var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://bibbase.org/network/files/2zhophrQcMiPxmfpX\",\"noBootstrap\":\"1\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acoustic Modal Testing of Bicycle Rims\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1573-4862\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7\",\"abstract\":\"The stiffness, strength, and safety of a bicycle wheel depend critically on the stiffness of its rim. However, the complicated cross-sections of modern bicycle rims make estimation of the stiffness by geometric methods very difficult. We have measured the radial bending stiffness and lateral-torsional stiffness of bicycle rims by experimental modal analysis using a smartphone microphone. Our acoustic method is fast, cheap, and non-destructive, and estimates the radial bending stiffness, EI11EI11EI_\\\\11\\\\, to within 8% and the torsional stiffness, GJ, to within 11% as compared with a direct mechanical test. The acoustic method also provides a direct measurement of the coupled lateral-torsional effective stiffness, which is necessary for calculating many useful properties of bicycle wheels such as stiffness, buckling tension, and the influence of spoke tensioning. For a complete bicycle wheel, the lateral stiffness can be determined by a superposition of equivalent springs for each mode in series, where each mode stiffness contains a rim stiffness and spoke stiffness combined in parallel. We give example calculations on two realistic bicycle wheels using our experimentally derived rim properties to show how stiff spokes can compensate for a flexible rim, while a very stiff rim doesn’t necessarily result in a stiff wheel.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"keywords\":\"Acoustics, Bicycle wheel, Experimental modal analysis, Smartphone applications, Structural characterization\",\"pages\":\"16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ford_acoustic_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Acoustic {Modal} {Testing} of {Bicycle} {Rims}},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1573-4862},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7},\\n\\tabstract = {The stiffness, strength, and safety of a bicycle wheel depend critically on the stiffness of its rim. However, the complicated cross-sections of modern bicycle rims make estimation of the stiffness by geometric methods very difficult. We have measured the radial bending stiffness and lateral-torsional stiffness of bicycle rims by experimental modal analysis using a smartphone microphone. Our acoustic method is fast, cheap, and non-destructive, and estimates the radial bending stiffness, EI11EI11EI\\\\_\\\\{11\\\\}, to within 8\\\\% and the torsional stiffness, GJ, to within 11\\\\% as compared with a direct mechanical test. The acoustic method also provides a direct measurement of the coupled lateral-torsional effective stiffness, which is necessary for calculating many useful properties of bicycle wheels such as stiffness, buckling tension, and the influence of spoke tensioning. For a complete bicycle wheel, the lateral stiffness can be determined by a superposition of equivalent springs for each mode in series, where each mode stiffness contains a rim stiffness and spoke stiffness combined in parallel. We give example calculations on two realistic bicycle wheels using our experimentally derived rim properties to show how stiff spokes can compensate for a flexible rim, while a very stiff rim doesn’t necessarily result in a stiff wheel.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation},\\n\\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Peng, Patrick and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acoustics, Bicycle wheel, Experimental modal analysis, Smartphone applications, Structural characterization},\\n\\tpages = {16},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ford, M.\",\"Peng, P.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ford_acoustic_2018\",\"id\":\"ford_acoustic_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acoustics\",\"Bicycle wheel\",\"Experimental modal analysis\",\"Smartphone applications\",\"Structural characterization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Morphological analysis of pore size and connectivity in a thick mixed-culture biofilm\",\"volume\":\"115\",\"copyright\":\"© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\",\"issn\":\"1097-0290\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/bit.26729\",\"abstract\":\"Morphological parameters are commonly used to predict transport and metabolic kinetics in biofilms. Yet, quantification of biofilm morphology remains challenging because of imaging technology limitations and lack of robust analytical approaches. We present a novel set of imaging and image analysis techniques to estimate internal porosity, pore size distributions, and pore network connectivity to a depth of 1 mm at a resolution of 10 µm in a biofilm exhibiting both heterotrophic and nitrifying activities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans revealed an extensive pore network with diameters as large as 110 µm directly connected to the biofilm surface and surrounding fluid. Thin-section fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) distributed through the entire thickness of the biofilm. AOB were particularly concentrated in the biofilm around internal pores. Areal porosity values estimated from OCT scans were consistently lower than those estimated from multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, though the two imaging modalities showed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.49, p \\\\textless 0.0001). Estimates of areal porosity were moderately sensitive to gray-level threshold selection, though several automated thresholding algorithms yielded similar values to those obtained by manually thresholding performed by a panel of environmental engineering researchers (±25% relative error). These findings advance our ability to quantitatively describe the geometry of biofilm internal pore networks at length scales relevant to engineered biofilm reactors and suggest that internal pore structures provide crucial habitat for nitrifier growth.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Biotechnology and Bioengineering\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Griffin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Packman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"note\":\"Number: 9\",\"keywords\":\"biofilms, connectivity, mesoscale, nitrification, optical coherence tomography (OCT), porosity\",\"pages\":\"2268–2279\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rosenthal_morphological_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Morphological analysis of pore size and connectivity in a thick mixed-culture biofilm},\\n\\tvolume = {115},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},\\n\\tissn = {1097-0290},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/bit.26729},\\n\\tabstract = {Morphological parameters are commonly used to predict transport and metabolic kinetics in biofilms. Yet, quantification of biofilm morphology remains challenging because of imaging technology limitations and lack of robust analytical approaches. We present a novel set of imaging and image analysis techniques to estimate internal porosity, pore size distributions, and pore network connectivity to a depth of 1 mm at a resolution of 10 µm in a biofilm exhibiting both heterotrophic and nitrifying activities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans revealed an extensive pore network with diameters as large as 110 µm directly connected to the biofilm surface and surrounding fluid. Thin-section fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) distributed through the entire thickness of the biofilm. AOB were particularly concentrated in the biofilm around internal pores. Areal porosity values estimated from OCT scans were consistently lower than those estimated from multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, though the two imaging modalities showed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.49, p {\\\\textless} 0.0001). Estimates of areal porosity were moderately sensitive to gray-level threshold selection, though several automated thresholding algorithms yielded similar values to those obtained by manually thresholding performed by a panel of environmental engineering researchers (±25\\\\% relative error). These findings advance our ability to quantitatively describe the geometry of biofilm internal pore networks at length scales relevant to engineered biofilm reactors and suggest that internal pore structures provide crucial habitat for nitrifier growth.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},\\n\\tauthor = {Rosenthal, Alex F. and Griffin, James S. and Wagner, Michael and Packman, Aaron I. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 9},\\n\\tkeywords = {biofilms, connectivity, mesoscale, nitrification, optical coherence tomography (OCT), porosity},\\n\\tpages = {2268--2279},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rosenthal, A. F.\",\"Griffin, J. S.\",\"Wagner, M.\",\"Packman, A. I.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Wells, G. F.\"],\"key\":\"rosenthal_morphological_2018\",\"id\":\"rosenthal_morphological_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729\"},\"keyword\":[\"biofilms\",\"connectivity\",\"mesoscale\",\"nitrification\",\"optical coherence tomography (OCT)\",\"porosity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tunable band gaps and transmission behavior of SH waves with oblique incident angle in periodic dielectric elastomer laminates\",\"volume\":\"146-147\",\"issn\":\"0020-7403\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.038\",\"abstract\":\"This work focuses on understanding elastic wave propagation in the periodic dielectric elastomer (DE) laminates with geometry and material properties that can be tuned by an external electric field. In particular, shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation at oblique incidence is investigated using the Dorfmann and Ogden's finite electroelasticity theory and the Dielectric Gent (DG) energy model. Numerical calculations of the dispersion relations and transmission properties are presented. The numerical results show that the SH wave band gaps and transmission coefficient depend on various parameters that can be controlled by the applied external electrostatic field and the incident angle of the SH wave, thus providing a novel strategy for designing flexible phononic structures with tunable properties.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haoyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weiqiu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Dielectric elastomer, Laminated phononic crystals, Tunable properties, Wave propagation\",\"pages\":\"81–90\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_tunable_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Tunable band gaps and transmission behavior of {SH} waves with oblique incident angle in periodic dielectric elastomer laminates},\\n\\tvolume = {146-147},\\n\\tissn = {0020-7403},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.038},\\n\\tabstract = {This work focuses on understanding elastic wave propagation in the periodic dielectric elastomer (DE) laminates with geometry and material properties that can be tuned by an external electric field. In particular, shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation at oblique incidence is investigated using the Dorfmann and Ogden's finite electroelasticity theory and the Dielectric Gent (DG) energy model. Numerical calculations of the dispersion relations and transmission properties are presented. The numerical results show that the SH wave band gaps and transmission coefficient depend on various parameters that can be controlled by the applied external electrostatic field and the incident angle of the SH wave, thus providing a novel strategy for designing flexible phononic structures with tunable properties.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Jun and Chen, Haoyun and Wu, Bin and Chen, Weiqiu and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dielectric elastomer, Laminated phononic crystals, Tunable properties, Wave propagation},\\n\\tpages = {81--90},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, J.\",\"Chen, H.\",\"Wu, B.\",\"Chen, W.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_tunable_2018\",\"id\":\"zhu_tunable_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dielectric elastomer\",\"Laminated phononic crystals\",\"Tunable properties\",\"Wave propagation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nanomechanical property evaluation of tungsten thin film via frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy\",\"volume\":\"742\",\"issn\":\"00406090\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139050\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2022-01-08\",\"journal\":\"Thin Solid Films\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ziwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"139050\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_nanomechanical_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Nanomechanical property evaluation of tungsten thin film via frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy},\\n\\tvolume = {742},\\n\\tissn = {00406090},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139050},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2022-01-08},\\n\\tjournal = {Thin Solid Films},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Ziwei and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kim, Yun Young},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {139050},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, Z.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Kim, Y. Y.\"],\"key\":\"wang_nanomechanical_2022\",\"id\":\"wang_nanomechanical_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dynamic Control of Plasmonic Localization by Inverse Optimization of Spatial Phase Modulation\",\"issn\":\"2330-4022, 2330-4022\",\"url\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2022-01-08\",\"journal\":\"ACS Photonics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Doksoo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shizhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"acsphotonics.1c01043\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_dynamic_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Dynamic {Control} of {Plasmonic} {Localization} by {Inverse} {Optimization} of {Spatial} {Phase} {Modulation}},\\n\\tissn = {2330-4022, 2330-4022},\\n\\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2022-01-08},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Photonics},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Doksoo and Jiang, Shizhou and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Chen, Wei},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {acsphotonics.1c01043},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, D.\",\"Jiang, S.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Chen, W.\"],\"key\":\"lee_dynamic_2021\",\"id\":\"lee_dynamic_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ambient-Stable Two-Dimensional CrI $_{\\\\textrm{3}}$ <i>via</i> Organic-Inorganic Encapsulation\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1936-0851, 1936-086X\",\"url\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsnano.1c03498\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-08-11\",\"journal\":\"ACS Nano\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gish\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"Tyler\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lebedev\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dmitry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stanev\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teodor\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shizhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Georgopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leonidas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gilhwan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethan\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Valdman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukáš\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sofer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zdeněk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sangwan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vinod\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathaniel\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hersam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Number: 6\",\"pages\":\"10659–10667\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gish_ambient-stable_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Ambient-{Stable} {Two}-{Dimensional} {CrI} $_{\\\\textrm{3}}$ \\\\textit{via} {Organic}-{Inorganic} {Encapsulation}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1936-0851, 1936-086X},\\n\\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acsnano.1c03498},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-08-11},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Nano},\\n\\tauthor = {Gish, J. Tyler and Lebedev, Dmitry and Stanev, Teodor K. and Jiang, Shizhou and Georgopoulos, Leonidas and Song, Thomas W. and Lim, Gilhwan and Garvey, Ethan S. and Valdman, Lukáš and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Sofer, Zdeněk and Sangwan, Vinod K. and Stern, Nathaniel P. and Hersam, Mark C.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 6},\\n\\tpages = {10659--10667},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gish, J. T.\",\"Lebedev, D.\",\"Stanev, T. K.\",\"Jiang, S.\",\"Georgopoulos, L.\",\"Song, T. W.\",\"Lim, G.\",\"Garvey, E. S.\",\"Valdman, L.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Sofer, Z.\",\"Sangwan, V. K.\",\"Stern, N. P.\",\"Hersam, M. C.\"],\"key\":\"gish_ambient-stable_2021\",\"id\":\"gish_ambient-stable_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Layered viscoelastic properties of granular biofilms\",\"volume\":\"202\",\"issn\":\"00431354\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2021.117394\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-08-11\",\"journal\":\"Water Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong-Cin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sabba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ziwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"117394\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liou_layered_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Layered viscoelastic properties of granular biofilms},\\n\\tvolume = {202},\\n\\tissn = {00431354},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2021.117394},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-08-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Wang, Ziwei and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {117394},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liou, H.\",\"Sabba, F.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Wells, G.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"liou_layered_2021\",\"id\":\"liou_layered_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Application of the reciprocity theorem to scattering of surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack\",\"volume\":\"207\",\"issn\":\"0020-7683\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.012\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper the scattering of incident surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack in a homogenous, isotropic and linearly elastic half-space has been investigated in a two-dimensional plane strain configuration. The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem together with a virtual wave has been used to determine the amplitude of the scattered surface waves in the far field. It is found that the amplitude is in terms of the crack opening volume due to the incident surface waves. A special case of low frequency, for which the wavelength of the surface wave is sufficiently larger than the crack length, has been considered to illustrate the method. A specific expression of the amplitude has been obtained, which provides information on the angle, length and depth of the crack. It shows that the amplitude of the scattered surface wave increases first and then decreases as the crack angle changes from 0° to 90°. For the case of an inclined crack, the results of the numerical analysis together with the analytical solutions show excellent agreement when the crack length is much smaller than the wavelength. The results in this paper should be useful for the quantitative measurement of subsurface cracks.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2020-11-24\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Solids and Structures\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chuanyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Achenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Inclined subsurface crack, Reciprocity theorem, Surface wave\",\"pages\":\"82–88\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_application_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Application of the reciprocity theorem to scattering of surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack},\\n\\tvolume = {207},\\n\\tissn = {0020-7683},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.012},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper the scattering of incident surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack in a homogenous, isotropic and linearly elastic half-space has been investigated in a two-dimensional plane strain configuration. The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem together with a virtual wave has been used to determine the amplitude of the scattered surface waves in the far field. It is found that the amplitude is in terms of the crack opening volume due to the incident surface waves. A special case of low frequency, for which the wavelength of the surface wave is sufficiently larger than the crack length, has been considered to illustrate the method. A specific expression of the amplitude has been obtained, which provides information on the angle, length and depth of the crack. It shows that the amplitude of the scattered surface wave increases first and then decreases as the crack angle changes from 0° to 90°. For the case of an inclined crack, the results of the numerical analysis together with the analytical solutions show excellent agreement when the crack length is much smaller than the wavelength. The results in this paper should be useful for the quantitative measurement of subsurface cracks.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2020-11-24},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Chuanyong and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Inclined subsurface crack, Reciprocity theorem, Surface wave},\\n\\tpages = {82--88},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Achenbach, J. D.\"],\"key\":\"wang_application_2020\",\"id\":\"wang_application_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Inclined subsurface crack\",\"Reciprocity theorem\",\"Surface wave\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cross-Plane Thermal Conductance of Phosphonic Acid-based Self Assembled Monolayers and Self Assembled Nanodielectrics\",\"url\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsami.0c08117\",\"journal\":\"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baojie Lu, Binghao Wang, Yao Chen, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks,\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baojie_lu_binghao_wang_yao_chen_antonio_facchetti_tobin_j_marks_and_oluwaseyi_balogun_cross-plane_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Cross-{Plane} {Thermal} {Conductance} of {Phosphonic} {Acid}-based {Self} {Assembled} {Monolayers} and {Self} {Assembled} {Nanodielectrics}},\\n\\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acsami.0c08117},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces},\\n\\tauthor = {{Baojie Lu, Binghao Wang, Yao Chen, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks, and Oluwaseyi Balogun}},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baojie Lu, Binghao Wang, Yao Chen, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks,\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"baojie_lu_binghao_wang_yao_chen_antonio_facchetti_tobin_j_marks_and_oluwaseyi_balogun_cross-plane_2020\",\"id\":\"baojie_lu_binghao_wang_yao_chen_antonio_facchetti_tobin_j_marks_and_oluwaseyi_balogun_cross-plane_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Scattering of a Rayleigh wave by a near surface crack which is normal to the free surface\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Engineering Science\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chuanyong Wang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi Balogun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"J.D. Achenbach\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chuanyong_wang_scattering_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Scattering of a {Rayleigh} wave by a near surface crack which is normal to the free surface},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Engineering Science},\\n\\tauthor = {{Chuanyong Wang} and {Oluwaseyi Balogun} and {J.D. Achenbach}},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chuanyong Wang\",\"Oluwaseyi Balogun\",\"J.D. Achenbach\"],\"key\":\"chuanyong_wang_scattering_2019\",\"id\":\"chuanyong_wang_scattering_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chuanyongwang-oluwaseyibalogun-jdachenbach-scatteringofarayleighwavebyanearsurfacecrackwhichisnormaltothefreesurface-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1744-683X, 1744-6848\",\"url\":\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/C9SM00739C\",\"abstract\":\"This paper presents a metrology approach combining optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves and model-based inverse analyses to nondestructively characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft spherical gels. , Microbial granular biofilms are spherical, multi-layered aggregates composed of communities of bacterial cells encased in a complex matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While granular aggregates are increasingly used for applications in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, their underlying mechanical properties are poorly understood. The challenges of viscoelastic characterization for these structures are due to their spherical geometry, spatially heterogeneous properties, and their delicate nature. In this study, we report a model-based approach for nondestructive characterization of viscoelastic properties (shear modulus and shear viscosity) of alginate spheres with different concentrations, which was motivated by our measurements in granular biofilms. The characterization technique relies on experimental measurements of circumferential elastic wave speeds as a function of frequency in the samples using the Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) technique. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the viscoelastic properties of the samples from OCE data through inverse analysis. This work represents the first attempt to explore elastic waves for mechanical characterization of granular biofilms. The combination of the OCE technique and the theoretical model presented in this paper provides a framework that can facilitate quantitative viscoelastic characterization of samples with curved geometries and the study of the relationships between morphology and mechanical properties in granular biofilms.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"28\",\"urldate\":\"2019-07-18\",\"journal\":\"Soft Matter\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong-Cin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sabba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Packman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"note\":\"Number: 28\",\"pages\":\"5562–5573\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liou_towards_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1744-683X, 1744-6848},\\n\\turl = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/C9SM00739C},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper presents a metrology approach combining optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves and model-based inverse analyses to nondestructively characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft spherical gels.\\n          , \\n            Microbial granular biofilms are spherical, multi-layered aggregates composed of communities of bacterial cells encased in a complex matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While granular aggregates are increasingly used for applications in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, their underlying mechanical properties are poorly understood. The challenges of viscoelastic characterization for these structures are due to their spherical geometry, spatially heterogeneous properties, and their delicate nature. In this study, we report a model-based approach for nondestructive characterization of viscoelastic properties (shear modulus and shear viscosity) of alginate spheres with different concentrations, which was motivated by our measurements in granular biofilms. The characterization technique relies on experimental measurements of circumferential elastic wave speeds as a function of frequency in the samples using the Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) technique. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the viscoelastic properties of the samples from OCE data through inverse analysis. This work represents the first attempt to explore elastic waves for mechanical characterization of granular biofilms. The combination of the OCE technique and the theoretical model presented in this paper provides a framework that can facilitate quantitative viscoelastic characterization of samples with curved geometries and the study of the relationships between morphology and mechanical properties in granular biofilms.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {28},\\n\\turldate = {2019-07-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Soft Matter},\\n\\tauthor = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Packman, Aaron I. and Rosenthal, Alex and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 28},\\n\\tpages = {5562--5573},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liou, H.\",\"Sabba, F.\",\"Packman, A. I.\",\"Rosenthal, A.\",\"Wells, G.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"liou_towards_2019\",\"id\":\"liou_towards_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cross-plane thermal transport measurements across CVD grown few layer graphene films on a silicon substrate\",\"abstract\":\"Room-temperature time-domain thermoreflectance technique (TDTR) measurements of cross-plane heat conduction across gold-graphenesilicon interfaces are presented. The graphene layers are originally grown on a copper substrate by chemical vapor deposition and later transferred to a silicon substrate in layer-by-layer fashion. We estimate the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) as a function of number of graphene layers, by fitting a layered heat conduction model that accounts for heat accumulation in the gold layer to the TDTR data, using the TBC as a free fitting parameter. The estimated TBC was found to decrease with number of graphene layers at the interface, as observed in previous TDTR measurements reported in the literature. The decrease in TBC with number of graphene layers matches the trends in the transmission coefficient of low frequency (25 GHz) coherent acoustic phonons across the interface, indicating that the interface elastic stiffness decreases with the number of graphene layers due to poor bonding between the gold film and silicon substrate.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"journal\":\"AIP Advances\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Baojie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Longhan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lu_cross-plane_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Cross-plane thermal transport measurements across {CVD} grown few layer graphene films on a silicon substrate},\\n\\tabstract = {Room-temperature time-domain thermoreflectance technique (TDTR) measurements of cross-plane heat conduction across gold-graphenesilicon interfaces are presented. The graphene layers are originally grown on a copper substrate by chemical vapor deposition and later transferred to a silicon substrate in layer-by-layer fashion. We estimate the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) as a function of number of graphene layers, by fitting a layered heat conduction model that accounts for heat accumulation in the gold layer to the TDTR data, using the TBC as a free fitting parameter. The estimated TBC was found to decrease with number of graphene layers at the interface, as observed in previous TDTR measurements reported in the literature. The decrease in TBC with number of graphene layers matches the trends in the transmission coefficient of low frequency (25 GHz) coherent acoustic phonons across the interface, indicating that the interface elastic stiffness decreases with the number of graphene layers due to poor bonding between the gold film and silicon substrate.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Advances},\\n\\tauthor = {Lu, Baojie and Zhang, Longhan and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {6},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lu, B.\",\"Zhang, L.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"lu_cross-plane_2019\",\"id\":\"lu_cross-plane_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lu-zhang-balogun-crossplanethermaltransportmeasurementsacrosscvdgrownfewlayergraphenefilmsonasiliconsubstrate-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Optically Detecting Acoustic Oscillations at the Nanoscale: Exploring techniques suitable for studying elastic wave propagation\",\"url\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/MNANO.2019.2905021\",\"language\":\"en\",\"journal\":\"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_optically_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Optically {Detecting} {Acoustic} {Oscillations} at the {Nanoscale}: {Exploring} techniques suitable for studying elastic wave propagation},\\n\\turl = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1109/MNANO.2019.2905021},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tjournal = {IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {16},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_optically_2019\",\"id\":\"balogun_optically_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography\",\"issn\":\"1744-6848\",\"url\":\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/C8SM01902A\",\"abstract\":\"Biofilms are soft multicomponent biological materials composed of microbial communities attached to surfaces. Despite the crucial relevance of biofilms to diverse industrial, medical, and environmental applications, the mechanical properties of biofilms are understudied. Moreover, most of the available techniques for the characterization of biofilm mechanical properties are destructive. Here, we detail a model-based approach developed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft materials and bacterial biofilms based on experimental data obtained using the nondestructive dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique. The model predicted the frequency- and geometry-dependent propagation velocities of elastic waves in a soft viscoelastic plate supported by a rigid substratum. Our numerical calculations suggest that the dispersion curves of guided waves recorded in thin soft plates by the dynamic OCE technique are dominated by guided waves, whose phase velocities depend on the viscoelastic properties and plate thickness. The numerical model was validated against experimental measurements in agarose phantom samples with different thicknesses and concentrations. The model was then used to interpret guided wave dispersion curves obtained by the OCE technique in bacterial biofilms developed in a rotating annular reactor, which allowed the quantitative characterization of biofilm shear modulus and viscosity. This study is the first to employ measurements of elastic wave propagation to characterize biofilms, and it provides a novel framework combining a theoretical model and an experimental approach for studying the relationship between the biofilm internal physical structure and mechanical properties.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2019-01-08\",\"journal\":\"Soft Matter\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong-Cin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sabba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Packman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liou_nondestructive_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography},\\n\\tissn = {1744-6848},\\n\\turl = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/C8SM01902A},\\n\\tabstract = {Biofilms are soft multicomponent biological materials composed of microbial communities attached to surfaces. Despite the crucial relevance of biofilms to diverse industrial, medical, and environmental applications, the mechanical properties of biofilms are understudied. Moreover, most of the available techniques for the characterization of biofilm mechanical properties are destructive. Here, we detail a model-based approach developed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft materials and bacterial biofilms based on experimental data obtained using the nondestructive dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique. The model predicted the frequency- and geometry-dependent propagation velocities of elastic waves in a soft viscoelastic plate supported by a rigid substratum. Our numerical calculations suggest that the dispersion curves of guided waves recorded in thin soft plates by the dynamic OCE technique are dominated by guided waves, whose phase velocities depend on the viscoelastic properties and plate thickness. The numerical model was validated against experimental measurements in agarose phantom samples with different thicknesses and concentrations. The model was then used to interpret guided wave dispersion curves obtained by the OCE technique in bacterial biofilms developed in a rotating annular reactor, which allowed the quantitative characterization of biofilm shear modulus and viscosity. This study is the first to employ measurements of elastic wave propagation to characterize biofilms, and it provides a novel framework combining a theoretical model and an experimental approach for studying the relationship between the biofilm internal physical structure and mechanical properties.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2019-01-08},\\n\\tjournal = {Soft Matter},\\n\\tauthor = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Packman, Aaron I. and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liou, H.\",\"Sabba, F.\",\"Packman, A. I.\",\"Wells, G.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"liou_nondestructive_2019\",\"id\":\"liou_nondestructive_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Analytical Model for the Radial Strength and Collapse of the Bicycle Wheel\",\"url\":\"https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960\",\"abstract\":\"This article is part of the Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference held in Davis, California, USA on September 20th through 23rd in the year 2017.Paper ID: 15\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"doi\":\"10.6084/m9.figshare.5404960.v1\",\"keywords\":\"Bicycle engineering including intelligent technology\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{ford_analytical_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Analytical {Model} for the {Radial} {Strength} and {Collapse} of the {Bicycle} {Wheel}},\\n\\turl = {https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960},\\n\\tabstract = {This article is part of the Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference held in Davis, California, USA on September 20th through 23rd in the year 2017.Paper ID: 15},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tdoi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.5404960.v1},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bicycle engineering including intelligent technology},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ford, M.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ford_analytical_2017\",\"id\":\"ford_analytical_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bicycle engineering including intelligent technology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"1225-7842\",\"url\":\"http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599\",\"abstract\":\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings -\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"note\":\"Number: 6\",\"pages\":\"599–608\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{murray_laser_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Environmental} {Barrier} {Coatings}},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {1225-7842},\\n\\turl = {http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599},\\n\\tabstract = {Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings -},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O.},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 6},\\n\\tpages = {599--608},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"murray_laser_2002\",\"id\":\"murray_laser_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionofenvironmentalbarriercoatings-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of graded coatings using laser generated acoustic waves\",\"volume\":\"112\",\"issn\":\"0001-4966\",\"url\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516\",\"doi\":\"10.1121/1.4779516\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Basu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soumendra\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"note\":\"Number: 5\",\"pages\":\"2350–2350\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_characterization_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of graded coatings using laser generated acoustic waves},\\n\\tvolume = {112},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4966},\\n\\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4779516},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi O. and Murray, Todd W. and Basu, Soumendra N.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 5},\\n\\tpages = {2350--2350},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O. O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Basu, S. N.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_characterization_2002\",\"id\":\"balogun_characterization_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"PhD Thesis\",\"title\":\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Functionally Graded Materials: Theory and Experimental Approach\",\"shorttitle\":\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Functionally Graded Materials\",\"school\":\"Boston University\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\",\"Oladeinde\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{balogun_laser_2003,\\n\\ttype = {{PhD} {Thesis}},\\n\\ttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Functionally} {Graded} {Materials}: {Theory} and {Experimental} {Approach}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Functionally} {Graded} {Materials}},\\n\\tschool = {Boston University},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O. O.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_laser_2003\",\"id\":\"balogun_laser_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionoffunctionallygradedmaterialstheoryandexperimentalapproach-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Compositionally Graded Mullite Coatings\",\"volume\":\"657\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.1570304\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sarin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Basu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"1471–1478\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{murray_laser_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Compositionally} {Graded} {Mullite} {Coatings}},\\n\\tvolume = {657},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.1570304},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Sarin, V. K. and Basu, S. N.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {1471--1478},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Sarin, V. K.\",\"Basu, S. N.\"],\"key\":\"murray_laser_2003\",\"id\":\"murray_laser_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"High Frequency Laser Based Acoustic Microscopy Using a Cw Generation Source\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract: A laser ultrasonic system has been developed which uses a modulated CW laser source for ultrasonic wave generation. The majority of high frequency laser ultrasonic systems use picosecond pulsed laser sources to generate ultrasound in the hundreds of MHz to the low GHz range. High frequency SAW generation and high-resolution acoustic microscopy require that the generation laser spot be tightly focused on the sample surface. This places a severe restriction on the amount of energy that can be deposited in the sample without causing surface ablation and ultimately limits the sensitivity of the system. In this work, we explore the use of an amplified, electro-absorption modulated diode laser source for high frequency ultrasound generation. The laser can be amplitude modulated up to 2 GHz and the peak power is approximately 2 Watts. While LBU systems using modulated CW generation can have extremely high SNR when lock-in detection systems are employed, they have disadvantages when compared to pulsed systems in terms of signal interpretation when multiple acoustic modes are present or when signals are reflected from the boundaries of the target material leading to complex acoustic interference patterns. In order to avoid these difficulties the source frequency is scanned over the bandwidth of interest and the transient response of the specimen reconstructed from the frequency domain data.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pratt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{murray_high_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {High {Frequency} {Laser} {Based} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} {Using} a {Cw} {Generation} {Source}},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract: A laser ultrasonic system has been developed which uses a modulated CW laser source for ultrasonic wave generation. The majority of high frequency laser ultrasonic systems use picosecond pulsed laser sources to generate ultrasound in the hundreds of MHz to the low GHz range. High frequency SAW generation and high-resolution acoustic microscopy require that the generation laser spot be tightly focused on the sample surface. This places a severe restriction on the amount of energy that can be deposited in the sample without causing surface ablation and ultimately limits the sensitivity of the system. In this work, we explore the use of an amplified, electro-absorption modulated diode laser source for high frequency ultrasound generation. The laser can be amplitude modulated up to 2 GHz and the peak power is approximately 2 Watts. While LBU systems using modulated CW generation can have extremely high SNR when lock-in detection systems are employed, they have disadvantages when compared to pulsed systems in terms of signal interpretation when multiple acoustic modes are present or when signals are reflected from the boundaries of the target material leading to complex acoustic interference patterns. In order to avoid these difficulties the source frequency is scanned over the bandwidth of interest and the transient response of the specimen reconstructed from the frequency domain data.},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Pratt, N.},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Pratt, N.\"],\"key\":\"murray_high_2004\",\"id\":\"murray_high_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-pratt-highfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingacwgenerationsource-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Graded Coating Inspection Using Laser Generated Surface Acoustic Waves\",\"volume\":\"700\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.1711637\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"294–301\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_graded_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Graded {Coating} {Inspection} {Using} {Laser} {Generated} {Surface} {Acoustic} {Waves}},\\n\\tvolume = {700},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.1711637},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi O. and Murray, Todd W.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {294--301},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O. O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_graded_2004\",\"id\":\"balogun_graded_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Building embedded microchannels using a single layered SU-8, and determining Young's modulus using a laser acoustic technique\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"0960-1317\",\"url\":\"http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020\",\"doi\":\"10.1088/0960-1317/14/11/020\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensity penetrating into samples can be adjusted by varying the laser focus level. The UV laser direct-write method greatly simplifies the fabrication processes. Moreover, it can be set up in a conventional manufacturing environment without the need for clean room facilities. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method to determine Young's modulus of exposed SU-8 by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, non-destructive means of evaluation and material characterization. This paper will determine Young's modulus of UV exposed SU-8 generated with different exposure doses. Measurements show that Young's modulus is highly dependent on exposure dose. Young's modulus ranges from 3.8 to 5.4 GPa when the thickness of a fully cross-linked SU-8 microbeam varies from 100 to 205 µm with a gradually increased UV exposure dose.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Biao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"note\":\"Number: 11\",\"pages\":\"1576\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_building_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Building embedded microchannels using a single layered {SU}-8, and determining {Young}'s modulus using a laser acoustic technique},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {0960-1317},\\n\\turl = {http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1088/0960-1317/14/11/020},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensity penetrating into samples can be adjusted by varying the laser focus level. The UV laser direct-write method greatly simplifies the fabrication processes. Moreover, it can be set up in a conventional manufacturing environment without the need for clean room facilities. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method to determine Young's modulus of exposed SU-8 by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, non-destructive means of evaluation and material characterization. This paper will determine Young's modulus of UV exposed SU-8 generated with different exposure doses. Measurements show that Young's modulus is highly dependent on exposure dose. Young's modulus ranges from 3.8 to 5.4 GPa when the thickness of a fully cross-linked SU-8 microbeam varies from 100 to 205 µm with a gradually increased UV exposure dose.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Hui and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Li, Biao and Murray, Todd W. and Zhang, Xin},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 11},\\n\\tpages = {1576},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, H.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Li, B.\",\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Zhang, X.\"],\"key\":\"yu_building_2004\",\"id\":\"yu_building_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"A novel technique for enhancing the signal to noise of laser-based ultrasonic systems\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417665\",\"abstract\":\"Conventional laser ultrasonic systems use pulsed laser sources to generate broadband acoustic waves. The theoretical signal to noise ratio (SNR) of these systems, in the shot noise limit, is inversely proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the detection system. Previous researchers have shown that improvements in the SNR can be made by generating narrowband acoustic signals using temporally and/or spatially modulated laser pulses, and reducing the detection bandwidth accordingly. The paper describes the generation of high frequency acoustic waves using an amplitude modulated continuous wave (CW) laser. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to an RF lock-in amplifier. This allows for control of the detection bandwidth, which can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below typical broadband laser ultrasonic systems. Experimental results are given showing CW generated acoustic waves in various material systems. The magnitude and phase of the acoustic signals in the frequency domain are detected by the interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, and these data are in turn processed to synthesize the time domain response. The use of narrowband generation/detection combined with subsequent time domain reconstruction allows for a large increase in SNR without losing the ability to distinguish individual acoustic arrivals or modes in the time domain.\",\"booktitle\":\"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pratt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"acoustic generators, Acoustic noise, Acoustic pulses, Acoustic signal detection, Acoustic waves, AM CW laser, amplitude modulated continuous wave laser, Bandwidth, broadband acoustic waves, detection bandwidth, frequency domain, high frequency acoustic waves, interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, laser beam applications, Laser noise, Laser theory, laser-based ultrasonic systems, Michelson interferometers, Narrowband, narrowband acoustic signals, Optical pulse generation, photoacoustic effect, RF lock-in amplifier, shot noise, signal to noise ratio, Signal to noise ratio, SNR, stabilized Michelson interferometer, time domain reconstruction, ultrasonic devices\",\"pages\":\"48–51 Vol.1\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{balogun_novel_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {A novel technique for enhancing the signal to noise of laser-based ultrasonic systems},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417665},\\n\\tabstract = {Conventional laser ultrasonic systems use pulsed laser sources to generate broadband acoustic waves. The theoretical signal to noise ratio (SNR) of these systems, in the shot noise limit, is inversely proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the detection system. Previous researchers have shown that improvements in the SNR can be made by generating narrowband acoustic signals using temporally and/or spatially modulated laser pulses, and reducing the detection bandwidth accordingly. The paper describes the generation of high frequency acoustic waves using an amplitude modulated continuous wave (CW) laser. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to an RF lock-in amplifier. This allows for control of the detection bandwidth, which can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below typical broadband laser ultrasonic systems. Experimental results are given showing CW generated acoustic waves in various material systems. The magnitude and phase of the acoustic signals in the frequency domain are detected by the interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, and these data are in turn processed to synthesize the time domain response. The use of narrowband generation/detection combined with subsequent time domain reconstruction allows for a large increase in SNR without losing the ability to distinguish individual acoustic arrivals or modes in the time domain.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{IEEE} {Ultrasonics} {Symposium}, 2004},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Pratt, N. and Murray, T. W.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {acoustic generators, Acoustic noise, Acoustic pulses, Acoustic signal detection, Acoustic waves, AM CW laser, amplitude modulated continuous wave laser, Bandwidth, broadband acoustic waves, detection bandwidth, frequency domain, high frequency acoustic waves, interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, laser beam applications, Laser noise, Laser theory, laser-based ultrasonic systems, Michelson interferometers, Narrowband, narrowband acoustic signals, Optical pulse generation, photoacoustic effect, RF lock-in amplifier, shot noise, signal to noise ratio, Signal to noise ratio, SNR, stabilized Michelson interferometer, time domain reconstruction, ultrasonic devices},\\n\\tpages = {48--51 Vol.1},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Pratt, N.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_novel_2004\",\"id\":\"balogun_novel_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-pratt-murray-anoveltechniqueforenhancingthesignaltonoiseoflaserbasedultrasonicsystems-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"acoustic generators\",\"Acoustic noise\",\"Acoustic pulses\",\"Acoustic signal detection\",\"Acoustic waves\",\"AM CW laser\",\"amplitude modulated continuous wave laser\",\"Bandwidth\",\"broadband acoustic waves\",\"detection bandwidth\",\"frequency domain\",\"high frequency acoustic waves\",\"interferometer/lock-in amplifier system\",\"laser beam applications\",\"Laser noise\",\"Laser theory\",\"laser-based ultrasonic systems\",\"Michelson interferometers\",\"Narrowband\",\"narrowband acoustic signals\",\"Optical pulse generation\",\"photoacoustic effect\",\"RF lock-in amplifier\",\"shot noise\",\"signal to noise ratio\",\"Signal to noise ratio\",\"SNR\",\"stabilized Michelson interferometer\",\"time domain reconstruction\",\"ultrasonic devices\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A novel approach to high‐frequency laser‐based acoustic microscopy\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"0001-4966\",\"url\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436\",\"doi\":\"10.1121/1.4785436\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"note\":\"Number: 4\",\"pages\":\"2617–2617\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{murray_novel_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {A novel approach to high‐frequency laser‐based acoustic microscopy},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4966},\\n\\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4785436},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, Todd W. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 4},\\n\\tpages = {2617--2617},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"murray_novel_2004\",\"id\":\"murray_novel_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High-sensitivity laser-based acoustic microscopy using a modulated excitation source\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"0003-6951\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.1802387\",\"number\":\"14\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Applied Physics Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"note\":\"Number: 14\",\"pages\":\"2974–2976\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{murray_high-sensitivity_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {High-sensitivity laser-based acoustic microscopy using a modulated excitation source},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {0003-6951},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.1802387},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 14},\\n\\tpages = {2974--2976},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"murray_high-sensitivity_2004\",\"id\":\"murray_high-sensitivity_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Experimental evidence of S1 mode quasi-resonance in thin plates using a laser based acoustic microscope\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603022\",\"booktitle\":\"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Acoustic signal detection, Laser theory, Amplitude modulation, Frequency, Laser modes, Microscopy, Optical interferometry, Optical scattering, Resonance, Tungsten\",\"pages\":\"1011–1014\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{prada_experimental_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Experimental evidence of {S1} mode quasi-resonance in thin plates using a laser based acoustic microscope},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603022},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{IEEE} {Ultrasonics} {Symposium}, 2005.},\\n\\tauthor = {Prada, C. and Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acoustic signal detection, Laser theory, Amplitude modulation, Frequency, Laser modes, Microscopy, Optical interferometry, Optical scattering, Resonance, Tungsten},\\n\\tpages = {1011--1014},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Prada, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"prada_experimental_2005\",\"id\":\"prada_experimental_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"prada-balogun-murray-experimentalevidenceofs1modequasiresonanceinthinplatesusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscope-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Acoustic signal detection\",\"Laser theory\",\"Amplitude modulation\",\"Frequency\",\"Laser modes\",\"Microscopy\",\"Optical interferometry\",\"Optical scattering\",\"Resonance\",\"Tungsten\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Rapid manufacturing of embedded microchannels from a single layered SU-8, and determining the dependence of SU-8 young's modulus on exposure dose with a laser acoustic technique\",\"url\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer\",\"language\":\"English (US)\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)\",\"publisher\":\"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"654–657\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{yu_rapid_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Rapid manufacturing of embedded microchannels from a single layered {SU}-8, and determining the dependence of {SU}-8 young's modulus on exposure dose with a laser acoustic technique},\\n\\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer},\\n\\tlanguage = {English (US)},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Micro} {Electro} {Mechanical} {Systems} ({MEMS})},\\n\\tpublisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, H. and Balogun, O. and Li, B. and Murray, T. W. and Zhang, X.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {654--657},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, H.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Li, B.\",\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Zhang, X.\"],\"key\":\"yu_rapid_2005\",\"id\":\"yu_rapid_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-rapidmanufacturingofembeddedmicrochannelsfromasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingthedependenceofsu8youngsmodulusonexposuredosewithalaseracoustictechnique-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Science of hard materials-8. Part I. Selected papers from the 8th International Conference on the Science of Hard Materials\",\"title\":\"Inspection of compositionally graded mullite coatings using laser based ultrasonics\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issn\":\"0263-4368\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.05.021\",\"abstract\":\"Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have spatial variations in composition and structure resulting in corresponding changes in material properties. These materials can be developed for applications in which the functional requirements of a component are position dependent. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using a laser based ultrasonic technique to determine the distribution of elastic properties in FGMs. A model for the laser generation of ultrasound in a compositionally graded coating on a semi-infinite substrate is used to explore the relationship between the acoustic wave propagation and depth dependent elastic property profile. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated in such a system are dispersive, and the dispersion characteristics are highly dependent on the mechanical property profile. A high-resolution laser ultrasonic system has been developed, and experimental measurements of the mechanical properties of single layer mullite coatings are presented. Using compositionally graded mullite coatings as a model system, numerical results are reported showing the sensitivity of SAW dispersion behavior to various composition profiles.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Basu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sarin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"note\":\"Number: 4\",\"pages\":\"322–329\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{murray_inspection_2005,\\n\\tseries = {Science of hard materials-8. {Part} {I}. {Selected} papers from the 8th {International} {Conference} on the {Science} of {Hard} {Materials}},\\n\\ttitle = {Inspection of compositionally graded mullite coatings using laser based ultrasonics},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tissn = {0263-4368},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.05.021},\\n\\tabstract = {Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have spatial variations in composition and structure resulting in corresponding changes in material properties. These materials can be developed for applications in which the functional requirements of a component are position dependent. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using a laser based ultrasonic technique to determine the distribution of elastic properties in FGMs. A model for the laser generation of ultrasound in a compositionally graded coating on a semi-infinite substrate is used to explore the relationship between the acoustic wave propagation and depth dependent elastic property profile. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated in such a system are dispersive, and the dispersion characteristics are highly dependent on the mechanical property profile. A high-resolution laser ultrasonic system has been developed, and experimental measurements of the mechanical properties of single layer mullite coatings are presented. Using compositionally graded mullite coatings as a model system, numerical results are reported showing the sensitivity of SAW dispersion behavior to various composition profiles.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Steen, T. L. and Basu, S. N. and Sarin, V. K.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 4},\\n\\tpages = {322--329},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Steen, T. L.\",\"Basu, S. N.\",\"Sarin, V. K.\"],\"key\":\"murray_inspection_2005\",\"id\":\"murray_inspection_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity Lamb waves in thin plates\",\"volume\":\"87\",\"issn\":\"0003-6951\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.2128063\",\"number\":\"19\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Applied Physics Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"note\":\"Number: 19\",\"pages\":\"194109\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{prada_laser-based_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity {Lamb} waves in thin plates},\\n\\tvolume = {87},\\n\\tissn = {0003-6951},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2128063},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Prada, C. and Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 19},\\n\\tpages = {194109},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Prada, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"prada_laser-based_2005\",\"id\":\"prada_laser-based_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Materials characterization using frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy\",\"issn\":\"9780542659263\",\"url\":\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B\",\"abstract\":\"A frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy system is developed for the characterization of micro- and nanoscale materials. An amplified, intensity modulated continuous wave (CW) laser source is used to generate narrow-bandwidth acoustic waves through the thermoelastic effect. The displacement resulting from acoustic wave interaction with material boundaries is measured using a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer. The signal from the interferometer is coupled to a RF lock-in amplifier or vector network analyzer, allowing for the bandwidth of the detection system to be matched to that of the acoustic signals. Measurements are made over an extremely narrow bandwidth by modulating the excitation laser source on the sample surface over a long time interval and selecting a corresponding integration time for the detection system. An analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this system indicates that it offers substantial improvements over existing systems that incorporate pulsed laser sources to generate broad bandwidth acoustic waves. Using a bandwidth of 1.0 Hz, for instance, experimental results show a minimum detectable displacement of 3.1 fm. Extracting quantitative material parameters from the complex acoustic spectrum can be difficult when multiple acoustic modes are excited, or in the presence of reflections from sample boundaries. Two techniques are used to process the measured signals. In the first technique, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency domain data. Acoustic arrivals that are separated in the time domain are time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source to receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the acoustic modes are found by analyzing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode generated at a given frequency to be determined. Several promising materials characterization applications are explored including the measurement of the thickness of nanometer scale films, the inspection of thin plates using both bulk waves and guided waves, and the imaging of subsurface features in micron scale membranes using high frequency (700 MHz) resonant acoustic spectroscopy.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Ph.D. Thesis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\",\"Oladeinde\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_materials_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Materials characterization using frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy},\\n\\tissn = {9780542659263},\\n\\turl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B},\\n\\tabstract = {A frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy system is developed for the characterization of micro- and nanoscale materials. An amplified, intensity modulated continuous wave (CW) laser source is used to generate narrow-bandwidth acoustic waves through the thermoelastic effect. The displacement resulting from acoustic wave interaction with material boundaries is measured using a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer. The signal from the interferometer is coupled to a RF lock-in amplifier or vector network analyzer, allowing for the bandwidth of the detection system to be matched to that of the acoustic signals. Measurements are made over an extremely narrow bandwidth by modulating the excitation laser source on the sample surface over a long time interval and selecting a corresponding integration time for the\\ndetection system. An analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this system indicates that it offers substantial improvements over existing systems that incorporate pulsed laser sources to generate broad\\nbandwidth acoustic waves. Using a bandwidth of 1.0 Hz, for instance, experimental results show a minimum detectable displacement of 3.1 fm. Extracting quantitative material parameters from the complex acoustic spectrum can be difficult when multiple acoustic modes are excited, or in the presence of reflections from sample boundaries. Two techniques are used to process the measured signals. In the first technique, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency domain data. Acoustic arrivals that are separated in the time domain are time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source to receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the acoustic modes are found by analyzing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode generated at a given frequency to be determined. Several promising materials characterization applications are explored including the measurement of the thickness of nanometer scale films, the inspection of thin plates using both bulk waves and guided waves, and the imaging of subsurface features in micron scale membranes using high frequency (700 MHz) resonant acoustic spectroscopy.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Ph.D. Thesis},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O. O.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_materials_2006\",\"id\":\"balogun_materials_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-materialscharacterizationusingfrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High Frequency Laser‐Based Ultrasound\",\"volume\":\"820\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.2184532\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chinn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"218–224\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huber_high_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {High {Frequency} {Laser}‐{Based} {Ultrasound}},\\n\\tvolume = {820},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2184532},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Huber, R. D. and Chinn, D. J. and Balogun, O. O. and Murray, T. W.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {218--224},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huber, R. D.\",\"Chinn, D. J.\",\"Balogun, O. O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"huber_high_2006\",\"id\":\"huber_high_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"MEMS 2005 Special Issue\",\"title\":\"Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered SU-8 for lab-on-chip applications\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"0924-4247\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.033\",\"abstract\":\"This paper introduces a novel 3D manufacturing approach to the rapid processing of microfluidic components such as embedded channels and microvalves, using a scanning laser system. Compared to existing manufacturing techniques, our direct UV laser writing method greatly simplifies fabrication processes, potentially reducing the design-to-fabrication time to a few hours, which is extremely beneficial during the product development stages. The initial process validation has been presented by using SU-8 material. With the fine-tuning of the laser processing parameters, the depth of SU-8 polymerization can be controlled. This paper also describes the underlying theory and method to determine the Young's modulus of the exposed SU-8 material by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, nondestructive means of evaluation and materials characterization. More importantly, it allows for local inspection of material properties. The results presented in this paper potentially could serve as the first crucial step towards the rapid manufacturing of microdevices for lab-on-chip applications.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Sensors and Actuators A: Physical\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Biao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"note\":\"Number: 2\",\"keywords\":\"3D microstructure, Lab-on-chip, Laser ultrasonics, Single-layered SU-8\",\"pages\":\"228–234\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_fabrication_2006,\\n\\tseries = {{MEMS} 2005 {Special} {Issue}},\\n\\ttitle = {Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered {SU}-8 for lab-on-chip applications},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {0924-4247},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.033},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper introduces a novel 3D manufacturing approach to the rapid processing of microfluidic components such as embedded channels and microvalves, using a scanning laser system. Compared to existing manufacturing techniques, our direct UV laser writing method greatly simplifies fabrication processes, potentially reducing the design-to-fabrication time to a few hours, which is extremely beneficial during the product development stages. The initial process validation has been presented by using SU-8 material. With the fine-tuning of the laser processing parameters, the depth of SU-8 polymerization can be controlled. This paper also describes the underlying theory and method to determine the Young's modulus of the exposed SU-8 material by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, nondestructive means of evaluation and materials characterization. More importantly, it allows for local inspection of material properties. The results presented in this paper potentially could serve as the first crucial step towards the rapid manufacturing of microdevices for lab-on-chip applications.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Hui and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Li, Biao and Murray, T. W. and Zhang, Xin},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 2},\\n\\tkeywords = {3D microstructure, Lab-on-chip, Laser ultrasonics, Single-layered SU-8},\\n\\tpages = {228--234},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, H.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Li, B.\",\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Zhang, X.\"],\"key\":\"yu_fabrication_2006\",\"id\":\"yu_fabrication_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723\"},\"keyword\":[\"3D microstructure\",\"Lab-on-chip\",\"Laser ultrasonics\",\"Single-layered SU-8\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Laser generation and detection of zero‐group velocity Lamb mode resonance in thin plates\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"0001-4966\",\"url\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194\",\"doi\":\"10.1121/1.4786194\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clorennec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Royer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"note\":\"Number: 5\",\"pages\":\"3285–3285\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{prada_laser_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Laser generation and detection of zero‐group velocity {Lamb} mode resonance in thin plates},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4966},\\n\\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4786194},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\\n\\tauthor = {Prada, Claire and Clorennec, Dominique and Royer, Daniel and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Murray, Todd W.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 5},\\n\\tpages = {3285--3285},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Prada, C.\",\"Clorennec, D.\",\"Royer, D.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"prada_laser_2006\",\"id\":\"prada_laser_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients\",\"volume\":\"100\",\"issn\":\"0021-8979\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.2218467\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Applied Physics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"note\":\"Number: 3\",\"pages\":\"034902\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_frequency_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients},\\n\\tvolume = {100},\\n\\tissn = {0021-8979},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2218467},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 3},\\n\\tpages = {034902},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_frequency_2006\",\"id\":\"balogun_frequency_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Acoustic Characterization of Mesoscale Objects\",\"url\":\"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531\",\"abstract\":\"The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information\",\"language\":\"English\",\"number\":\"UCRL-TR-229835\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"institution\":\"Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chinn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chambers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cole\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spicer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"doi\":\"10.2172/969531\",\"note\":\"Issue: UCRL-TR-229835\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{chinn_acoustic_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Acoustic {Characterization} of {Mesoscale} {Objects}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531},\\n\\tabstract = {The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information},\\n\\tlanguage = {English},\\n\\tnumber = {UCRL-TR-229835},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tinstitution = {Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)},\\n\\tauthor = {Chinn, D. and Huber, R. and Chambers, D. and Cole, G. and Balogun, O. and Spicer, J. and Murray, T.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2172/969531},\\n\\tnote = {Issue: UCRL-TR-229835},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chinn, D.\",\"Huber, R.\",\"Chambers, D.\",\"Cole, G.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Spicer, J.\",\"Murray, T.\"],\"key\":\"chinn_acoustic_2007\",\"id\":\"chinn_acoustic_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Simulation and measurement of the optical excitation of the S1 zero group velocity Lamb wave resonance in plates\",\"volume\":\"102\",\"issn\":\"0021-8979\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.2784031\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Applied Physics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"note\":\"Number: 6\",\"pages\":\"064914\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_simulation_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Simulation and measurement of the optical excitation of the {S1} zero group velocity {Lamb} wave resonance in plates},\\n\\tvolume = {102},\\n\\tissn = {0021-8979},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2784031},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W. and Prada, C.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 6},\\n\\tpages = {064914},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Prada, C.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_simulation_2007\",\"id\":\"balogun_simulation_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Fiber Bragg gratings and two wave mixing spectral demodulator system for impact detection and localization\",\"url\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys\",\"language\":\"English (US)\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 4th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirikera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"840–846\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{kirikera_fiber_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Fiber {Bragg} gratings and two wave mixing spectral demodulator system for impact detection and localization},\\n\\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys},\\n\\tlanguage = {English (US)},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {European} {Workshop} on {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}},\\n\\tauthor = {Kirikera, G. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {840--846},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kirikera, G.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"kirikera_fiber_2008\",\"id\":\"kirikera_fiber_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-fiberbragggratingsandtwowavemixingspectraldemodulatorsystemforimpactdetectionandlocalization-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-Bragg-grating sensors \\\\textbar SPIE Homepage: SPIE\",\"shorttitle\":\"Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-Bragg-grating sensors \\\\textbar SPIE Homepage\",\"url\":\"http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1\",\"abstract\":\"A photorefractive-crystal-based two-wave-mixing interferometer allows structural-health monitoring of civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{balogun_dynamic_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-{Bragg}-grating sensors {\\\\textbar} {SPIE} {Homepage}: {SPIE}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-{Bragg}-grating sensors {\\\\textbar} {SPIE} {Homepage}},\\n\\turl = {http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1},\\n\\tabstract = {A photorefractive-crystal-based two-wave-mixing interferometer allows structural-health monitoring of civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Regez, Brad and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Regez, B.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_dynamic_2009\",\"id\":\"balogun_dynamic_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-regez-krishnaswamy-dynamicdemodulationofspectralshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorstextbarspiehomepagespie-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Theory and applications of laser generated zero‐group velocity lamb mode resonance\",\"volume\":\"975\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.2902667\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clorennec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Royer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"255–262\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{murray_theory_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Theory and applications of laser generated zero‐group velocity lamb mode resonance},\\n\\tvolume = {975},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2902667},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Prada, C. and Clorennec, D. and Royer, D.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {255--262},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Prada, C.\",\"Clorennec, D.\",\"Royer, D.\"],\"key\":\"murray_theory_2008\",\"id\":\"murray_theory_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identifying impacts using adaptive fiber bragg grating demodulator for structural health monitoring applications\",\"volume\":\"975\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.2902601\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirikera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"1413–1419\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kirikera_identifying_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Identifying impacts using adaptive fiber bragg grating demodulator for structural health monitoring applications},\\n\\tvolume = {975},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2902601},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Kirikera, G. R. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {1413--1419},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kirikera, G. R.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"kirikera_identifying_2008\",\"id\":\"kirikera_identifying_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Optimal demodulation of wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating sensors using an adaptive two wave mixing photorefractive interferometer\",\"volume\":\"6932\",\"url\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short\",\"doi\":\"10.1117/12.778013\",\"abstract\":\"Recent work by our research group on the dynamic demodulation of strain-induced wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show that these sensors are suitable for the detection of high frequency ultrasonic waves produced by impact loading. A FBG sensor is incorporated into an optical detection system that uses a broadband tunable laser source in the C-band, a two wave-mixing photorefractive interferometer, and a high-speed photodetector. When an ultrasonic wave interacts with the FBG sensor, the wavelength of the reflected light in the fiber is dynamically shifted due to strain-induced perturbation of the index of refraction and/or the period of the grating in the fiber. The wavelength shift is converted into an intensity change by splitting the light into signal and pump beams and interfering the beams in an InP:Fe photorefractive crystal (PRC). The resulting intensity change is measured by a photodetector. The two-wave mixing (TWM) photorefractive interferometer allows for several FBG sensors to be wavelength multiplexed in one PRC and it also actively compensates for low frequency signal drifts associated with unwanted room vibrations and temperature excursions. In this work, we present preliminary experimental results on the detection of impact signals using a low power (1 mW) TWM PRC based demodulation system. The response time of the PRC is optimized by focusing the signal and pump beams into the crystal allowing for adaptivity of the demodulation system to quasi-static strains or temperature drifts. The TWM intensity gain of the system is optimized for efficient wavelength demodulation through resonant enhancement of the space charge electric field formed in the PRC. The low power demodulation system would facilitate significant reduction in the overall cost of the system.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2008\",\"publisher\":\"International Society for Optics and Photonics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirikera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Goutham\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"69322K\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{balogun_optimal_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Optimal demodulation of wavelength shifts in fiber {Bragg} grating sensors using an adaptive two wave mixing photorefractive interferometer},\\n\\tvolume = {6932},\\n\\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1117/12.778013},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent work by our research group on the dynamic demodulation of strain-induced wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show that these sensors are suitable for the detection of high frequency ultrasonic waves produced by impact loading. A FBG sensor is incorporated into an optical detection system that uses a broadband tunable laser source in the C-band, a two wave-mixing photorefractive interferometer, and a high-speed photodetector. When an ultrasonic wave interacts with the FBG sensor, the wavelength of the reflected light in the fiber is dynamically shifted due to strain-induced perturbation of the index of refraction and/or the period of the grating in the fiber. The wavelength shift is converted into an intensity change by splitting the light into signal and pump beams and interfering the beams in an InP:Fe photorefractive crystal (PRC). The resulting intensity change is measured by a photodetector. The two-wave mixing (TWM) photorefractive interferometer allows for several FBG sensors to be wavelength multiplexed in one PRC and it also actively compensates for low frequency signal drifts associated with unwanted room vibrations and temperature excursions. In this work, we present preliminary experimental results on the detection of impact signals using a low power (1 mW) TWM PRC based demodulation system. The response time of the PRC is optimized by focusing the signal and pump beams into the crystal allowing for adaptivity of the demodulation system to quasi-static strains or temperature drifts. The TWM intensity gain of the system is optimized for efficient wavelength demodulation through resonant enhancement of the space charge electric field formed in the PRC. The low power demodulation system would facilitate significant reduction in the overall cost of the system.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Sensors and {Smart} {Structures} {Technologies} for {Civil}, {Mechanical}, and {Aerospace} {Systems} 2008},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kirikera, Goutham R. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {69322K},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Kirikera, G. R.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_optimal_2008\",\"id\":\"balogun_optimal_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils\",\"volume\":\"125\",\"issn\":\"0001-4966\",\"url\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447\",\"doi\":\"10.1121/1.3068447\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chinn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spicer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"note\":\"Number: 3\",\"pages\":\"1437–1443\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_laser_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils},\\n\\tvolume = {125},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4966},\\n\\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1121/1.3068447},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Huber, R. and Chinn, D. and Spicer, J. B.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 3},\\n\\tpages = {1437--1443},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Huber, R.\",\"Chinn, D.\",\"Spicer, J. B.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_laser_2009\",\"id\":\"balogun_laser_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"A fiber Bragg grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring\",\"volume\":\"7295\",\"url\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short\",\"doi\":\"10.1117/12.815651\",\"abstract\":\"Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are excellent tools for monitoring mechanical and thermal strains, and have widespread application in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace, civil, and mechanical structures. A common approach used for interrogating FBG sensors involves the illumination of the sensor with a broadband laser source and the narrowband reflected light reflected from the FBG is monitored with a wavelength sensitive optical detection system. The thermal or mechanical perturbations experienced by the FBG sensor lead to a shift in its reflectivity spectrum. In this work, an alternative interrogation scheme is presented that uses an FBG based narrowband tunable laser source produced by incorporating the FBG into a fiber ring laser cavity as an optical feedback element. The laser cavity consists an erbium doped fiber (EDF) connected to the FBG at the output of the fiber ring, which allows for the generation of the required amplified stimulated emission (ASE) in the C-band and lasing at the center wavelength of the FBG reflectivity spectrum. With this interrogation scheme, the wavelength of the resulting narrowband laser source tracks the center wavelength of the FBG sensor as it drifts due to quasi-static and/or dynamic mechanical and thermal strains. In addition, the instantaneous spectral line-width of the laser source is effectively narrowed owing to the long length of the laser cavity, which facilitates highly sensitive demodulation of dynamic shifts of the lasing wavelength with a high coherence optical interferometer.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2009\",\"publisher\":\"International Society for Optics and Photonics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"72950I\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{balogun_fiber_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {A fiber {Bragg} grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring},\\n\\tvolume = {7295},\\n\\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1117/12.815651},\\n\\tabstract = {Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are excellent tools for monitoring mechanical and thermal strains, and have widespread application in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace, civil, and mechanical structures. A common approach used for interrogating FBG sensors involves the illumination of the sensor with a broadband laser source and the narrowband reflected light reflected from the FBG is monitored with a wavelength sensitive optical detection system. The thermal or mechanical perturbations experienced by the FBG sensor lead to a shift in its reflectivity spectrum. In this work, an alternative interrogation scheme is presented that uses an FBG based narrowband tunable laser source produced by incorporating the FBG into a fiber ring laser cavity as an optical feedback element. The laser cavity consists an erbium doped fiber (EDF) connected to the FBG at the output of the fiber ring, which allows for the generation of the required amplified stimulated emission (ASE) in the C-band and lasing at the center wavelength of the FBG reflectivity spectrum. With this interrogation scheme, the wavelength of the resulting narrowband laser source tracks the center wavelength of the FBG sensor as it drifts due to quasi-static and/or dynamic mechanical and thermal strains. In addition, the instantaneous spectral line-width of the laser source is effectively narrowed owing to the long length of the laser cavity, which facilitates highly sensitive demodulation of dynamic shifts of the lasing wavelength with a high coherence optical interferometer.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Health {Monitoring} of {Structural} and {Biological} {Systems} 2009},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {72950I},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_fiber_2009\",\"id\":\"balogun_fiber_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Microcantilever array with embedded metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor actuators for deflection control, deflection sensing, and high frequency oscillation\",\"volume\":\"94\",\"issn\":\"0003-6951\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.3133333\",\"number\":\"22\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Applied Physics Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stanley\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Srivastava\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arvind\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murphy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benjamin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soo-Hyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shekhawat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gajendra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dravid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vinayak\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"note\":\"Number: 22\",\"pages\":\"224103\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chou_microcantilever_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Microcantilever array with embedded metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor actuators for deflection control, deflection sensing, and high frequency oscillation},\\n\\tvolume = {94},\\n\\tissn = {0003-6951},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3133333},\\n\\tnumber = {22},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Chou, Stanley S. and Kim, Yun Young and Srivastava, Arvind and Murphy, Benjamin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Tark, Soo-Hyun and Shekhawat, Gajendra and Dravid, Vinayak P.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 22},\\n\\tpages = {224103},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chou, S. S.\",\"Kim, Y. Y.\",\"Srivastava, A.\",\"Murphy, B.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Tark, S.\",\"Shekhawat, G.\",\"Dravid, V. P.\"],\"key\":\"chou_microcantilever_2009\",\"id\":\"chou_microcantilever_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0165-2125\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.wavemoti.2009.08.002\",\"abstract\":\"This paper considers the propagation of anti-plane shear waves in a half-space whose shear modulus and mass density have an arbitrary dependence on the distance from the free surface. An appropriate reformulation of the anti-plane displacement produces a governing equation for the reformulated displacement that is amenable to a solution in the high-frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface subsequently yields an equation which relates the speed of surface waves to the wavenumber and to the functions that define the depth dependence of the shear modulus and the mass density. Restrictions for the existence of surface waves are discussed, and numerical results are presented.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Wave Motion\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Achenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"keywords\":\"Antiplane surface waves, Functionally graded materials, Inhomogeneous half-space\",\"pages\":\"59–65\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{achenbach_anti-plane_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0165-2125},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.wavemoti.2009.08.002},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper considers the propagation of anti-plane shear waves in a half-space whose shear modulus and mass density have an arbitrary dependence on the distance from the free surface. An appropriate reformulation of the anti-plane displacement produces a governing equation for the reformulated displacement that is amenable to a solution in the high-frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface subsequently yields an equation which relates the speed of surface waves to the wavenumber and to the functions that define the depth dependence of the shear modulus and the mass density. Restrictions for the existence of surface waves are discussed, and numerical results are presented.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Wave Motion},\\n\\tauthor = {Achenbach, Jan D. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antiplane surface waves, Functionally graded materials, Inhomogeneous half-space},\\n\\tpages = {59--65},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Achenbach, J. D.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"achenbach_anti-plane_2010\",\"id\":\"achenbach_anti-plane_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antiplane surface waves\",\"Functionally graded materials\",\"Inhomogeneous half-space\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy to Measure Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of Cement Pastes\",\"volume\":\"2141\",\"issn\":\"0361-1981\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17\",\"doi\":\"10.3141/2141-17\",\"abstract\":\"The measurement of elastic properties at the nanoscale is a prerequisite to building a foundation for nanomechanics applications. At present, nanoindentation is widely used to measure the properties of elasticity. Under this method, a sample is indented with a rigid probe and the resistant force of the indentation is measured. The reduced modulus measured on the basis of the resistant force and the indentation depth is then converted to the elastic modulus of the sample. However, its spatial resolution, the distance between two consecutive locations of measurement, is limited to about 5 μm because of the area of the indented tip. Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy is an alternative method of attaining spatial resolution at the nanometer level. It uses information based on the vibrations transferred from the piezoelectric actuator at the bottom of a sample to the cantilever contacting the top surface of the sample. The cantilever makes contact with a relatively small force; as a consequence, it decreases the contact area and improves the spatial resolution. The application of atomic force acoustic microscopy to a cementitious material is described, and the results of the measurement of the elastic modulus of a cement paste are presented.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Transportation Research Record\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae\",\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Surendra\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"102–108\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_atomic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Atomic {Force} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} to {Measure} {Nanoscale} {Mechanical} {Properties} of {Cement} {Pastes}},\\n\\tvolume = {2141},\\n\\tissn = {0361-1981},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3141/2141-17},\\n\\tabstract = {The measurement of elastic properties at the nanoscale is a prerequisite to building a foundation for nanomechanics applications. At present, nanoindentation is widely used to measure the properties of elasticity. Under this method, a sample is indented with a rigid probe and the resistant force of the indentation is measured. The reduced modulus measured on the basis of the resistant force and the indentation depth is then converted to the elastic modulus of the sample. However, its spatial resolution, the distance between two consecutive locations of measurement, is limited to about 5 μm because of the area of the indented tip. Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy is an alternative method of attaining spatial resolution at the nanometer level. It uses information based on the vibrations transferred from the piezoelectric actuator at the bottom of a sample to the cantilever contacting the top surface of the sample. The cantilever makes contact with a relatively small force; as a consequence, it decreases the contact area and improves the spatial resolution. The application of atomic force acoustic microscopy to a cementitious material is described, and the results of the measurement of the elastic modulus of a cement paste are presented.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Transportation Research Record},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Jae Hong and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Shah, Surendra P.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {102--108},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J. H.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Shah, S. P.\"],\"key\":\"kim_atomic_2010\",\"id\":\"kim_atomic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Dynamic strain sensing of a model long span bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors\",\"url\":\"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477\",\"abstract\":\"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{zhu_dynamic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Dynamic strain sensing of a model long span bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors},\\n\\turl = {http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477},\\n\\tabstract = {Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Y. J. and Balogun, O. and Zhu, Y. and Zhu, S. and Xu, Y. L. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, Y. J.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Zhu, S.\",\"Xu, Y. L.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_dynamic_2010\",\"id\":\"zhu_dynamic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-balogun-zhu-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensingofamodellongspanbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"series\":\"IUTAM Bookseries\",\"title\":\"Generation and Propagation of Anti-Plane Surface Waves on a Body with Depth-Dependent Properties\",\"isbn\":\"978-90-481-9893-1\",\"abstract\":\"The generation and propagation of anti-plane surface waves on an inhomogeneous half-space of depth dependent shear modulus and mass density, is discussed in this paper. The radiation of surface waves an anti-plane line load is analyzed by an application of the reciprocity theorem. Next the governing equation for free surface waves is reformulated in a form that is amenable to a surface wave solution in the high frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface yields an equation for the velocity of surface waves, in terms of the wave number and derivatives of the functions defining the depth dependence of the shear modules and the mass density. This equation does not always have a realvalued solution, and when it does the amplitude of the corresponding wave motion does not always display the decrease with depth that would define a surface wave.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these observations.