@incollection{bernstein_demonstrative_2017,
	title = {Demonstrative surprises!},
	url = {https://scholarworks.umass.edu/entities/publication/5090f643-0cfe-4e0c-b870-85af56629b43},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {A {Shrift} to {Fest} {Kyle} {Johnson}},
	publisher = {UMass Amherst Linguistics Open Access Publications},
	author = {Bernstein, Judy B},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {55--63},
}

@inproceedings{bruge_demonstratives_1996,
	address = {Venice, Italy},
	title = {On {Demonstratives}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Brugè, Laura and Giusti, Giuliana},
	year = {1996},
}

@article{hasty_investigating_2021,
	title = {Investigating {Appalachian} {Englishes}: {Subregional} {Variation} in the {New} {Appalachia}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1082-7161, 2328-8612},
	shorttitle = {Investigating {Appalachian} {Englishes}},
	url = {https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/jas/article/27/1/69/284075/Investigating-Appalachian-Englishes-Subregional},
	doi = {10.5406/jappastud.27.1.0069},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            With changes in Appalachia over the past two generations involving decreased poverty and more development, continued study of the changing culture of Appalachia is needed specifically with regard to language use in the region. Recent research indicates that traditional Appalachian English (AppE) features are influx, with some dying out, others remaining stable, and others increasing among the younger generations. Yet these changes seem to be operating differently depending on where one is within Appalachia. In light of this variability, this article will focus on the results of a large-scale survey of self-reported AppE usage, investigating the extent of subregional dialect variation present in Appalachia. Rather than finding a single homogeneous AppE being used in the same way throughout the region, this study finds instead a clear subregional distinction with speakers in Northern Appalachia much less willing to admit using traditional features of AppE than speakers in Southern Appalachia, even though for most features, both subregions appeared to be hearing these features the same.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-07-01},
	journal = {Journal of Appalachian Studies},
	author = {Hasty, J. Daniel and Childs, Becky},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {69--88},
}

Abstract With changes in Appalachia over the past two generations involving decreased poverty and more development, continued study of the changing culture of Appalachia is needed specifically with regard to language use in the region. Recent research indicates that traditional Appalachian English (AppE) features are influx, with some dying out, others remaining stable, and others increasing among the younger generations. Yet these changes seem to be operating differently depending on where one is within Appalachia. In light of this variability, this article will focus on the results of a large-scale survey of self-reported AppE usage, investigating the extent of subregional dialect variation present in Appalachia. Rather than finding a single homogeneous AppE being used in the same way throughout the region, this study finds instead a clear subregional distinction with speakers in Northern Appalachia much less willing to admit using traditional features of AppE than speakers in Southern Appalachia, even though for most features, both subregions appeared to be hearing these features the same.

@incollection{criado_pena_demonstrative_2024,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Demonstrative them in {American} {English} over {Two} {Centuries}},
	booktitle = {Corpora and language change in late modern {English}},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Criado Peña, Miriam},
	editor = {{Javier Calle Martín} and {Jesús Romero Barranco}},
	year = {2024},
}

@inproceedings{bruge_demonstratives_1996,
	address = {Venice, Italy},
	title = {On {Demonstratives}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Brugè, Laura and Giusti, Giuliana},
	year = {1996},
}

@book{green_african_2002,
	title = {African {American} {English}: {A} {Linguistic} {Introduction}},
	isbn = {978-0-521-89138-7},
	shorttitle = {African {American} {English}},
	abstract = {This authoritative introduction to African American English (AAE) is the first textbook to look at the grammar as a whole. Clearly organised, it describes patterns in the sentence structure, sound system, word formation and word use in AAE. The textbook examines topics such as education, speech events in the secular and religious world, and the use of language in literature and the media to create black images. It includes exercises to accompany each chapter and will be essential reading for students in linguistics, education, anthropology, African American studies and literature.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Green, Lisa J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Sociolinguistics},
}

This authoritative introduction to African American English (AAE) is the first textbook to look at the grammar as a whole. Clearly organised, it describes patterns in the sentence structure, sound system, word formation and word use in AAE. The textbook examines topics such as education, speech events in the secular and religious world, and the use of language in literature and the media to create black images. It includes exercises to accompany each chapter and will be essential reading for students in linguistics, education, anthropology, African American studies and literature.

