Muletz-Wolz, C. R.; Rockwood, L.; Aguirre, A. A.; and Gratwicke, B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans not detected in U.S. survey of pet salamanders.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 7(1): 13132. October 2017.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{klocke_batrachochytrium_2017-1,\n\ttitle = {Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans not detected in {U}.{S}. survey of pet salamanders},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tcopyright = {2017 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13500-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-017-13500-2},\n\tabstract = {We engaged pet salamander owners in the United States to screen their animals for two amphibian chytrid fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). We provided pet owners with a sampling kit and instructional video to swab the skin of their animals. We received 639 salamander samples from 65 species by mail, and tested them for Bd and Bsal using qPCR. We detected Bd on 1.3\\% of salamanders (95\\% CI 0.0053–0.0267) and did not detect Bsal (95\\% CI 0.0000–0.0071). If Bsal is present in the U.S. population of pet salamanders, it occurs at a very low prevalence. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed 201 species of salamanders as “injurious wildlife” under the Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. § 42) on January 28, 2016, a precautionary action to prevent the introduction of Bsal to the U.S. through the importation of salamanders. This action reduced the number of salamanders imported to the U.S. from 2015 to 2016 by 98.4\\%. Our results indicate that continued precautions should be taken to prevent the introduction and establishment of Bsal in the U.S., which is a hotspot of salamander biodiversity.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2020-07-01},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Klocke, Blake and Becker, Matthew and Lewis, James and Fleischer, Robert C. and Muletz-Wolz, Carly R. and Rockwood, Larry and Aguirre, A. Alonso and Gratwicke, Brian},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal, Conservation biology, Fungal infection, Herpetology, Invasive species, USA, pet trade},\n\tpages = {13132},\n}\n\n\n\n We engaged pet salamander owners in the United States to screen their animals for two amphibian chytrid fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). We provided pet owners with a sampling kit and instructional video to swab the skin of their animals. We received 639 salamander samples from 65 species by mail, and tested them for Bd and Bsal using qPCR. We detected Bd on 1.3% of salamanders (95% CI 0.0053–0.0267) and did not detect Bsal (95% CI 0.0000–0.0071). If Bsal is present in the U.S. population of pet salamanders, it occurs at a very low prevalence. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed 201 species of salamanders as “injurious wildlife” under the Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. § 42) on January 28, 2016, a precautionary action to prevent the introduction of Bsal to the U.S. through the importation of salamanders. This action reduced the number of salamanders imported to the U.S. from 2015 to 2016 by 98.4%. Our results indicate that continued precautions should be taken to prevent the introduction and establishment of Bsal in the U.S., which is a hotspot of salamander biodiversity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Madison, J. D.; Berg, E. A.; Abarca, J. G.; Whitfield, S. M.; Gorbatenko, O.; Pinto, A.; and Kerby, J. L.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Inhibiting Bacteria from Amphibian Populations in Costa Rica.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Microbiology, 0. 2017.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{madison_characterization_2017,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis {Inhibiting} {Bacteria} from {Amphibian} {Populations} in {Costa} {Rica}},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tissn = {1664-302X},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00290/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fmicb.2017.00290},\n\tabstract = {Global amphibian declines and extinction events are occurring at an unprecedented rate. While several factors are responsible for declines and extinction, the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been cited as a major constituent in these events. While the effects of this chytrid fungus have been shown to cause broad scale population declines and extinctions, certain individuals and relict populations have shown resistance. This resistance has been attributed in part to the cutaneous bacterial microbiome. Here we present the first study characterizing anti-Bd bacterial isolates from amphibian populations in Costa Rica, including the characterization of two strains of Serratia marcescens presenting strong anti-Bd activity. Transcriptome sequencing was utilized for delineation of shifts in gene expression of the two previously uncharacterized strains of S. marcescens grown in three different treatments comprising Bd, heat-killed Bd, and a no Bd control. These results revealed up- and down-regulation of key genes associated with different metabolic and regulatory pathways. This information will be valuable in continued efforts to develop a bacterial-based approach for amphibian protection as well as providing direction for continued mechanistic inquiries of the bacterial anti-Bd response.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2021-07-16},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Madison, Joseph D. and Berg, Elizabeth A. and Abarca, Juan G. and Whitfield, Steven M. and Gorbatenko, Oxana and Pinto, Adrian and Kerby, Jacob L.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, RNA-sequencing, Serratia marcescens, amphibian, microbiome},\n}\n\n\n\n Global amphibian declines and extinction events are occurring at an unprecedented rate. While several factors are responsible for declines and extinction, the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been cited as a major constituent in these events. While the effects of this chytrid fungus have been shown to cause broad scale population declines and extinctions, certain individuals and relict populations have shown resistance. This resistance has been attributed in part to the cutaneous bacterial microbiome. Here we present the first study characterizing anti-Bd bacterial isolates from amphibian populations in Costa Rica, including the characterization of two strains of Serratia marcescens presenting strong anti-Bd activity. Transcriptome sequencing was utilized for delineation of shifts in gene expression of the two previously uncharacterized strains of S. marcescens grown in three different treatments comprising Bd, heat-killed Bd, and a no Bd control. These results revealed up- and down-regulation of key genes associated with different metabolic and regulatory pathways. This information will be valuable in continued efforts to develop a bacterial-based approach for amphibian protection as well as providing direction for continued mechanistic inquiries of the bacterial anti-Bd response.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Bletz, M. C.; Myers, J.; Woodhams, D. C.; Rabemananjara, F. C. E.; Rakotonirina, A.; Weldon, C.; Edmonds, D.; Vences, M.; and Harris, R. N.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Estimating Herd Immunity to Amphibian Chytridiomycosis in Madagascar Based on the Defensive Function of Amphibian Skin Bacteria.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Microbiology, 0. 2017.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{bletz_estimating_2017,\n\ttitle = {Estimating {Herd} {Immunity} to {Amphibian} {Chytridiomycosis} in {Madagascar} {Based} on the {Defensive} {Function} of {Amphibian} {Skin} {Bacteria}},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tissn = {1664-302X},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01751/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fmicb.2017.01751},\n\tabstract = {For decades, Amphibians have been globally threatened by the still expanding infectious disease, chytridiomycosis. Madagascar is an amphibian biodiversity hotspot where Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has only recently been detected. While no Bd-associated population declines have been reported, the risk of declines is high when invasive virulent lineages become involved. Cutaneous bacteria contribute to host innate immunity by providing defense against pathogens for numerous animals, including amphibians. Little is known, however, about the cutaneous bacterial residents of Malagasy amphibians and the functional capacity they have against Bd. We cultured 3179 skin bacteria from over 90 frog species across Madagascar, identified them via Sanger sequencing of approximately 700 bp of the 16S rRNA gene, and characterized their functional capacity against Bd. A subset of isolates was also tested against multiple Bd genotypes. In addition, we applied the concept of herd immunity to estimate Bd-associated risk for amphibian communities across Madagascar based on bacterial antifungal activity. We found that multiple bacterial isolates (39\\% of all isolates) cultured from the skin of Malagasy frogs were able to inhibit Bd. Mean inhibition was weakly correlated with bacterial phylogeny, and certain taxonomic groups appear to have a high proportion of inhibitory isolates, such as the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Xanthamonadaceae (84\\%, 80\\%, and 75\\% respectively). Functional capacity of bacteria against Bd varied among Bd genotypes; however, there were some bacteria that showed broad spectrum inhibition against all tested Bd genotypes, suggesting that these bacteria would be good candidates for probiotic therapies. We estimated Bd-associated risk for sampled amphibian communities based on the concept of herd immunity. Multiple amphibian communities, including the amphibian diversity hotspots, Andasibe and Ranomafana, were estimated to be below the 80\\% herd immunity threshold, suggesting they may be at higher risk to chytridiomycosis if a lethal Bd genotype emerges in Madagascar. While this predictive approach rests on multiple assumptions, and incorporates only one component of hosts’ defense against Bd, their culturable cutaneous bacterial defense, it can serve as a foundation for continued research on Bd-associated risk for the endemic frogs of Madagascar.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2021-07-16},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Bletz, Molly C. and Myers, Jillian and Woodhams, Douglas C. and Rabemananjara, Falitiana C. E. and Rakotonirina, Angela and Weldon, Che and Edmonds, Devin and Vences, Miguel and Harris, Reid N.