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"booktitle\":\"IUTAM Symposium on Recent Advances of Acoustic Waves in Solids\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Netherlands\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Achenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tsung-Tsong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chien-Ching\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Depth Dependence, Line Load, Rayleigh Wave, Reciprocity Theorem, Surface Wave\",\"pages\":\"33–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{achenbach_generation_2010,\\n\\tseries = {{IUTAM} {Bookseries}},\\n\\ttitle = {Generation and {Propagation} of {Anti}-{Plane} {Surface} {Waves} on a {Body} with {Depth}-{Dependent} {Properties}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-90-481-9893-1},\\n\\tabstract = {The generation and propagation of anti-plane surface waves on an inhomogeneous half-space of depth dependent shear modulus and mass density, is discussed in this paper. The radiation of surface waves an anti-plane line load is analyzed by an application of the reciprocity theorem. Next the governing equation for free surface waves is reformulated in a form that is amenable to a surface wave solution in the high frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface yields an equation for the velocity of surface waves, in terms of the wave number and derivatives of the functions defining the depth dependence of the shear modules and the mass density. This equation does not always have a realvalued solution, and when it does the amplitude of the corresponding wave motion does not always display the decrease with depth that would define a surface wave.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these observations.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{IUTAM} {Symposium} on {Recent} {Advances} of {Acoustic} {Waves} in {Solids}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Netherlands},\\n\\tauthor = {Achenbach, Jan D. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\teditor = {Wu, Tsung-Tsong and Ma, Chien-Ching},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Depth Dependence, Line Load, Rayleigh Wave, Reciprocity Theorem, Surface Wave},\\n\\tpages = {33--43},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Achenbach, J. D.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Wu, T.\",\"Ma, C.\"],\"key\":\"achenbach_generation_2010\",\"id\":\"achenbach_generation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"achenbach-balogun-generationandpropagationofantiplanesurfacewavesonabodywithdepthdependentproperties-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Depth Dependence\",\"Line Load\",\"Rayleigh Wave\",\"Reciprocity Theorem\",\"Surface Wave\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Single-longitudinal-mode fiber Bragg grating ring laser for real-time strain monitoring\",\"url\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-\",\"language\":\"English (US)\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop - Structural Health Monitoring 2010\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"754–759\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{zhu_single-longitudinal-mode_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Single-longitudinal-mode fiber {Bragg} grating ring laser for real-time strain monitoring},\\n\\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-},\\n\\tlanguage = {English (US)},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {European} {Workshop} - {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring} 2010},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Y. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {754--759},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_single-longitudinal-mode_2010\",\"id\":\"zhu_single-longitudinal-mode_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-singlelongitudinalmodefiberbragggratingringlaserforrealtimestrainmonitoring-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of disbonding in glare composites using lamb wave approach\",\"volume\":\"1211\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.3362193\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiaojian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ningli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"1198–1205\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_detection_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of disbonding in glare composites using lamb wave approach},\\n\\tvolume = {1211},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3362193},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Qiaojian and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Yang, Ningli and Regez, Brad and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {1198--1205},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, Q.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Yang, N.\",\"Regez, B.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"huang_detection_2010\",\"id\":\"huang_detection_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of water‐saturated porous cement paste by a laser based ultrasonic nde technique\",\"volume\":\"1211\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.3362252\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ningli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hong\",\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"1541–1548\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yang_characterization_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of water‐saturated porous cement paste by a laser based ultrasonic nde technique},\\n\\tvolume = {1211},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3362252},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Yang, Ningli and Hong Kim, Jae and Thomas, Jeffrey J. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {1541--1548},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yang, N.\",\"Hong Kim, J.\",\"Thomas, J. J.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"yang_characterization_2010\",\"id\":\"yang_characterization_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acoustic emission monitoring using two‐wave mixing interferometer\",\"volume\":\"1211\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.3362301\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"1807–1811\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_acoustic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Acoustic emission monitoring using two‐wave mixing interferometer},\\n\\tvolume = {1211},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3362301},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Y. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {1807--1811},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_acoustic_2010\",\"id\":\"zhu_acoustic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Real-time full-field photoacoustic imaging using an ultrasonic camera\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1083-3668, 1560-2281\",\"url\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short\",\"doi\":\"10.1117/1.3420079\",\"abstract\":\"A photoacoustic imaging system that incorporates a commercial ultrasonic camera for real-time imaging of two-dimensional (2-D) projection planes in tissue at video rate (30 Hz) is presented. The system uses a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser for photoacoustic generation. The ultrasonic camera consists of a 2-D 12×12 mm CCD chip with 120×120 piezoelectric sensing elements used for detecting the photoacoustic pressure distribution radiated from the target. An ultrasonic lens system is placed in front of the chip to collect the incoming photoacoustic waves, providing the ability for focusing and imaging at different depths. Compared with other existing photoacoustic imaging techniques, the camera-based system is attractive because it is relatively inexpensive and compact, and it can be tailored for real-time clinical imaging applications. Experimental results detailing the real-time photoacoustic imaging of rubber strings and buried absorbing targets in chicken breast tissue are presented, and the spatial resolution of the system is quantified.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Biomedical Optics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hao\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Number: 2\",\"pages\":\"021318\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_real-time_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Real-time full-field photoacoustic imaging using an ultrasonic camera},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1083-3668, 1560-2281},\\n\\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1117/1.3420079},\\n\\tabstract = {A photoacoustic imaging system that incorporates a commercial ultrasonic camera for real-time imaging of two-dimensional (2-D) projection planes in tissue at video rate (30 Hz) is presented. The system uses a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser for photoacoustic generation. The ultrasonic camera consists of a 2-D 12×12 mm CCD chip with 120×120 piezoelectric sensing elements used for detecting the photoacoustic pressure distribution radiated from the target. An ultrasonic lens system is placed in front of the chip to collect the incoming photoacoustic waves, providing the ability for focusing and imaging at different depths. Compared with other existing photoacoustic imaging techniques, the camera-based system is attractive because it is relatively inexpensive and compact, and it can be tailored for real-time clinical imaging applications. Experimental results detailing the real-time photoacoustic imaging of rubber strings and buried absorbing targets in chicken breast tissue are presented, and the spatial resolution of the system is quantified.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Regez, Brad and Zhang, Hao F. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 2},\\n\\tpages = {021318},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Regez, B.\",\"Zhang, H. F.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_real-time_2010\",\"id\":\"balogun_real-time_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber Bragg grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring\",\"volume\":\"7648\",\"url\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short\",\"doi\":\"10.1117/12.848979\",\"abstract\":\"Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are wavelength selective optical reflectors with excellent strain sensitivity and small sensing footprint, which makes them suitable as diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring applications. In this work, we explore the narrowband wavelength selectivity of FBGs for optical feedback in a tunable fiber ring laser. The fiber ring laser consists of an erbium doped fiber laser that is pumped with a Raman laser (980 nm) to produce population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band. The ASE light is used to illuminate a FBG sensor connected to the ring, and the reflected light from the sensor is fed back into the laser cavity to produce stimulated emission at the instantaneous center wavelength of the sensor. As the wavelength of the sensor shifts due mechanical or thermal strains, the wavelength of the optical output from the ring laser shifts accordingly. By combining the ring laser with a dynamic spectral demodulator for optical readout, the instantaneous wavelength of the ring laser is tracked with high temporal resolution. The fiber ring laser system offers several potential advantages in the diagnostic sensing of mechanical strains for SHM applications including, fully integrated laser and sensor system, high source power levels at the sensor wavelength, narrow spectral line-width, coherent spectral demodulation, and low system costs. In this work, we present experimental results that detail the feasibility of dynamic spectral tuning of the fiber ring laser at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz using a single FBG sensing element. Using multiple sensing elements, the fiber ring laser system would allow for active monitoring of dynamic strains in a multi-point sensor array configuration, which is particularly suitable for the localization of high frequency mechanical strains produced by impact loading and cracking events in structures.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems 2010\",\"publisher\":\"International Society for Optics and Photonics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yinian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"764802\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{balogun_interrogation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber {Bragg} grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring},\\n\\tvolume = {7648},\\n\\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1117/12.848979},\\n\\tabstract = {Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are wavelength selective optical reflectors with excellent strain sensitivity and small sensing footprint, which makes them suitable as diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring applications. In this work, we explore the narrowband wavelength selectivity of FBGs for optical feedback in a tunable fiber ring laser. The fiber ring laser consists of an erbium doped fiber laser that is pumped with a Raman laser (980 nm) to produce population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band. The ASE light is used to illuminate a FBG sensor connected to the ring, and the reflected light from the sensor is fed back into the laser cavity to produce stimulated emission at the instantaneous center wavelength of the sensor. As the wavelength of the sensor shifts due mechanical or thermal strains, the wavelength of the optical output from the ring laser shifts accordingly. By combining the ring laser with a dynamic spectral demodulator for optical readout, the instantaneous wavelength of the ring laser is tracked with high temporal resolution. The fiber ring laser system offers several potential advantages in the diagnostic sensing of mechanical strains for SHM applications including, fully integrated laser and sensor system, high source power levels at the sensor wavelength, narrow spectral line-width, coherent spectral demodulation, and low system costs. In this work, we present experimental results that detail the feasibility of dynamic spectral tuning of the fiber ring laser at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz using a single FBG sensing element. Using multiple sensing elements, the fiber ring laser system would allow for active monitoring of dynamic strains in a multi-point sensor array configuration, which is particularly suitable for the localization of high frequency mechanical strains produced by impact loading and cracking events in structures.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Smart {Sensor} {Phenomena}, {Technology}, {Networks}, and {Systems} 2010},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Zhu, Yinian and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {764802},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_interrogation_2010\",\"id\":\"balogun_interrogation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"patent\",\"type\":\"patent\",\"title\":\"Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves\",\"url\":\"https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en\",\"abstract\":\"A laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes employs an amplitude-modulated laser source to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero group velocity resonance generated with a low power modulated excitation source can be detected using an optical probe such as a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.\",\"nationality\":\"US\",\"assignee\":\"Boston University\",\"number\":\"US7798000B1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"Inventors: _:n491 Issue: US7798000B1\",\"keywords\":\"item, laser beam, location, predetermined, resonance peak\",\"bibtex\":\"@patent{murray_non-destructive_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves},\\n\\turl = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en},\\n\\tabstract = {A laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes employs an amplitude-modulated laser source to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero group velocity resonance generated with a low power modulated excitation source can be detected using an optical probe such as a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.},\\n\\tnationality = {US},\\n\\tassignee = {Boston University},\\n\\tnumber = {US7798000B1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Murray, Todd W. and Prada, Claire and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {Inventors: \\\\_:n491\\nIssue: US7798000B1},\\n\\tkeywords = {item, laser beam, location, predetermined, resonance peak},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Prada, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"murray_non-destructive_2010\",\"id\":\"murray_non-destructive_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-prada-balogun-nondestructiveimagingcharacterizationormeasurementofthinitemsusinglasergeneratedlambwaves-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en\"},\"keyword\":[\"item\",\"laser beam\",\"location\",\"predetermined\",\"resonance peak\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High-spatial-resolution sub-surface imaging using a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"issn\":\"0885-3010\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1789\",\"abstract\":\"Scanning acoustic microscopy techniques operating at frequencies in the gigahertz range are suitable for the elastic characterization and interior imaging of solid media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Acoustic wave propagation at these frequencies is strongly limited by energy losses, particularly from attenuation in the coupling media used to transmit ultrasound to a specimen, leading to a decrease in the depth in a specimen that can be interrogated. In this work, a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique is presented that uses a pulsed laser source for the generation of broadband acoustic waves and an optical interferometer for detection. The use of a 900-ps microchip pulsed laser facilitates the generation of acoustic waves with frequencies extending up to 1 GHz which allows for the resolution of micrometer-scale features in a specimen. Furthermore, the combination of optical generation and detection approaches eliminates the use of an ultrasonic coupling medium, and allows for elastic characterization and interior imaging at penetration depths on the order of several hundred micrometers. Experimental results illustrating the use of the laser-based acoustic microscopy technique for imaging micrometer-scale subsurface geometrical features in a 70-μm-thick single-crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation are presented.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cole\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chinn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spicer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"keywords\":\"Acoustics, Microscopy, 100 orientation, acoustic microscopy, acoustic wave generation, acoustic wave propagation, elastic characterization, elasticity, elemental semiconductors, Equipment Design, geometrical properties, high-spatial-resolution subsurface imaging, laser-based acoustic microscopy, Lasers, light interferometry, microchip pulsed laser, micrometer-scale spatial resolution, Microscopy, Acoustic, optical detection, optical interferometer, Optical surface waves, Reflection, scanning acoustic microscopy, Si, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, silicon, Silicon, single-crystal silicon wafer, size 70 mum, Surface Properties, texture, Ultrasonic imaging, ultrasonic propagation, ultrasonic transmission\",\"pages\":\"226–233\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_high-spatial-resolution_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {High-spatial-resolution sub-surface imaging using a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\tissn = {0885-3010},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1789},\\n\\tabstract = {Scanning acoustic microscopy techniques operating at frequencies in the gigahertz range are suitable for the elastic characterization and interior imaging of solid media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Acoustic wave propagation at these frequencies is strongly limited by energy losses, particularly from attenuation in the coupling media used to transmit ultrasound to a specimen, leading to a decrease in the depth in a specimen that can be interrogated. In this work, a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique is presented that uses a pulsed laser source for the generation of broadband acoustic waves and an optical interferometer for detection. The use of a 900-ps microchip pulsed laser facilitates the generation of acoustic waves with frequencies extending up to 1 GHz which allows for the resolution of micrometer-scale features in a specimen. Furthermore, the combination of optical generation and detection approaches eliminates the use of an ultrasonic coupling medium, and allows for elastic characterization and interior imaging at penetration depths on the order of several hundred micrometers. Experimental results illustrating the use of the laser-based acoustic microscopy technique for imaging micrometer-scale subsurface geometrical features in a 70-μm-thick single-crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation are presented.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Cole, G. D. and Huber, R. and Chinn, D. and Murray, T. W. and Spicer, J. B.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acoustics, Microscopy, 100 orientation, acoustic microscopy, acoustic wave generation, acoustic wave propagation, elastic characterization, elasticity, elemental semiconductors, Equipment Design, geometrical properties, high-spatial-resolution subsurface imaging, laser-based acoustic microscopy, Lasers, light interferometry, microchip pulsed laser, micrometer-scale spatial resolution, Microscopy, Acoustic, optical detection, optical interferometer, Optical surface waves, Reflection, scanning acoustic microscopy, Si, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, silicon, Silicon, single-crystal silicon wafer, size 70 mum, Surface Properties, texture, Ultrasonic imaging, ultrasonic propagation, ultrasonic transmission},\\n\\tpages = {226--233},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Cole, G. D.\",\"Huber, R.\",\"Chinn, D.\",\"Murray, T. W.\",\"Spicer, J. B.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_high-spatial-resolution_2011\",\"id\":\"balogun_high-spatial-resolution_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-cole-huber-chinn-murray-spicer-highspatialresolutionsubsurfaceimagingusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscopytechnique-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Acoustics\",\"Microscopy\",\"100 orientation\",\"acoustic microscopy\",\"acoustic wave generation\",\"acoustic wave propagation\",\"elastic characterization\",\"elasticity\",\"elemental semiconductors\",\"Equipment Design\",\"geometrical properties\",\"high-spatial-resolution subsurface imaging\",\"laser-based acoustic microscopy\",\"Lasers\",\"light interferometry\",\"microchip pulsed laser\",\"micrometer-scale spatial resolution\",\"Microscopy\",\"Acoustic\",\"optical detection\",\"optical interferometer\",\"Optical surface waves\",\"Reflection\",\"scanning acoustic microscopy\",\"Si\",\"Signal Processing\",\"Computer-Assisted\",\"silicon\",\"Silicon\",\"single-crystal silicon wafer\",\"size 70 mum\",\"Surface Properties\",\"texture\",\"Ultrasonic imaging\",\"ultrasonic propagation\",\"ultrasonic transmission\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Adaptive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring: Applications to Impact Monitoring\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1475-9217\",\"shorttitle\":\"Adaptive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1475921710365437\",\"abstract\":\"A passive structural health monitoring (SHM) system for locating foreign-object impact using a network of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors that monitor high frequency dynamic strains is described. The FBG sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using a two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulator. Strains applied on the FBG sensors are encoded as wavelength shifts of the light reflected by the FBG sensor which are then converted into phase shifts and demodulated by the TWM interferometer. The demodulator adaptively compensates for low frequency drifts caused by large quasi-static strain and temperature drift and allows only high frequency signals to pass through. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to artificial impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Owing to the directional sensitivity of the FBG sensors, an FBG sensor-pair configuration is used at each sensing location. The impact signals from multiple FBG sensors are simultaneously acquired at frequencies of up to 180kHz. Using time-frequency wavelet analysis, the group velocity dispersion curve of the detected Lamb wave modes is obtained from the measured transient responses of the sensors, and this is used to determine the location of the impact.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Structural Health Monitoring\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirikera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Goutham\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"5–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kirikera_adaptive_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Adaptive {Fiber} {Bragg} {Grating} {Sensor} {Network} for {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}: {Applications} to {Impact} {Monitoring}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1475-9217},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Adaptive {Fiber} {Bragg} {Grating} {Sensor} {Network} for {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1475921710365437},\\n\\tabstract = {A passive structural health monitoring (SHM) system for locating foreign-object impact using a network of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors that monitor high frequency dynamic strains is described. The FBG sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using a two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulator. Strains applied on the FBG sensors are encoded as wavelength shifts of the light reflected by the FBG sensor which are then converted into phase shifts and demodulated by the TWM interferometer. The demodulator adaptively compensates for low frequency drifts caused by large quasi-static strain and temperature drift and allows only high frequency signals to pass through. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to artificial impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Owing to the directional sensitivity of the FBG sensors, an FBG sensor-pair configuration is used at each sensing location. The impact signals from multiple FBG sensors are simultaneously acquired at frequencies of up to 180kHz. Using time-frequency wavelet analysis, the group velocity dispersion curve of the detected Lamb wave modes is obtained from the measured transient responses of the sensors, and this is used to determine the location of the impact.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Structural Health Monitoring},\\n\\tauthor = {Kirikera, Goutham R. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {5--16},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kirikera, G. R.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"kirikera_adaptive_2011\",\"id\":\"kirikera_adaptive_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Intelligent Structural Health Monitoring of Vehicular Bridges Using Fiber Optic Sensors to Detect Acoustic Emission\",\"publisher\":\"CCITT, Center for the Commercialization of Innovative Transportation Technology, Northwestern University\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yinian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bradley\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\",\"Oladeinde\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{zhu_intelligent_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Intelligent {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring} of {Vehicular} {Bridges} {Using} {Fiber} {Optic} {Sensors} to {Detect} {Acoustic} {Emission}},\\n\\tpublisher = {CCITT, Center for the Commercialization of Innovative Transportation Technology, Northwestern University},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Yan and Zhu, Yinian and Regez, Bradley A. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Regez, B. A.\",\"Balogun, O. O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_intelligent_2011\",\"id\":\"zhu_intelligent_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-zhu-regez-balogun-krishnaswamy-intelligentstructuralhealthmonitoringofvehicularbridgesusingfiberopticsensorstodetectacousticemission-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dynamic strain sensing in a long‐span suspension bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors\",\"volume\":\"1335\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.3592098\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yinian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan‐Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Songye\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"You‐Lin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"1418–1423\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_dynamic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Dynamic strain sensing in a long‐span suspension bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors},\\n\\tvolume = {1335},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3592098},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Yinian and Zhu, Yan‐Jin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Zhu, Songye and Xu, You‐Lin and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {1418--1423},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Zhu, S.\",\"Xu, Y.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_dynamic_2011\",\"id\":\"zhu_dynamic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1058-9759\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10589759.2011.573554\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper, we present an overview of research in the area of narrow-bandwidth generation and detection of ultrasound using a technique referred to as frequency domain photoacoustics. An intensity-modulated continuous wave laser is used for narrowband ultrasound generation, and an interferometer coupled to a radio frequency lock-in amplifier is used for detection. Excellent sensitivity is achieved using sinusoidal modulation of the excitation laser over long time scales, thereby focusing the acoustic energy at the excitation frequency. We describe an experimental approach for the direct detection of narrowband signals at the ultrasound excitation frequency, and a superheterodyne technique in which the signal is optically down-converted to a low and fixed intermediate frequency prior to detection. Two approaches for materials characterisation using frequency domain photoacoustic measurements are presented. In the first approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency-domain data. Ultrasound arrivals that are separated in the time domain can then be time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source-to-receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the ultrasound modes generated by the laser are detected by analysing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode at a given frequency to be determined. Experimental measurements in thin films, plates and nanomechanical structures are presented.\",\"number\":\"3-4\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"note\":\"Number: 3-4\",\"keywords\":\"narrowband, photoacoustics, resonance\",\"pages\":\"335–351\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_frequency_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1058-9759},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10589759.2011.573554},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper, we present an overview of research in the area of narrow-bandwidth generation and detection of ultrasound using a technique referred to as frequency domain photoacoustics. An intensity-modulated continuous wave laser is used for narrowband ultrasound generation, and an interferometer coupled to a radio frequency lock-in amplifier is used for detection. Excellent sensitivity is achieved using sinusoidal modulation of the excitation laser over long time scales, thereby focusing the acoustic energy at the excitation frequency. We describe an experimental approach for the direct detection of narrowband signals at the ultrasound excitation frequency, and a superheterodyne technique in which the signal is optically down-converted to a low and fixed intermediate frequency prior to detection. Two approaches for materials characterisation using frequency domain photoacoustic measurements are presented. In the first approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency-domain data. Ultrasound arrivals that are separated in the time domain can then be time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source-to-receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the ultrasound modes generated by the laser are detected by analysing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode at a given frequency to be determined. Experimental measurements in thin films, plates and nanomechanical structures are presented.},\\n\\tnumber = {3-4},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Murray, Todd W.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 3-4},\\n\\tkeywords = {narrowband, photoacoustics, resonance},\\n\\tpages = {335--351},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Murray, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_frequency_2011\",\"id\":\"balogun_frequency_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554\"},\"keyword\":[\"narrowband\",\"photoacoustics\",\"resonance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Adaptive multi-channel fiber Bragg grating interrogation system for rapid detection of acoustic emission and impact\",\"url\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f\",\"language\":\"English (US)\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"booktitle\":\"SAMPE 2012 Conference and Exhibition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yinian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiaojian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{zhu_adaptive_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Adaptive multi-channel fiber {Bragg} grating interrogation system for rapid detection of acoustic emission and impact},\\n\\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f},\\n\\tlanguage = {English (US)},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{SAMPE} 2012 {Conference} and {Exhibition}},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Yinian and Huang, Qiaojian and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Huang, Q.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Krishnaswamy, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_adaptive_2012\",\"id\":\"zhu_adaptive_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-huang-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivemultichannelfiberbragggratinginterrogationsystemforrapiddetectionofacousticemissionandimpact-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Surface waves on a half space with depth-dependent properties\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"issn\":\"0001-4966\",\"url\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438\",\"doi\":\"10.1121/1.4739438\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Achenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"note\":\"Number: 3\",\"pages\":\"1336–1345\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_surface_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Surface waves on a half space with depth-dependent properties},\\n\\tvolume = {132},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4966},\\n\\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4739438},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 3},\\n\\tpages = {1336--1345},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Achenbach, J. D.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_surface_2012\",\"id\":\"balogun_surface_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Intelligent Structural Health Management of Civil Infrastructure\",\"url\":\"https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krishnaswamy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sridhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Achenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae\",\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kirk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kulkarni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salil\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Naik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gautam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brandon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ningli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shijie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yinian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{krishnaswamy_intelligent_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Intelligent {Structural} {Health} {Management} of {Civil} {Infrastructure}},\\n\\turl = {https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Krishnaswamy, Sridhar and Achenbach, Jan and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kim, Jae Hong and Kuehling, Kirk and Kulkarni, Salil S. and Naik, Gautam and Regez, Brad and Strom, Brandon and Thomas, Jeffrey J. and Yang, Ningli and Zheng, Shijie and Zhu, Yinian},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Krishnaswamy, S.\",\"Achenbach, J.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Kim, J. H.\",\"Kuehling, K.\",\"Kulkarni, S. S.\",\"Naik, G.\",\"Regez, B.\",\"Strom, B.\",\"Thomas, J. J.\",\"Yang, N.\",\"Zheng, S.\",\"Zhu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"krishnaswamy_intelligent_2012\",\"id\":\"krishnaswamy_intelligent_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"krishnaswamy-achenbach-balogun-kim-kuehling-kulkarni-naik-regez-etal-intelligentstructuralhealthmanagementofcivilinfrastructure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system\",\"volume\":\"1511\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.4789070\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"360–366\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahn_optical_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system},\\n\\tvolume = {1511},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4789070},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Zhang, Zhen and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {360--366},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahn, P.\",\"Zhang, Z.\",\"Sun, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ahn_optical_2013\",\"id\":\"ahn_optical_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves\",\"volume\":\"1511\",\"issn\":\"0094-243X\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.4789067\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"AIP Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sherman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bradley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"Number: 1\",\"pages\":\"337–344\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sherman_optical_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves},\\n\\tvolume = {1511},\\n\\tissn = {0094-243X},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4789067},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\\n\\tauthor = {Sherman, Bradley and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1},\\n\\tpages = {337--344},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sherman, B.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"sherman_optical_2013\",\"id\":\"sherman_optical_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ultrasonic near-field optical microscopy using a plasmonic nanofocusing probe\",\"volume\":\"113\",\"issn\":\"0021-8979\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.4810925\",\"number\":\"23\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Applied Physics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"Number: 23\",\"pages\":\"234903\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahn_ultrasonic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Ultrasonic near-field optical microscopy using a plasmonic nanofocusing probe},\\n\\tvolume = {113},\\n\\tissn = {0021-8979},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4810925},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Zhang, Zhen and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 23},\\n\\tpages = {234903},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahn, P.\",\"Zhang, Z.\",\"Sun, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ahn_ultrasonic_2013\",\"id\":\"ahn_ultrasonic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantitative Imaging of Rapidly Decaying Evanescent Fields Using Plasmonic Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"copyright\":\"2013 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/srep02803\",\"abstract\":\"Non-propagating evanescent fields play an important role in the development of nano-photonic devices. While detecting the evanescent fields in far-field can be accomplished by coupling it to the propagating waves, in practice they are measured in the presence of unwanted propagating background components. It leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio and thus to errors in quantitative analysis of the local evanescent fields. Here we report on a plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy (p-NSOM) technique that incorporates a nanofocusing probe for adiabatic focusing of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the probe apex, and for enhanced coupling of evanescent waves to the far-field. In addition, a harmonic demodulation technique is employed to suppress the contribution of the background. Our experimental results show strong evidence of background free near-field imaging using the new p-NSOM technique. Furthermore, we present measurements of surface plasmon cavity modes, and quantify their contributing sources using an analytical model.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Biqin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"2803\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_quantitative_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantitative {Imaging} of {Rapidly} {Decaying} {Evanescent} {Fields} {Using} {Plasmonic} {Near}-{Field} {Scanning} {Optical} {Microscopy}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tcopyright = {2013 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/srep02803},\\n\\tabstract = {Non-propagating evanescent fields play an important role in the development of nano-photonic devices. While detecting the evanescent fields in far-field can be accomplished by coupling it to the propagating waves, in practice they are measured in the presence of unwanted propagating background components. It leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio and thus to errors in quantitative analysis of the local evanescent fields. Here we report on a plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy (p-NSOM) technique that incorporates a nanofocusing probe for adiabatic focusing of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the probe apex, and for enhanced coupling of evanescent waves to the far-field. In addition, a harmonic demodulation technique is employed to suppress the contribution of the background. Our experimental results show strong evidence of background free near-field imaging using the new p-NSOM technique. Furthermore, we present measurements of surface plasmon cavity modes, and quantify their contributing sources using an analytical model.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Zhen and Ahn, Phillip and Dong, Biqin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Sun, Cheng},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {2803},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, Z.\",\"Ahn, P.\",\"Dong, B.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Sun, C.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_quantitative_2013\",\"id\":\"zhang_quantitative_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Advanced Modelling of Wave Propagation in Solids\",\"title\":\"Surface waves generated by a line load on a half-space with depth-dependent properties\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"0165-2125\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.001\",\"abstract\":\"The reciprocity theorem of elastodynamics is used in this paper to determine the surface waves that are radiated from a time-harmonic line load applied at the surface of a solid body, whose elastic moduli and mass density depend on the distance from the surface. In a high-frequency approximation, the surface wave velocity and expressions for the displacement and stresses of free surface waves are employed in the reciprocity theorem. The general expressions for the surface wave radiated by the oscillating line load, together with a virtual free surface wave, when employed in the reciprocity theorem, yield relatively simple expressions for the amplitude factor of the radiated surface wave. Results show the amplitude factor as a function of the wavenumber.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Wave Motion\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Achenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"Number: 7\",\"keywords\":\"Inhomogeneous elastic half-space, Surface acoustic waves, WKB approximation\",\"pages\":\"1063–1072\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balogun_surface_2013,\\n\\tseries = {Advanced {Modelling} of {Wave} {Propagation} in {Solids}},\\n\\ttitle = {Surface waves generated by a line load on a half-space with depth-dependent properties},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {0165-2125},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.001},\\n\\tabstract = {The reciprocity theorem of elastodynamics is used in this paper to determine the surface waves that are radiated from a time-harmonic line load applied at the surface of a solid body, whose elastic moduli and mass density depend on the distance from the surface. In a high-frequency approximation, the surface wave velocity and expressions for the displacement and stresses of free surface waves are employed in the reciprocity theorem. The general expressions for the surface wave radiated by the oscillating line load, together with a virtual free surface wave, when employed in the reciprocity theorem, yield relatively simple expressions for the amplitude factor of the radiated surface wave. Results show the amplitude factor as a function of the wavenumber.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Wave Motion},\\n\\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 7},\\n\\tkeywords = {Inhomogeneous elastic half-space, Surface acoustic waves, WKB approximation},\\n\\tpages = {1063--1072},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balogun, O.\",\"Achenbach, J. D.\"],\"key\":\"balogun_surface_2013\",\"id\":\"balogun_surface_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516\"},\"keyword\":[\"Inhomogeneous elastic half-space\",\"Surface acoustic waves\",\"WKB approximation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Elastic characterization of nanoporous gold foams using laser based ultrasonics\",\"volume\":\"54\",\"issn\":\"0041-624X\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.004\",\"abstract\":\"A resonance based laser ultrasonics technique is explored for the characterization of low density nanoporous gold foams. Laser generated zero group velocity (ZGV) lamb waves are measured in the foams using a Michelson interferometer. The amplitude spectra obtained from the processed time-domain data are analyzed using a theoretical model from which the foam Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are obtained. The technique is non-contact and nondestructive, and the ZGV resonance modes are spatially localized, allowing for spatial mapping of the bulk sample properties. The technique may be suitable for process control monitoring and mechanical characterization of low density nanoporous structures.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Ultrasonics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"Number: 3\",\"keywords\":\"Laser based ultrasonics, Nanoporous foams, Nondestructive testing, Zero group velocity resonance\",\"pages\":\"795–800\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahn_elastic_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Elastic characterization of nanoporous gold foams using laser based ultrasonics},\\n\\tvolume = {54},\\n\\tissn = {0041-624X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.004},\\n\\tabstract = {A resonance based laser ultrasonics technique is explored for the characterization of low density nanoporous gold foams. Laser generated zero group velocity (ZGV) lamb waves are measured in the foams using a Michelson interferometer. The amplitude spectra obtained from the processed time-domain data are analyzed using a theoretical model from which the foam Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are obtained. The technique is non-contact and nondestructive, and the ZGV resonance modes are spatially localized, allowing for spatial mapping of the bulk sample properties. The technique may be suitable for process control monitoring and mechanical characterization of low density nanoporous structures.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Ultrasonics},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 3},\\n\\tkeywords = {Laser based ultrasonics, Nanoporous foams, Nondestructive testing, Zero group velocity resonance},\\n\\tpages = {795--800},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahn, P.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ahn_elastic_2014\",\"id\":\"ahn_elastic_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898\"},\"keyword\":[\"Laser based ultrasonics\",\"Nanoporous foams\",\"Nondestructive testing\",\"Zero group velocity resonance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"Text\",\"title\":\"Quantitative Image Analysis of Mesoscale Biofilm Structure with Optical Coherence Tomography\",\"url\":\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hao\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"doi\":\"info:doi/10.2175/193864715819540793\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{rosenthal_quantitative_2015,\\n\\ttype = {Text},\\n\\ttitle = {Quantitative {Image} {Analysis} of {Mesoscale} {Biofilm} {Structure} with {Optical} {Coherence} {Tomography}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Rosenthal, Alex and Yi, Ji and Zhang, Hao F. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tdoi = {info:doi/10.2175/193864715819540793},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rosenthal, A.\",\"Yi, J.\",\"Zhang, H. F.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Wells, G.\"],\"key\":\"rosenthal_quantitative_2015\",\"id\":\"rosenthal_quantitative_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"copyright\":\"2015 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/srep10058\",\"abstract\":\"Near-field optical techniques exploit light-matter interactions at small length scales for mechanical sensing and actuation of nanomechanical structures. Here, we study the optical interaction between two mechanical oscillators—a plasmonic nanofocusing probe-tip supported by a low frequency cantilever, and a high frequency nanomechanical resonator—and leverage their interaction for local detection of mechanical vibrations. The plasmonic nanofocusing probe provides a confined optical source to enhance the interaction between the two oscillators. Dynamic perturbation of the optical cavity between the probe-tip and the resonator leads to nonlinear modulation of the scattered light intensity at the sum and difference of their frequencies. This double-frequency demodulation scheme is explored to suppress unwanted background and to detect mechanical vibrations with a minimum detectable displacement sensitivity of 0.45 pm/Hz1/2, which is limited by shot noise and electrical noise. We explore the demodulation scheme for imaging the bending vibration mode shape of the resonator with a lateral spatial resolution of 20 nm. We also demonstrate the time-resolved aspect of the local optical interaction by recording the ring-down vibrations of the resonator at frequencies of up to 129 MHz. The near-field optical technique is promising for studying dynamic mechanical processes in individual nanostructures.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"II\",\"Woong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"10058\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahn_dynamic_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tcopyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/srep10058},\\n\\tabstract = {Near-field optical techniques exploit light-matter interactions at small length scales for mechanical sensing and actuation of nanomechanical structures. Here, we study the optical interaction between two mechanical oscillators—a plasmonic nanofocusing probe-tip supported by a low frequency cantilever, and a high frequency nanomechanical resonator—and leverage their interaction for local detection of mechanical vibrations. The plasmonic nanofocusing probe provides a confined optical source to enhance the interaction between the two oscillators. Dynamic perturbation of the optical cavity between the probe-tip and the resonator leads to nonlinear modulation of the scattered light intensity at the sum and difference of their frequencies. This double-frequency demodulation scheme is explored to suppress unwanted background and to detect mechanical vibrations with a minimum detectable displacement sensitivity of 0.45 pm/Hz1/2, which is limited by shot noise and electrical noise. We explore the demodulation scheme for imaging the bending vibration mode shape of the resonator with a lateral spatial resolution of 20 nm. We also demonstrate the time-resolved aspect of the local optical interaction by recording the ring-down vibrations of the resonator at frequencies of up to 129 MHz. The near-field optical technique is promising for studying dynamic mechanical processes in individual nanostructures.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Chen, Xiang and Zhang, Zhen and Ford, Matthew and Rosenmann, Daniel and Jung, II Woong and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {10058},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahn, P.\",\"Chen, X.\",\"Zhang, Z.\",\"Ford, M.\",\"Rosenmann, D.\",\"Jung, I. W.\",\"Sun, C.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ahn_dynamic_2015\",\"id\":\"ahn_dynamic_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thin film interface stresses produced by high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"0021-8979\",\"url\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.4931937\",\"number\":\"13\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Applied Physics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sherman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bradley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong-Cin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"note\":\"Number: 13\",\"pages\":\"135303\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sherman_thin_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Thin film interface stresses produced by high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {0021-8979},\\n\\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4931937},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\\n\\tauthor = {Sherman, Bradley and Liou, Hong-Cin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 13},\\n\\tpages = {135303},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sherman, B.\",\"Liou, H.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"sherman_thin_2015\",\"id\":\"sherman_thin_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Buckling of the bicycle wheel\",\"url\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel\",\"language\":\"English (US)\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Proceedings of the 2016 Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics Conference\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Papadopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jim\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ford_buckling_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Buckling of the bicycle wheel},\\n\\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel},\\n\\tlanguage = {English (US)},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Proceedings of the 2016 Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics Conference},\\n\\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Papadopoulos, Jim M. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ford, M.\",\"Papadopoulos, J. M.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ford_buckling_2016\",\"id\":\"ford_buckling_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ford-papadopoulos-balogun-bucklingofthebicyclewheel-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"Text\",\"title\":\"Morphological examination of nitrifying biofilms in a moving bed biofilm reactor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization\",\"url\":\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"doi\":\"info:doi/10.2175/193864716819713123\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{rosenthal_morphological_2016,\\n\\ttype = {Text},\\n\\ttitle = {Morphological examination of nitrifying biofilms in a moving bed biofilm reactor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tauthor = {Rosenthal, Alex F. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George F.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tdoi = {info:doi/10.2175/193864716819713123},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rosenthal, A. F.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Wells, G. F.\"],\"key\":\"rosenthal_morphological_2016\",\"id\":\"rosenthal_morphological_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Buckling and collapse of the bicycle wheel\",\"url\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel\",\"language\":\"English (US)\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"24th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM 2016)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"2770–2771\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ford_buckling_2016-1,\\n\\ttitle = {Buckling and collapse of the bicycle wheel},\\n\\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel},\\n\\tlanguage = {English (US)},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {24th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM 2016)},\\n\\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Zhang, Li and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {2770--2771},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ford, M.\",\"Zhang, L.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"ford_buckling_2016-1\",\"id\":\"ford_buckling_2016-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ford-zhang-balogun-bucklingandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Near-Field Photothermal Heating with a Plasmonic Nanofocusing Probe\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1572-9567\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1\",\"abstract\":\"Noble metal nanostructures support plasmon resonances—collective oscillation of charge carriers at optical frequencies—and serve as effective tools to create bright light sources at the nanoscale. These sources are useful in broad application areas including, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, nanolithography, and near-field optomechanical transducers. The feasibility of these applications relies on efficient conversion of free-space propagating light to plasmons. Recently, we demonstrated a hybrid nanofocusing scheme for efficient coupling of light to plasmons at the apex of a scanning probe. In the approach, free-space light is coupled to propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the tapered shaft of the scanning probe. The SPPs propagate adiabatically towards the probe tip where they are coupled to localized plasmons (LSPs). The nanofocusing scheme was explored in a near-field scanning optical microscope for super-resolution imaging, near-field transduction of nanomechanical vibrations, and local detection of ultrasound. Owing to the strong concentration of light at the probe, significant heating of the tip and a sample positioned in the optical near-field is expected. This paper investigates the local heating produced by the plasmonic nanofocusing probe under steady-state conditions using the tip-enhanced Raman scattering approach. In addition, a finite element model is explored to study the coupling of free propagating light to LSPs, and to estimate the temperature rise expected in a halfspace heated by absorption of the LSPs. This study has implications for exploring the plasmonic nanofocusing probe in heat-assisted nanofabrication and fundamental studies of nanoscale heat transport in materials.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Thermophysics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Biqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"note\":\"Number: 3\",\"keywords\":\"Near-field heating, Plasmonic nanofocusing, Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy\",\"pages\":\"26\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_near-field_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Near-{Field} {Photothermal} {Heating} with a {Plasmonic} {Nanofocusing} {Probe}},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1572-9567},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Noble metal nanostructures support plasmon resonances—collective oscillation of charge carriers at optical frequencies—and serve as effective tools to create bright light sources at the nanoscale. These sources are useful in broad application areas including, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, nanolithography, and near-field optomechanical transducers. The feasibility of these applications relies on efficient conversion of free-space propagating light to plasmons. Recently, we demonstrated a hybrid nanofocusing scheme for efficient coupling of light to plasmons at the apex of a scanning probe. In the approach, free-space light is coupled to propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the tapered shaft of the scanning probe. The SPPs propagate adiabatically towards the probe tip where they are coupled to localized plasmons (LSPs). The nanofocusing scheme was explored in a near-field scanning optical microscope for super-resolution imaging, near-field transduction of nanomechanical vibrations, and local detection of ultrasound. Owing to the strong concentration of light at the probe, significant heating of the tip and a sample positioned in the optical near-field is expected. This paper investigates the local heating produced by the plasmonic nanofocusing probe under steady-state conditions using the tip-enhanced Raman scattering approach. In addition, a finite element model is explored to study the coupling of free propagating light to LSPs, and to estimate the temperature rise expected in a halfspace heated by absorption of the LSPs. This study has implications for exploring the plasmonic nanofocusing probe in heat-assisted nanofabrication and fundamental studies of nanoscale heat transport in materials.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Thermophysics},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Xiang and Dong, Biqing and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 3},\\n\\tkeywords = {Near-field heating, Plasmonic nanofocusing, Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy},\\n\\tpages = {26},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, X.\",\"Dong, B.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"chen_near-field_2016\",\"id\":\"chen_near-field_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Near-field heating\",\"Plasmonic nanofocusing\",\"Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thickness Resonance Acoustic Microscopy for Nanomechanical Subsurface Imaging\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"1936-0851\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsnano.7b02170\",\"abstract\":\"A nondestructive scanning near-field thickness resonance acoustic microscopy (SNTRAM) has been developed that provides high-resolution mechanical depth sensitivity and sharp phase contrast of subsurface features. In SNTRAM technology, we excited the sample at its thickness resonance, at which a sharp change in phase is observed and mapped with a scanning probe microscopy stage in near field to provide nanometer-scale nanomechanical contrast of subsurface features/defects. We reported here the remarkable subsubsurface phase contrast and sensitivity of SNTRAM by exciting the sample with a sinusoidal elastic wave at a frequency equal to the thickness resonance of the sample. This results in a large shift in phase component associated with the bulk longitudinal wave propagating through the sample thickness, thus suggesting the usefulness of this method for (a) generating better image contrast due to high S/N of the transmitted ultrasound wave to the other side of the sample and (b) sensitive detection of local variation in material properties at much better resolution due to the sharp change in phase. We demonstrated that the sample excited at the thickness resonance has a more substantial phase contrast and depth sensitivity than that excited at off-resonance and related acoustic techniques. Subsurface features down to 5–8 nm lateral resolution have been demonstrated using a standard sample.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"ACS Nano\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shekhawat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gajendra\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Srivastava\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arvind\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dravid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vinayak\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"note\":\"Number: 6\",\"pages\":\"6139–6145\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shekhawat_thickness_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Thickness {Resonance} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} for {Nanomechanical} {Subsurface} {Imaging}},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {1936-0851},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acsnano.7b02170},\\n\\tabstract = {A nondestructive scanning near-field thickness resonance acoustic microscopy (SNTRAM) has been developed that provides high-resolution mechanical depth sensitivity and sharp phase contrast of subsurface features. In SNTRAM technology, we excited the sample at its thickness resonance, at which a sharp change in phase is observed and mapped with a scanning probe microscopy stage in near field to provide nanometer-scale nanomechanical contrast of subsurface features/defects. We reported here the remarkable subsubsurface phase contrast and sensitivity of SNTRAM by exciting the sample with a sinusoidal elastic wave at a frequency equal to the thickness resonance of the sample. This results in a large shift in phase component associated with the bulk longitudinal wave propagating through the sample thickness, thus suggesting the usefulness of this method for (a) generating better image contrast due to high S/N of the transmitted ultrasound wave to the other side of the sample and (b) sensitive detection of local variation in material properties at much better resolution due to the sharp change in phase. We demonstrated that the sample excited at the thickness resonance has a more substantial phase contrast and depth sensitivity than that excited at off-resonance and related acoustic techniques. Subsurface features down to 5–8 nm lateral resolution have been demonstrated using a standard sample.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Nano},\\n\\tauthor = {Shekhawat, Gajendra S. and Srivastava, Arvind K. and Dravid, Vinayak P. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 6},\\n\\tpages = {6139--6145},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shekhawat, G. S.\",\"Srivastava, A. K.\",\"Dravid, V. P.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"shekhawat_thickness_2017\",\"id\":\"shekhawat_thickness_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Near-field optical detection of acoustic and nanomechanical vibrations using localized surface plasmon polaritons\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/NANO.2017.8117295\",\"abstract\":\"We explore scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to demonstrate local measurement of motion in an isolated, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator actuated by a harmonic photothermal source. In the measurement, a plasmonic nanofocusing element is integrated with a SPM probe for efficient concentration of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the apex of probe tip and confinement of light in the gap between the probe-tip and surface of the nanomechanical resonator. Upon illuminating the nanomechanical resonator with an intensity modulated laser, the light source is partially absorbed leading to heating, thermal expansion in the metal coating and the silicon substrate, and a heat-induced bending moment in the resonator. The bending motion of the resonator changes the width of the gap between the probe-tip and the resonator leading to modulation of the scattered light intensity in the far-field. We explore a heterodyne demodulation approach to suppress unwanted background scattering and resolve the mode shapes of the first and second bending modes of the resonator. The measurement technique allows for an all-optical actuation and detection of mechanical vibrations in micro- and nanostructures with sub-wavelength lateral spatial resolution. Furthermore, the measurement technique enables the actuation of nanomechanical resonators over a broad frequency range, and measurement of their steady state displacement with high frequency resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.\",\"booktitle\":\"2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"keywords\":\"Optical scattering, Optical surface waves, Si, acoustic vibrations, bending, bending motion, coatings, Frequency measurement, harmonic photothermal source, heat-induced bending moment, heterodyne demodulation, localized surface plasmon polaritons, mechanical vibrations, metal coating, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator, microstructures, nanomechanical vibrations, nanomechanics, nanophotonics, nanosensors, nanostructures, near-field optical detection, Optical amplifiers, Optical resonators, optical sensors, plasmonic nanofocusing, plasmonics, polaritons, Resonant frequency, scanning probe microscopy, signal-to-noise ratio, surface plasmons, thermal expansion, vibrations, Vibrations\",\"pages\":\"443–448\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{chen_near-field_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Near-field optical detection of acoustic and nanomechanical vibrations using localized surface plasmon polaritons},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1109/NANO.2017.8117295},\\n\\tabstract = {We explore scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to demonstrate local measurement of motion in an isolated, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator actuated by a harmonic photothermal source. In the measurement, a plasmonic nanofocusing element is integrated with a SPM probe for efficient concentration of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the apex of probe tip and confinement of light in the gap between the probe-tip and surface of the nanomechanical resonator. Upon illuminating the nanomechanical resonator with an intensity modulated laser, the light source is partially absorbed leading to heating, thermal expansion in the metal coating and the silicon substrate, and a heat-induced bending moment in the resonator. The bending motion of the resonator changes the width of the gap between the probe-tip and the resonator leading to modulation of the scattered light intensity in the far-field. We explore a heterodyne demodulation approach to suppress unwanted background scattering and resolve the mode shapes of the first and second bending modes of the resonator. The measurement technique allows for an all-optical actuation and detection of mechanical vibrations in micro- and nanostructures with sub-wavelength lateral spatial resolution. Furthermore, the measurement technique enables the actuation of nanomechanical resonators over a broad frequency range, and measurement of their steady state displacement with high frequency resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {2017 {IEEE} 17th {International} {Conference} on {Nanotechnology} ({IEEE}-{NANO})},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, X. and Balogun, O.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tkeywords = {Optical scattering, Optical surface waves, Si, acoustic vibrations, bending, bending motion, coatings, Frequency measurement, harmonic photothermal source, heat-induced bending moment, heterodyne demodulation, localized surface plasmon polaritons, mechanical vibrations, metal coating, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator, microstructures, nanomechanical vibrations, nanomechanics, nanophotonics, nanosensors, nanostructures, near-field optical detection, Optical amplifiers, Optical resonators, optical sensors, plasmonic nanofocusing, plasmonics, polaritons, Resonant frequency, scanning probe microscopy, signal-to-noise ratio, surface plasmons, thermal expansion, vibrations, Vibrations},\\n\\tpages = {443--448},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, X.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"chen_near-field_2017\",\"id\":\"chen_near-field_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-balogun-nearfieldopticaldetectionofacousticandnanomechanicalvibrationsusinglocalizedsurfaceplasmonpolaritons-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Optical scattering\",\"Optical surface waves\",\"Si\",\"acoustic vibrations\",\"bending\",\"bending motion\",\"coatings\",\"Frequency measurement\",\"harmonic photothermal source\",\"heat-induced bending moment\",\"heterodyne demodulation\",\"localized surface plasmon polaritons\",\"mechanical vibrations\",\"metal coating\",\"metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator\",\"microstructures\",\"nanomechanical vibrations\",\"nanomechanics\",\"nanophotonics\",\"nanosensors\",\"nanostructures\",\"near-field optical detection\",\"Optical amplifiers\",\"Optical resonators\",\"optical sensors\",\"plasmonic nanofocusing\",\"plasmonics\",\"polaritons\",\"Resonant frequency\",\"scanning probe microscopy\",\"signal-to-noise ratio\",\"surface plasmons\",\"thermal expansion\",\"vibrations\",\"Vibrations\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spalling-like failure by cylindrical projectiles deteriorates the ballistic performance of multi-layer graphene plates\",\"volume\":\"126\",\"issn\":\"0008-6223\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.068\",\"abstract\":\"Ballistic performance of ultra-thin graphene membranes have recently been investigated at the micro and nanoscale. Two open questions that remain unanswered are, how graphitic plates behave when they can no longer be treated as a thin membrane, and how the projectile shape influences the perforation resistance of plates of varying thicknesses. Through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we show that beyond a critical plate thickness, a cylindrical projectile penetrates the plate at a lower velocity than a spherical one. This counterintuitive phenomenon is explained by spalling-like failure for thicker plates, where the graphene layers at the bottom section undergo a wave-superposition induced failure in the cylindrical case. Finite element simulations are carried out to show that in-plane tensile stress concentrates at the bottom section, resulting from the superposition of incident and reflected stress waves. A mechanics relationship is then proposed to describe the resisting pressure of the graphitic plate during ballistic impact. The analytical relationship indicates that the intensity of stress wave, which affects the spalling-like failure, depends on the projectile initial velocity, plate compressive modulus, and density. Our findings reveal the existence of a new failure mechanism for multi-layer graphene systems, and provide theoretical guidance for future dynamic mechanical property characterization of graphitic barriers.\",\"urldate\":\"2018-09-16\",\"journal\":\"Carbon\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhaoxu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jialun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keten\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sinan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Ballistic impact, Coarse-grained molecular dynamics, Multi-layer graphene (MLG) plate, Projectile shape, Spalling, Stress wave\",\"pages\":\"611–619\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meng_spalling-like_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Spalling-like failure by cylindrical projectiles deteriorates the ballistic performance of multi-layer graphene plates},\\n\\tvolume = {126},\\n\\tissn = {0008-6223},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.068},\\n\\tabstract = {Ballistic performance of ultra-thin graphene membranes have recently been investigated at the micro and nanoscale. Two open questions that remain unanswered are, how graphitic plates behave when they can no longer be treated as a thin membrane, and how the projectile shape influences the perforation resistance of plates of varying thicknesses. Through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we show that beyond a critical plate thickness, a cylindrical projectile penetrates the plate at a lower velocity than a spherical one. This counterintuitive phenomenon is explained by spalling-like failure for thicker plates, where the graphene layers at the bottom section undergo a wave-superposition induced failure in the cylindrical case. Finite element simulations are carried out to show that in-plane tensile stress concentrates at the bottom section, resulting from the superposition of incident and reflected stress waves. A mechanics relationship is then proposed to describe the resisting pressure of the graphitic plate during ballistic impact. The analytical relationship indicates that the intensity of stress wave, which affects the spalling-like failure, depends on the projectile initial velocity, plate compressive modulus, and density. Our findings reveal the existence of a new failure mechanism for multi-layer graphene systems, and provide theoretical guidance for future dynamic mechanical property characterization of graphitic barriers.},\\n\\turldate = {2018-09-16},\\n\\tjournal = {Carbon},\\n\\tauthor = {Meng, Zhaoxu and Han, Jialun and Qin, Xin and Zhang, Yao and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Keten, Sinan},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ballistic impact, Coarse-grained molecular dynamics, Multi-layer graphene (MLG) plate, Projectile shape, Spalling, Stress wave},\\n\\tpages = {611--619},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meng, Z.\",\"Han, J.\",\"Qin, X.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Keten, S.\"],\"key\":\"meng_spalling-like_2018\",\"id\":\"meng_spalling-like_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ballistic impact\",\"Coarse-grained molecular dynamics\",\"Multi-layer graphene (MLG) plate\",\"Projectile shape\",\"Spalling\",\"Stress wave\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppression at Grain Boundaries\",\"volume\":\"n/a\",\"copyright\":\"© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH\",\"issn\":\"1521-4095\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/adma.202302777\",\"abstract\":\"Grain-boundary engineering is an effective strategy to tune the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved performance in thermoelectric, thermal-barrier coatings, and thermal management applications. Despite the central importance to thermal transport, a clear understanding of how grain boundaries modulate the microscale heat flow is missing, owing to the scarcity of local investigations. Here, thermal imaging of individual grain boundaries is demonstrated in thermoelectric SnTe via spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Measurements with microscale resolution reveal local suppressions in thermal conductivity at grain boundaries. Also, the grain-boundary thermal resistance – extracted by employing a Gibbs excess approach – is found to be correlated with the grain-boundary misorientation angle. Extracting thermal properties, including thermal boundary resistances, from microscale imaging can provide comprehensive understanding of how microstructure affects heat transport, crucially impacting the materials design of high-performance thermal-management and energy-conversion devices.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"n/a\",\"urldate\":\"2023-09-20\",\"journal\":\"Advanced Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isotta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eleonora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shizhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zevalkink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Snyder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"Jeffrey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"frequency domain thermoreflectance, Gibbs excess, grain boundaries, Kapitza resistance, SnTe, thermal conductivity, thermal imaging\",\"pages\":\"2302777\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ZK3V6DC5\\\\\\\\Isotta et al. - Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppres.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\RC998AYL\\\\\\\\adma.html:text/html\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{isotta_microscale_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Microscale {Imaging} of {Thermal} {Conductivity} {Suppression} at {Grain} {Boundaries}},\\n\\tvolume = {n/a},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH},\\n\\tissn = {1521-4095},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/adma.202302777},\\n\\tabstract = {Grain-boundary engineering is an effective strategy to tune the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved performance in thermoelectric, thermal-barrier coatings, and thermal management applications. Despite the central importance to thermal transport, a clear understanding of how grain boundaries modulate the microscale heat flow is missing, owing to the scarcity of local investigations. Here, thermal imaging of individual grain boundaries is demonstrated in thermoelectric SnTe via spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Measurements with microscale resolution reveal local suppressions in thermal conductivity at grain boundaries. Also, the grain-boundary thermal resistance – extracted by employing a Gibbs excess approach – is found to be correlated with the grain-boundary misorientation angle. Extracting thermal properties, including thermal boundary resistances, from microscale imaging can provide comprehensive understanding of how microstructure affects heat transport, crucially impacting the materials design of high-performance thermal-management and energy-conversion devices.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {n/a},\\n\\turldate = {2023-09-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Advanced Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Isotta, Eleonora and Jiang, Shizhou and Moller, Gregory and Zevalkink, Alexandra and Snyder, G. Jeffrey and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {frequency domain thermoreflectance, Gibbs excess, grain boundaries, Kapitza resistance, SnTe, thermal conductivity, thermal imaging},\\n\\tpages = {2302777},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ZK3V6DC5\\\\\\\\Isotta et al. - Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppres.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\RC998AYL\\\\\\\\adma.html:text/html},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Isotta, E.\",\"Jiang, S.\",\"Moller, G.\",\"Zevalkink, A.\",\"Snyder, G. J.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"isotta_microscale_2023\",\"id\":\"isotta_microscale_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777\"},\"keyword\":[\"frequency domain thermoreflectance\",\"Gibbs excess\",\"grain boundaries\",\"Kapitza resistance\",\"SnTe\",\"thermal conductivity\",\"thermal imaging\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivity of Several Hydrocarbon Base Oils\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"issn\":\"1573-2711\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z\",\"abstract\":\"This paper is on determination of the thermal conductivities of several hydrocarbon base oils by means of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using two different force fields. It aims to explore a simulation-based method for lubricant molecular design and analysis concerning heat transfer in electrical vehicle lubrication. Argon was analyzed as a reference for method evaluation, and the results reveal that the calculated conductivity strongly depends on the size of the computational domain. However, for hydrocarbon base oils, the dependence on computation domain size is less prominent as the domain size increases. The method of direct calculation in a sufficiently large computation domain and that of reciprocal extrapolation with data calculated in a much smaller domain are both applicable, and each has a certain value in oil conductivity calculation. The calculated conductivities show certain overpredictions when compared with experimentally measured results, and the overprediction factor is related to number of carbon atoms of the liquid molecules. The results reveal that the thermal conductivity of a single-chain hydrocarbon liquid is linearly proportional to the number of carbon atoms. While each additional branch increases thermal conductivity slightly, the presence of multiple branches reduces it from the ideal linear relationship. A set of equations was formulated to correlate hydrocarbon liquid thermal conductivity with molecular characteristics in terms of number of carbon atoms and number of branches.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2023-09-20\",\"journal\":\"Tribology Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahmed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jannat\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Q.\",\"Jane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ning\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"England\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lockwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frances\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Force fields, Hydrocarbon base oils, MD simulation, Size effect, Thermal conductivity\",\"pages\":\"70\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\D̋35I6B8\\\\\\\\Ahmed et al. - 2023 - Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivit.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahmed_molecular_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Molecular {Dynamics} {Modeling} of {Thermal} {Conductivity} of {Several} {Hydrocarbon} {Base} {Oils}},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\tissn = {1573-2711},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper is on determination of the thermal conductivities of several hydrocarbon base oils by means of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using two different force fields. It aims to explore a simulation-based method for lubricant molecular design and analysis concerning heat transfer in electrical vehicle lubrication. Argon was analyzed as a reference for method evaluation, and the results reveal that the calculated conductivity strongly depends on the size of the computational domain. However, for hydrocarbon base oils, the dependence on computation domain size is less prominent as the domain size increases. The method of direct calculation in a sufficiently large computation domain and that of reciprocal extrapolation with data calculated in a much smaller domain are both applicable, and each has a certain value in oil conductivity calculation. The calculated conductivities show certain overpredictions when compared with experimentally measured results, and the overprediction factor is related to number of carbon atoms of the liquid molecules. The results reveal that the thermal conductivity of a single-chain hydrocarbon liquid is linearly proportional to the number of carbon atoms. While each additional branch increases thermal conductivity slightly, the presence of multiple branches reduces it from the ideal linear relationship. A set of equations was formulated to correlate hydrocarbon liquid thermal conductivity with molecular characteristics in terms of number of carbon atoms and number of branches.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2023-09-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Tribology Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahmed, Jannat and Wang, Q. Jane and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Ren, Ning and England, Roger and Lockwood, Frances},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Force fields, Hydrocarbon base oils, MD simulation, Size effect, Thermal conductivity},\\n\\tpages = {70},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\HD35I6B8\\\\\\\\Ahmed et al. - 2023 - Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivit.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahmed, J.\",\"Wang, Q. J.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Ren, N.\",\"England, R.\",\"Lockwood, F.\"],\"key\":\"ahmed_molecular_2023\",\"id\":\"ahmed_molecular_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z\"},\"keyword\":[\"Force fields\",\"Hydrocarbon base oils\",\"MD simulation\",\"Size effect\",\"Thermal conductivity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms \\\\textbar ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces\",\"url\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755\",\"urldate\":\"2023-09-20\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lebedev\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dmitry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shizhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrews, Loren\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gish, J Tyler\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song, Thomas W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hersam, Mark C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun, Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"file\":\"Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\EGQJG7QQ\\\\\\\\acsami.html:text/html\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{lebedev_quantitative_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantitative {Characterization} of the {Anisotropic} {Thermal} {Properties} of {Encapsulated} {Two}-{Dimensional} {MoS2} {Nanofilms} {\\\\textbar} {ACS} {Applied} {Materials} \\\\& {Interfaces}},\\n\\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755},\\n\\turldate = {2023-09-20},\\n\\tauthor = {Lebedev, Dmitry and Jiang, Shizhou and {Andrews, Loren} and {Gish, J Tyler} and {Song, Thomas W} and {Hersam, Mark C} and {Balogun, Oluwaseyi}},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tfile = {Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\EGQJG7QQ\\\\\\\\acsami.html:text/html},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lebedev, D.\",\"Jiang, S.\",\"Andrews, Loren\",\"Gish, J Tyler\",\"Song, Thomas W\",\"Hersam, Mark C\",\"Balogun, Oluwaseyi\"],\"key\":\"lebedev_quantitative_2023\",\"id\":\"lebedev_quantitative_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lebedev-jiang-andrews-gish-song-hersam-balogun-quantitativecharacterizationoftheanisotropicthermalpropertiesofencapsulatedtwodimensionalmos2nanofilmstextbaracsappliedmaterialsinterfaces-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"GAN-DUF: Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for Design Under Free-Form Geometric Uncertainty\",\"volume\":\"145\",\"issn\":\"1050-0472\",\"shorttitle\":\"GAN-DUF\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898\",\"doi\":\"10.1115/1.4055898\",\"abstract\":\"Deep generative models have demonstrated effectiveness in learning compact and expressive design representations that significantly improve geometric design optimization. However, these models do not consider the uncertainty introduced by manufacturing or fabrication. The past work that quantifies such uncertainty often makes simplifying assumptions on geometric variations, while the “real-world,” “free-form” uncertainty and its impact on design performance are difficult to quantify due to the high dimensionality. To address this issue, we propose a generative adversarial network-based design under uncertainty framework (GAN-DUF), which contains a deep generative model that simultaneously learns a compact representation of nominal (ideal) designs and the conditional distribution of fabricated designs given any nominal design. This opens up new possibilities of (1) building a universal uncertainty quantification model compatible with both shape and topological designs, (2) modeling free-form geometric uncertainties without the need to make any assumptions on the distribution of geometric variability, and (3) allowing fast prediction of uncertainties for new nominal designs. We can combine the proposed deep generative model with robust design optimization or reliability-based design optimization for design under uncertainty. We demonstrated the framework on two real-world engineering design examples and showed its capability of finding the solution that possesses better performance after fabrication.\",\"number\":\"011703\",\"urldate\":\"2023-09-20\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Mechanical Design\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\",\"(Wayne)\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Doksoo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\7GQCVJS6\\\\\\\\Chen et al. - 2022 - GAN-DUF Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for D.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_gan-duf_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {{GAN}-{DUF}: {Hierarchical} {Deep} {Generative} {Models} for {Design} {Under} {Free}-{Form} {Geometric} {Uncertainty}},\\n\\tvolume = {145},\\n\\tissn = {1050-0472},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{GAN}-{DUF}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1115/1.4055898},\\n\\tabstract = {Deep generative models have demonstrated effectiveness in learning compact and expressive design representations that significantly improve geometric design optimization. However, these models do not consider the uncertainty introduced by manufacturing or fabrication. The past work that quantifies such uncertainty often makes simplifying assumptions on geometric variations, while the “real-world,” “free-form” uncertainty and its impact on design performance are difficult to quantify due to the high dimensionality. To address this issue, we propose a generative adversarial network-based design under uncertainty framework (GAN-DUF), which contains a deep generative model that simultaneously learns a compact representation of nominal (ideal) designs and the conditional distribution of fabricated designs given any nominal design. This opens up new possibilities of (1) building a universal uncertainty quantification model compatible with both shape and topological designs, (2) modeling free-form geometric uncertainties without the need to make any assumptions on the distribution of geometric variability, and (3) allowing fast prediction of uncertainties for new nominal designs. We can combine the proposed deep generative model with robust design optimization or reliability-based design optimization for design under uncertainty. We demonstrated the framework on two real-world engineering design examples and showed its capability of finding the solution that possesses better performance after fabrication.},\\n\\tnumber = {011703},\\n\\turldate = {2023-09-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Wei (Wayne) and Lee, Doksoo and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Chen, Wei},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\7GQCVJS6\\\\\\\\Chen et al. - 2022 - GAN-DUF Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for D.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, W. (.\",\"Lee, D.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Chen, W.\"],\"key\":\"chen_gan-duf_2022\",\"id\":\"chen_gan-duf_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking pH and time\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"copyright\":\"2022 The Author(s)\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41598-022-25111-7\",\"abstract\":\"Hydrogel-encapsulated catalysts are an attractive tool for low-cost intensification of (bio)-processes. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogels crosslinked with boric acid and post-cured with sulfate (PVA-SA-BS) have been applied in bioproduction and water treatment processes, but the low pH required for crosslinking may negatively affect biocatalyst functionality. Here, we investigate how crosslinking pH (3, 4, and 5) and time (1, 2, and 8 h) affect the physicochemical, elastic, and process properties of PVA-SA-BS beads. Overall, bead properties were most affected by crosslinking pH. Beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were smaller and contained larger internal cavities, while optical coherence tomography suggested polymer cross-linking density was higher. Optical coherence elastography revealed PVA-SA-BS beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were stiffer than pH 5 beads. Dextran Blue release showed that pH 3-produced beads enabled higher diffusion rates and were more porous. Last, over a 28-day incubation, pH 3 and 4 beads lost more microspheres (as cell proxies) than beads produced at pH 5, while the latter released more polymer material. Overall, this study provides a path forward to tailor PVA-SA-BS hydrogel bead properties towards a broad range of applications, such as chemical, enzymatic, and microbially catalyzed (bio)-processes.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2023-09-20\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Candry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pieter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Godfrey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ziwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sabba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dieppa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fudge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Winkler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mari-Karoliina\",\"Henriikka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\",\"keywords\":\"Biotechnology, Chemical engineering, Gels and hydrogels\",\"pages\":\"20822\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\X8X9BHUF\\\\\\\\Candry et al. - 2022 - Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-S.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{candry_tailoring_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate ({PVA}-{SA}) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking {pH} and time},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tcopyright = {2022 The Author(s)},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-022-25111-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Hydrogel-encapsulated catalysts are an attractive tool for low-cost intensification of (bio)-processes. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogels crosslinked with boric acid and post-cured with sulfate (PVA-SA-BS) have been applied in bioproduction and water treatment processes, but the low pH required for crosslinking may negatively affect biocatalyst functionality. Here, we investigate how crosslinking pH (3, 4, and 5) and time (1, 2, and 8 h) affect the physicochemical, elastic, and process properties of PVA-SA-BS beads. Overall, bead properties were most affected by crosslinking pH. Beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were smaller and contained larger internal cavities, while optical coherence tomography suggested polymer cross-linking density was higher. Optical coherence elastography revealed PVA-SA-BS beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were stiffer than pH 5 beads. Dextran Blue release showed that pH 3-produced beads enabled higher diffusion rates and were more porous. Last, over a 28-day incubation, pH 3 and 4 beads lost more microspheres (as cell proxies) than beads produced at pH 5, while the latter released more polymer material. Overall, this study provides a path forward to tailor PVA-SA-BS hydrogel bead properties towards a broad range of applications, such as chemical, enzymatic, and microbially catalyzed (bio)-processes.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2023-09-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Candry, Pieter and Godfrey, Bruce J. and Wang, Ziwei and Sabba, Fabrizio and Dieppa, Evan and Fudge, Julia and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George and Winkler, Mari-Karoliina Henriikka},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1\\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biotechnology, Chemical engineering, Gels and hydrogels},\\n\\tpages = {20822},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Evan\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\X8X9BHUF\\\\\\\\Candry et al. - 2022 - Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-S.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Candry, P.\",\"Godfrey, B. J.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Sabba, F.\",\"Dieppa, E.\",\"Fudge, J.\",\"Balogun, O.\",\"Wells, G.\",\"Winkler, M. H.\"],\"key\":\"candry_tailoring_2022\",\"id\":\"candry_tailoring_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biotechnology\",\"Chemical engineering\",\"Gels and hydrogels\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantifying Elastic Properties of Environmental Biofilms using Optical Coherence Elastography\",\"issn\":\"1940-087X\",\"url\":\"https://www.jove.com/t/66118\",\"doi\":\"10.3791/66118\",\"abstract\":\"Biofilms are complex biomaterials comprising a well-organized network of microbial cells encased in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This paper presents a detailed account of the implementation of optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements tailored for the elastic characterization of biofilms. OCE is a non-destructive optical technique that enables the local mapping of the microstructure, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of partially transparent soft materials with high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide a comprehensive guide detailing the essential procedures for the correct implementation of this technique, along with a methodology to estimate the bulk Young's modulus of granular biofilms from the collected measurements. These consist of the system setup, data acquisition, and postprocessing. In the discussion, we delve into the underlying physics of the sensors used in OCE and explore the fundamental limitations regarding the spatial and temporal scales of OCE measurements. We conclude with potential future directions for advancing the OCE technique to facilitate elastic measurements of environmental biofilms.\",\"number\":\"205\",\"journal\":\"JoVE\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dieppa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ziwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sabba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balogun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oluwaseyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"note\":\"Publisher: MyJoVE Corp\",\"keywords\":\"This Month in JoVE\",\"pages\":\"e66118\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dieppa_quantifying_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantifying {Elastic} {Properties} of {Environmental} {Biofilms} using {Optical} {Coherence} {Elastography}},\\n\\tissn = {1940-087X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.jove.com/t/66118},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3791/66118},\\n\\tabstract = {Biofilms are complex biomaterials comprising a well-organized network of microbial cells encased in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This paper presents a detailed account of the implementation of optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements tailored for the elastic characterization of biofilms. OCE is a non-destructive optical technique that enables the local mapping of the microstructure, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of partially transparent soft materials with high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide a comprehensive guide detailing the essential procedures for the correct implementation of this technique, along with a methodology to estimate the bulk Young's modulus of granular biofilms from the collected measurements. These consist of the system setup, data acquisition, and postprocessing. In the discussion, we delve into the underlying physics of the sensors used in OCE and explore the fundamental limitations regarding the spatial and temporal scales of OCE measurements. We conclude with potential future directions for advancing the OCE technique to facilitate elastic measurements of environmental biofilms.},\\n\\tnumber = {205},\\n\\tjournal = {JoVE},\\n\\tauthor = {Dieppa, Evan and Schmitz, Hannah and Wang, Ziwei and Sabba, Fabrizio and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: MyJoVE Corp},\\n\\tkeywords = {This Month in JoVE},\\n\\tpages = {e66118},\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dieppa, E.\",\"Schmitz, H.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Sabba, F.\",\"Wells, G.\",\"Balogun, O.\"],\"key\":\"dieppa_quantifying_2024\",\"id\":\"dieppa_quantifying_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.jove.com/t/66118\"},\"keyword\":[\"This Month in JoVE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"balogun, o\",\"authorlinks\":{\"balogun, o\":\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\"}},\n      ownerID: \"dRQikPp2jv7XtNDZr\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"2zhophrQcMiPxmfpX\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{ford_acoustic_2018,
	title = {Acoustic {Modal} {Testing} of {Bicycle} {Rims}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1573-4862},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7},
	abstract = {The stiffness, strength, and safety of a bicycle wheel depend critically on the stiffness of its rim. However, the complicated cross-sections of modern bicycle rims make estimation of the stiffness by geometric methods very difficult. We have measured the radial bending stiffness and lateral-torsional stiffness of bicycle rims by experimental modal analysis using a smartphone microphone. Our acoustic method is fast, cheap, and non-destructive, and estimates the radial bending stiffness, EI11EI11EI\_\{11\}, to within 8\% and the torsional stiffness, GJ, to within 11\% as compared with a direct mechanical test. The acoustic method also provides a direct measurement of the coupled lateral-torsional effective stiffness, which is necessary for calculating many useful properties of bicycle wheels such as stiffness, buckling tension, and the influence of spoke tensioning. For a complete bicycle wheel, the lateral stiffness can be determined by a superposition of equivalent springs for each mode in series, where each mode stiffness contains a rim stiffness and spoke stiffness combined in parallel. We give example calculations on two realistic bicycle wheels using our experimentally derived rim properties to show how stiff spokes can compensate for a flexible rim, while a very stiff rim doesn’t necessarily result in a stiff wheel.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation},
	author = {Ford, Matthew and Peng, Patrick and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Acoustics, Bicycle wheel, Experimental modal analysis, Smartphone applications, Structural characterization},
	pages = {16},
}



