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\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\nAnnotation
A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\nAnnotation
The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\nAnnotation
The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\nAnnotation
A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\nAnnotation
This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\nAnnotation
This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\nAnnotation
This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\nAnnotation
The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\nAnnotation
Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\nAnnotation
This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\nAnnotation
The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\nAnnotation
The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\nAnnotation
This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\nAnnotation
The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\nAnnotation
The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\nAnnotation
This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\nAnnotation
Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\nAnnotation
This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\nAnnotation
This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\nAnnotation
Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\nAnnotation
Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\nAnnotation
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\nAnnotation
Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\nAnnotation
Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\nAnnotation
In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\nAnnotation
This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\nAnnotation
The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\nAnnotation
Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\nAnnotation
This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\nAnnotation
This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\nAnnotation
This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\nAnnotation
The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAnnotation
Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\nAnnotation
Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n