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Chytridiomycosis, Skin bacteria, anti-Bd bacteria},\n}\n\n\n\n For decades, Amphibians have been globally threatened by the still expanding infectious disease, chytridiomycosis. Madagascar is an amphibian biodiversity hotspot where Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has only recently been detected. While no Bd-associated population declines have been reported, the risk of declines is high when invasive virulent lineages become involved. Cutaneous bacteria contribute to host innate immunity by providing defense against pathogens for numerous animals, including amphibians. Little is known, however, about the cutaneous bacterial residents of Malagasy amphibians and the functional capacity they have against Bd. We cultured 3179 skin bacteria from over 90 frog species across Madagascar, identified them via Sanger sequencing of approximately 700 bp of the 16S rRNA gene, and characterized their functional capacity against Bd. A subset of isolates was also tested against multiple Bd genotypes. In addition, we applied the concept of herd immunity to estimate Bd-associated risk for amphibian communities across Madagascar based on bacterial antifungal activity. We found that multiple bacterial isolates (39% of all isolates) cultured from the skin of Malagasy frogs were able to inhibit Bd. Mean inhibition was weakly correlated with bacterial phylogeny, and certain taxonomic groups appear to have a high proportion of inhibitory isolates, such as the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Xanthamonadaceae (84%, 80%, and 75% respectively). Functional capacity of bacteria against Bd varied among Bd genotypes; however, there were some bacteria that showed broad spectrum inhibition against all tested Bd genotypes, suggesting that these bacteria would be good candidates for probiotic therapies. We estimated Bd-associated risk for sampled amphibian communities based on the concept of herd immunity. Multiple amphibian communities, including the amphibian diversity hotspots, Andasibe and Ranomafana, were estimated to be below the 80% herd immunity threshold, suggesting they may be at higher risk to chytridiomycosis if a lethal Bd genotype emerges in Madagascar. While this predictive approach rests on multiple assumptions, and incorporates only one component of hosts’ defense against Bd, their culturable cutaneous bacterial defense, it can serve as a foundation for continued research on Bd-associated risk for the endemic frogs of Madagascar.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n De León, M. E.; Vredenburg, V. T.; and Piovia-Scott, J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Recent Emergence of a Chytrid Fungal Pathogen in California Cascades Frogs (Rana cascadae).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n EcoHealth, 14(1): 155–161. March 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{de_leon_recent_2017,\n\ttitle = {Recent {Emergence} of a {Chytrid} {Fungal} {Pathogen} in {California} {Cascades} {Frogs} ({Rana} cascadae)},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1612-9210},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1201-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10393-016-1201-1},\n\tabstract = {The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been associated with global amphibian declines, but it is often difficult to discern the relative importance of Bd as a causal agent in declines that have already occurred. Retrospective analyses of museum specimens have allowed researchers to associate the timing of Bd arrival with the timing of past amphibian declines. Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) have experienced dramatic declines in northern California, but it is not clear whether the onset of these declines corresponds to the arrival of Bd. We used quantitative real-time PCR assays of samples collected from museum specimens to determine historical Bd prevalence in the northern California range of Cascades frogs. We detected Bd in 13 of 364 (3.5\\%) Cascades frog specimens collected between 1907 and 2003, with the first positive result from 1978. A Bayesian analysis suggested that Bd arrived in the region between 1973 and 1978, which corresponds well with the first observations of declines in the 1980s.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-06-16},\n\tjournal = {EcoHealth},\n\tauthor = {De León, Marina E. and Vredenburg, Vance T. and Piovia-Scott, Jonah},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {155--161},\n}\n\n\n\n The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been associated with global amphibian declines, but it is often difficult to discern the relative importance of Bd as a causal agent in declines that have already occurred. Retrospective analyses of museum specimens have allowed researchers to associate the timing of Bd arrival with the timing of past amphibian declines. Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) have experienced dramatic declines in northern California, but it is not clear whether the onset of these declines corresponds to the arrival of Bd. We used quantitative real-time PCR assays of samples collected from museum specimens to determine historical Bd prevalence in the northern California range of Cascades frogs. We detected Bd in 13 of 364 (3.5%) Cascades frog specimens collected between 1907 and 2003, with the first positive result from 1978. A Bayesian analysis suggested that Bd arrived in the region between 1973 and 1978, which corresponds well with the first observations of declines in the 1980s.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Romansic, J. M.; Johnson, J. E.; Wagner, R. S.; Hill, R. H.; Gaulke, C. A.; Vredenburg, V. T.; and Blaustein, A. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Complex interactive effects of water mold, herbicide, and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on Pacific treefrog Hyliola regilla hosts.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 123(3): 227–238. March 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{romansic_complex_2017,\n\ttitle = {Complex interactive effects of water mold, herbicide, and the fungus {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis on {Pacific} treefrog {Hyliola} regilla hosts},\n\tvolume = {123},\n\tissn = {0177-5103, 1616-1580},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v123/n3/p227-238/},\n\tdoi = {10.3354/dao03094},\n\tabstract = {Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to global biodiversity. However, their ecological impacts are not independent of environmental conditions. For example, the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has contributed to population declines and extinctions in many amphibian species, interacts with several environmental factors to influence its hosts, but potential interactions with other pathogens and environmental contaminants are understudied. We examined the combined effects of Bd, a water mold (Achlya sp.), and the herbicide Roundup® Regular (hereafter, Roundup®) on larval Pacific treefrog Hyliola regilla hosts. We employed a 2 wk, fully factorial laboratory experiment with 3 ecologically realistic levels (0, 1, and 2 mg l-1 of active ingredient) of field-formulated Roundup®, 2 Achlya treatments (present and absent), and 2 Bd treatments (present and absent). Our results were consistent with sublethal interactive effects involving all 3 experimental factors. When Roundup® was absent, the proportion of Bd-exposed larvae infected with Bd was elevated in the presence of Achlya, consistent with Achlya acting as a synergistic cofactor that facilitated the establishment of Bd infection. However, this Achlya effect became nonsignificant at 1 mg l-1 of the active ingredient of Roundup® and disappeared at the highest Roundup® concentration. In addition, Roundup® decreased Bd loads among Bd-exposed larvae. Our study suggests complex interactive effects of a water mold and a contaminant on Bd infection in amphibian hosts. Achlya and Roundup® were both correlated with altered patterns of Bd infection, but in different ways, and Roundup® appeared to remove the influence of Achlya on Bd.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-06-16},\n\tjournal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},\n\tauthor = {Romansic, John M. and Johnson, James E. and Wagner, R. Steven and Hill, Rebecca H. and Gaulke, Christopher A. and Vredenburg, Vance T. and Blaustein, Andrew R.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibian decline, Bd, Environmental stressor, Multipathogen, Oomycete, Sapronosis},\n\tpages = {227--238},\n}\n\n\n\n Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to global biodiversity. However, their ecological impacts are not independent of environmental conditions. For example, the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has contributed to population declines and extinctions in many amphibian species, interacts with several environmental factors to influence its hosts, but potential interactions with other pathogens and environmental contaminants are understudied. We examined the combined effects of Bd, a water mold (Achlya sp.), and the herbicide Roundup® Regular (hereafter, Roundup®) on larval Pacific treefrog Hyliola regilla hosts. We employed a 2 wk, fully factorial laboratory experiment with 3 ecologically realistic levels (0, 1, and 2 mg l-1 of active ingredient) of field-formulated Roundup®, 2 Achlya treatments (present and absent), and 2 Bd treatments (present and absent). Our results were consistent with sublethal interactive effects involving all 3 experimental factors. When Roundup® was absent, the proportion of Bd-exposed larvae infected with Bd was elevated in the presence of Achlya, consistent with Achlya acting as a synergistic cofactor that facilitated the establishment of Bd infection. However, this Achlya effect became nonsignificant at 1 mg l-1 of the active ingredient of Roundup® and disappeared at the highest Roundup® concentration. In addition, Roundup® decreased Bd loads among Bd-exposed larvae. Our study suggests complex interactive effects of a water mold and a contaminant on Bd infection in amphibian hosts. Achlya and Roundup® were both correlated with altered patterns of Bd infection, but in different ways, and Roundup® appeared to remove the influence of Achlya on Bd.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Familiar López, M.; Rebollar, E. A.; Harris, R. N.; Vredenburg, V. T.; and Hero, J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Temporal Variation of the Skin Bacterial Community and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in the Terrestrial Cryptic Frog Philoria loveridgei.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Microbiology, 8. 2017.