@article{rosenthal_morphological_2018,
	title = {Morphological analysis of pore size and connectivity in a thick mixed-culture biofilm},
	volume = {115},
	copyright = {© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1097-0290},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729},
	doi = {10.1002/bit.26729},
	abstract = {Morphological parameters are commonly used to predict transport and metabolic kinetics in biofilms. Yet, quantification of biofilm morphology remains challenging because of imaging technology limitations and lack of robust analytical approaches. We present a novel set of imaging and image analysis techniques to estimate internal porosity, pore size distributions, and pore network connectivity to a depth of 1 mm at a resolution of 10 µm in a biofilm exhibiting both heterotrophic and nitrifying activities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans revealed an extensive pore network with diameters as large as 110 µm directly connected to the biofilm surface and surrounding fluid. Thin-section fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) distributed through the entire thickness of the biofilm. AOB were particularly concentrated in the biofilm around internal pores. Areal porosity values estimated from OCT scans were consistently lower than those estimated from multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, though the two imaging modalities showed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.49, p {\textless} 0.0001). Estimates of areal porosity were moderately sensitive to gray-level threshold selection, though several automated thresholding algorithms yielded similar values to those obtained by manually thresholding performed by a panel of environmental engineering researchers (±25\% relative error). These findings advance our ability to quantitatively describe the geometry of biofilm internal pore networks at length scales relevant to engineered biofilm reactors and suggest that internal pore structures provide crucial habitat for nitrifier growth.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},
	author = {Rosenthal, Alex F. and Griffin, James S. and Wagner, Michael and Packman, Aaron I. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 9},
	keywords = {biofilms, connectivity, mesoscale, nitrification, optical coherence tomography (OCT), porosity},
	pages = {2268--2279},
}