@book{montgomery_dictionary_2004,
	address = {Knoxville},
	title = {Dictionary of {Smoky} {Mountain} {English}},
	isbn = {978-1-57233-222-5},
	publisher = {University of Tennessee Press},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael and Hall, Joseph S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Americanisms, Dialects Glossaries, vocabularies, etc, English language, Expletive they, Great Smoky Mountains (N.C. and Tenn.), Liketa},
}

@article{hazen_fall_2011,
	title = {The fall of demonstrative them: {Evidence} from {Appalachia}},
	volume = {32},
	shorttitle = {(1) ({PDF}) {The} fall of demonstrative them},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233656255_The_fall_of_demonstrative_them_Evidence_from_Appalachia},
	doi = {10.1075/eww.32.1.04haz},
	abstract = {ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-01-31},
	journal = {English World-Wide A Journal of Varieties of English},
	author = {Hazen, Kirk and Hamilton, Sarah and Vacovsky, Sarah},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {74--103},
}

ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.

@article{hasty_investigating_2021,
	title = {Investigating {Appalachian} {Englishes}: {Subregional} {Variation} in the {New} {Appalachia}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1082-7161, 2328-8612},
	shorttitle = {Investigating {Appalachian} {Englishes}},
	url = {https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/jas/article/27/1/69/284075/Investigating-Appalachian-Englishes-Subregional},
	doi = {10.5406/jappastud.27.1.0069},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            With changes in Appalachia over the past two generations involving decreased poverty and more development, continued study of the changing culture of Appalachia is needed specifically with regard to language use in the region. Recent research indicates that traditional Appalachian English (AppE) features are influx, with some dying out, others remaining stable, and others increasing among the younger generations. Yet these changes seem to be operating differently depending on where one is within Appalachia. In light of this variability, this article will focus on the results of a large-scale survey of self-reported AppE usage, investigating the extent of subregional dialect variation present in Appalachia. Rather than finding a single homogeneous AppE being used in the same way throughout the region, this study finds instead a clear subregional distinction with speakers in Northern Appalachia much less willing to admit using traditional features of AppE than speakers in Southern Appalachia, even though for most features, both subregions appeared to be hearing these features the same.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-07-01},
	journal = {Journal of Appalachian Studies},
	author = {Hasty, J. Daniel and Childs, Becky},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {69--88},
}

Abstract With changes in Appalachia over the past two generations involving decreased poverty and more development, continued study of the changing culture of Appalachia is needed specifically with regard to language use in the region. Recent research indicates that traditional Appalachian English (AppE) features are influx, with some dying out, others remaining stable, and others increasing among the younger generations. Yet these changes seem to be operating differently depending on where one is within Appalachia. In light of this variability, this article will focus on the results of a large-scale survey of self-reported AppE usage, investigating the extent of subregional dialect variation present in Appalachia. Rather than finding a single homogeneous AppE being used in the same way throughout the region, this study finds instead a clear subregional distinction with speakers in Northern Appalachia much less willing to admit using traditional features of AppE than speakers in Southern Appalachia, even though for most features, both subregions appeared to be hearing these features the same.

@incollection{hazen_english_2022,
	title = {English in the {U}.{S}. {South}},
	isbn = {9780199384655},
	url = {https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-925},
	abstract = {English in the U.S. South contains a wide range of variation, encompassing ethnic, social class, and subregional variations all within the umbrella term of 
              Southern English 
              . Although it has been a socially distinct variety since at least the mid-19th century, many of the modern features it is nationally known for developed only after 1875. Lexical variation has long distinguished the U.S. South, but new vocabulary has replaced the old, and subregional variation in the U.S. South is no longer important for lexical variation. Social class still plays an important role in grammatical variation, but the rise of compulsory education limited previously wider ranges of dialect features. Despite traditional scholarship’s primary focus on lexical and grammatical language variation in the U.S. South, phonological variation has been the main area of scholarship since 1990s. Within phonological variation, the production of vowels, the most socially salient features of the U.S. South, has been a heavily studied realm of scholarship. Prosodic, consonant, and perception studies have been on the rise and have provided numerous insights into this highly diverse dialect region.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-07-01},
	booktitle = {Oxford {Research} {Encyclopedia} of {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Hazen, Kirk},
	editor = {Aronoff, Mark},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.925},
}