\n Publisher: Frontiers\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{familiar_lopez_temporal_2017,\n\ttitle = {Temporal {Variation} of the {Skin} {Bacterial} {Community} and {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis {Infection} in the {Terrestrial} {Cryptic} {Frog} {Philoria} loveridgei},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1664-302X},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02535/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fmicb.2017.02535},\n\tabstract = {In animals and plants, symbiotic bacteria can play an important role in disease resistance of host and are the focus of much current research. Globally, amphibian population declines and extinctions have occurred due to chytridiomycosis, a skin disease caused by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Currently amphibian skin bacteria are increasingly recognized as important symbiont communities with a relevant role in the defense against pathogens, as some bacteria can inhibit the growth of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This study aims to document the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status of wild populations of a terrestrial cryptic frog (Philoria loveridgei), and to determine whether infection status is correlated with changes in the skin microbial communities. Skin samples of P. loveridgei were collected along an altitudinal range within the species distribution in subtropical rainforests in southeast Australia. Sampling was conducted in two years during two breeding seasons with the first classified as a “La Niña” year. We used Taqman real-time PCR to determine Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status and 16S amplicon sequencing techniques to describe the skin community structure. We found Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis-positive frogs only in the second sampling year with low infection intensities, and no correlation between Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status and altitude, frog sex or size. Skin bacterial diversity was significantly higher in P. loveridgei frogs sampled in the first year than in the second year. In addition, 7.4 \\% of the total OTUs were significantly more abundant in the first year compared to the second year. We identified 67 bacterial OTUs with a significant positive correlation between infection intensity and an OTU’s relative abundance. Forty-five percent of these OTUs belonged to the family Enterobacteraceae. Overall, temporal variation was strongly associated with changes in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status and bacterial community structure of wild populations of P. loveridgei.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2021-06-16},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Familiar López, Mariel and Rebollar, Eria A. and Harris, Reid N. and Vredenburg, Vance T. and Hero, Jean-Marc},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Frontiers},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bacteria Diversity, Bd, Chytridiomycosis, Philoria loveridgei, Skin bacteria},\n}\n\n\n\n In animals and plants, symbiotic bacteria can play an important role in disease resistance of host and are the focus of much current research. Globally, amphibian population declines and extinctions have occurred due to chytridiomycosis, a skin disease caused by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Currently amphibian skin bacteria are increasingly recognized as important symbiont communities with a relevant role in the defense against pathogens, as some bacteria can inhibit the growth of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This study aims to document the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status of wild populations of a terrestrial cryptic frog (Philoria loveridgei), and to determine whether infection status is correlated with changes in the skin microbial communities. Skin samples of P. loveridgei were collected along an altitudinal range within the species distribution in subtropical rainforests in southeast Australia. Sampling was conducted in two years during two breeding seasons with the first classified as a “La Niña” year. We used Taqman real-time PCR to determine Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status and 16S amplicon sequencing techniques to describe the skin community structure. We found Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis-positive frogs only in the second sampling year with low infection intensities, and no correlation between Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status and altitude, frog sex or size. Skin bacterial diversity was significantly higher in P. loveridgei frogs sampled in the first year than in the second year. In addition, 7.4 % of the total OTUs were significantly more abundant in the first year compared to the second year. We identified 67 bacterial OTUs with a significant positive correlation between infection intensity and an OTU’s relative abundance. Forty-five percent of these OTUs belonged to the family Enterobacteraceae. Overall, temporal variation was strongly associated with changes in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection status and bacterial community structure of wild populations of P. loveridgei.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Carvalho, T.; Becker, C. G.; and Toledo, L. F.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Historical amphibian declines and extinctions in Brazil linked to chytridiomycosis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1848): 20162254. February 2017.\n Publisher: Royal Society\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{carvalho_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {Historical amphibian declines and extinctions in {Brazil} linked to chytridiomycosis},\n\tvolume = {284},\n\turl = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.2254},\n\tdoi = {10.1098/rspb.2016.2254},\n\tabstract = {The recent increase in emerging fungal diseases is causing unprecedented threats to biodiversity. The origin of spread of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a matter of continued debate. To date, the historical amphibian declines in Brazil could not be attributed to chytridiomycosis; the high diversity of hosts coupled with the presence of several Bd lineages predating the reported declines raised the hypothesis that a hypervirulent Bd genotype spread from Brazil to other continents causing the recent global amphibian crisis. We tested for a spatio-temporal overlap between Bd and areas of historical amphibian population declines and extinctions in Brazil. A spatio-temporal convergence between Bd and declines would support the hypothesis that Brazilian amphibians were not adapted to Bd prior to the reported declines, thus weakening the hypothesis that Brazil was the global origin of Bd emergence. Alternatively, a lack of spatio-temporal association between Bd and frog declines would indicate an evolution of host resistance in Brazilian frogs predating Bd's global emergence, further supporting Brazil as the potential origin of the Bd panzootic. Here, we Bd-screened over 30 000 museum-preserved tadpoles collected in Brazil between 1930 and 2015 and overlaid spatio-temporal Bd data with areas of historical amphibian declines. We detected an increase in the proportion of Bd-infected tadpoles during the peak of amphibian declines (1979–1987). We also found that clusters of Bd-positive samples spatio-temporally overlapped with most records of amphibian declines in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Our findings indicate that Brazil is post epizootic for chytridiomycosis and provide another piece to the puzzle to explain the origin of Bd globally.},\n\tnumber = {1848},\n\turldate = {2021-06-14},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Carvalho, Tamilie and Becker, C. Guilherme and Toledo, Luís Felipe},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Royal Society},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, museum specimen},\n\tpages = {20162254},\n}\n\n\n\n The recent increase in emerging fungal diseases is causing unprecedented threats to biodiversity. The origin of spread of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a matter of continued debate. To date, the historical amphibian declines in Brazil could not be attributed to chytridiomycosis; the high diversity of hosts coupled with the presence of several Bd lineages predating the reported declines raised the hypothesis that a hypervirulent Bd genotype spread from Brazil to other continents causing the recent global amphibian crisis. We tested for a spatio-temporal overlap between Bd and areas of historical amphibian population declines and extinctions in Brazil. A spatio-temporal convergence between Bd and declines would support the hypothesis that Brazilian amphibians were not adapted to Bd prior to the reported declines, thus weakening the hypothesis that Brazil was the global origin of Bd emergence. Alternatively, a lack of spatio-temporal association between Bd and frog declines would indicate an evolution of host resistance in Brazilian frogs predating Bd's global emergence, further supporting Brazil as the potential origin of the Bd panzootic. Here, we Bd-screened over 30 000 museum-preserved tadpoles collected in Brazil between 1930 and 2015 and overlaid spatio-temporal Bd data with areas of historical amphibian declines. We detected an increase in the proportion of Bd-infected tadpoles during the peak of amphibian declines (1979–1987). We also found that clusters of Bd-positive samples spatio-temporally overlapped with most records of amphibian declines in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Our findings indicate that Brazil is post epizootic for chytridiomycosis and provide another piece to the puzzle to explain the origin of Bd globally.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Adams, A. J.; Pessier, A. P.; and Briggs, C. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Rapid extirpation of a North American frog coincides with an increase in fungal pathogen prevalence: Historical analysis and implications for reintroduction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecology and Evolution, 7(23): 10216–10232. 2017.\n _eprint: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.3468\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{adams_rapid_2017,\n\ttitle = {Rapid extirpation of a {North} {American} frog coincides with an increase in fungal pathogen prevalence: {Historical} analysis and implications for reintroduction},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tcopyright = {© 2017 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd.},\n\tissn = {2045-7758},\n\tshorttitle = {Rapid extirpation of a {North} {American} frog coincides with an increase in fungal pathogen prevalence},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.3468},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/ece3.3468},\n\tabstract = {As extinctions continue across the globe, conservation biologists are turning to species reintroduction programs as one optimistic tool for addressing the biodiversity crisis. For repatriation to become a viable strategy, fundamental prerequisites include determining the causes of declines and assessing whether the causes persist in the environment. Invasive species—especially pathogens—are an increasingly significant factor contributing to biodiversity loss. We hypothesized that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the causative agent of the deadly amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, was important in the rapid ({\\textless}10 years) localized extirpation of a North American frog (Rana boylii) and that Bd remains widespread among extant amphibians in the region of extirpation. We used an interdisciplinary approach, combining interviews with herpetological experts, analysis of archived field notes and museum specimen collections, and field sampling of the extant amphibian assemblage to examine (1) historical relative abundance of R. boylii; (2) potential causes of R. boylii declines; and (3) historical and contemporary prevalence of Bd. We found that R. boylii were relatively abundant prior to their rapid extirpation, and an increase in Bd prevalence coincided with R. boylii declines during a time of rapid change in the region, wherein backcountry recreation, urban development, and the amphibian pet trade were all on the rise. In addition, extreme flooding during the winter of 1969 coincided with localized extirpations in R. boylii populations observed by interview respondents. We conclude that Bd likely played an important role in the rapid extirpation of R. boylii from southern California and that multiple natural and anthropogenic factors may have worked in concert to make this possible in a relatively short period of time. This study emphasizes the importance of recognizing historical ecological contexts in making future management and reintroduction decisions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\turldate = {2021-06-14},\n\tjournal = {Ecology and Evolution},\n\tauthor = {Adams, Andrea J. and Pessier, Allan P. and Briggs, Cheryl J.