@article{zhu_tunable_2018,
	title = {Tunable band gaps and transmission behavior of {SH} waves with oblique incident angle in periodic dielectric elastomer laminates},
	volume = {146-147},
	issn = {0020-7403},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.038},
	abstract = {This work focuses on understanding elastic wave propagation in the periodic dielectric elastomer (DE) laminates with geometry and material properties that can be tuned by an external electric field. In particular, shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation at oblique incidence is investigated using the Dorfmann and Ogden's finite electroelasticity theory and the Dielectric Gent (DG) energy model. Numerical calculations of the dispersion relations and transmission properties are presented. The numerical results show that the SH wave band gaps and transmission coefficient depend on various parameters that can be controlled by the applied external electrostatic field and the incident angle of the SH wave, thus providing a novel strategy for designing flexible phononic structures with tunable properties.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
	author = {Zhu, Jun and Chen, Haoyun and Wu, Bin and Chen, Weiqiu and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Dielectric elastomer, Laminated phononic crystals, Tunable properties, Wave propagation},
	pages = {81--90},
}



@article{wang_nanomechanical_2022,
	title = {Nanomechanical property evaluation of tungsten thin film via frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy},
	volume = {742},
	issn = {00406090},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139050},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-01-08},
	journal = {Thin Solid Films},
	author = {Wang, Ziwei and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kim, Yun Young},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {139050},
}