English in the U.S. South contains a wide range of variation, encompassing ethnic, social class, and subregional variations all within the umbrella term of Southern English . Although it has been a socially distinct variety since at least the mid-19th century, many of the modern features it is nationally known for developed only after 1875. Lexical variation has long distinguished the U.S. South, but new vocabulary has replaced the old, and subregional variation in the U.S. South is no longer important for lexical variation. Social class still plays an important role in grammatical variation, but the rise of compulsory education limited previously wider ranges of dialect features. Despite traditional scholarship’s primary focus on lexical and grammatical language variation in the U.S. South, phonological variation has been the main area of scholarship since 1990s. Within phonological variation, the production of vowels, the most socially salient features of the U.S. South, has been a heavily studied realm of scholarship. Prosodic, consonant, and perception studies have been on the rise and have provided numerous insights into this highly diverse dialect region.

@article{hazen_fall_2011,
	title = {The fall of demonstrative them: {Evidence} from {Appalachia}},
	volume = {32},
	shorttitle = {(1) ({PDF}) {The} fall of demonstrative them},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233656255_The_fall_of_demonstrative_them_Evidence_from_Appalachia},
	doi = {10.1075/eww.32.1.04haz},
	abstract = {ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-01-31},
	journal = {English World-Wide A Journal of Varieties of English},
	author = {Hazen, Kirk and Hamilton, Sarah and Vacovsky, Sarah},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {74--103},
}

ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.

@article{montgomery_roots_1991,
	title = {The {Roots} of {Appalachian} {English}: {Scotch}-{Irish} or {British} {Southern}?},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1048-6143},
	shorttitle = {The {Roots} of {Appalachian} {English}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/41445611},
	urldate = {2020-02-04},
	journal = {Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {177--191},
}

@book{montgomery_dictionary_2004,
	address = {Knoxville},
	title = {Dictionary of {Smoky} {Mountain} {English}},
	isbn = {978-1-57233-222-5},
	publisher = {University of Tennessee Press},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael and Hall, Joseph S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Americanisms, Dialects Glossaries, vocabularies, etc, English language, Expletive they, Great Smoky Mountains (N.C. and Tenn.), Liketa},
}

@article{moore_it_2021,
	title = {“{It} just sounds proper common”: {Exploring} the social meanings expressed by nonstandard grammar},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {08985898},
	shorttitle = {“{It} just sounds proper common”},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0898589821000322},
	doi = {10.1016/j.linged.2021.100933},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-18},
	journal = {Linguistics and Education},
	author = {Moore, Emma and Spencer, Sarah},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {100933},
}

@phdthesis{pabst_putting_2022,
	address = {Toronto},
	type = {{PhD} dissertation},
	title = {Putting “the {Other} {Maine}” on the {Map}: {Language} {Variation}, {Local} {Affiliation}, and {Co}-occurrence in {Aroostook} {County} {English}},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	author = {Pabst, Katharina},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{proffitt_oxford_2020,
	title = {Oxford {English} {Dictionary}},
	url = {https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/200315},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-02-04},
	journal = {OED Online},
	author = {Proffitt, Michael},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{moore_it_2021,
	title = {“{It} just sounds proper common”: {Exploring} the social meanings expressed by nonstandard grammar},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {08985898},
	shorttitle = {“{It} just sounds proper common”},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0898589821000322},
	doi = {10.1016/j.linged.2021.100933},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-18},
	journal = {Linguistics and Education},
	author = {Moore, Emma and Spencer, Sarah},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {100933},
}