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.3468},\n\tkeywords = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, amphibian decline, biodiversity, historical ecology, local ecological knowledge, oral history, reintroduction},\n\tpages = {10216--10232},\n}\n\n\n\n As extinctions continue across the globe, conservation biologists are turning to species reintroduction programs as one optimistic tool for addressing the biodiversity crisis. For repatriation to become a viable strategy, fundamental prerequisites include determining the causes of declines and assessing whether the causes persist in the environment. Invasive species—especially pathogens—are an increasingly significant factor contributing to biodiversity loss. We hypothesized that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the causative agent of the deadly amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, was important in the rapid (\\textless10 years) localized extirpation of a North American frog (Rana boylii) and that Bd remains widespread among extant amphibians in the region of extirpation. We used an interdisciplinary approach, combining interviews with herpetological experts, analysis of archived field notes and museum specimen collections, and field sampling of the extant amphibian assemblage to examine (1) historical relative abundance of R. boylii; (2) potential causes of R. boylii declines; and (3) historical and contemporary prevalence of Bd. We found that R. boylii were relatively abundant prior to their rapid extirpation, and an increase in Bd prevalence coincided with R. boylii declines during a time of rapid change in the region, wherein backcountry recreation, urban development, and the amphibian pet trade were all on the rise. In addition, extreme flooding during the winter of 1969 coincided with localized extirpations in R. boylii populations observed by interview respondents. We conclude that Bd likely played an important role in the rapid extirpation of R. boylii from southern California and that multiple natural and anthropogenic factors may have worked in concert to make this possible in a relatively short period of time. This study emphasizes the importance of recognizing historical ecological contexts in making future management and reintroduction decisions.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Becker, C. G.; Greenspan, S. E.; Tracy, K. E.; Dash, J. A.; Lambertini, C.; Jenkinson, T. S.; Leite, D. S.; Toledo, L. F.; Longcore, J. E.; James, T. Y.; and Zamudio, K. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in phenotype and virulence among enzootic and panzootic amphibian chytrid lineages.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fungal Ecology, 26: 45–50. April 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{becker_variation_2017,\n\ttitle = {Variation in phenotype and virulence among enzootic and panzootic amphibian chytrid lineages},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1754-5048},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504816301581},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.funeco.2016.11.007},\n\tabstract = {The Global Panzootic Lineage of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd-GPL) is threatening amphibians worldwide. In contrast, four lineages (Bd-Brazil, Bd-CH, Bd-Cape, and Bd-Korea) that diverged early in the history of Bd have not yet been directly linked to amphibian declines. Bd likely evolves in response to strong selective pressure imposed by hosts and the environment, leading to differences among pathogen phenotypes and genotypes that may directly affect virulence. Here, we report on variation in phenotype, genotype, and virulence of Bd-Brazil and Bd-GPL. Specifically, we (i) used a controlled infection experiment to compare virulence between one Bd-Brazil and three Bd-GPL isolates on a North American amphibian host (Lithobates sylvaticus), (ii) tested for relative phenotypic and genotypic differentiation among Bd isolates from Brazil, and (iii) tested for possible correlations between environmental variables and Bd phenotypes. We found substantial variation in virulence among Bd-GPL isolates and found that our Bd-Brazil isolate showed virulence comparable to an average North American Bd-GPL. North American hosts infected with a Bd-GPL isolate from Panama did not show significant mortality. Bd phenotypes varied significantly across sampling locations; these phenotypes were neither spatially clustered nor correlated with any environmental variables. Additionally, we found a surprising lack of correlation between genotypic divergence and zoospore and zoosporangium sizes in our sample. Although Bd-Brazil was less virulent infecting L. sylvaticus than one Bd-GPL isolate, this endemic lineage still caused ∼50\\% mortality in our experimental North American hosts. This indicates that Bd-Brazil has the potential to kill amphibians if introduced to naïve wild populations. Our findings underscore that characterizing virulence of multiple Bd isolates and lineages is important for understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of Bd.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-12-14},\n\tjournal = {Fungal Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Becker, C. G. and Greenspan, S. E. and Tracy, K. E. and Dash, J. A. and Lambertini, C. and Jenkinson, T. S. and Leite, D. S. and Toledo, L. F. and Longcore, J. E. and James, T. Y. and Zamudio, K. R.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Anurans, Bd, BdGPL, Chytridiomycosis, Declines},\n\tpages = {45--50},\n}\n\n\n\n The Global Panzootic Lineage of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd-GPL) is threatening amphibians worldwide. In contrast, four lineages (Bd-Brazil, Bd-CH, Bd-Cape, and Bd-Korea) that diverged early in the history of Bd have not yet been directly linked to amphibian declines. Bd likely evolves in response to strong selective pressure imposed by hosts and the environment, leading to differences among pathogen phenotypes and genotypes that may directly affect virulence. Here, we report on variation in phenotype, genotype, and virulence of Bd-Brazil and Bd-GPL. Specifically, we (i) used a controlled infection experiment to compare virulence between one Bd-Brazil and three Bd-GPL isolates on a North American amphibian host (Lithobates sylvaticus), (ii) tested for relative phenotypic and genotypic differentiation among Bd isolates from Brazil, and (iii) tested for possible correlations between environmental variables and Bd phenotypes. We found substantial variation in virulence among Bd-GPL isolates and found that our Bd-Brazil isolate showed virulence comparable to an average North American Bd-GPL. North American hosts infected with a Bd-GPL isolate from Panama did not show significant mortality. Bd phenotypes varied significantly across sampling locations; these phenotypes were neither spatially clustered nor correlated with any environmental variables. Additionally, we found a surprising lack of correlation between genotypic divergence and zoospore and zoosporangium sizes in our sample. Although Bd-Brazil was less virulent infecting L. sylvaticus than one Bd-GPL isolate, this endemic lineage still caused ∼50% mortality in our experimental North American hosts. This indicates that Bd-Brazil has the potential to kill amphibians if introduced to naïve wild populations. Our findings underscore that characterizing virulence of multiple Bd isolates and lineages is important for understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of Bd.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Catenazzi, A.; Swei, A.; Finkle, J.; Foreyt, E.; Wyman, L.; and Vredenburg, V. T.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Epizootic to enzootic transition of a fungal disease in tropical Andean frogs: Are surviving species still susceptible?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 12(10): e0186478. October 2017.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{catenazzi_epizootic_2017,\n\ttitle = {Epizootic to enzootic transition of a fungal disease in tropical {Andean} frogs: {Are} surviving species still susceptible?},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Epizootic to enzootic transition of a fungal disease in tropical {Andean} frogs},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186478},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0186478},\n\tabstract = {The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been linked to catastrophic amphibian declines throughout the world. Amphibians differ in their vulnerability to chytridiomycosis; some species experience epizootics followed by collapse while others exhibit stable host/pathogen dynamics where most amphibian hosts survive in the presence of Bd (e.g., in the enzootic state). Little is known about the factors that drive the transition between the two disease states within a community, or whether populations of species that survived the initial epizootic are stable, yet this information is essential for conservation and theory. Our study focuses on a diverse Peruvian amphibian community that experienced a Bd-caused collapse. We explore host/Bd dynamics of eight surviving species a decade after the mass extinction by using population level disease metrics and Bd-susceptibility trials. We found that three of the eight species continue to be susceptible to Bd, and that their populations are declining. Only one species is growing in numbers and it was non-susceptible in our trials. Our study suggests that some species remain vulnerable to Bd and exhibit ongoing population declines in enzootic systems where Bd-host dynamics are assumed to be stable.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Catenazzi, Alessandro and Swei, Andrea and Finkle, Jacob and Foreyt, Emily and Wyman, Lauren and Vredenburg, Vance T.