@article{lee_dynamic_2021,
	title = {Dynamic {Control} of {Plasmonic} {Localization} by {Inverse} {Optimization} of {Spatial} {Phase} {Modulation}},
	issn = {2330-4022, 2330-4022},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043},
	doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-01-08},
	journal = {ACS Photonics},
	author = {Lee, Doksoo and Jiang, Shizhou and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Chen, Wei},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {acsphotonics.1c01043},
}



@article{gish_ambient-stable_2021,
	title = {Ambient-{Stable} {Two}-{Dimensional} {CrI} $_{\textrm{3}}$ \textit{via} {Organic}-{Inorganic} {Encapsulation}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1936-0851, 1936-086X},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498},
	doi = {10.1021/acsnano.1c03498},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-08-11},
	journal = {ACS Nano},
	author = {Gish, J. Tyler and Lebedev, Dmitry and Stanev, Teodor K. and Jiang, Shizhou and Georgopoulos, Leonidas and Song, Thomas W. and Lim, Gilhwan and Garvey, Ethan S. and Valdman, Lukáš and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Sofer, Zdeněk and Sangwan, Vinod K. and Stern, Nathaniel P. and Hersam, Mark C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 6},
	pages = {10659--10667},
}



@article{liou_layered_2021,
	title = {Layered viscoelastic properties of granular biofilms},
	volume = {202},
	issn = {00431354},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2021.117394},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-08-11},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Wang, Ziwei and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {117394},
}



@article{wang_application_2020,
	title = {Application of the reciprocity theorem to scattering of surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack},
	volume = {207},
	issn = {0020-7683},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.012},
	abstract = {In this paper the scattering of incident surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack in a homogenous, isotropic and linearly elastic half-space has been investigated in a two-dimensional plane strain configuration. The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem together with a virtual wave has been used to determine the amplitude of the scattered surface waves in the far field. It is found that the amplitude is in terms of the crack opening volume due to the incident surface waves. A special case of low frequency, for which the wavelength of the surface wave is sufficiently larger than the crack length, has been considered to illustrate the method. A specific expression of the amplitude has been obtained, which provides information on the angle, length and depth of the crack. It shows that the amplitude of the scattered surface wave increases first and then decreases as the crack angle changes from 0° to 90°. For the case of an inclined crack, the results of the numerical analysis together with the analytical solutions show excellent agreement when the crack length is much smaller than the wavelength. The results in this paper should be useful for the quantitative measurement of subsurface cracks.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-24},
	journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
	author = {Wang, Chuanyong and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Inclined subsurface crack, Reciprocity theorem, Surface wave},
	pages = {82--88},
}



@article{baojie_lu_binghao_wang_yao_chen_antonio_facchetti_tobin_j_marks_and_oluwaseyi_balogun_cross-plane_2020,
	title = {Cross-{Plane} {Thermal} {Conductance} of {Phosphonic} {Acid}-based {Self} {Assembled} {Monolayers} and {Self} {Assembled} {Nanodielectrics}},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117},
	doi = {10.1021/acsami.0c08117},
	journal = {ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces},
	author = {{Baojie Lu, Binghao Wang, Yao Chen, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks, and Oluwaseyi Balogun}},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
}



@article{chuanyong_wang_scattering_2019,
	title = {Scattering of a {Rayleigh} wave by a near surface crack which is normal to the free surface},
	journal = {International Journal of Engineering Science},
	author = {{Chuanyong Wang} and {Oluwaseyi Balogun} and {J.D. Achenbach}},
	year = {2019},
}



@article{liou_towards_2019,
	title = {Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1744-683X, 1744-6848},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C},
	doi = {10.1039/C9SM00739C},
	abstract = {This paper presents a metrology approach combining optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves and model-based inverse analyses to nondestructively characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft spherical gels.
          , 
            Microbial granular biofilms are spherical, multi-layered aggregates composed of communities of bacterial cells encased in a complex matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While granular aggregates are increasingly used for applications in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, their underlying mechanical properties are poorly understood. The challenges of viscoelastic characterization for these structures are due to their spherical geometry, spatially heterogeneous properties, and their delicate nature. In this study, we report a model-based approach for nondestructive characterization of viscoelastic properties (shear modulus and shear viscosity) of alginate spheres with different concentrations, which was motivated by our measurements in granular biofilms. The characterization technique relies on experimental measurements of circumferential elastic wave speeds as a function of frequency in the samples using the Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) technique. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the viscoelastic properties of the samples from OCE data through inverse analysis. This work represents the first attempt to explore elastic waves for mechanical characterization of granular biofilms. The combination of the OCE technique and the theoretical model presented in this paper provides a framework that can facilitate quantitative viscoelastic characterization of samples with curved geometries and the study of the relationships between morphology and mechanical properties in granular biofilms.},
	language = {en},
	number = {28},
	urldate = {2019-07-18},
	journal = {Soft Matter},
	author = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Packman, Aaron I. and Rosenthal, Alex and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 28},
	pages = {5562--5573},
}



@article{lu_cross-plane_2019,
	title = {Cross-plane thermal transport measurements across {CVD} grown few layer graphene films on a silicon substrate},
	abstract = {Room-temperature time-domain thermoreﬂectance technique (TDTR) measurements of cross-plane heat conduction across gold-graphenesilicon interfaces are presented. The graphene layers are originally grown on a copper substrate by chemical vapor deposition and later transferred to a silicon substrate in layer-by-layer fashion. We estimate the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) as a function of number of graphene layers, by ﬁtting a layered heat conduction model that accounts for heat accumulation in the gold layer to the TDTR data, using the TBC as a free ﬁtting parameter. The estimated TBC was found to decrease with number of graphene layers at the interface, as observed in previous TDTR measurements reported in the literature. The decrease in TBC with number of graphene layers matches the trends in the transmission coefﬁcient of low frequency (25 GHz) coherent acoustic phonons across the interface, indicating that the interface elastic stiffness decreases with the number of graphene layers due to poor bonding between the gold ﬁlm and silicon substrate.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {AIP Advances},
	author = {Lu, Baojie and Zhang, Longhan and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {6},
}



@article{balogun_optically_2019,
	title = {Optically {Detecting} {Acoustic} {Oscillations} at the {Nanoscale}: {Exploring} techniques suitable for studying elastic wave propagation},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390},
	doi = {10.1109/MNANO.2019.2905021},
	language = {en},
	journal = {IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {16},
}



@article{liou_nondestructive_2019,
	title = {Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography},
	issn = {1744-6848},
	url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a},
	doi = {10.1039/C8SM01902A},
	abstract = {Biofilms are soft multicomponent biological materials composed of microbial communities attached to surfaces. Despite the crucial relevance of biofilms to diverse industrial, medical, and environmental applications, the mechanical properties of biofilms are understudied. Moreover, most of the available techniques for the characterization of biofilm mechanical properties are destructive. Here, we detail a model-based approach developed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft materials and bacterial biofilms based on experimental data obtained using the nondestructive dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique. The model predicted the frequency- and geometry-dependent propagation velocities of elastic waves in a soft viscoelastic plate supported by a rigid substratum. Our numerical calculations suggest that the dispersion curves of guided waves recorded in thin soft plates by the dynamic OCE technique are dominated by guided waves, whose phase velocities depend on the viscoelastic properties and plate thickness. The numerical model was validated against experimental measurements in agarose phantom samples with different thicknesses and concentrations. The model was then used to interpret guided wave dispersion curves obtained by the OCE technique in bacterial biofilms developed in a rotating annular reactor, which allowed the quantitative characterization of biofilm shear modulus and viscosity. This study is the first to employ measurements of elastic wave propagation to characterize biofilms, and it provides a novel framework combining a theoretical model and an experimental approach for studying the relationship between the biofilm internal physical structure and mechanical properties.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-01-08},
	journal = {Soft Matter},
	author = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Packman, Aaron I. and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
}



@misc{ford_analytical_2017,
	title = {Analytical {Model} for the {Radial} {Strength} and {Collapse} of the {Bicycle} {Wheel}},
	url = {https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960},
	abstract = {This article is part of the Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference held in Davis, California, USA on September 20th through 23rd in the year 2017.Paper ID: 15},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Ford, Matthew and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.5404960.v1},
	keywords = {Bicycle engineering including intelligent technology},
}



@article{murray_laser_2002,
	title = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Environmental} {Barrier} {Coatings}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1225-7842},
	url = {http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599},
	abstract = {Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings -},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing},
	author = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Number: 6},
	pages = {599--608},
}



@article{balogun_characterization_2002,
	title = {Characterization of graded coatings using laser generated acoustic waves},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516},
	doi = {10.1121/1.4779516},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi O. and Murray, Todd W. and Basu, Soumendra N.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	note = {Number: 5},
	pages = {2350--2350},
}



@phdthesis{balogun_laser_2003,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Functionally} {Graded} {Materials}: {Theory} and {Experimental} {Approach}},
	shorttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Functionally} {Graded} {Materials}},
	school = {Boston University},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde},
	year = {2003},
}



@article{murray_laser_2003,
	title = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Compositionally} {Graded} {Mullite} {Coatings}},
	volume = {657},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1570304},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Sarin, V. K. and Basu, S. N.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1471--1478},
}



@book{murray_high_2004,
	title = {High {Frequency} {Laser} {Based} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} {Using} a {Cw} {Generation} {Source}},
	abstract = {Abstract: A laser ultrasonic system has been developed which uses a modulated CW laser source for ultrasonic wave generation. The majority of high frequency laser ultrasonic systems use picosecond pulsed laser sources to generate ultrasound in the hundreds of MHz to the low GHz range. High frequency SAW generation and high-resolution acoustic microscopy require that the generation laser spot be tightly focused on the sample surface. This places a severe restriction on the amount of energy that can be deposited in the sample without causing surface ablation and ultimately limits the sensitivity of the system. In this work, we explore the use of an amplified, electro-absorption modulated diode laser source for high frequency ultrasound generation. The laser can be amplitude modulated up to 2 GHz and the peak power is approximately 2 Watts. While LBU systems using modulated CW generation can have extremely high SNR when lock-in detection systems are employed, they have disadvantages when compared to pulsed systems in terms of signal interpretation when multiple acoustic modes are present or when signals are reflected from the boundaries of the target material leading to complex acoustic interference patterns. In order to avoid these difficulties the source frequency is scanned over the bandwidth of interest and the transient response of the specimen reconstructed from the frequency domain data.},
	author = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Pratt, N.},
	year = {2004},
}



@article{balogun_graded_2004,
	title = {Graded {Coating} {Inspection} {Using} {Laser} {Generated} {Surface} {Acoustic} {Waves}},
	volume = {700},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1711637},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi O. and Murray, Todd W.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2004},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {294--301},
}



@article{yu_building_2004,
	title = {Building embedded microchannels using a single layered {SU}-8, and determining {Young}'s modulus using a laser acoustic technique},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0960-1317},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020},
	doi = {10.1088/0960-1317/14/11/020},
	abstract = {In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensity penetrating into samples can be adjusted by varying the laser focus level. The UV laser direct-write method greatly simplifies the fabrication processes. Moreover, it can be set up in a conventional manufacturing environment without the need for clean room facilities. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method to determine Young's modulus of exposed SU-8 by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, non-destructive means of evaluation and material characterization. This paper will determine Young's modulus of UV exposed SU-8 generated with different exposure doses. Measurements show that Young's modulus is highly dependent on exposure dose. Young's modulus ranges from 3.8 to 5.4 GPa when the thickness of a fully cross-linked SU-8 microbeam varies from 100 to 205 µm with a gradually increased UV exposure dose.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering},
	author = {Yu, Hui and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Li, Biao and Murray, Todd W. and Zhang, Xin},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Number: 11},
	pages = {1576},
}



@inproceedings{balogun_novel_2004,
	title = {A novel technique for enhancing the signal to noise of laser-based ultrasonic systems},
	volume = {1},
	doi = {10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417665},
	abstract = {Conventional laser ultrasonic systems use pulsed laser sources to generate broadband acoustic waves. The theoretical signal to noise ratio (SNR) of these systems, in the shot noise limit, is inversely proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the detection system. Previous researchers have shown that improvements in the SNR can be made by generating narrowband acoustic signals using temporally and/or spatially modulated laser pulses, and reducing the detection bandwidth accordingly. The paper describes the generation of high frequency acoustic waves using an amplitude modulated continuous wave (CW) laser. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to an RF lock-in amplifier. This allows for control of the detection bandwidth, which can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below typical broadband laser ultrasonic systems. Experimental results are given showing CW generated acoustic waves in various material systems. The magnitude and phase of the acoustic signals in the frequency domain are detected by the interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, and these data are in turn processed to synthesize the time domain response. The use of narrowband generation/detection combined with subsequent time domain reconstruction allows for a large increase in SNR without losing the ability to distinguish individual acoustic arrivals or modes in the time domain.},
	booktitle = {{IEEE} {Ultrasonics} {Symposium}, 2004},
	author = {Balogun, O. and Pratt, N. and Murray, T. W.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {acoustic generators, Acoustic noise, Acoustic pulses, Acoustic signal detection, Acoustic waves, AM CW laser, amplitude modulated continuous wave laser, Bandwidth, broadband acoustic waves, detection bandwidth, frequency domain, high frequency acoustic waves, interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, laser beam applications, Laser noise, Laser theory, laser-based ultrasonic systems, Michelson interferometers, Narrowband, narrowband acoustic signals, Optical pulse generation, photoacoustic effect, RF lock-in amplifier, shot noise, signal to noise ratio, Signal to noise ratio, SNR, stabilized Michelson interferometer, time domain reconstruction, ultrasonic devices},
	pages = {48--51 Vol.1},
}



@article{murray_novel_2004,
	title = {A novel approach to high‐frequency laser‐based acoustic microscopy},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436},
	doi = {10.1121/1.4785436},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	author = {Murray, Todd W. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	note = {Number: 4},
	pages = {2617--2617},
}



@article{murray_high-sensitivity_2004,
	title = {High-sensitivity laser-based acoustic microscopy using a modulated excitation source},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0003-6951},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1802387},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	author = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	note = {Number: 14},
	pages = {2974--2976},
}



@inproceedings{prada_experimental_2005,
	title = {Experimental evidence of {S1} mode quasi-resonance in thin plates using a laser based acoustic microscope},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603022},
	booktitle = {{IEEE} {Ultrasonics} {Symposium}, 2005.},
	author = {Prada, C. and Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Acoustic signal detection, Laser theory, Amplitude modulation, Frequency, Laser modes, Microscopy, Optical interferometry, Optical scattering, Resonance, Tungsten},
	pages = {1011--1014},
}



@inproceedings{yu_rapid_2005,
	title = {Rapid manufacturing of embedded microchannels from a single layered {SU}-8, and determining the dependence of {SU}-8 young's modulus on exposure dose with a laser acoustic technique},
	url = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer},
	language = {English (US)},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Micro} {Electro} {Mechanical} {Systems} ({MEMS})},
	publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},
	author = {Yu, H. and Balogun, O. and Li, B. and Murray, T. W. and Zhang, X.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {654--657},
}



@article{murray_inspection_2005,
	series = {Science of hard materials-8. {Part} {I}. {Selected} papers from the 8th {International} {Conference} on the {Science} of {Hard} {Materials}},
	title = {Inspection of compositionally graded mullite coatings using laser based ultrasonics},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0263-4368},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.05.021},
	abstract = {Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have spatial variations in composition and structure resulting in corresponding changes in material properties. These materials can be developed for applications in which the functional requirements of a component are position dependent. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using a laser based ultrasonic technique to determine the distribution of elastic properties in FGMs. A model for the laser generation of ultrasound in a compositionally graded coating on a semi-infinite substrate is used to explore the relationship between the acoustic wave propagation and depth dependent elastic property profile. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated in such a system are dispersive, and the dispersion characteristics are highly dependent on the mechanical property profile. A high-resolution laser ultrasonic system has been developed, and experimental measurements of the mechanical properties of single layer mullite coatings are presented. Using compositionally graded mullite coatings as a model system, numerical results are reported showing the sensitivity of SAW dispersion behavior to various composition profiles.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},
	author = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Steen, T. L. and Basu, S. N. and Sarin, V. K.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	note = {Number: 4},
	pages = {322--329},
}



@article{prada_laser-based_2005,
	title = {Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity {Lamb} waves in thin plates},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0003-6951},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2128063},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	author = {Prada, C. and Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	note = {Number: 19},
	pages = {194109},
}



@article{balogun_materials_2006,
	title = {Materials characterization using frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy},
	issn = {9780542659263},
	url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B},
	abstract = {A frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy system is developed for the characterization of micro- and nanoscale materials. An amplified, intensity modulated continuous wave (CW) laser source is used to generate narrow-bandwidth acoustic waves through the thermoelastic effect. The displacement resulting from acoustic wave interaction with material boundaries is measured using a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer. The signal from the interferometer is coupled to a RF lock-in amplifier or vector network analyzer, allowing for the bandwidth of the detection system to be matched to that of the acoustic signals. Measurements are made over an extremely narrow bandwidth by modulating the excitation laser source on the sample surface over a long time interval and selecting a corresponding integration time for the
detection system. An analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this system indicates that it offers substantial improvements over existing systems that incorporate pulsed laser sources to generate broad
bandwidth acoustic waves. Using a bandwidth of 1.0 Hz, for instance, experimental results show a minimum detectable displacement of 3.1 fm. Extracting quantitative material parameters from the complex acoustic spectrum can be difficult when multiple acoustic modes are excited, or in the presence of reflections from sample boundaries. Two techniques are used to process the measured signals. In the first technique, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency domain data. Acoustic arrivals that are separated in the time domain are time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source to receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the acoustic modes are found by analyzing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode generated at a given frequency to be determined. Several promising materials characterization applications are explored including the measurement of the thickness of nanometer scale films, the inspection of thin plates using both bulk waves and guided waves, and the imaging of subsurface features in micron scale membranes using high frequency (700 MHz) resonant acoustic spectroscopy.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Ph.D. Thesis},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde},
	year = {2006},
}