@article{tortora_subject_2010,
	series = {Formalising syntactic variability},
	title = {Subject agreement variation: {Support} for the configurational approach},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {0024-3841},
	shorttitle = {Subject agreement variation},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384109001090},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lingua.2009.04.004},
	abstract = {In this paper we argue that variation in subject-verb agreement in Belfast English and Appalachian English bears on a number of issues that are relevant to current syntactic theory, including clause structure and subject positions, case, the syntax of negative polarity items and negative concord and the structure of the DP. We show that while the nature of the subject plays a role in determining subject-verb agreement in the two varieties (in different ways), subject position is the overt structural manifestation of the differing properties of the subject, independent of which properties are relevant in the variety in question. Our proposal on subject positions, which goes beyond what Henry (1995) proposed for Belfast English, is able to capture clusters of properties not discussed by Henry, and thus more fully accounts for the range of micro-parametric variation we find. This paper thus provides support for a configurational approach to subject-verb agreement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-02-04},
	journal = {Lingua},
	author = {Tortora, Christina and den Dikken, Marcel},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Correlations, Negative concord, Negative inversion, Negative polarity item (NPI), Singular concord, Subject-verb agreement},
	pages = {1089--1108},
}

In this paper we argue that variation in subject-verb agreement in Belfast English and Appalachian English bears on a number of issues that are relevant to current syntactic theory, including clause structure and subject positions, case, the syntax of negative polarity items and negative concord and the structure of the DP. We show that while the nature of the subject plays a role in determining subject-verb agreement in the two varieties (in different ways), subject position is the overt structural manifestation of the differing properties of the subject, independent of which properties are relevant in the variety in question. Our proposal on subject positions, which goes beyond what Henry (1995) proposed for Belfast English, is able to capture clusters of properties not discussed by Henry, and thus more fully accounts for the range of micro-parametric variation we find. This paper thus provides support for a configurational approach to subject-verb agreement.

@article{hazen_fall_2011,
	title = {The fall of demonstrative them: {Evidence} from {Appalachia}},
	volume = {32},
	shorttitle = {(1) ({PDF}) {The} fall of demonstrative them},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233656255_The_fall_of_demonstrative_them_Evidence_from_Appalachia},
	doi = {10.1075/eww.32.1.04haz},
	abstract = {ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-01-31},
	journal = {English World-Wide A Journal of Varieties of English},
	author = {Hazen, Kirk and Hamilton, Sarah and Vacovsky, Sarah},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {74--103},
}

ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.

@article{tortora_subject_2010,
	series = {Formalising syntactic variability},
	title = {Subject agreement variation: {Support} for the configurational approach},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {0024-3841},
	shorttitle = {Subject agreement variation},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384109001090},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lingua.2009.04.004},
	abstract = {In this paper we argue that variation in subject-verb agreement in Belfast English and Appalachian English bears on a number of issues that are relevant to current syntactic theory, including clause structure and subject positions, case, the syntax of negative polarity items and negative concord and the structure of the DP. We show that while the nature of the subject plays a role in determining subject-verb agreement in the two varieties (in different ways), subject position is the overt structural manifestation of the differing properties of the subject, independent of which properties are relevant in the variety in question. Our proposal on subject positions, which goes beyond what Henry (1995) proposed for Belfast English, is able to capture clusters of properties not discussed by Henry, and thus more fully accounts for the range of micro-parametric variation we find. This paper thus provides support for a configurational approach to subject-verb agreement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-02-04},
	journal = {Lingua},
	author = {Tortora, Christina and den Dikken, Marcel},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Correlations, Negative concord, Negative inversion, Negative polarity item (NPI), Singular concord, Subject-verb agreement},
	pages = {1089--1108},
}

In this paper we argue that variation in subject-verb agreement in Belfast English and Appalachian English bears on a number of issues that are relevant to current syntactic theory, including clause structure and subject positions, case, the syntax of negative polarity items and negative concord and the structure of the DP. We show that while the nature of the subject plays a role in determining subject-verb agreement in the two varieties (in different ways), subject position is the overt structural manifestation of the differing properties of the subject, independent of which properties are relevant in the variety in question. Our proposal on subject positions, which goes beyond what Henry (1995) proposed for Belfast English, is able to capture clusters of properties not discussed by Henry, and thus more fully accounts for the range of micro-parametric variation we find. This paper thus provides support for a configurational approach to subject-verb agreement.

@misc{noauthor_here_nodate,
	title = {here, adv. and n.},
	url = {https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/86141},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-01-31},
	journal = {OED Online},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
}