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bd, Disease dynamics, Epizootics, Frogs, Fungal pathogens, Peru, Population dynamics, Species extinction},\n\tpages = {e0186478},\n}\n\n\n\n The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been linked to catastrophic amphibian declines throughout the world. Amphibians differ in their vulnerability to chytridiomycosis; some species experience epizootics followed by collapse while others exhibit stable host/pathogen dynamics where most amphibian hosts survive in the presence of Bd (e.g., in the enzootic state). Little is known about the factors that drive the transition between the two disease states within a community, or whether populations of species that survived the initial epizootic are stable, yet this information is essential for conservation and theory. Our study focuses on a diverse Peruvian amphibian community that experienced a Bd-caused collapse. We explore host/Bd dynamics of eight surviving species a decade after the mass extinction by using population level disease metrics and Bd-susceptibility trials. We found that three of the eight species continue to be susceptible to Bd, and that their populations are declining. Only one species is growing in numbers and it was non-susceptible in our trials. Our study suggests that some species remain vulnerable to Bd and exhibit ongoing population declines in enzootic systems where Bd-host dynamics are assumed to be stable.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Schmidt, B. R.; Bozzuto, C.; Lötters, S.; and Steinfartz, S.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Dynamics of host populations affected by the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Royal Society Open Science, 4(3): 160801. March 2017.\n Publisher: Royal Society\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{schmidt_dynamics_2017,\n\ttitle = {Dynamics of host populations affected by the emerging fungal pathogen {Batrachochytrium} salamandrivorans},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\turl = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.160801},\n\tdoi = {10.1098/rsos.160801},\n\tabstract = {Emerging infectious diseases cause extirpation of wildlife populations. We use an epidemiological model to explore the effects of a recently emerged disease caused by the salamander-killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) on host populations, and to evaluate which mitigation measures are most likely to succeed. As individuals do not recover from Bsal, we used a model with the states susceptible, latent and infectious, and parametrized the model using data on host and pathogen taken from the literature and expert opinion. The model suggested that disease outbreaks can occur at very low host densities (one female per hectare). This density is far lower than host densities in the wild. Therefore, all naturally occurring populations are at risk. Bsal can lead to the local extirpation of the host population within a few months. Disease outbreaks are likely to fade out quickly. A spatial variant of the model showed that the pathogen could potentially spread rapidly. As disease mitigation during outbreaks is unlikely to be successful, control efforts should focus on preventing disease emergence and transmission between populations. Thus, this emerging wildlife disease is best controlled through prevention rather than subsequent actions.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Royal Society Open Science},\n\tauthor = {Schmidt, Benedikt R. and Bozzuto, Claudio and Lötters, Stefan and Steinfartz, Sebastian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Royal Society},\n\tkeywords = {Bsal},\n\tpages = {160801},\n}\n\n\n\n Emerging infectious diseases cause extirpation of wildlife populations. We use an epidemiological model to explore the effects of a recently emerged disease caused by the salamander-killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) on host populations, and to evaluate which mitigation measures are most likely to succeed. As individuals do not recover from Bsal, we used a model with the states susceptible, latent and infectious, and parametrized the model using data on host and pathogen taken from the literature and expert opinion. The model suggested that disease outbreaks can occur at very low host densities (one female per hectare). This density is far lower than host densities in the wild. Therefore, all naturally occurring populations are at risk. Bsal can lead to the local extirpation of the host population within a few months. Disease outbreaks are likely to fade out quickly. A spatial variant of the model showed that the pathogen could potentially spread rapidly. As disease mitigation during outbreaks is unlikely to be successful, control efforts should focus on preventing disease emergence and transmission between populations. Thus, this emerging wildlife disease is best controlled through prevention rather than subsequent actions.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2016\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Warne, R. W.; LaBumbard, B.; LaGrange, S.; Vredenburg, V. T.; and Catenazzi, A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Co-Infection by Chytrid Fungus and Ranaviruses in Wild and Harvested Frogs in the Tropical Andes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 11(1): e0145864. January 2016.\n Publisher: Public Library of Science\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{warne_co-infection_2016,\n\ttitle = {Co-{Infection} by {Chytrid} {Fungus} and {Ranaviruses} in {Wild} and {Harvested} {Frogs} in the {Tropical} {Andes}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145864},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0145864},\n\tabstract = {While global amphibian declines are associated with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), undetected concurrent co-infection by other pathogens may be little recognized threats to amphibians. Emerging viruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv) also cause die-offs of amphibians and other ectotherms, but the extent of their distribution globally, or how co-infections with Bd impact amphibians are poorly understood. We provide the first report of Bd and Rv co-infection in South America, and the first report of Rv infections in the amphibian biodiversity hotspot of the Peruvian Andes, where Bd is associated with extinctions. Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that Bd or Rv parasites facilitate co-infection, as assessed by parasite abundance or infection intensity within individual adult frogs. Co-infection occurred in 30\\% of stream-dwelling frogs; 65\\% were infected by Bd and 40\\% by Rv. Among terrestrial, direct-developing Pristimantis frogs 40\\% were infected by Bd, 35\\% by Rv, and 20\\% co-infected. In Telmatobius frogs harvested for the live-trade 49\\% were co-infected, 92\\% were infected by Bd, and 53\\% by Rv. Median Bd and Rv loads were similar in both wild (Bd = 101.2 Ze, Rv = 102.3 viral copies) and harvested frogs (Bd = 103.1 Ze, Rv = 102.7 viral copies). While neither parasite abundance nor infection intensity were associated with co-infection patterns in adults, these data did not include the most susceptible larval and metamorphic life stages. These findings suggest Rv distribution is global and that co-infection among these parasites may be common. These results raise conservation concerns, but greater testing is necessary to determine if parasite interactions increase amphibian vulnerability to secondary infections across differing life stages, and constitute a previously undetected threat to declining populations. Greater surveillance of parasite interactions may increase our capacity to contain and mitigate the impacts of these and other wildlife diseases.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Warne, Robin W. and LaBumbard, Brandon and LaGrange, Seth and Vredenburg, Vance T. and Catenazzi, Alessandro},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibians, Bd, Co-infections, Emerging infectious diseases, Frogs, Fungal pathogens, Larvae, Parasitic diseases, Peru, Ranavirus},\n\tpages = {e0145864},\n}\n\n\n\n While global amphibian declines are associated with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), undetected concurrent co-infection by other pathogens may be little recognized threats to amphibians. Emerging viruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv) also cause die-offs of amphibians and other ectotherms, but the extent of their distribution globally, or how co-infections with Bd impact amphibians are poorly understood. We provide the first report of Bd and Rv co-infection in South America, and the first report of Rv infections in the amphibian biodiversity hotspot of the Peruvian Andes, where Bd is associated with extinctions. Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that Bd or Rv parasites facilitate co-infection, as assessed by parasite abundance or infection intensity within individual adult frogs. Co-infection occurred in 30% of stream-dwelling frogs; 65% were infected by Bd and 40% by Rv. Among terrestrial, direct-developing Pristimantis frogs 40% were infected by Bd, 35% by Rv, and 20% co-infected. In Telmatobius frogs harvested for the live-trade 49% were co-infected, 92% were infected by Bd, and 53% by Rv. Median Bd and Rv loads were similar in both wild (Bd = 101.2 Ze, Rv = 102.3 viral copies) and harvested frogs (Bd = 103.1 Ze, Rv = 102.7 viral copies). While neither parasite abundance nor infection intensity were associated with co-infection patterns in adults, these data did not include the most susceptible larval and metamorphic life stages. These findings suggest Rv distribution is global and that co-infection among these parasites may be common. These results raise conservation concerns, but greater testing is necessary to determine if parasite interactions increase amphibian vulnerability to secondary infections across differing life stages, and constitute a previously undetected threat to declining populations. Greater surveillance of parasite interactions may increase our capacity to contain and mitigate the impacts of these and other wildlife diseases.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2015\n \n \n (5)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Poorten, T. J.; Stice-Kishiyama, M. J.; Briggs, C. J.; and Rosenblum, E. B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Mountain Yellow-legged Frogs did not Produce Detectable Antibodies in Immunization Experiments with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Wildlife Diseases. November 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{poorten_mountain_2015,\n\ttitle = {Mountain {Yellow}-legged {Frogs} did not {Produce} {Detectable} {Antibodies} in {Immunization} {Experiments} with \\textit{{Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis}},\n\tissn = {0090-3558},\n\turl = {http://www.jwildlifedis.org/doi/10.7589/2015-06-156},\n\tdoi = {10.7589/2015-06-156},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2015-12-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases},\n\tauthor = {Poorten, Thomas J. and Stice-Kishiyama, Mary J. and Briggs, Cheryl J. and Rosenblum, Erica Bree},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Longo, A. V.; Savage, A. E.; Hewson, I.; and Zamudio, K. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Seasonal and ontogenetic variation of skin microbial communities and relationships to natural disease dynamics in declining amphibians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Royal Society Open Science, 2(7): 140377. July 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{longo_seasonal_2015,\n\ttitle = {Seasonal and ontogenetic variation of skin microbial communities and relationships to natural disease dynamics in declining amphibians},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {2054-5703},\n\turl = {http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rsos.140377},\n\tdoi = {10.1098/rsos.140377},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2015-12-28},\n\tjournal = {Royal Society Open Science},\n\tauthor = {Longo, Ana V. and Savage, Anna E. and Hewson, Ian and Zamudio, Kelly R.