@article{huber_high_2006,
	title = {High {Frequency} {Laser}‐{Based} {Ultrasound}},
	volume = {820},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2184532},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Huber, R. D. and Chinn, D. J. and Balogun, O. O. and Murray, T. W.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {218--224},
}



@article{yu_fabrication_2006,
	series = {{MEMS} 2005 {Special} {Issue}},
	title = {Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered {SU}-8 for lab-on-chip applications},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0924-4247},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723},
	doi = {10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.033},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a novel 3D manufacturing approach to the rapid processing of microfluidic components such as embedded channels and microvalves, using a scanning laser system. Compared to existing manufacturing techniques, our direct UV laser writing method greatly simplifies fabrication processes, potentially reducing the design-to-fabrication time to a few hours, which is extremely beneficial during the product development stages. The initial process validation has been presented by using SU-8 material. With the fine-tuning of the laser processing parameters, the depth of SU-8 polymerization can be controlled. This paper also describes the underlying theory and method to determine the Young's modulus of the exposed SU-8 material by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, nondestructive means of evaluation and materials characterization. More importantly, it allows for local inspection of material properties. The results presented in this paper potentially could serve as the first crucial step towards the rapid manufacturing of microdevices for lab-on-chip applications.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical},
	author = {Yu, Hui and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Li, Biao and Murray, T. W. and Zhang, Xin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Number: 2},
	keywords = {3D microstructure, Lab-on-chip, Laser ultrasonics, Single-layered SU-8},
	pages = {228--234},
}



@article{prada_laser_2006,
	title = {Laser generation and detection of zero‐group velocity {Lamb} mode resonance in thin plates},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194},
	doi = {10.1121/1.4786194},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	author = {Prada, Claire and Clorennec, Dominique and Royer, Daniel and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Murray, Todd W.},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Number: 5},
	pages = {3285--3285},
}



@article{balogun_frequency_2006,
	title = {A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0021-8979},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2218467},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Number: 3},
	pages = {034902},
}



@techreport{chinn_acoustic_2007,
	title = {Acoustic {Characterization} of {Mesoscale} {Objects}},
	url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531},
	abstract = {The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information},
	language = {English},
	number = {UCRL-TR-229835},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	institution = {Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)},
	author = {Chinn, D. and Huber, R. and Chambers, D. and Cole, G. and Balogun, O. and Spicer, J. and Murray, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.2172/969531},
	note = {Issue: UCRL-TR-229835},
}



@article{balogun_simulation_2007,
	title = {Simulation and measurement of the optical excitation of the {S1} zero group velocity {Lamb} wave resonance in plates},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0021-8979},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2784031},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W. and Prada, C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	note = {Number: 6},
	pages = {064914},
}



@inproceedings{kirikera_fiber_2008,
	title = {Fiber {Bragg} gratings and two wave mixing spectral demodulator system for impact detection and localization},
	url = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys},
	language = {English (US)},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {European} {Workshop} on {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}},
	author = {Kirikera, G. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {840--846},
}



@misc{balogun_dynamic_2009,
	title = {Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-{Bragg}-grating sensors {\textbar} {SPIE} {Homepage}: {SPIE}},
	shorttitle = {Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-{Bragg}-grating sensors {\textbar} {SPIE} {Homepage}},
	url = {http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1},
	abstract = {A photorefractive-crystal-based two-wave-mixing interferometer allows structural-health monitoring of civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Regez, Brad and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	year = {2009},
}



@article{murray_theory_2008,
	title = {Theory and applications of laser generated zero‐group velocity lamb mode resonance},
	volume = {975},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2902667},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Prada, C. and Clorennec, D. and Royer, D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {255--262},
}



@article{kirikera_identifying_2008,
	title = {Identifying impacts using adaptive fiber bragg grating demodulator for structural health monitoring applications},
	volume = {975},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2902601},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Kirikera, G. R. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1413--1419},
}



@inproceedings{balogun_optimal_2008,
	title = {Optimal demodulation of wavelength shifts in fiber {Bragg} grating sensors using an adaptive two wave mixing photorefractive interferometer},
	volume = {6932},
	url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short},
	doi = {10.1117/12.778013},
	abstract = {Recent work by our research group on the dynamic demodulation of strain-induced wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show that these sensors are suitable for the detection of high frequency ultrasonic waves produced by impact loading. A FBG sensor is incorporated into an optical detection system that uses a broadband tunable laser source in the C-band, a two wave-mixing photorefractive interferometer, and a high-speed photodetector. When an ultrasonic wave interacts with the FBG sensor, the wavelength of the reflected light in the fiber is dynamically shifted due to strain-induced perturbation of the index of refraction and/or the period of the grating in the fiber. The wavelength shift is converted into an intensity change by splitting the light into signal and pump beams and interfering the beams in an InP:Fe photorefractive crystal (PRC). The resulting intensity change is measured by a photodetector. The two-wave mixing (TWM) photorefractive interferometer allows for several FBG sensors to be wavelength multiplexed in one PRC and it also actively compensates for low frequency signal drifts associated with unwanted room vibrations and temperature excursions. In this work, we present preliminary experimental results on the detection of impact signals using a low power (1 mW) TWM PRC based demodulation system. The response time of the PRC is optimized by focusing the signal and pump beams into the crystal allowing for adaptivity of the demodulation system to quasi-static strains or temperature drifts. The TWM intensity gain of the system is optimized for efficient wavelength demodulation through resonant enhancement of the space charge electric field formed in the PRC. The low power demodulation system would facilitate significant reduction in the overall cost of the system.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {Sensors and {Smart} {Structures} {Technologies} for {Civil}, {Mechanical}, and {Aerospace} {Systems} 2008},
	publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kirikera, Goutham R. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {69322K},
}



@article{balogun_laser_2009,
	title = {Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils},
	volume = {125},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447},
	doi = {10.1121/1.3068447},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	author = {Balogun, O. and Huber, R. and Chinn, D. and Spicer, J. B.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Number: 3},
	pages = {1437--1443},
}



@inproceedings{balogun_fiber_2009,
	title = {A fiber {Bragg} grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring},
	volume = {7295},
	url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short},
	doi = {10.1117/12.815651},
	abstract = {Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are excellent tools for monitoring mechanical and thermal strains, and have widespread application in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace, civil, and mechanical structures. A common approach used for interrogating FBG sensors involves the illumination of the sensor with a broadband laser source and the narrowband reflected light reflected from the FBG is monitored with a wavelength sensitive optical detection system. The thermal or mechanical perturbations experienced by the FBG sensor lead to a shift in its reflectivity spectrum. In this work, an alternative interrogation scheme is presented that uses an FBG based narrowband tunable laser source produced by incorporating the FBG into a fiber ring laser cavity as an optical feedback element. The laser cavity consists an erbium doped fiber (EDF) connected to the FBG at the output of the fiber ring, which allows for the generation of the required amplified stimulated emission (ASE) in the C-band and lasing at the center wavelength of the FBG reflectivity spectrum. With this interrogation scheme, the wavelength of the resulting narrowband laser source tracks the center wavelength of the FBG sensor as it drifts due to quasi-static and/or dynamic mechanical and thermal strains. In addition, the instantaneous spectral line-width of the laser source is effectively narrowed owing to the long length of the laser cavity, which facilitates highly sensitive demodulation of dynamic shifts of the lasing wavelength with a high coherence optical interferometer.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {Health {Monitoring} of {Structural} and {Biological} {Systems} 2009},
	publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {72950I},
}



@article{chou_microcantilever_2009,
	title = {Microcantilever array with embedded metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor actuators for deflection control, deflection sensing, and high frequency oscillation},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {0003-6951},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3133333},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	author = {Chou, Stanley S. and Kim, Yun Young and Srivastava, Arvind and Murphy, Benjamin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Tark, Soo-Hyun and Shekhawat, Gajendra and Dravid, Vinayak P.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Number: 22},
	pages = {224103},
}



@article{achenbach_anti-plane_2010,
	title = {Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0165-2125},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717},
	doi = {10.1016/j.wavemoti.2009.08.002},
	abstract = {This paper considers the propagation of anti-plane shear waves in a half-space whose shear modulus and mass density have an arbitrary dependence on the distance from the free surface. An appropriate reformulation of the anti-plane displacement produces a governing equation for the reformulated displacement that is amenable to a solution in the high-frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface subsequently yields an equation which relates the speed of surface waves to the wavenumber and to the functions that define the depth dependence of the shear modulus and the mass density. Restrictions for the existence of surface waves are discussed, and numerical results are presented.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Wave Motion},
	author = {Achenbach, Jan D. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Antiplane surface waves, Functionally graded materials, Inhomogeneous half-space},
	pages = {59--65},
}



@article{kim_atomic_2010,
	title = {Atomic {Force} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} to {Measure} {Nanoscale} {Mechanical} {Properties} of {Cement} {Pastes}},
	volume = {2141},
	issn = {0361-1981},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17},
	doi = {10.3141/2141-17},
	abstract = {The measurement of elastic properties at the nanoscale is a prerequisite to building a foundation for nanomechanics applications. At present, nanoindentation is widely used to measure the properties of elasticity. Under this method, a sample is indented with a rigid probe and the resistant force of the indentation is measured. The reduced modulus measured on the basis of the resistant force and the indentation depth is then converted to the elastic modulus of the sample. However, its spatial resolution, the distance between two consecutive locations of measurement, is limited to about 5 μm because of the area of the indented tip. Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy is an alternative method of attaining spatial resolution at the nanometer level. It uses information based on the vibrations transferred from the piezoelectric actuator at the bottom of a sample to the cantilever contacting the top surface of the sample. The cantilever makes contact with a relatively small force; as a consequence, it decreases the contact area and improves the spatial resolution. The application of atomic force acoustic microscopy to a cementitious material is described, and the results of the measurement of the elastic modulus of a cement paste are presented.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Transportation Research Record},
	author = {Kim, Jae Hong and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Shah, Surendra P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {102--108},
}



@inproceedings{zhu_dynamic_2010,
	title = {Dynamic strain sensing of a model long span bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors},
	url = {http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477},
	abstract = {Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Zhu, Y. J. and Balogun, O. and Zhu, Y. and Zhu, S. and Xu, Y. L. and Krishnaswamy, S.},
	year = {2010},
}



@inproceedings{achenbach_generation_2010,
	series = {{IUTAM} {Bookseries}},
	title = {Generation and {Propagation} of {Anti}-{Plane} {Surface} {Waves} on a {Body} with {Depth}-{Dependent} {Properties}},
	isbn = {978-90-481-9893-1},
	abstract = {The generation and propagation of anti-plane surface waves on an inhomogeneous half-space of depth dependent shear modulus and mass density, is discussed in this paper. The radiation of surface waves an anti-plane line load is analyzed by an application of the reciprocity theorem. Next the governing equation for free surface waves is reformulated in a form that is amenable to a surface wave solution in the high frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface yields an equation for the velocity of surface waves, in terms of the wave number and derivatives of the functions defining the depth dependence of the shear modules and the mass density. This equation does not always have a realvalued solution, and when it does the amplitude of the corresponding wave motion does not always display the decrease with depth that would define a surface wave.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these observations.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {{IUTAM} {Symposium} on {Recent} {Advances} of {Acoustic} {Waves} in {Solids}},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	author = {Achenbach, Jan D. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	editor = {Wu, Tsung-Tsong and Ma, Chien-Ching},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Depth Dependence, Line Load, Rayleigh Wave, Reciprocity Theorem, Surface Wave},
	pages = {33--43},
}



@inproceedings{zhu_single-longitudinal-mode_2010,
	title = {Single-longitudinal-mode fiber {Bragg} grating ring laser for real-time strain monitoring},
	url = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-},
	language = {English (US)},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {European} {Workshop} - {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring} 2010},
	author = {Zhu, Y. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {754--759},
}



@article{huang_detection_2010,
	title = {Detection of disbonding in glare composites using lamb wave approach},
	volume = {1211},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3362193},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Huang, Qiaojian and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Yang, Ningli and Regez, Brad and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1198--1205},
}



@article{yang_characterization_2010,
	title = {Characterization of water‐saturated porous cement paste by a laser based ultrasonic nde technique},
	volume = {1211},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3362252},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Yang, Ningli and Hong Kim, Jae and Thomas, Jeffrey J. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1541--1548},
}



@article{zhu_acoustic_2010,
	title = {Acoustic emission monitoring using two‐wave mixing interferometer},
	volume = {1211},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3362301},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Zhu, Y. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1807--1811},
}



@article{balogun_real-time_2010,
	title = {Real-time full-field photoacoustic imaging using an ultrasonic camera},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1083-3668, 1560-2281},
	url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short},
	doi = {10.1117/1.3420079},
	abstract = {A photoacoustic imaging system that incorporates a commercial ultrasonic camera for real-time imaging of two-dimensional (2-D) projection planes in tissue at video rate (30 Hz) is presented. The system uses a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser for photoacoustic generation. The ultrasonic camera consists of a 2-D 12×12 mm CCD chip with 120×120 piezoelectric sensing elements used for detecting the photoacoustic pressure distribution radiated from the target. An ultrasonic lens system is placed in front of the chip to collect the incoming photoacoustic waves, providing the ability for focusing and imaging at different depths. Compared with other existing photoacoustic imaging techniques, the camera-based system is attractive because it is relatively inexpensive and compact, and it can be tailored for real-time clinical imaging applications. Experimental results detailing the real-time photoacoustic imaging of rubber strings and buried absorbing targets in chicken breast tissue are presented, and the spatial resolution of the system is quantified.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Regez, Brad and Zhang, Hao F. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Number: 2},
	pages = {021318},
}



@inproceedings{balogun_interrogation_2010,
	title = {Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber {Bragg} grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring},
	volume = {7648},
	url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short},
	doi = {10.1117/12.848979},
	abstract = {Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are wavelength selective optical reflectors with excellent strain sensitivity and small sensing footprint, which makes them suitable as diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring applications. In this work, we explore the narrowband wavelength selectivity of FBGs for optical feedback in a tunable fiber ring laser. The fiber ring laser consists of an erbium doped fiber laser that is pumped with a Raman laser (980 nm) to produce population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band. The ASE light is used to illuminate a FBG sensor connected to the ring, and the reflected light from the sensor is fed back into the laser cavity to produce stimulated emission at the instantaneous center wavelength of the sensor. As the wavelength of the sensor shifts due mechanical or thermal strains, the wavelength of the optical output from the ring laser shifts accordingly. By combining the ring laser with a dynamic spectral demodulator for optical readout, the instantaneous wavelength of the ring laser is tracked with high temporal resolution. The fiber ring laser system offers several potential advantages in the diagnostic sensing of mechanical strains for SHM applications including, fully integrated laser and sensor system, high source power levels at the sensor wavelength, narrow spectral line-width, coherent spectral demodulation, and low system costs. In this work, we present experimental results that detail the feasibility of dynamic spectral tuning of the fiber ring laser at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz using a single FBG sensing element. Using multiple sensing elements, the fiber ring laser system would allow for active monitoring of dynamic strains in a multi-point sensor array configuration, which is particularly suitable for the localization of high frequency mechanical strains produced by impact loading and cracking events in structures.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {Smart {Sensor} {Phenomena}, {Technology}, {Networks}, and {Systems} 2010},
	publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Zhu, Yinian and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {764802},
}



@patent{murray_non-destructive_2010,
	title = {Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves},
	url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en},
	abstract = {A laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes employs an amplitude-modulated laser source to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero group velocity resonance generated with a low power modulated excitation source can be detected using an optical probe such as a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.},
	nationality = {US},
	assignee = {Boston University},
	number = {US7798000B1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Murray, Todd W. and Prada, Claire and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Inventors: \_:n491
Issue: US7798000B1},
	keywords = {item, laser beam, location, predetermined, resonance peak},
}



@article{balogun_high-spatial-resolution_2011,
	title = {High-spatial-resolution sub-surface imaging using a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0885-3010},
	doi = {10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1789},
	abstract = {Scanning acoustic microscopy techniques operating at frequencies in the gigahertz range are suitable for the elastic characterization and interior imaging of solid media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Acoustic wave propagation at these frequencies is strongly limited by energy losses, particularly from attenuation in the coupling media used to transmit ultrasound to a specimen, leading to a decrease in the depth in a specimen that can be interrogated. In this work, a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique is presented that uses a pulsed laser source for the generation of broadband acoustic waves and an optical interferometer for detection. The use of a 900-ps microchip pulsed laser facilitates the generation of acoustic waves with frequencies extending up to 1 GHz which allows for the resolution of micrometer-scale features in a specimen. Furthermore, the combination of optical generation and detection approaches eliminates the use of an ultrasonic coupling medium, and allows for elastic characterization and interior imaging at penetration depths on the order of several hundred micrometers. Experimental results illustrating the use of the laser-based acoustic microscopy technique for imaging micrometer-scale subsurface geometrical features in a 70-μm-thick single-crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation are presented.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control},
	author = {Balogun, O. and Cole, G. D. and Huber, R. and Chinn, D. and Murray, T. W. and Spicer, J. B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Acoustics, Microscopy, 100 orientation, acoustic microscopy, acoustic wave generation, acoustic wave propagation, elastic characterization, elasticity, elemental semiconductors, Equipment Design, geometrical properties, high-spatial-resolution subsurface imaging, laser-based acoustic microscopy, Lasers, light interferometry, microchip pulsed laser, micrometer-scale spatial resolution, Microscopy, Acoustic, optical detection, optical interferometer, Optical surface waves, Reflection, scanning acoustic microscopy, Si, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, silicon, Silicon, single-crystal silicon wafer, size 70 mum, Surface Properties, texture, Ultrasonic imaging, ultrasonic propagation, ultrasonic transmission},
	pages = {226--233},
}



@article{kirikera_adaptive_2011,
	title = {Adaptive {Fiber} {Bragg} {Grating} {Sensor} {Network} for {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}: {Applications} to {Impact} {Monitoring}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1475-9217},
	shorttitle = {Adaptive {Fiber} {Bragg} {Grating} {Sensor} {Network} for {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437},
	doi = {10.1177/1475921710365437},
	abstract = {A passive structural health monitoring (SHM) system for locating foreign-object impact using a network of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors that monitor high frequency dynamic strains is described. The FBG sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using a two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulator. Strains applied on the FBG sensors are encoded as wavelength shifts of the light reflected by the FBG sensor which are then converted into phase shifts and demodulated by the TWM interferometer. The demodulator adaptively compensates for low frequency drifts caused by large quasi-static strain and temperature drift and allows only high frequency signals to pass through. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to artificial impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Owing to the directional sensitivity of the FBG sensors, an FBG sensor-pair configuration is used at each sensing location. The impact signals from multiple FBG sensors are simultaneously acquired at frequencies of up to 180kHz. Using time-frequency wavelet analysis, the group velocity dispersion curve of the detected Lamb wave modes is obtained from the measured transient responses of the sensors, and this is used to determine the location of the impact.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Structural Health Monitoring},
	author = {Kirikera, Goutham R. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {5--16},
}



@book{zhu_intelligent_2011,
	title = {Intelligent {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring} of {Vehicular} {Bridges} {Using} {Fiber} {Optic} {Sensors} to {Detect} {Acoustic} {Emission}},
	publisher = {CCITT, Center for the Commercialization of Innovative Transportation Technology, Northwestern University},
	author = {Zhu, Yan and Zhu, Yinian and Regez, Bradley A. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	year = {2011},
}



@article{zhu_dynamic_2011,
	title = {Dynamic strain sensing in a long‐span suspension bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors},
	volume = {1335},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3592098},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Zhu, Yinian and Zhu, Yan‐Jin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Zhu, Songye and Xu, You‐Lin and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1418--1423},
}



@article{balogun_frequency_2011,
	title = {Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1058-9759},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554},
	doi = {10.1080/10589759.2011.573554},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present an overview of research in the area of narrow-bandwidth generation and detection of ultrasound using a technique referred to as frequency domain photoacoustics. An intensity-modulated continuous wave laser is used for narrowband ultrasound generation, and an interferometer coupled to a radio frequency lock-in amplifier is used for detection. Excellent sensitivity is achieved using sinusoidal modulation of the excitation laser over long time scales, thereby focusing the acoustic energy at the excitation frequency. We describe an experimental approach for the direct detection of narrowband signals at the ultrasound excitation frequency, and a superheterodyne technique in which the signal is optically down-converted to a low and fixed intermediate frequency prior to detection. Two approaches for materials characterisation using frequency domain photoacoustic measurements are presented. In the first approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency-domain data. Ultrasound arrivals that are separated in the time domain can then be time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source-to-receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the ultrasound modes generated by the laser are detected by analysing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode at a given frequency to be determined. Experimental measurements in thin films, plates and nanomechanical structures are presented.},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Murray, Todd W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Number: 3-4},
	keywords = {narrowband, photoacoustics, resonance},
	pages = {335--351},
}



@inproceedings{zhu_adaptive_2012,
	title = {Adaptive multi-channel fiber {Bragg} grating interrogation system for rapid detection of acoustic emission and impact},
	url = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f},
	language = {English (US)},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	booktitle = {{SAMPE} 2012 {Conference} and {Exhibition}},
	author = {Zhu, Yinian and Huang, Qiaojian and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
}



@article{balogun_surface_2012,
	title = {Surface waves on a half space with depth-dependent properties},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438},
	doi = {10.1121/1.4739438},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Number: 3},
	pages = {1336--1345},
}



@article{krishnaswamy_intelligent_2012,
	title = {Intelligent {Structural} {Health} {Management} of {Civil} {Infrastructure}},
	url = {https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Krishnaswamy, Sridhar and Achenbach, Jan and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kim, Jae Hong and Kuehling, Kirk and Kulkarni, Salil S. and Naik, Gautam and Regez, Brad and Strom, Brandon and Thomas, Jeffrey J. and Yang, Ningli and Zheng, Shijie and Zhu, Yinian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
}



@article{ahn_optical_2013,
	title = {Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system},
	volume = {1511},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4789070},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Ahn, Phillip and Zhang, Zhen and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {360--366},
}



@article{sherman_optical_2013,
	title = {Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves},
	volume = {1511},
	issn = {0094-243X},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4789067},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	author = {Sherman, Bradley and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {337--344},
}



@article{ahn_ultrasonic_2013,
	title = {Ultrasonic near-field optical microscopy using a plasmonic nanofocusing probe},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0021-8979},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4810925},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Ahn, Phillip and Zhang, Zhen and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Number: 23},
	pages = {234903},
}



@article{zhang_quantitative_2013,
	title = {Quantitative {Imaging} of {Rapidly} {Decaying} {Evanescent} {Fields} {Using} {Plasmonic} {Near}-{Field} {Scanning} {Optical} {Microscopy}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {2013 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803},
	doi = {10.1038/srep02803},
	abstract = {Non-propagating evanescent fields play an important role in the development of nano-photonic devices. While detecting the evanescent fields in far-field can be accomplished by coupling it to the propagating waves, in practice they are measured in the presence of unwanted propagating background components. It leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio and thus to errors in quantitative analysis of the local evanescent fields. Here we report on a plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy (p-NSOM) technique that incorporates a nanofocusing probe for adiabatic focusing of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the probe apex, and for enhanced coupling of evanescent waves to the far-field. In addition, a harmonic demodulation technique is employed to suppress the contribution of the background. Our experimental results show strong evidence of background free near-field imaging using the new p-NSOM technique. Furthermore, we present measurements of surface plasmon cavity modes, and quantify their contributing sources using an analytical model.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Zhang, Zhen and Ahn, Phillip and Dong, Biqin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Sun, Cheng},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2803},
}



@article{balogun_surface_2013,
	series = {Advanced {Modelling} of {Wave} {Propagation} in {Solids}},
	title = {Surface waves generated by a line load on a half-space with depth-dependent properties},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0165-2125},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516},
	doi = {10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.001},
	abstract = {The reciprocity theorem of elastodynamics is used in this paper to determine the surface waves that are radiated from a time-harmonic line load applied at the surface of a solid body, whose elastic moduli and mass density depend on the distance from the surface. In a high-frequency approximation, the surface wave velocity and expressions for the displacement and stresses of free surface waves are employed in the reciprocity theorem. The general expressions for the surface wave radiated by the oscillating line load, together with a virtual free surface wave, when employed in the reciprocity theorem, yield relatively simple expressions for the amplitude factor of the radiated surface wave. Results show the amplitude factor as a function of the wavenumber.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Wave Motion},
	author = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Number: 7},
	keywords = {Inhomogeneous elastic half-space, Surface acoustic waves, WKB approximation},
	pages = {1063--1072},
}



@article{ahn_elastic_2014,
	title = {Elastic characterization of nanoporous gold foams using laser based ultrasonics},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0041-624X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.004},
	abstract = {A resonance based laser ultrasonics technique is explored for the characterization of low density nanoporous gold foams. Laser generated zero group velocity (ZGV) lamb waves are measured in the foams using a Michelson interferometer. The amplitude spectra obtained from the processed time-domain data are analyzed using a theoretical model from which the foam Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are obtained. The technique is non-contact and nondestructive, and the ZGV resonance modes are spatially localized, allowing for spatial mapping of the bulk sample properties. The technique may be suitable for process control monitoring and mechanical characterization of low density nanoporous structures.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Ultrasonics},
	author = {Ahn, Phillip and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Number: 3},
	keywords = {Laser based ultrasonics, Nanoporous foams, Nondestructive testing, Zero group velocity resonance},
	pages = {795--800},
}



@misc{rosenthal_quantitative_2015,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Quantitative {Image} {Analysis} of {Mesoscale} {Biofilm} {Structure} with {Optical} {Coherence} {Tomography}},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Rosenthal, Alex and Yi, Ji and Zhang, Hao F. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {info:doi/10.2175/193864715819540793},
}



@article{ahn_dynamic_2015,
	title = {Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058},
	doi = {10.1038/srep10058},
	abstract = {Near-field optical techniques exploit light-matter interactions at small length scales for mechanical sensing and actuation of nanomechanical structures. Here, we study the optical interaction between two mechanical oscillators—a plasmonic nanofocusing probe-tip supported by a low frequency cantilever, and a high frequency nanomechanical resonator—and leverage their interaction for local detection of mechanical vibrations. The plasmonic nanofocusing probe provides a confined optical source to enhance the interaction between the two oscillators. Dynamic perturbation of the optical cavity between the probe-tip and the resonator leads to nonlinear modulation of the scattered light intensity at the sum and difference of their frequencies. This double-frequency demodulation scheme is explored to suppress unwanted background and to detect mechanical vibrations with a minimum detectable displacement sensitivity of 0.45 pm/Hz1/2, which is limited by shot noise and electrical noise. We explore the demodulation scheme for imaging the bending vibration mode shape of the resonator with a lateral spatial resolution of 20 nm. We also demonstrate the time-resolved aspect of the local optical interaction by recording the ring-down vibrations of the resonator at frequencies of up to 129 MHz. The near-field optical technique is promising for studying dynamic mechanical processes in individual nanostructures.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Ahn, Phillip and Chen, Xiang and Zhang, Zhen and Ford, Matthew and Rosenmann, Daniel and Jung, II Woong and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {10058},
}



@article{sherman_thin_2015,
	title = {Thin film interface stresses produced by high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0021-8979},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4931937},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Sherman, Bradley and Liou, Hong-Cin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Number: 13},
	pages = {135303},
}



@article{ford_buckling_2016,
	title = {Buckling of the bicycle wheel},
	url = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel},
	language = {English (US)},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 2016 Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics Conference},
	author = {Ford, Matthew and Papadopoulos, Jim M. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	year = {2016},
}



@misc{rosenthal_morphological_2016,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Morphological examination of nitrifying biofilms in a moving bed biofilm reactor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	author = {Rosenthal, Alex F. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George F.},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {info:doi/10.2175/193864716819713123},
}



@article{ford_buckling_2016-1,
	title = {Buckling and collapse of the bicycle wheel},
	url = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel},
	language = {English (US)},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {24th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM 2016)},
	author = {Ford, Matthew and Zhang, Li and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {2770--2771},
}



@article{chen_near-field_2016,
	title = {Near-{Field} {Photothermal} {Heating} with a {Plasmonic} {Nanofocusing} {Probe}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1572-9567},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1},
	abstract = {Noble metal nanostructures support plasmon resonances—collective oscillation of charge carriers at optical frequencies—and serve as effective tools to create bright light sources at the nanoscale. These sources are useful in broad application areas including, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, nanolithography, and near-field optomechanical transducers. The feasibility of these applications relies on efficient conversion of free-space propagating light to plasmons. Recently, we demonstrated a hybrid nanofocusing scheme for efficient coupling of light to plasmons at the apex of a scanning probe. In the approach, free-space light is coupled to propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the tapered shaft of the scanning probe. The SPPs propagate adiabatically towards the probe tip where they are coupled to localized plasmons (LSPs). The nanofocusing scheme was explored in a near-field scanning optical microscope for super-resolution imaging, near-field transduction of nanomechanical vibrations, and local detection of ultrasound. Owing to the strong concentration of light at the probe, significant heating of the tip and a sample positioned in the optical near-field is expected. This paper investigates the local heating produced by the plasmonic nanofocusing probe under steady-state conditions using the tip-enhanced Raman scattering approach. In addition, a finite element model is explored to study the coupling of free propagating light to LSPs, and to estimate the temperature rise expected in a halfspace heated by absorption of the LSPs. This study has implications for exploring the plasmonic nanofocusing probe in heat-assisted nanofabrication and fundamental studies of nanoscale heat transport in materials.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics},
	author = {Chen, Xiang and Dong, Biqing and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Number: 3},
	keywords = {Near-field heating, Plasmonic nanofocusing, Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy},
	pages = {26},
}



@article{shekhawat_thickness_2017,
	title = {Thickness {Resonance} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} for {Nanomechanical} {Subsurface} {Imaging}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1936-0851},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170},
	doi = {10.1021/acsnano.7b02170},
	abstract = {A nondestructive scanning near-field thickness resonance acoustic microscopy (SNTRAM) has been developed that provides high-resolution mechanical depth sensitivity and sharp phase contrast of subsurface features. In SNTRAM technology, we excited the sample at its thickness resonance, at which a sharp change in phase is observed and mapped with a scanning probe microscopy stage in near field to provide nanometer-scale nanomechanical contrast of subsurface features/defects. We reported here the remarkable subsubsurface phase contrast and sensitivity of SNTRAM by exciting the sample with a sinusoidal elastic wave at a frequency equal to the thickness resonance of the sample. This results in a large shift in phase component associated with the bulk longitudinal wave propagating through the sample thickness, thus suggesting the usefulness of this method for (a) generating better image contrast due to high S/N of the transmitted ultrasound wave to the other side of the sample and (b) sensitive detection of local variation in material properties at much better resolution due to the sharp change in phase. We demonstrated that the sample excited at the thickness resonance has a more substantial phase contrast and depth sensitivity than that excited at off-resonance and related acoustic techniques. Subsurface features down to 5–8 nm lateral resolution have been demonstrated using a standard sample.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {ACS Nano},
	author = {Shekhawat, Gajendra S. and Srivastava, Arvind K. and Dravid, Vinayak P. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 6},
	pages = {6139--6145},
}



@inproceedings{chen_near-field_2017,
	title = {Near-field optical detection of acoustic and nanomechanical vibrations using localized surface plasmon polaritons},
	doi = {10.1109/NANO.2017.8117295},
	abstract = {We explore scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to demonstrate local measurement of motion in an isolated, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator actuated by a harmonic photothermal source. In the measurement, a plasmonic nanofocusing element is integrated with a SPM probe for efficient concentration of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the apex of probe tip and confinement of light in the gap between the probe-tip and surface of the nanomechanical resonator. Upon illuminating the nanomechanical resonator with an intensity modulated laser, the light source is partially absorbed leading to heating, thermal expansion in the metal coating and the silicon substrate, and a heat-induced bending moment in the resonator. The bending motion of the resonator changes the width of the gap between the probe-tip and the resonator leading to modulation of the scattered light intensity in the far-field. We explore a heterodyne demodulation approach to suppress unwanted background scattering and resolve the mode shapes of the first and second bending modes of the resonator. The measurement technique allows for an all-optical actuation and detection of mechanical vibrations in micro- and nanostructures with sub-wavelength lateral spatial resolution. Furthermore, the measurement technique enables the actuation of nanomechanical resonators over a broad frequency range, and measurement of their steady state displacement with high frequency resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.},
	booktitle = {2017 {IEEE} 17th {International} {Conference} on {Nanotechnology} ({IEEE}-{NANO})},
	author = {Chen, X. and Balogun, O.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Optical scattering, Optical surface waves, Si, acoustic vibrations, bending, bending motion, coatings, Frequency measurement, harmonic photothermal source, heat-induced bending moment, heterodyne demodulation, localized surface plasmon polaritons, mechanical vibrations, metal coating, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator, microstructures, nanomechanical vibrations, nanomechanics, nanophotonics, nanosensors, nanostructures, near-field optical detection, Optical amplifiers, Optical resonators, optical sensors, plasmonic nanofocusing, plasmonics, polaritons, Resonant frequency, scanning probe microscopy, signal-to-noise ratio, surface plasmons, thermal expansion, vibrations, Vibrations},
	pages = {443--448},
}