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, skin microbes},\n\tpages = {140377},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Purse, B. V.; and Golding, N.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Tracking the distribution and impacts of diseases with biological records and distribution modelling.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115(3): 664–677. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{purse_tracking_2015,\n\ttitle = {Tracking the distribution and impacts of diseases with biological records and distribution modelling},\n\tvolume = {115},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bij.12567/full},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2015-11-16},\n\tjournal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},\n\tauthor = {Purse, Bethan V. and Golding, Nick},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {664--677},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rooij, P. V.; Martel, A.; Haesebrouck, F.; and Pasmans, F.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Amphibian chytridiomycosis: a review with focus on fungus-host interactions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Veterinary Research, 46(1): 137. November 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{rooij_amphibian_2015,\n\ttitle = {Amphibian chytridiomycosis: a review with focus on fungus-host interactions},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tcopyright = {2015 Van Rooij et al.},\n\tissn = {1297-9716},\n\tshorttitle = {Amphibian chytridiomycosis},\n\turl = {http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/46/1/137/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13567-015-0266-0},\n\tabstract = {Amphibian declines and extinctions are emblematic for the current sixth mass extinction event. Infectious drivers of these declines include the recently emerged fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Chytridiomycota). The skin disease caused by these fungi is named chytridiomycosis and affects the vital function of amphibian skin. Not all amphibians respond equally to infection and host responses might range from resistant, over tolerant to susceptible. The clinical outcome of infection is highly dependent on the amphibian host, the fungal virulence and environmental determinants. B. dendrobatidis infects the skin of a large range of anurans, urodeles and caecilians, whereas to date the host range of B. salamandrivorans seems limited to urodeles. So far, the epidemic of B. dendrobatidis is mainly limited to Australian, neotropical, South European and West American amphibians, while for B. salamandrivorans it is limited to European salamanders. Other striking differences between both fungi include gross pathology and thermal preferences. With this review we aim to provide the reader with a state-of-the art of host-pathogen interactions for both fungi, in which new data pertaining to the interaction of B. dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans with the host’s skin are integrated. Furthermore, we pinpoint areas in which more detailed studies are necessary or which have not received the attention they merit.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2015-11-27},\n\tjournal = {Veterinary Research},\n\tauthor = {Rooij, Pascale Van and Martel, An and Haesebrouck, Freddy and Pasmans, Frank},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Bsal, diagnostic testing, pathology},\n\tpages = {137},\n}\n\n\n\n Amphibian declines and extinctions are emblematic for the current sixth mass extinction event. Infectious drivers of these declines include the recently emerged fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Chytridiomycota). The skin disease caused by these fungi is named chytridiomycosis and affects the vital function of amphibian skin. Not all amphibians respond equally to infection and host responses might range from resistant, over tolerant to susceptible. The clinical outcome of infection is highly dependent on the amphibian host, the fungal virulence and environmental determinants. B. dendrobatidis infects the skin of a large range of anurans, urodeles and caecilians, whereas to date the host range of B. salamandrivorans seems limited to urodeles. So far, the epidemic of B. dendrobatidis is mainly limited to Australian, neotropical, South European and West American amphibians, while for B. salamandrivorans it is limited to European salamanders. Other striking differences between both fungi include gross pathology and thermal preferences. With this review we aim to provide the reader with a state-of-the art of host-pathogen interactions for both fungi, in which new data pertaining to the interaction of B. dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans with the host’s skin are integrated. Furthermore, we pinpoint areas in which more detailed studies are necessary or which have not received the attention they merit.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Bataille, A.; Cashins, S. D.; Grogan, L.; Skerratt, L. F.; Hunter, D.; McFadden, M.; Scheele, B.; Brannelly, L. A.; Macris, A.; Harlow, P. S.; Bell, S.; Berger, L.; and Waldman, B.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis is associated with MHC class II conformation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1805): 20143127. April 2015.\n Publisher: Royal Society\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{bataille_susceptibility_2015,\n\ttitle = {Susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis is associated with {MHC} class {II} conformation},\n\tvolume = {282},\n\turl = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2014.3127},\n\tdoi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.3127},\n\tabstract = {The pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) can cause precipitous population declines in its amphibian hosts. Responses of individuals to infection vary greatly with the capacity of their immune system to respond to the pathogen. We used a combination of comparative and experimental approaches to identify major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) alleles encoding molecules that foster the survival of Bd-infected amphibians. We found that Bd-resistant amphibians across four continents share common amino acids in three binding pockets of the MHC-II antigen-binding groove. Moreover, strong signals of selection acting on these specific sites were evident among all species co-existing with the pathogen. In the laboratory, we experimentally inoculated Australian tree frogs with Bd to test how each binding pocket conformation influences disease resistance. Only the conformation of MHC-II pocket 9 of surviving subjects matched those of Bd-resistant species. This MHC-II conformation thus may determine amphibian resistance to Bd, although other MHC-II binding pockets also may contribute to resistance. Rescuing amphibian biodiversity will depend on our understanding of amphibian immune defence mechanisms against Bd. The identification of adaptive genetic markers for Bd resistance represents an important step forward towards that goal.},\n\tnumber = {1805},\n\turldate = {2020-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Bataille, Arnaud and Cashins, Scott D. and Grogan, Laura and Skerratt, Lee F. and Hunter, David and McFadden, Michael and Scheele, Benjamin and Brannelly, Laura A. and Macris, Amy and Harlow, Peter S. and Bell, Sara and Berger, Lee and Waldman, Bruce},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Royal Society},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {20143127},\n}\n\n\n\n The pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) can cause precipitous population declines in its amphibian hosts. Responses of individuals to infection vary greatly with the capacity of their immune system to respond to the pathogen. We used a combination of comparative and experimental approaches to identify major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) alleles encoding molecules that foster the survival of Bd-infected amphibians. We found that Bd-resistant amphibians across four continents share common amino acids in three binding pockets of the MHC-II antigen-binding groove. Moreover, strong signals of selection acting on these specific sites were evident among all species co-existing with the pathogen. In the laboratory, we experimentally inoculated Australian tree frogs with Bd to test how each binding pocket conformation influences disease resistance. Only the conformation of MHC-II pocket 9 of surviving subjects matched those of Bd-resistant species. This MHC-II conformation thus may determine amphibian resistance to Bd, although other MHC-II binding pockets also may contribute to resistance. Rescuing amphibian biodiversity will depend on our understanding of amphibian immune defence mechanisms against Bd. The identification of adaptive genetic markers for Bd resistance represents an important step forward towards that goal.\n
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\n\n \n \n 2014\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Scheele, B. C.; Guarino, F.; Osborne, W.; Hunter, D. A.; Skerratt, L. F.; and Driscoll, D. A.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Decline and re-expansion of an amphibian with high prevalence of chytrid fungus.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Conservation, 170: 86–91. February 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n@article{scheele_decline_2014,\n\ttitle = {Decline and re-expansion of an amphibian with high prevalence of chytrid fungus},\n\tvolume = {170},\n\tissn = {00063207},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320713004552},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.034},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Biological Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Scheele, Ben C. and Guarino, Fiorenzo and Osborne, William and Hunter, David A. and Skerratt, Lee F. and Driscoll, Don A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {86--91},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2013\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n\n \n \n Rosenblum, E. B.; James, T. Y.; Zamudio, K. R.; Poorten, T. J.; Ilut, D.; Rodriguez, D.; Eastman, J. M.; Richards-Hrdlicka, K.; Joneson, S.; Jenkinson, T. S.; Longcore, J. E.; Parra Olea, G.; Toledo, L. F.; Arellano, M. L.; Medina, E. M.; Restrepo, S.; Flechas, S. V.; Berger, L.; Briggs, C. J.; and Stajich, J. E.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Complex history of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus revealed with genome resequencing data.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(23): 9385. June 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{rosenblum_complex_2013,\n\ttitle = {Complex history of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus revealed with genome resequencing data},\n\tvolume = {110},\n\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9385.abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.1300130110},\n\tabstract = {Understanding the evolutionary history of microbial pathogens is critical for mitigating the impacts of emerging infectious diseases on economically and ecologically important host species. We used a genome resequencing approach to resolve the evolutionary history of an important microbial pathogen, the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has been implicated in amphibian declines worldwide. We sequenced the genomes of 29 isolates of Bd from around the world, with an emphasis on North, Central, and South America because of the devastating effect that Bd has had on amphibian populations in the New World. We found a substantial amount of evolutionary complexity in Bd with deep phylogenetic diversity that predates observed global amphibian declines. By investigating the entire genome, we found that even the most recently evolved Bd clade (termed the global panzootic lineage) contained more genetic variation than previously reported. We also found dramatic differences among isolates and among genomic regions in chromosomal copy number and patterns of heterozygosity, suggesting complex and heterogeneous genome dynamics. Finally, we report evidence for selection acting on the Bd genome, supporting the hypothesis that protease genes are important in evolutionary transitions in this group. Bd is considered an emerging pathogen because of its recent effects on amphibians, but our data indicate that it has a complex evolutionary history that predates recent disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is important to consider the contemporary effects of Bd in a broader evolutionary context and identify specific mechanisms that may have led to shifts in virulence in this system.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Rosenblum, Erica Bree and James, Timothy Y. and Zamudio, Kelly R. and Poorten, Thomas J. and Ilut, Dan and Rodriguez, David and Eastman, Jonathan M. and Richards-Hrdlicka, Katy and Joneson, Suzanne and Jenkinson, Thomas S. and Longcore, Joyce E. and Parra Olea, Gabriela and Toledo, Luís Felipe and Arellano, Maria Luz and Medina, Edgar M. and Restrepo, Silvia and Flechas, Sandra Victoria and Berger, Lee and Briggs, Cheryl J. and Stajich, Jason E.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, genome},\n\tpages = {9385},\n}\n\n\n\n Understanding the evolutionary history of microbial pathogens is critical for mitigating the impacts of emerging infectious diseases on economically and ecologically important host species. We used a genome resequencing approach to resolve the evolutionary history of an important microbial pathogen, the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has been implicated in amphibian declines worldwide. We sequenced the genomes of 29 isolates of Bd from around the world, with an emphasis on North, Central, and South America because of the devastating effect that Bd has had on amphibian populations in the New World. We found a substantial amount of evolutionary complexity in Bd with deep phylogenetic diversity that predates observed global amphibian declines. By investigating the entire genome, we found that even the most recently evolved Bd clade (termed the global panzootic lineage) contained more genetic variation than previously reported. We also found dramatic differences among isolates and among genomic regions in chromosomal copy number and patterns of heterozygosity, suggesting complex and heterogeneous genome dynamics. Finally, we report evidence for selection acting on the Bd genome, supporting the hypothesis that protease genes are important in evolutionary transitions in this group. Bd is considered an emerging pathogen because of its recent effects on amphibians, but our data indicate that it has a complex evolutionary history that predates recent disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is important to consider the contemporary effects of Bd in a broader evolutionary context and identify specific mechanisms that may have led to shifts in virulence in this system.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Schmidt, B. R.; Kéry, M.; Ursenbacher, S.; Hyman, O. J.; and Collins, J. P.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Site occupancy models in the analysis of environmental DNA presence/absence surveys: a case study of an emerging amphibian pathogen.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(7): 646–653. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n@article{schmidt_site_2013,\n\ttitle = {Site occupancy models in the analysis of environmental {DNA} presence/absence surveys: a case study of an emerging amphibian pathogen},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tcopyright = {© 2013 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2013 British Ecological Society},\n\tissn = {2041-210X},\n\tshorttitle = {Site occupancy models in the analysis of environmental {DNA} presence/absence surveys},\n\turl = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.12052},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12052},\n\tabstract = {The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect species in aquatic environments such as ponds and streams is a powerful new technique with many benefits. However, species detection in eDNA-based surveys is likely to be imperfect, which can lead to underestimation of the distribution of a species. Site occupancy models account for imperfect detection and can be used to estimate the proportion of sites where a species occurs from presence/absence survey data, making them ideal for the analysis of eDNA-based surveys. Imperfect detection can result from failure to detect the species during field work (e.g. by water samples) or during laboratory analysis (e.g. by PCR). To demonstrate the utility of site occupancy models for eDNA surveys, we reanalysed a data set estimating the occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using eDNA. Our reanalysis showed that the previous estimation of species occurrence was low by 5–10\\%. Detection probability was best explained by an index of the number of hosts (frogs) in ponds. Per-visit availability probability in water samples was estimated at 0·45 (95\\% CRI 0·32, 0·58) and per-PCR detection probability at 0·85 (95\\% CRI 0·74, 0·94), and six water samples from a pond were necessary for a cumulative detection probability {\\textgreater}95\\%. A simulation study showed that when using site occupancy analysis, researchers need many fewer samples to reliably estimate presence and absence of species than without use of site occupancy modelling. Our analyses demonstrate the benefits of site occupancy models as a simple and powerful tool to estimate detection and site occupancy (species prevalence) probabilities despite imperfect detection. As species detection from eDNA becomes more common, adoption of appropriate statistical methods, such as site occupancy models, will become crucial to ensure that reliable inferences are made from eDNA-based surveys.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2020-12-14},\n\tjournal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},\n\tauthor = {Schmidt, Benedikt R. and Kéry, Marc and Ursenbacher, Sylvain and Hyman, Oliver J. and Collins, James P.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, detection probability, eDNA, environmental DNA, monitoring, site occupancy model, survey},\n\tpages = {646--653},\n}\n\n\n\n The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect species in aquatic environments such as ponds and streams is a powerful new technique with many benefits. However, species detection in eDNA-based surveys is likely to be imperfect, which can lead to underestimation of the distribution of a species. Site occupancy models account for imperfect detection and can be used to estimate the proportion of sites where a species occurs from presence/absence survey data, making them ideal for the analysis of eDNA-based surveys. Imperfect detection can result from failure to detect the species during field work (e.g. by water samples) or during laboratory analysis (e.g. by PCR). To demonstrate the utility of site occupancy models for eDNA surveys, we reanalysed a data set estimating the occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using eDNA. Our reanalysis showed that the previous estimation of species occurrence was low by 5–10%. Detection probability was best explained by an index of the number of hosts (frogs) in ponds. Per-visit availability probability in water samples was estimated at 0·45 (95% CRI 0·32, 0·58) and per-PCR detection probability at 0·85 (95% CRI 0·74, 0·94), and six water samples from a pond were necessary for a cumulative detection probability \\textgreater95%. A simulation study showed that when using site occupancy analysis, researchers need many fewer samples to reliably estimate presence and absence of species than without use of site occupancy modelling. Our analyses demonstrate the benefits of site occupancy models as a simple and powerful tool to estimate detection and site occupancy (species prevalence) probabilities despite imperfect detection. As species detection from eDNA becomes more common, adoption of appropriate statistical methods, such as site occupancy models, will become crucial to ensure that reliable inferences are made from eDNA-based surveys.\n
\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2011\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n\n \n \n Savage, A. E.; Sredl, M. J.; and Zamudio, K. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disease dynamics vary spatially and temporally in a North American amphibian.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Conservation, 144(6): 1910–1915. June 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n
Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n@article{savage_disease_2011,\n\ttitle = {Disease dynamics vary spatially and temporally in a {North} {American} amphibian},\n\tvolume = {144},\n\tissn = {00063207},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320711001121},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.018},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Biological Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Savage, Anna E. and Sredl, Michael J. and Zamudio, Kelly R.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {1910--1915},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rohr, J. R.; Halstead, N. T.; and Raffel, T. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Modelling the future distribution of the amphibian chytrid fungus: the influence of climate and human-associated factors: Future distribution of the amphibian chytrid.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(1): 174–176. February 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n@article{rohr_modelling_2011,\n\ttitle = {Modelling the future distribution of the amphibian chytrid fungus: the influence of climate and human-associated factors: {Future} distribution of the amphibian chytrid},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {00218901},\n\tshorttitle = {Modelling the future distribution of the amphibian chytrid fungus},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01891.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01891.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Rohr, Jason R. and Halstead, Neal T. and Raffel, Thomas R.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {174--176},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Van Rooij, P.; Martel, A.; Nerz, J.; Voitel, S.; Van Immerseel, F.; Haesebrouck, F.; and Pasmans, F.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Mexican Bolitoglossine Salamanders Using an Optimal Sampling Protocol.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n EcoHealth, 8(2): 237–243. June 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n@article{van_rooij_detection_2011,\n\ttitle = {Detection of {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis in {Mexican} {Bolitoglossine} {Salamanders} {Using} an {Optimal} {Sampling} {Protocol}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1612-9202, 1612-9210},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10393-011-0704-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10393-011-0704-z},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {EcoHealth},\n\tauthor = {Van Rooij, Pascale and Martel, An and Nerz, Joachim and Voitel, Sebastian and Van Immerseel, Filip and Haesebrouck, Freddy and Pasmans, Frank},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {237--243},\n}\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2010\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n\n \n \n Crawford, A. J.; Lips, K. R.; and Bermingham, E.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(31): 13777–13782. August 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{crawford_epidemic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central {Panama}},\n\tvolume = {107},\n\tissn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},\n\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0914115107},\n\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.0914115107},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {31},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Crawford, A. J. and Lips, K. R. and Bermingham, E.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, DNA barcode},\n\tpages = {13777--13782},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2009\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Murray, K. A.; Skerratt, L. F.; Speare, R.; and McCALLUM, H.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Impact and Dynamics of Disease in Species Threatened by the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Conservation Biology, 23(5): 1242–1252. October 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{murray_impact_2009,\n\ttitle = {Impact and {Dynamics} of {Disease} in {Species} {Threatened} by the {Amphibian} {Chytrid} {Fungus}, {Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {08888892, 15231739},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01211.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01211.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Conservation Biology},\n\tauthor = {Murray, Kris A. and Skerratt, Lee F. and Speare, Rick and McCALLUM, Hamish},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {1242--1252},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2008\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n\n \n \n Rohr, J. R.; Raffel, T. R.; Romansic, J. M.; McCallum, H.; and Hudson, P. J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating the links between climate, disease spread, and amphibian declines.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(45): 17436–17441. 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n@article{rohr_evaluating_2008,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating the links between climate, disease spread, and amphibian declines},\n\tvolume = {105},\n\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/content/105/45/17436.short},\n\tnumber = {45},\n\turldate = {2015-11-16},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Rohr, Jason R. and Raffel, Thomas R. and Romansic, John M. and McCallum, Hamish and Hudson, Peter J.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Atelopus, Bd},\n\tpages = {17436--17441},\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n Rödder, D.; Veith, M.; and Lötters, S.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Environmental gradients explaining the prevalence and intensity of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus: the host's perspective.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Animal Conservation, 11(6): 513–517. December 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{rodder_environmental_2008,\n\ttitle = {Environmental gradients explaining the prevalence and intensity of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus: the host's perspective},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {13679430, 14691795},\n\tshorttitle = {Environmental gradients explaining the prevalence and intensity of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00210.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00210.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Animal Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Rödder, D. and Veith, M. and Lötters, S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {513--517},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2007\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Kriger, K. M.; Pereoglou, F.; and Hero, J.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Latitudinal Variation in the Prevalence and Intensity of Chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) Infection in Eastern Australia.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Conservation Biology, 21(5): 1280–1290. October 2007.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{kriger_latitudinal_2007,\n\ttitle = {Latitudinal {Variation} in the {Prevalence} and {Intensity} of {Chytrid} ({Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis) {Infection} in {Eastern} {Australia}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {0888-8892, 1523-1739},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00777.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00777.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Conservation Biology},\n\tauthor = {Kriger, Kerry M. and Pereoglou, Felicia and Hero, Jean-Marc},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {1280--1290},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2004\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Boyle, D. G.; Boyle, D. B.; Olsen, V.; Morgan, J. A. T.; Hyatt, A. D.; and others\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Diseases of aquatic organisms, 60: 141–148. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n![\"Rapid](\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t "\\"Paper\\"\n\t")
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\n\n\n\n@article{boyle_rapid_2004,\n\ttitle = {Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis ({Batrachochytrium} dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time {Taqman} {PCR} assay},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\turl = {http://cmapspublic.ihmc.us/rid=1KVYX8WY2-2BJVLGC-1NHN/Boyle%20DG%20ea%202004%20Rapid%20quantitative%20detection%20of%20chytridiomycosis%20...in%20amphibian%20samples..real-time...PCR.pdf},\n\turldate = {2015-11-06},\n\tjournal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms},\n\tauthor = {Boyle, D. G. and Boyle, D. B. and Olsen, V. and Morgan, J. A. T. and Hyatt, A. D. and {others}},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Amphibian declines, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, Chytridiomycosis, Chytrids, Real-time PCR Taqman assay, quantitative detection},\n\tpages = {141--148},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n 2003\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Lips, K. R.; Reeve, J. D.; and Witters, L. R.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Conservation Biology, 17(4): 1078–1088. 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@article{lips_ecological_2003,\n\ttitle = {Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in {Central} {America}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01623.x/pdf},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2015-11-14},\n\tjournal = {Conservation Biology},\n\tauthor = {Lips, Karen R. and Reeve, John D. and Witters, Lani R.},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Bd, Central America, traits},\n\tpages = {1078--1088},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\n \n \n 1998\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n Berger, L.; Speare, R.; Daszak, P.; Green, D. E.; Cunningham, A. A.; Goggin, C. L.; Slocombe, R.; Ragan, M. A.; Hyatt, A. D.; McDonald, K. R.; Hines, H. B.; Lips, K. R.; Marantelli, G.; and Parkes, H.\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(15): 9031–9036. July 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \nPaper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@article{berger_chytridiomycosis_1998,\n\ttitle = {Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of {Australia} and {Central} {America}},\n\tvolume = {95},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 1998, The National Academy of Sciences},\n\tissn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},\n\turl = {https://www.pnas.org/content/95/15/9031},\n\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031},\n\tabstract = {Epidermal changes caused by a chytridiomycete fungus (Chytridiomycota; Chytridiales) were found in sick and dead adult anurans collected from montane rain forests in Queensland (Australia) and Panama during mass mortality events associated with significant population declines. We also have found this new disease associated with morbidity and mortality in wild and captive anurans from additional locations in Australia and Central America. This is the first report of parasitism of a vertebrate by a member of the phylum Chytridiomycota. Experimental data support the conclusion that cutaneous chytridiomycosis is a fatal disease of anurans, and we hypothesize that it is the proximate cause of these recent amphibian declines.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\turldate = {2021-04-14},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Berger, Lee and Speare, Rick and Daszak, Peter and Green, D. Earl and Cunningham, Andrew A. and Goggin, C. Louise and Slocombe, Ron and Ragan, Mark A. and Hyatt, Alex D. and McDonald, Keith R. and Hines, Harry B. and Lips, Karen R. and Marantelli, Gerry and Parkes, Helen},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tpmid = {9671799},\n\tkeywords = {Bd},\n\tpages = {9031--9036},\n}\n\n\n\n Epidermal changes caused by a chytridiomycete fungus (Chytridiomycota; Chytridiales) were found in sick and dead adult anurans collected from montane rain forests in Queensland (Australia) and Panama during mass mortality events associated with significant population declines. We also have found this new disease associated with morbidity and mortality in wild and captive anurans from additional locations in Australia and Central America. This is the first report of parasitism of a vertebrate by a member of the phylum Chytridiomycota. Experimental data support the conclusion that cutaneous chytridiomycosis is a fatal disease of anurans, and we hypothesize that it is the proximate cause of these recent amphibian declines.\n
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