@article{meng_spalling-like_2018,
	title = {Spalling-like failure by cylindrical projectiles deteriorates the ballistic performance of multi-layer graphene plates},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {0008-6223},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680},
	doi = {10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.068},
	abstract = {Ballistic performance of ultra-thin graphene membranes have recently been investigated at the micro and nanoscale. Two open questions that remain unanswered are, how graphitic plates behave when they can no longer be treated as a thin membrane, and how the projectile shape influences the perforation resistance of plates of varying thicknesses. Through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we show that beyond a critical plate thickness, a cylindrical projectile penetrates the plate at a lower velocity than a spherical one. This counterintuitive phenomenon is explained by spalling-like failure for thicker plates, where the graphene layers at the bottom section undergo a wave-superposition induced failure in the cylindrical case. Finite element simulations are carried out to show that in-plane tensile stress concentrates at the bottom section, resulting from the superposition of incident and reflected stress waves. A mechanics relationship is then proposed to describe the resisting pressure of the graphitic plate during ballistic impact. The analytical relationship indicates that the intensity of stress wave, which affects the spalling-like failure, depends on the projectile initial velocity, plate compressive modulus, and density. Our findings reveal the existence of a new failure mechanism for multi-layer graphene systems, and provide theoretical guidance for future dynamic mechanical property characterization of graphitic barriers.},
	urldate = {2018-09-16},
	journal = {Carbon},
	author = {Meng, Zhaoxu and Han, Jialun and Qin, Xin and Zhang, Yao and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Keten, Sinan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Ballistic impact, Coarse-grained molecular dynamics, Multi-layer graphene (MLG) plate, Projectile shape, Spalling, Stress wave},
	pages = {611--619},
}



@article{isotta_microscale_2023,
	title = {Microscale {Imaging} of {Thermal} {Conductivity} {Suppression} at {Grain} {Boundaries}},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH},
	issn = {1521-4095},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777},
	doi = {10.1002/adma.202302777},
	abstract = {Grain-boundary engineering is an effective strategy to tune the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved performance in thermoelectric, thermal-barrier coatings, and thermal management applications. Despite the central importance to thermal transport, a clear understanding of how grain boundaries modulate the microscale heat flow is missing, owing to the scarcity of local investigations. Here, thermal imaging of individual grain boundaries is demonstrated in thermoelectric SnTe via spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Measurements with microscale resolution reveal local suppressions in thermal conductivity at grain boundaries. Also, the grain-boundary thermal resistance – extracted by employing a Gibbs excess approach – is found to be correlated with the grain-boundary misorientation angle. Extracting thermal properties, including thermal boundary resistances, from microscale imaging can provide comprehensive understanding of how microstructure affects heat transport, crucially impacting the materials design of high-performance thermal-management and energy-conversion devices.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Advanced Materials},
	author = {Isotta, Eleonora and Jiang, Shizhou and Moller, Gregory and Zevalkink, Alexandra and Snyder, G. Jeffrey and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {frequency domain thermoreflectance, Gibbs excess, grain boundaries, Kapitza resistance, SnTe, thermal conductivity, thermal imaging},
	pages = {2302777},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Evan\\Zotero\\storage\\ZK3V6DC5\\Isotta et al. - Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppres.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Evan\\Zotero\\storage\\RC998AYL\\adma.html:text/html},
}



@article{ahmed_molecular_2023,
	title = {Molecular {Dynamics} {Modeling} of {Thermal} {Conductivity} of {Several} {Hydrocarbon} {Base} {Oils}},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {1573-2711},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z},
	abstract = {This paper is on determination of the thermal conductivities of several hydrocarbon base oils by means of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using two different force fields. It aims to explore a simulation-based method for lubricant molecular design and analysis concerning heat transfer in electrical vehicle lubrication. Argon was analyzed as a reference for method evaluation, and the results reveal that the calculated conductivity strongly depends on the size of the computational domain. However, for hydrocarbon base oils, the dependence on computation domain size is less prominent as the domain size increases. The method of direct calculation in a sufficiently large computation domain and that of reciprocal extrapolation with data calculated in a much smaller domain are both applicable, and each has a certain value in oil conductivity calculation. The calculated conductivities show certain overpredictions when compared with experimentally measured results, and the overprediction factor is related to number of carbon atoms of the liquid molecules. The results reveal that the thermal conductivity of a single-chain hydrocarbon liquid is linearly proportional to the number of carbon atoms. While each additional branch increases thermal conductivity slightly, the presence of multiple branches reduces it from the ideal linear relationship. A set of equations was formulated to correlate hydrocarbon liquid thermal conductivity with molecular characteristics in terms of number of carbon atoms and number of branches.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Tribology Letters},
	author = {Ahmed, Jannat and Wang, Q. Jane and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Ren, Ning and England, Roger and Lockwood, Frances},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Force fields, Hydrocarbon base oils, MD simulation, Size effect, Thermal conductivity},
	pages = {70},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Evan\\Zotero\\storage\\HD35I6B8\\Ahmed et al. - 2023 - Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivit.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@misc{lebedev_quantitative_2023,
	title = {Quantitative {Characterization} of the {Anisotropic} {Thermal} {Properties} of {Encapsulated} {Two}-{Dimensional} {MoS2} {Nanofilms} {\textbar} {ACS} {Applied} {Materials} \& {Interfaces}},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	author = {Lebedev, Dmitry and Jiang, Shizhou and {Andrews, Loren} and {Gish, J Tyler} and {Song, Thomas W} and {Hersam, Mark C} and {Balogun, Oluwaseyi}},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	file = {Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces:C\:\\Users\\Evan\\Zotero\\storage\\EGQJG7QQ\\acsami.html:text/html},
}



@article{chen_gan-duf_2022,
	title = {{GAN}-{DUF}: {Hierarchical} {Deep} {Generative} {Models} for {Design} {Under} {Free}-{Form} {Geometric} {Uncertainty}},
	volume = {145},
	issn = {1050-0472},
	shorttitle = {{GAN}-{DUF}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898},
	doi = {10.1115/1.4055898},
	abstract = {Deep generative models have demonstrated effectiveness in learning compact and expressive design representations that significantly improve geometric design optimization. However, these models do not consider the uncertainty introduced by manufacturing or fabrication. The past work that quantifies such uncertainty often makes simplifying assumptions on geometric variations, while the “real-world,” “free-form” uncertainty and its impact on design performance are difficult to quantify due to the high dimensionality. To address this issue, we propose a generative adversarial network-based design under uncertainty framework (GAN-DUF), which contains a deep generative model that simultaneously learns a compact representation of nominal (ideal) designs and the conditional distribution of fabricated designs given any nominal design. This opens up new possibilities of (1) building a universal uncertainty quantification model compatible with both shape and topological designs, (2) modeling free-form geometric uncertainties without the need to make any assumptions on the distribution of geometric variability, and (3) allowing fast prediction of uncertainties for new nominal designs. We can combine the proposed deep generative model with robust design optimization or reliability-based design optimization for design under uncertainty. We demonstrated the framework on two real-world engineering design examples and showed its capability of finding the solution that possesses better performance after fabrication.},
	number = {011703},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
	author = {Chen, Wei (Wayne) and Lee, Doksoo and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Chen, Wei},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Evan\\Zotero\\storage\\7GQCVJS6\\Chen et al. - 2022 - GAN-DUF Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for D.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{candry_tailoring_2022,
	title = {Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate ({PVA}-{SA}) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking {pH} and time},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-25111-7},
	abstract = {Hydrogel-encapsulated catalysts are an attractive tool for low-cost intensification of (bio)-processes. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogels crosslinked with boric acid and post-cured with sulfate (PVA-SA-BS) have been applied in bioproduction and water treatment processes, but the low pH required for crosslinking may negatively affect biocatalyst functionality. Here, we investigate how crosslinking pH (3, 4, and 5) and time (1, 2, and 8 h) affect the physicochemical, elastic, and process properties of PVA-SA-BS beads. Overall, bead properties were most affected by crosslinking pH. Beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were smaller and contained larger internal cavities, while optical coherence tomography suggested polymer cross-linking density was higher. Optical coherence elastography revealed PVA-SA-BS beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were stiffer than pH 5 beads. Dextran Blue release showed that pH 3-produced beads enabled higher diffusion rates and were more porous. Last, over a 28-day incubation, pH 3 and 4 beads lost more microspheres (as cell proxies) than beads produced at pH 5, while the latter released more polymer material. Overall, this study provides a path forward to tailor PVA-SA-BS hydrogel bead properties towards a broad range of applications, such as chemical, enzymatic, and microbially catalyzed (bio)-processes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-09-20},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Candry, Pieter and Godfrey, Bruce J. and Wang, Ziwei and Sabba, Fabrizio and Dieppa, Evan and Fudge, Julia and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George and Winkler, Mari-Karoliina Henriikka},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Biotechnology, Chemical engineering, Gels and hydrogels},
	pages = {20822},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Evan\\Zotero\\storage\\X8X9BHUF\\Candry et al. - 2022 - Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-S.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{dieppa_quantifying_2024,
	title = {Quantifying {Elastic} {Properties} of {Environmental} {Biofilms} using {Optical} {Coherence} {Elastography}},
	issn = {1940-087X},
	url = {https://www.jove.com/t/66118},
	doi = {10.3791/66118},
	abstract = {Biofilms are complex biomaterials comprising a well-organized network of microbial cells encased in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This paper presents a detailed account of the implementation of optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements tailored for the elastic characterization of biofilms. OCE is a non-destructive optical technique that enables the local mapping of the microstructure, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of partially transparent soft materials with high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide a comprehensive guide detailing the essential procedures for the correct implementation of this technique, along with a methodology to estimate the bulk Young's modulus of granular biofilms from the collected measurements. These consist of the system setup, data acquisition, and postprocessing. In the discussion, we delve into the underlying physics of the sensors used in OCE and explore the fundamental limitations regarding the spatial and temporal scales of OCE measurements. We conclude with potential future directions for advancing the OCE technique to facilitate elastic measurements of environmental biofilms.},
	number = {205},
	journal = {JoVE},
	author = {Dieppa, Evan and Schmitz, Hannah and Wang, Ziwei and Sabba, Fabrizio and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: MyJoVE Corp},
	keywords = {This Month in JoVE},
	pages = {e66118},
}
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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jove.com/t/66118\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024', 'https://www.jove.com/t/66118', event);\">\n    Quantifying Elastic Properties of Environmental Biofilms using Optical Coherence Elastography.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dieppa, E.; Schmitz, H.; Wang, Z.; Sabba, F.; Wells, G.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JoVE</i>, (205): e66118. March 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: MyJoVE Corp</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jove.com/t/66118\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024', 'https://www.jove.com/t/66118', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Quantifying Elastic Properties of Environmental Biofilms using Optical Coherence Elastography [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3791/66118\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.3791/66118', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dieppa-schmitz-wang-sabba-wells-balogun-quantifyingelasticpropertiesofenvironmentalbiofilmsusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dieppa_quantifying_2024,\n\ttitle = {Quantifying {Elastic} {Properties} of {Environmental} {Biofilms} using {Optical} {Coherence} {Elastography}},\n\tissn = {1940-087X},\n\turl = {https://www.jove.com/t/66118},\n\tdoi = {10.3791/66118},\n\tabstract = {Biofilms are complex biomaterials comprising a well-organized network of microbial cells encased in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This paper presents a detailed account of the implementation of optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements tailored for the elastic characterization of biofilms. OCE is a non-destructive optical technique that enables the local mapping of the microstructure, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of partially transparent soft materials with high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide a comprehensive guide detailing the essential procedures for the correct implementation of this technique, along with a methodology to estimate the bulk Young&#x27;s modulus of granular biofilms from the collected measurements. These consist of the system setup, data acquisition, and postprocessing. In the discussion, we delve into the underlying physics of the sensors used in OCE and explore the fundamental limitations regarding the spatial and temporal scales of OCE measurements. We conclude with potential future directions for advancing the OCE technique to facilitate elastic measurements of environmental biofilms.},\n\tnumber = {205},\n\tjournal = {JoVE},\n\tauthor = {Dieppa, Evan and Schmitz, Hannah and Wang, Ziwei and Sabba, Fabrizio and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Publisher: MyJoVE Corp},\n\tkeywords = {This Month in JoVE},\n\tpages = {e66118},\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Biofilms are complex biomaterials comprising a well-organized network of microbial cells encased in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This paper presents a detailed account of the implementation of optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements tailored for the elastic characterization of biofilms. OCE is a non-destructive optical technique that enables the local mapping of the microstructure, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of partially transparent soft materials with high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide a comprehensive guide detailing the essential procedures for the correct implementation of this technique, along with a methodology to estimate the bulk Young's modulus of granular biofilms from the collected measurements. These consist of the system setup, data acquisition, and postprocessing. In the discussion, we delve into the underlying physics of the sensors used in OCE and explore the fundamental limitations regarding the spatial and temporal scales of OCE measurements. We conclude with potential future directions for advancing the OCE technique to facilitate elastic measurements of environmental biofilms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777', event);\">\n    Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppression at Grain Boundaries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Isotta, E.; Jiang, S.; Moller, G.; Zevalkink, A.; Snyder, G. J.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Advanced Materials</i>, n/a(n/a): 2302777. June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppression at Grain Boundaries [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302777\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302777', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('isotta-jiang-moller-zevalkink-snyder-balogun-microscaleimagingofthermalconductivitysuppressionatgrainboundaries-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{isotta_microscale_2023,\n\ttitle = {Microscale {Imaging} of {Thermal} {Conductivity} {Suppression} at {Grain} {Boundaries}},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tcopyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH},\n\tissn = {1521-4095},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202302777},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/adma.202302777},\n\tabstract = {Grain-boundary engineering is an effective strategy to tune the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved performance in thermoelectric, thermal-barrier coatings, and thermal management applications. Despite the central importance to thermal transport, a clear understanding of how grain boundaries modulate the microscale heat flow is missing, owing to the scarcity of local investigations. Here, thermal imaging of individual grain boundaries is demonstrated in thermoelectric SnTe via spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Measurements with microscale resolution reveal local suppressions in thermal conductivity at grain boundaries. Also, the grain-boundary thermal resistance – extracted by employing a Gibbs excess approach – is found to be correlated with the grain-boundary misorientation angle. Extracting thermal properties, including thermal boundary resistances, from microscale imaging can provide comprehensive understanding of how microstructure affects heat transport, crucially impacting the materials design of high-performance thermal-management and energy-conversion devices.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2023-09-20},\n\tjournal = {Advanced Materials},\n\tauthor = {Isotta, Eleonora and Jiang, Shizhou and Moller, Gregory and Zevalkink, Alexandra and Snyder, G. Jeffrey and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {frequency domain thermoreflectance, Gibbs excess, grain boundaries, Kapitza resistance, SnTe, thermal conductivity, thermal imaging},\n\tpages = {2302777},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Evan\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\ZK3V6DC5\\\\Isotta et al. - Microscale Imaging of Thermal Conductivity Suppres.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Evan\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\RC998AYL\\\\adma.html:text/html},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Grain-boundary engineering is an effective strategy to tune the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved performance in thermoelectric, thermal-barrier coatings, and thermal management applications. Despite the central importance to thermal transport, a clear understanding of how grain boundaries modulate the microscale heat flow is missing, owing to the scarcity of local investigations. Here, thermal imaging of individual grain boundaries is demonstrated in thermoelectric SnTe via spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Measurements with microscale resolution reveal local suppressions in thermal conductivity at grain boundaries. Also, the grain-boundary thermal resistance – extracted by employing a Gibbs excess approach – is found to be correlated with the grain-boundary misorientation angle. Extracting thermal properties, including thermal boundary resistances, from microscale imaging can provide comprehensive understanding of how microstructure affects heat transport, crucially impacting the materials design of high-performance thermal-management and energy-conversion devices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z', event);\">\n    Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivity of Several Hydrocarbon Base Oils.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahmed, J.; Wang, Q. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Ren, N.; England, R.;  and Lockwood, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Tribology Letters</i>, 71(2): 70. May 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivity of Several Hydrocarbon Base Oils [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahmed-wang-balogun-ren-england-lockwood-moleculardynamicsmodelingofthermalconductivityofseveralhydrocarbonbaseoils-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahmed_molecular_2023,\n\ttitle = {Molecular {Dynamics} {Modeling} of {Thermal} {Conductivity} of {Several} {Hydrocarbon} {Base} {Oils}},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {1573-2711},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11249-023-01738-z},\n\tabstract = {This paper is on determination of the thermal conductivities of several hydrocarbon base oils by means of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using two different force fields. It aims to explore a simulation-based method for lubricant molecular design and analysis concerning heat transfer in electrical vehicle lubrication. Argon was analyzed as a reference for method evaluation, and the results reveal that the calculated conductivity strongly depends on the size of the computational domain. However, for hydrocarbon base oils, the dependence on computation domain size is less prominent as the domain size increases. The method of direct calculation in a sufficiently large computation domain and that of reciprocal extrapolation with data calculated in a much smaller domain are both applicable, and each has a certain value in oil conductivity calculation. The calculated conductivities show certain overpredictions when compared with experimentally measured results, and the overprediction factor is related to number of carbon atoms of the liquid molecules. The results reveal that the thermal conductivity of a single-chain hydrocarbon liquid is linearly proportional to the number of carbon atoms. While each additional branch increases thermal conductivity slightly, the presence of multiple branches reduces it from the ideal linear relationship. A set of equations was formulated to correlate hydrocarbon liquid thermal conductivity with molecular characteristics in terms of number of carbon atoms and number of branches.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-09-20},\n\tjournal = {Tribology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Ahmed, Jannat and Wang, Q. Jane and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Ren, Ning and England, Roger and Lockwood, Frances},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Force fields, Hydrocarbon base oils, MD simulation, Size effect, Thermal conductivity},\n\tpages = {70},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Evan\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\HD35I6B8\\\\Ahmed et al. - 2023 - Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Thermal Conductivit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper is on determination of the thermal conductivities of several hydrocarbon base oils by means of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using two different force fields. It aims to explore a simulation-based method for lubricant molecular design and analysis concerning heat transfer in electrical vehicle lubrication. Argon was analyzed as a reference for method evaluation, and the results reveal that the calculated conductivity strongly depends on the size of the computational domain. However, for hydrocarbon base oils, the dependence on computation domain size is less prominent as the domain size increases. The method of direct calculation in a sufficiently large computation domain and that of reciprocal extrapolation with data calculated in a much smaller domain are both applicable, and each has a certain value in oil conductivity calculation. The calculated conductivities show certain overpredictions when compared with experimentally measured results, and the overprediction factor is related to number of carbon atoms of the liquid molecules. The results reveal that the thermal conductivity of a single-chain hydrocarbon liquid is linearly proportional to the number of carbon atoms. While each additional branch increases thermal conductivity slightly, the presence of multiple branches reduces it from the ideal linear relationship. A set of equations was formulated to correlate hydrocarbon liquid thermal conductivity with molecular characteristics in terms of number of carbon atoms and number of branches.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lebedev-jiang-andrews-gish-song-hersam-balogun-quantitativecharacterizationoftheanisotropicthermalpropertiesofencapsulatedtwodimensionalmos2nanofilmstextbaracsappliedmaterialsinterfaces-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lebedev-jiang-andrews-gish-song-hersam-balogun-quantitativecharacterizationoftheanisotropicthermalpropertiesofencapsulatedtwodimensionalmos2nanofilmstextbaracsappliedmaterialsinterfaces-2023', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755', event);\">\n    Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms \\textbar ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lebedev, D.; Jiang, S.; Andrews, Loren; Gish, J Tyler; Song, Thomas W; Hersam, Mark C;  and Balogun, Oluwaseyi\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  February 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lebedev-jiang-andrews-gish-song-hersam-balogun-quantitativecharacterizationoftheanisotropicthermalpropertiesofencapsulatedtwodimensionalmos2nanofilmstextbaracsappliedmaterialsinterfaces-2023', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms \\textbar ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lebedev-jiang-andrews-gish-song-hersam-balogun-quantitativecharacterizationoftheanisotropicthermalpropertiesofencapsulatedtwodimensionalmos2nanofilmstextbaracsappliedmaterialsinterfaces-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lebedev-jiang-andrews-gish-song-hersam-balogun-quantitativecharacterizationoftheanisotropicthermalpropertiesofencapsulatedtwodimensionalmos2nanofilmstextbaracsappliedmaterialsinterfaces-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{lebedev_quantitative_2023,\n\ttitle = {Quantitative {Characterization} of the {Anisotropic} {Thermal} {Properties} of {Encapsulated} {Two}-{Dimensional} {MoS2} {Nanofilms} {\\textbar} {ACS} {Applied} {Materials} \\&amp; {Interfaces}},\n\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.2c18755},\n\turldate = {2023-09-20},\n\tauthor = {Lebedev, Dmitry and Jiang, Shizhou and {Andrews, Loren} and {Gish, J Tyler} and {Song, Thomas W} and {Hersam, Mark C} and {Balogun, Oluwaseyi}},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tfile = {Quantitative Characterization of the Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanofilms | ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Evan\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\EGQJG7QQ\\\\acsami.html:text/html},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332', event);\">\n    Nanomechanical property evaluation of tungsten thin film via frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, Z.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Kim, Y. Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Thin Solid Films</i>, 742: 139050. January 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nanomechanical property evaluation of tungsten thin film via frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139050', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-balogun-kim-nanomechanicalpropertyevaluationoftungstenthinfilmviafrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_nanomechanical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Nanomechanical property evaluation of tungsten thin film via frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy},\n\tvolume = {742},\n\tissn = {00406090},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609021005332},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139050},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-01-08},\n\tjournal = {Thin Solid Films},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Ziwei and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kim, Yun Young},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {139050},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898', event);\">\n    GAN-DUF: Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for Design Under Free-Form Geometric Uncertainty.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, W. (.; Lee, D.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Chen, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Mechanical Design</i>, 145(011703). October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"GAN-DUF: Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for Design Under Free-Form Geometric Uncertainty [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-lee-balogun-chen-gandufhierarchicaldeepgenerativemodelsfordesignunderfreeformgeometricuncertainty-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_gan-duf_2022,\n\ttitle = {{GAN}-{DUF}: {Hierarchical} {Deep} {Generative} {Models} for {Design} {Under} {Free}-{Form} {Geometric} {Uncertainty}},\n\tvolume = {145},\n\tissn = {1050-0472},\n\tshorttitle = {{GAN}-{DUF}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055898},\n\tdoi = {10.1115/1.4055898},\n\tabstract = {Deep generative models have demonstrated effectiveness in learning compact and expressive design representations that significantly improve geometric design optimization. However, these models do not consider the uncertainty introduced by manufacturing or fabrication. The past work that quantifies such uncertainty often makes simplifying assumptions on geometric variations, while the “real-world,” “free-form” uncertainty and its impact on design performance are difficult to quantify due to the high dimensionality. To address this issue, we propose a generative adversarial network-based design under uncertainty framework (GAN-DUF), which contains a deep generative model that simultaneously learns a compact representation of nominal (ideal) designs and the conditional distribution of fabricated designs given any nominal design. This opens up new possibilities of (1) building a universal uncertainty quantification model compatible with both shape and topological designs, (2) modeling free-form geometric uncertainties without the need to make any assumptions on the distribution of geometric variability, and (3) allowing fast prediction of uncertainties for new nominal designs. We can combine the proposed deep generative model with robust design optimization or reliability-based design optimization for design under uncertainty. We demonstrated the framework on two real-world engineering design examples and showed its capability of finding the solution that possesses better performance after fabrication.},\n\tnumber = {011703},\n\turldate = {2023-09-20},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Wei (Wayne) and Lee, Doksoo and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Chen, Wei},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Evan\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\7GQCVJS6\\\\Chen et al. - 2022 - GAN-DUF Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Deep generative models have demonstrated effectiveness in learning compact and expressive design representations that significantly improve geometric design optimization. However, these models do not consider the uncertainty introduced by manufacturing or fabrication. The past work that quantifies such uncertainty often makes simplifying assumptions on geometric variations, while the “real-world,” “free-form” uncertainty and its impact on design performance are difficult to quantify due to the high dimensionality. To address this issue, we propose a generative adversarial network-based design under uncertainty framework (GAN-DUF), which contains a deep generative model that simultaneously learns a compact representation of nominal (ideal) designs and the conditional distribution of fabricated designs given any nominal design. This opens up new possibilities of (1) building a universal uncertainty quantification model compatible with both shape and topological designs, (2) modeling free-form geometric uncertainties without the need to make any assumptions on the distribution of geometric variability, and (3) allowing fast prediction of uncertainties for new nominal designs. We can combine the proposed deep generative model with robust design optimization or reliability-based design optimization for design under uncertainty. We demonstrated the framework on two real-world engineering design examples and showed its capability of finding the solution that possesses better performance after fabrication.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7', event);\">\n    Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking pH and time.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Candry, P.; Godfrey, B. J.; Wang, Z.; Sabba, F.; Dieppa, E.; Fudge, J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Wells, G.;  and Winkler, M. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 12(1): 20822. December 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking pH and time [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25111-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25111-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('candry-godfrey-wang-sabba-dieppa-fudge-balogun-wells-etal-tailoringpolyvinylalcoholsodiumalginatepvasahydrogelbeadsbycontrollingcrosslinkingphandtime-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{candry_tailoring_2022,\n\ttitle = {Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate ({PVA}-{SA}) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking {pH} and time},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tcopyright = {2022 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25111-7},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-022-25111-7},\n\tabstract = {Hydrogel-encapsulated catalysts are an attractive tool for low-cost intensification of (bio)-processes. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogels crosslinked with boric acid and post-cured with sulfate (PVA-SA-BS) have been applied in bioproduction and water treatment processes, but the low pH required for crosslinking may negatively affect biocatalyst functionality. Here, we investigate how crosslinking pH (3, 4, and 5) and time (1, 2, and 8 h) affect the physicochemical, elastic, and process properties of PVA-SA-BS beads. Overall, bead properties were most affected by crosslinking pH. Beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were smaller and contained larger internal cavities, while optical coherence tomography suggested polymer cross-linking density was higher. Optical coherence elastography revealed PVA-SA-BS beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were stiffer than pH 5 beads. Dextran Blue release showed that pH 3-produced beads enabled higher diffusion rates and were more porous. Last, over a 28-day incubation, pH 3 and 4 beads lost more microspheres (as cell proxies) than beads produced at pH 5, while the latter released more polymer material. Overall, this study provides a path forward to tailor PVA-SA-BS hydrogel bead properties towards a broad range of applications, such as chemical, enzymatic, and microbially catalyzed (bio)-processes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-09-20},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Candry, Pieter and Godfrey, Bruce J. and Wang, Ziwei and Sabba, Fabrizio and Dieppa, Evan and Fudge, Julia and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George and Winkler, Mari-Karoliina Henriikka},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tkeywords = {Biotechnology, Chemical engineering, Gels and hydrogels},\n\tpages = {20822},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Evan\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\X8X9BHUF\\\\Candry et al. - 2022 - Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-S.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hydrogel-encapsulated catalysts are an attractive tool for low-cost intensification of (bio)-processes. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogels crosslinked with boric acid and post-cured with sulfate (PVA-SA-BS) have been applied in bioproduction and water treatment processes, but the low pH required for crosslinking may negatively affect biocatalyst functionality. Here, we investigate how crosslinking pH (3, 4, and 5) and time (1, 2, and 8 h) affect the physicochemical, elastic, and process properties of PVA-SA-BS beads. Overall, bead properties were most affected by crosslinking pH. Beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were smaller and contained larger internal cavities, while optical coherence tomography suggested polymer cross-linking density was higher. Optical coherence elastography revealed PVA-SA-BS beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were stiffer than pH 5 beads. Dextran Blue release showed that pH 3-produced beads enabled higher diffusion rates and were more porous. Last, over a 28-day incubation, pH 3 and 4 beads lost more microspheres (as cell proxies) than beads produced at pH 5, while the latter released more polymer material. Overall, this study provides a path forward to tailor PVA-SA-BS hydrogel bead properties towards a broad range of applications, such as chemical, enzymatic, and microbially catalyzed (bio)-processes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043', event);\">\n    Dynamic Control of Plasmonic Localization by Inverse Optimization of Spatial Phase Modulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, D.; Jiang, S.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Chen, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Photonics</i>,acsphotonics.1c01043. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dynamic Control of Plasmonic Localization by Inverse Optimization of Spatial Phase Modulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-jiang-balogun-chen-dynamiccontrolofplasmoniclocalizationbyinverseoptimizationofspatialphasemodulation-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_dynamic_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dynamic {Control} of {Plasmonic} {Localization} by {Inverse} {Optimization} of {Spatial} {Phase} {Modulation}},\n\tissn = {2330-4022, 2330-4022},\n\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01043},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-01-08},\n\tjournal = {ACS Photonics},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Doksoo and Jiang, Shizhou and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Chen, Wei},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {acsphotonics.1c01043},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498', event);\">\n    Ambient-Stable Two-Dimensional CrI $_{\\textrm{3}}$ <i>via</i> Organic-Inorganic Encapsulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gish, J. T.; Lebedev, D.; Stanev, T. K.; Jiang, S.; Georgopoulos, L.; Song, T. W.; Lim, G.; Garvey, E. S.; Valdman, L.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Sofer, Z.; Sangwan, V. K.; Stern, N. P.;  and Hersam, M. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Nano</i>, 15(6): 10659–10667. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 6</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ambient-Stable Two-Dimensional CrI $_{\\textrm{3}}$ &lt;i&gt;via&lt;/i&gt; Organic-Inorganic Encapsulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gish-lebedev-stanev-jiang-georgopoulos-song-lim-garvey-etal-ambientstabletwodimensionalcritextrm3iviaiorganicinorganicencapsulation-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gish_ambient-stable_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ambient-{Stable} {Two}-{Dimensional} {CrI} $_{\\textrm{3}}$ \\textit{via} {Organic}-{Inorganic} {Encapsulation}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1936-0851, 1936-086X},\n\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c03498},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsnano.1c03498},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-08-11},\n\tjournal = {ACS Nano},\n\tauthor = {Gish, J. Tyler and Lebedev, Dmitry and Stanev, Teodor K. and Jiang, Shizhou and Georgopoulos, Leonidas and Song, Thomas W. and Lim, Gilhwan and Garvey, Ethan S. and Valdman, Lukáš and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Sofer, Zdeněk and Sangwan, Vinod K. and Stern, Nathaniel P. and Hersam, Mark C.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Number: 6},\n\tpages = {10659--10667},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923', event);\">\n    Layered viscoelastic properties of granular biofilms.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liou, H.; Sabba, F.; Wang, Z.; Wells, G.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Research</i>, 202: 117394. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Layered viscoelastic properties of granular biofilms [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117394\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117394', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liou-sabba-wang-wells-balogun-layeredviscoelasticpropertiesofgranularbiofilms-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liou_layered_2021,\n\ttitle = {Layered viscoelastic properties of granular biofilms},\n\tvolume = {202},\n\tissn = {00431354},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421005923},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2021.117394},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-08-11},\n\tjournal = {Water Research},\n\tauthor = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Wang, Ziwei and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {117394},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X', event);\">\n    Application of the reciprocity theorem to scattering of surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Achenbach, J. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Solids and Structures</i>, 207: 82–88. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Application of the reciprocity theorem to scattering of surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-balogun-achenbach-applicationofthereciprocitytheoremtoscatteringofsurfacewavesbyaninclinedsubsurfacecrack-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_application_2020,\n\ttitle = {Application of the reciprocity theorem to scattering of surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack},\n\tvolume = {207},\n\tissn = {0020-7683},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076832030398X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.012},\n\tabstract = {In this paper the scattering of incident surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack in a homogenous, isotropic and linearly elastic half-space has been investigated in a two-dimensional plane strain configuration. The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem together with a virtual wave has been used to determine the amplitude of the scattered surface waves in the far field. It is found that the amplitude is in terms of the crack opening volume due to the incident surface waves. A special case of low frequency, for which the wavelength of the surface wave is sufficiently larger than the crack length, has been considered to illustrate the method. A specific expression of the amplitude has been obtained, which provides information on the angle, length and depth of the crack. It shows that the amplitude of the scattered surface wave increases first and then decreases as the crack angle changes from 0° to 90°. For the case of an inclined crack, the results of the numerical analysis together with the analytical solutions show excellent agreement when the crack length is much smaller than the wavelength. The results in this paper should be useful for the quantitative measurement of subsurface cracks.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-11-24},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Chuanyong and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Inclined subsurface crack, Reciprocity theorem, Surface wave},\n\tpages = {82--88},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper the scattering of incident surface waves by an inclined subsurface crack in a homogenous, isotropic and linearly elastic half-space has been investigated in a two-dimensional plane strain configuration. The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem together with a virtual wave has been used to determine the amplitude of the scattered surface waves in the far field. It is found that the amplitude is in terms of the crack opening volume due to the incident surface waves. A special case of low frequency, for which the wavelength of the surface wave is sufficiently larger than the crack length, has been considered to illustrate the method. A specific expression of the amplitude has been obtained, which provides information on the angle, length and depth of the crack. It shows that the amplitude of the scattered surface wave increases first and then decreases as the crack angle changes from 0° to 90°. For the case of an inclined crack, the results of the numerical analysis together with the analytical solutions show excellent agreement when the crack length is much smaller than the wavelength. The results in this paper should be useful for the quantitative measurement of subsurface cracks.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117', event);\">\n    Cross-Plane Thermal Conductance of Phosphonic Acid-based Self Assembled Monolayers and Self Assembled Nanodielectrics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baojie Lu, Binghao Wang, Yao Chen, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks,;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces</i>. July 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cross-Plane Thermal Conductance of Phosphonic Acid-based Self Assembled Monolayers and Self Assembled Nanodielectrics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08117\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08117', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baojielu-balogun-crossplanethermalconductanceofphosphonicacidbasedselfassembledmonolayersandselfassemblednanodielectrics-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baojie_lu_binghao_wang_yao_chen_antonio_facchetti_tobin_j_marks_and_oluwaseyi_balogun_cross-plane_2020,\n\ttitle = {Cross-{Plane} {Thermal} {Conductance} of {Phosphonic} {Acid}-based {Self} {Assembled} {Monolayers} and {Self} {Assembled} {Nanodielectrics}},\n\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c08117},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsami.0c08117},\n\tjournal = {ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces},\n\tauthor = {{Baojie Lu, Binghao Wang, Yao Chen, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks, and Oluwaseyi Balogun}},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chuanyongwang-oluwaseyibalogun-jdachenbach-scatteringofarayleighwavebyanearsurfacecrackwhichisnormaltothefreesurface-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Scattering of a Rayleigh wave by a near surface crack which is normal to the free surface.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chuanyong Wang; Oluwaseyi Balogun;  and J.D. Achenbach\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Engineering Science</i>.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chuanyongwang-oluwaseyibalogun-jdachenbach-scatteringofarayleighwavebyanearsurfacecrackwhichisnormaltothefreesurface-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chuanyongwang-oluwaseyibalogun-jdachenbach-scatteringofarayleighwavebyanearsurfacecrackwhichisnormaltothefreesurface-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chuanyong_wang_scattering_2019,\n\ttitle = {Scattering of a {Rayleigh} wave by a near surface crack which is normal to the free surface},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Engineering Science},\n\tauthor = {{Chuanyong Wang} and {Oluwaseyi Balogun} and {J.D. Achenbach}},\n\tyear = {2019},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019', 'http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C', event);\">\n    Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liou, H.; Sabba, F.; Packman, A. I.; Rosenthal, A.; Wells, G.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Soft Matter</i>, 15(28): 5562–5573. June 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 28</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019', 'http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM00739C\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM00739C', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liou-sabba-packman-rosenthal-wells-balogun-towardsmechanicalcharacterizationofgranularbiofilmsbyopticalcoherenceelastographymeasurementsofcircumferentialelasticwaves-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liou_towards_2019,\n\ttitle = {Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1744-683X, 1744-6848},\n\turl = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9SM00739C},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/C9SM00739C},\n\tabstract = {This paper presents a metrology approach combining optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves and model-based inverse analyses to nondestructively characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft spherical gels.\n          , \n            Microbial granular biofilms are spherical, multi-layered aggregates composed of communities of bacterial cells encased in a complex matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While granular aggregates are increasingly used for applications in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, their underlying mechanical properties are poorly understood. The challenges of viscoelastic characterization for these structures are due to their spherical geometry, spatially heterogeneous properties, and their delicate nature. In this study, we report a model-based approach for nondestructive characterization of viscoelastic properties (shear modulus and shear viscosity) of alginate spheres with different concentrations, which was motivated by our measurements in granular biofilms. The characterization technique relies on experimental measurements of circumferential elastic wave speeds as a function of frequency in the samples using the Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) technique. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the viscoelastic properties of the samples from OCE data through inverse analysis. This work represents the first attempt to explore elastic waves for mechanical characterization of granular biofilms. The combination of the OCE technique and the theoretical model presented in this paper provides a framework that can facilitate quantitative viscoelastic characterization of samples with curved geometries and the study of the relationships between morphology and mechanical properties in granular biofilms.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {28},\n\turldate = {2019-07-18},\n\tjournal = {Soft Matter},\n\tauthor = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Packman, Aaron I. and Rosenthal, Alex and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Number: 28},\n\tpages = {5562--5573},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper presents a metrology approach combining optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves and model-based inverse analyses to nondestructively characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft spherical gels. , Microbial granular biofilms are spherical, multi-layered aggregates composed of communities of bacterial cells encased in a complex matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While granular aggregates are increasingly used for applications in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, their underlying mechanical properties are poorly understood. The challenges of viscoelastic characterization for these structures are due to their spherical geometry, spatially heterogeneous properties, and their delicate nature. In this study, we report a model-based approach for nondestructive characterization of viscoelastic properties (shear modulus and shear viscosity) of alginate spheres with different concentrations, which was motivated by our measurements in granular biofilms. The characterization technique relies on experimental measurements of circumferential elastic wave speeds as a function of frequency in the samples using the Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) technique. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the viscoelastic properties of the samples from OCE data through inverse analysis. This work represents the first attempt to explore elastic waves for mechanical characterization of granular biofilms. The combination of the OCE technique and the theoretical model presented in this paper provides a framework that can facilitate quantitative viscoelastic characterization of samples with curved geometries and the study of the relationships between morphology and mechanical properties in granular biofilms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lu-zhang-balogun-crossplanethermaltransportmeasurementsacrosscvdgrownfewlayergraphenefilmsonasiliconsubstrate-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cross-plane thermal transport measurements across CVD grown few layer graphene films on a silicon substrate.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lu, B.; Zhang, L.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Advances</i>,6. April 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lu-zhang-balogun-crossplanethermaltransportmeasurementsacrosscvdgrownfewlayergraphenefilmsonasiliconsubstrate-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lu-zhang-balogun-crossplanethermaltransportmeasurementsacrosscvdgrownfewlayergraphenefilmsonasiliconsubstrate-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lu_cross-plane_2019,\n\ttitle = {Cross-plane thermal transport measurements across {CVD} grown few layer graphene films on a silicon substrate},\n\tabstract = {Room-temperature time-domain thermoreflectance technique (TDTR) measurements of cross-plane heat conduction across gold-graphenesilicon interfaces are presented. The graphene layers are originally grown on a copper substrate by chemical vapor deposition and later transferred to a silicon substrate in layer-by-layer fashion. We estimate the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) as a function of number of graphene layers, by fitting a layered heat conduction model that accounts for heat accumulation in the gold layer to the TDTR data, using the TBC as a free fitting parameter. The estimated TBC was found to decrease with number of graphene layers at the interface, as observed in previous TDTR measurements reported in the literature. The decrease in TBC with number of graphene layers matches the trends in the transmission coefficient of low frequency (25 GHz) coherent acoustic phonons across the interface, indicating that the interface elastic stiffness decreases with the number of graphene layers due to poor bonding between the gold film and silicon substrate.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {AIP Advances},\n\tauthor = {Lu, Baojie and Zhang, Longhan and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {6},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Room-temperature time-domain thermoreflectance technique (TDTR) measurements of cross-plane heat conduction across gold-graphenesilicon interfaces are presented. The graphene layers are originally grown on a copper substrate by chemical vapor deposition and later transferred to a silicon substrate in layer-by-layer fashion. We estimate the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) as a function of number of graphene layers, by fitting a layered heat conduction model that accounts for heat accumulation in the gold layer to the TDTR data, using the TBC as a free fitting parameter. The estimated TBC was found to decrease with number of graphene layers at the interface, as observed in previous TDTR measurements reported in the literature. The decrease in TBC with number of graphene layers matches the trends in the transmission coefficient of low frequency (25 GHz) coherent acoustic phonons across the interface, indicating that the interface elastic stiffness decreases with the number of graphene layers due to poor bonding between the gold film and silicon substrate.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019', 'https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390', event);\">\n    Optically Detecting Acoustic Oscillations at the Nanoscale: Exploring techniques suitable for studying elastic wave propagation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine</i>,16. April 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019', 'https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optically Detecting Acoustic Oscillations at the Nanoscale: Exploring techniques suitable for studying elastic wave propagation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/MNANO.2019.2905021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/MNANO.2019.2905021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-opticallydetectingacousticoscillationsatthenanoscaleexploringtechniquessuitableforstudyingelasticwavepropagation-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_optically_2019,\n\ttitle = {Optically {Detecting} {Acoustic} {Oscillations} at the {Nanoscale}: {Exploring} techniques suitable for studying elastic wave propagation},\n\turl = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688390},\n\tdoi = {10.1109/MNANO.2019.2905021},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {16},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019', 'https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a', event);\">\n    Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liou, H.; Sabba, F.; Packman, A. I.; Wells, G.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Soft Matter</i>. January 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019', 'https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM01902A\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM01902A', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liou-sabba-packman-wells-balogun-nondestructivecharacterizationofsoftmaterialsandbiofilmsbymeasurementofguidedelasticwavepropagationusingopticalcoherenceelastography-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liou_nondestructive_2019,\n\ttitle = {Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography},\n\tissn = {1744-6848},\n\turl = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c8sm01902a},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/C8SM01902A},\n\tabstract = {Biofilms are soft multicomponent biological materials composed of microbial communities attached to surfaces. Despite the crucial relevance of biofilms to diverse industrial, medical, and environmental applications, the mechanical properties of biofilms are understudied. Moreover, most of the available techniques for the characterization of biofilm mechanical properties are destructive. Here, we detail a model-based approach developed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft materials and bacterial biofilms based on experimental data obtained using the nondestructive dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique. The model predicted the frequency- and geometry-dependent propagation velocities of elastic waves in a soft viscoelastic plate supported by a rigid substratum. Our numerical calculations suggest that the dispersion curves of guided waves recorded in thin soft plates by the dynamic OCE technique are dominated by guided waves, whose phase velocities depend on the viscoelastic properties and plate thickness. The numerical model was validated against experimental measurements in agarose phantom samples with different thicknesses and concentrations. The model was then used to interpret guided wave dispersion curves obtained by the OCE technique in bacterial biofilms developed in a rotating annular reactor, which allowed the quantitative characterization of biofilm shear modulus and viscosity. This study is the first to employ measurements of elastic wave propagation to characterize biofilms, and it provides a novel framework combining a theoretical model and an experimental approach for studying the relationship between the biofilm internal physical structure and mechanical properties.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2019-01-08},\n\tjournal = {Soft Matter},\n\tauthor = {Liou, Hong-Cin and Sabba, Fabrizio and Packman, Aaron I. and Wells, George and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Biofilms are soft multicomponent biological materials composed of microbial communities attached to surfaces. Despite the crucial relevance of biofilms to diverse industrial, medical, and environmental applications, the mechanical properties of biofilms are understudied. Moreover, most of the available techniques for the characterization of biofilm mechanical properties are destructive. Here, we detail a model-based approach developed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft materials and bacterial biofilms based on experimental data obtained using the nondestructive dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique. The model predicted the frequency- and geometry-dependent propagation velocities of elastic waves in a soft viscoelastic plate supported by a rigid substratum. Our numerical calculations suggest that the dispersion curves of guided waves recorded in thin soft plates by the dynamic OCE technique are dominated by guided waves, whose phase velocities depend on the viscoelastic properties and plate thickness. The numerical model was validated against experimental measurements in agarose phantom samples with different thicknesses and concentrations. The model was then used to interpret guided wave dispersion curves obtained by the OCE technique in bacterial biofilms developed in a rotating annular reactor, which allowed the quantitative characterization of biofilm shear modulus and viscosity. This study is the first to employ measurements of elastic wave propagation to characterize biofilms, and it provides a novel framework combining a theoretical model and an experimental approach for studying the relationship between the biofilm internal physical structure and mechanical properties.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7', event);\">\n    Acoustic Modal Testing of Bicycle Rims.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ford, M.; Peng, P.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation</i>, 37(1): 16. February 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acoustic Modal Testing of Bicycle Rims [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ford-peng-balogun-acousticmodaltestingofbicyclerims-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ford_acoustic_2018,\n\ttitle = {Acoustic {Modal} {Testing} of {Bicycle} {Rims}},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1573-4862},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10921-018-0471-7},\n\tabstract = {The stiffness, strength, and safety of a bicycle wheel depend critically on the stiffness of its rim. However, the complicated cross-sections of modern bicycle rims make estimation of the stiffness by geometric methods very difficult. We have measured the radial bending stiffness and lateral-torsional stiffness of bicycle rims by experimental modal analysis using a smartphone microphone. Our acoustic method is fast, cheap, and non-destructive, and estimates the radial bending stiffness, EI11EI11EI\\_\\{11\\}, to within 8\\% and the torsional stiffness, GJ, to within 11\\% as compared with a direct mechanical test. The acoustic method also provides a direct measurement of the coupled lateral-torsional effective stiffness, which is necessary for calculating many useful properties of bicycle wheels such as stiffness, buckling tension, and the influence of spoke tensioning. For a complete bicycle wheel, the lateral stiffness can be determined by a superposition of equivalent springs for each mode in series, where each mode stiffness contains a rim stiffness and spoke stiffness combined in parallel. We give example calculations on two realistic bicycle wheels using our experimentally derived rim properties to show how stiff spokes can compensate for a flexible rim, while a very stiff rim doesn’t necessarily result in a stiff wheel.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Peng, Patrick and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tkeywords = {Acoustics, Bicycle wheel, Experimental modal analysis, Smartphone applications, Structural characterization},\n\tpages = {16},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The stiffness, strength, and safety of a bicycle wheel depend critically on the stiffness of its rim. However, the complicated cross-sections of modern bicycle rims make estimation of the stiffness by geometric methods very difficult. We have measured the radial bending stiffness and lateral-torsional stiffness of bicycle rims by experimental modal analysis using a smartphone microphone. Our acoustic method is fast, cheap, and non-destructive, and estimates the radial bending stiffness, EI11EI11EI_\\11\\, to within 8% and the torsional stiffness, GJ, to within 11% as compared with a direct mechanical test. The acoustic method also provides a direct measurement of the coupled lateral-torsional effective stiffness, which is necessary for calculating many useful properties of bicycle wheels such as stiffness, buckling tension, and the influence of spoke tensioning. For a complete bicycle wheel, the lateral stiffness can be determined by a superposition of equivalent springs for each mode in series, where each mode stiffness contains a rim stiffness and spoke stiffness combined in parallel. We give example calculations on two realistic bicycle wheels using our experimentally derived rim properties to show how stiff spokes can compensate for a flexible rim, while a very stiff rim doesn’t necessarily result in a stiff wheel.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729', event);\">\n    Morphological analysis of pore size and connectivity in a thick mixed-culture biofilm.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rosenthal, A. F.; Griffin, J. S.; Wagner, M.; Packman, A. I.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Wells, G. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biotechnology and Bioengineering</i>, 115(9): 2268–2279. September 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 9</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Morphological analysis of pore size and connectivity in a thick mixed-culture biofilm [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26729\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26729', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rosenthal-griffin-wagner-packman-balogun-wells-morphologicalanalysisofporesizeandconnectivityinathickmixedculturebiofilm-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rosenthal_morphological_2018,\n\ttitle = {Morphological analysis of pore size and connectivity in a thick mixed-culture biofilm},\n\tvolume = {115},\n\tcopyright = {© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},\n\tissn = {1097-0290},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bit.26729},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/bit.26729},\n\tabstract = {Morphological parameters are commonly used to predict transport and metabolic kinetics in biofilms. Yet, quantification of biofilm morphology remains challenging because of imaging technology limitations and lack of robust analytical approaches. We present a novel set of imaging and image analysis techniques to estimate internal porosity, pore size distributions, and pore network connectivity to a depth of 1 mm at a resolution of 10 µm in a biofilm exhibiting both heterotrophic and nitrifying activities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans revealed an extensive pore network with diameters as large as 110 µm directly connected to the biofilm surface and surrounding fluid. Thin-section fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) distributed through the entire thickness of the biofilm. AOB were particularly concentrated in the biofilm around internal pores. Areal porosity values estimated from OCT scans were consistently lower than those estimated from multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, though the two imaging modalities showed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.49, p {\\textless} 0.0001). Estimates of areal porosity were moderately sensitive to gray-level threshold selection, though several automated thresholding algorithms yielded similar values to those obtained by manually thresholding performed by a panel of environmental engineering researchers (±25\\% relative error). These findings advance our ability to quantitatively describe the geometry of biofilm internal pore networks at length scales relevant to engineered biofilm reactors and suggest that internal pore structures provide crucial habitat for nitrifier growth.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},\n\tauthor = {Rosenthal, Alex F. and Griffin, James S. and Wagner, Michael and Packman, Aaron I. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Number: 9},\n\tkeywords = {biofilms, connectivity, mesoscale, nitrification, optical coherence tomography (OCT), porosity},\n\tpages = {2268--2279},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Morphological parameters are commonly used to predict transport and metabolic kinetics in biofilms. Yet, quantification of biofilm morphology remains challenging because of imaging technology limitations and lack of robust analytical approaches. We present a novel set of imaging and image analysis techniques to estimate internal porosity, pore size distributions, and pore network connectivity to a depth of 1 mm at a resolution of 10 µm in a biofilm exhibiting both heterotrophic and nitrifying activities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans revealed an extensive pore network with diameters as large as 110 µm directly connected to the biofilm surface and surrounding fluid. Thin-section fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) distributed through the entire thickness of the biofilm. AOB were particularly concentrated in the biofilm around internal pores. Areal porosity values estimated from OCT scans were consistently lower than those estimated from multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, though the two imaging modalities showed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.49, p \\textless 0.0001). Estimates of areal porosity were moderately sensitive to gray-level threshold selection, though several automated thresholding algorithms yielded similar values to those obtained by manually thresholding performed by a panel of environmental engineering researchers (±25% relative error). These findings advance our ability to quantitatively describe the geometry of biofilm internal pore networks at length scales relevant to engineered biofilm reactors and suggest that internal pore structures provide crucial habitat for nitrifier growth.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447', event);\">\n    Tunable band gaps and transmission behavior of SH waves with oblique incident angle in periodic dielectric elastomer laminates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, J.; Chen, H.; Wu, B.; Chen, W.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Mechanical Sciences</i>, 146-147: 81–90. October 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tunable band gaps and transmission behavior of SH waves with oblique incident angle in periodic dielectric elastomer laminates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-chen-wu-chen-balogun-tunablebandgapsandtransmissionbehaviorofshwaveswithobliqueincidentangleinperiodicdielectricelastomerlaminates-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_tunable_2018,\n\ttitle = {Tunable band gaps and transmission behavior of {SH} waves with oblique incident angle in periodic dielectric elastomer laminates},\n\tvolume = {146-147},\n\tissn = {0020-7403},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740318318447},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.038},\n\tabstract = {This work focuses on understanding elastic wave propagation in the periodic dielectric elastomer (DE) laminates with geometry and material properties that can be tuned by an external electric field. In particular, shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation at oblique incidence is investigated using the Dorfmann and Ogden&#x27;s finite electroelasticity theory and the Dielectric Gent (DG) energy model. Numerical calculations of the dispersion relations and transmission properties are presented. The numerical results show that the SH wave band gaps and transmission coefficient depend on various parameters that can be controlled by the applied external electrostatic field and the incident angle of the SH wave, thus providing a novel strategy for designing flexible phononic structures with tunable properties.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Jun and Chen, Haoyun and Wu, Bin and Chen, Weiqiu and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Dielectric elastomer, Laminated phononic crystals, Tunable properties, Wave propagation},\n\tpages = {81--90},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This work focuses on understanding elastic wave propagation in the periodic dielectric elastomer (DE) laminates with geometry and material properties that can be tuned by an external electric field. In particular, shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation at oblique incidence is investigated using the Dorfmann and Ogden's finite electroelasticity theory and the Dielectric Gent (DG) energy model. Numerical calculations of the dispersion relations and transmission properties are presented. The numerical results show that the SH wave band gaps and transmission coefficient depend on various parameters that can be controlled by the applied external electrostatic field and the incident angle of the SH wave, thus providing a novel strategy for designing flexible phononic structures with tunable properties.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680', event);\">\n    Spalling-like failure by cylindrical projectiles deteriorates the ballistic performance of multi-layer graphene plates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meng, Z.; Han, J.; Qin, X.; Zhang, Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Keten, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Carbon</i>, 126: 611–619. January 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Spalling-like failure by cylindrical projectiles deteriorates the ballistic performance of multi-layer graphene plates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.068', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meng-han-qin-zhang-balogun-keten-spallinglikefailurebycylindricalprojectilesdeterioratestheballisticperformanceofmultilayergrapheneplates-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meng_spalling-like_2018,\n\ttitle = {Spalling-like failure by cylindrical projectiles deteriorates the ballistic performance of multi-layer graphene plates},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {0008-6223},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317310680},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.068},\n\tabstract = {Ballistic performance of ultra-thin graphene membranes have recently been investigated at the micro and nanoscale. Two open questions that remain unanswered are, how graphitic plates behave when they can no longer be treated as a thin membrane, and how the projectile shape influences the perforation resistance of plates of varying thicknesses. Through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we show that beyond a critical plate thickness, a cylindrical projectile penetrates the plate at a lower velocity than a spherical one. This counterintuitive phenomenon is explained by spalling-like failure for thicker plates, where the graphene layers at the bottom section undergo a wave-superposition induced failure in the cylindrical case. Finite element simulations are carried out to show that in-plane tensile stress concentrates at the bottom section, resulting from the superposition of incident and reflected stress waves. A mechanics relationship is then proposed to describe the resisting pressure of the graphitic plate during ballistic impact. The analytical relationship indicates that the intensity of stress wave, which affects the spalling-like failure, depends on the projectile initial velocity, plate compressive modulus, and density. Our findings reveal the existence of a new failure mechanism for multi-layer graphene systems, and provide theoretical guidance for future dynamic mechanical property characterization of graphitic barriers.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Carbon},\n\tauthor = {Meng, Zhaoxu and Han, Jialun and Qin, Xin and Zhang, Yao and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Keten, Sinan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Ballistic impact, Coarse-grained molecular dynamics, Multi-layer graphene (MLG) plate, Projectile shape, Spalling, Stress wave},\n\tpages = {611--619},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ballistic performance of ultra-thin graphene membranes have recently been investigated at the micro and nanoscale. Two open questions that remain unanswered are, how graphitic plates behave when they can no longer be treated as a thin membrane, and how the projectile shape influences the perforation resistance of plates of varying thicknesses. Through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we show that beyond a critical plate thickness, a cylindrical projectile penetrates the plate at a lower velocity than a spherical one. This counterintuitive phenomenon is explained by spalling-like failure for thicker plates, where the graphene layers at the bottom section undergo a wave-superposition induced failure in the cylindrical case. Finite element simulations are carried out to show that in-plane tensile stress concentrates at the bottom section, resulting from the superposition of incident and reflected stress waves. A mechanics relationship is then proposed to describe the resisting pressure of the graphitic plate during ballistic impact. The analytical relationship indicates that the intensity of stress wave, which affects the spalling-like failure, depends on the projectile initial velocity, plate compressive modulus, and density. Our findings reveal the existence of a new failure mechanism for multi-layer graphene systems, and provide theoretical guidance for future dynamic mechanical property characterization of graphitic barriers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017', 'https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960', event);\">\n    Analytical Model for the Radial Strength and Collapse of the Bicycle Wheel.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ford, M.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  September 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017', 'https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analytical Model for the Radial Strength and Collapse of the Bicycle Wheel [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5404960.v1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5404960.v1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ford-balogun-analyticalmodelfortheradialstrengthandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{ford_analytical_2017,\n\ttitle = {Analytical {Model} for the {Radial} {Strength} and {Collapse} of the {Bicycle} {Wheel}},\n\turl = {https://figshare.com/articles/Analytical_Model_for_the_Radial_Strength_and_Collapse_of_the_Bicycle_Wheel/5404960},\n\tabstract = {This article is part of the Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference held in Davis, California, USA on September 20th through 23rd in the year 2017.Paper ID: 15},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tdoi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.5404960.v1},\n\tkeywords = {Bicycle engineering including intelligent technology},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article is part of the Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference held in Davis, California, USA on September 20th through 23rd in the year 2017.Paper ID: 15\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017', 'https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170', event);\">\n    Thickness Resonance Acoustic Microscopy for Nanomechanical Subsurface Imaging.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shekhawat, G. S.; Srivastava, A. K.; Dravid, V. P.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Nano</i>, 11(6): 6139–6145. June 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 6</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017', 'https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thickness Resonance Acoustic Microscopy for Nanomechanical Subsurface Imaging [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shekhawat-srivastava-dravid-balogun-thicknessresonanceacousticmicroscopyfornanomechanicalsubsurfaceimaging-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shekhawat_thickness_2017,\n\ttitle = {Thickness {Resonance} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} for {Nanomechanical} {Subsurface} {Imaging}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1936-0851},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02170},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsnano.7b02170},\n\tabstract = {A nondestructive scanning near-field thickness resonance acoustic microscopy (SNTRAM) has been developed that provides high-resolution mechanical depth sensitivity and sharp phase contrast of subsurface features. In SNTRAM technology, we excited the sample at its thickness resonance, at which a sharp change in phase is observed and mapped with a scanning probe microscopy stage in near field to provide nanometer-scale nanomechanical contrast of subsurface features/defects. We reported here the remarkable subsubsurface phase contrast and sensitivity of SNTRAM by exciting the sample with a sinusoidal elastic wave at a frequency equal to the thickness resonance of the sample. This results in a large shift in phase component associated with the bulk longitudinal wave propagating through the sample thickness, thus suggesting the usefulness of this method for (a) generating better image contrast due to high S/N of the transmitted ultrasound wave to the other side of the sample and (b) sensitive detection of local variation in material properties at much better resolution due to the sharp change in phase. We demonstrated that the sample excited at the thickness resonance has a more substantial phase contrast and depth sensitivity than that excited at off-resonance and related acoustic techniques. Subsurface features down to 5–8 nm lateral resolution have been demonstrated using a standard sample.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {ACS Nano},\n\tauthor = {Shekhawat, Gajendra S. and Srivastava, Arvind K. and Dravid, Vinayak P. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Number: 6},\n\tpages = {6139--6145},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A nondestructive scanning near-field thickness resonance acoustic microscopy (SNTRAM) has been developed that provides high-resolution mechanical depth sensitivity and sharp phase contrast of subsurface features. In SNTRAM technology, we excited the sample at its thickness resonance, at which a sharp change in phase is observed and mapped with a scanning probe microscopy stage in near field to provide nanometer-scale nanomechanical contrast of subsurface features/defects. We reported here the remarkable subsubsurface phase contrast and sensitivity of SNTRAM by exciting the sample with a sinusoidal elastic wave at a frequency equal to the thickness resonance of the sample. This results in a large shift in phase component associated with the bulk longitudinal wave propagating through the sample thickness, thus suggesting the usefulness of this method for (a) generating better image contrast due to high S/N of the transmitted ultrasound wave to the other side of the sample and (b) sensitive detection of local variation in material properties at much better resolution due to the sharp change in phase. We demonstrated that the sample excited at the thickness resonance has a more substantial phase contrast and depth sensitivity than that excited at off-resonance and related acoustic techniques. Subsurface features down to 5–8 nm lateral resolution have been demonstrated using a standard sample.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-balogun-nearfieldopticaldetectionofacousticandnanomechanicalvibrationsusinglocalizedsurfaceplasmonpolaritons-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Near-field optical detection of acoustic and nanomechanical vibrations using localized surface plasmon polaritons.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, X.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO)</i>, pages 443–448, July 2017. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/NANO.2017.8117295\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-balogun-nearfieldopticaldetectionofacousticandnanomechanicalvibrationsusinglocalizedsurfaceplasmonpolaritons-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/NANO.2017.8117295', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-balogun-nearfieldopticaldetectionofacousticandnanomechanicalvibrationsusinglocalizedsurfaceplasmonpolaritons-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-balogun-nearfieldopticaldetectionofacousticandnanomechanicalvibrationsusinglocalizedsurfaceplasmonpolaritons-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{chen_near-field_2017,\n\ttitle = {Near-field optical detection of acoustic and nanomechanical vibrations using localized surface plasmon polaritons},\n\tdoi = {10.1109/NANO.2017.8117295},\n\tabstract = {We explore scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to demonstrate local measurement of motion in an isolated, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator actuated by a harmonic photothermal source. In the measurement, a plasmonic nanofocusing element is integrated with a SPM probe for efficient concentration of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the apex of probe tip and confinement of light in the gap between the probe-tip and surface of the nanomechanical resonator. Upon illuminating the nanomechanical resonator with an intensity modulated laser, the light source is partially absorbed leading to heating, thermal expansion in the metal coating and the silicon substrate, and a heat-induced bending moment in the resonator. The bending motion of the resonator changes the width of the gap between the probe-tip and the resonator leading to modulation of the scattered light intensity in the far-field. We explore a heterodyne demodulation approach to suppress unwanted background scattering and resolve the mode shapes of the first and second bending modes of the resonator. The measurement technique allows for an all-optical actuation and detection of mechanical vibrations in micro- and nanostructures with sub-wavelength lateral spatial resolution. Furthermore, the measurement technique enables the actuation of nanomechanical resonators over a broad frequency range, and measurement of their steady state displacement with high frequency resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.},\n\tbooktitle = {2017 {IEEE} 17th {International} {Conference} on {Nanotechnology} ({IEEE}-{NANO})},\n\tauthor = {Chen, X. and Balogun, O.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Optical scattering, Optical surface waves, Si, acoustic vibrations, bending, bending motion, coatings, Frequency measurement, harmonic photothermal source, heat-induced bending moment, heterodyne demodulation, localized surface plasmon polaritons, mechanical vibrations, metal coating, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator, microstructures, nanomechanical vibrations, nanomechanics, nanophotonics, nanosensors, nanostructures, near-field optical detection, Optical amplifiers, Optical resonators, optical sensors, plasmonic nanofocusing, plasmonics, polaritons, Resonant frequency, scanning probe microscopy, signal-to-noise ratio, surface plasmons, thermal expansion, vibrations, Vibrations},\n\tpages = {443--448},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We explore scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to demonstrate local measurement of motion in an isolated, metal-coated silicon nanomechanical resonator actuated by a harmonic photothermal source. In the measurement, a plasmonic nanofocusing element is integrated with a SPM probe for efficient concentration of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the apex of probe tip and confinement of light in the gap between the probe-tip and surface of the nanomechanical resonator. Upon illuminating the nanomechanical resonator with an intensity modulated laser, the light source is partially absorbed leading to heating, thermal expansion in the metal coating and the silicon substrate, and a heat-induced bending moment in the resonator. The bending motion of the resonator changes the width of the gap between the probe-tip and the resonator leading to modulation of the scattered light intensity in the far-field. We explore a heterodyne demodulation approach to suppress unwanted background scattering and resolve the mode shapes of the first and second bending modes of the resonator. The measurement technique allows for an all-optical actuation and detection of mechanical vibrations in micro- and nanostructures with sub-wavelength lateral spatial resolution. Furthermore, the measurement technique enables the actuation of nanomechanical resonators over a broad frequency range, and measurement of their steady state displacement with high frequency resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ford-papadopoulos-balogun-bucklingofthebicyclewheel-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ford-papadopoulos-balogun-bucklingofthebicyclewheel-2016', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel', event);\">\n    Buckling of the bicycle wheel.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ford, M.; Papadopoulos, J. M.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Proceedings of the 2016 Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics Conference</i>.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ford-papadopoulos-balogun-bucklingofthebicyclewheel-2016', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Buckling of the bicycle wheel [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ford-papadopoulos-balogun-bucklingofthebicyclewheel-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ford-papadopoulos-balogun-bucklingofthebicyclewheel-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ford_buckling_2016,\n\ttitle = {Buckling of the bicycle wheel},\n\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-of-the-bicycle-wheel},\n\tlanguage = {English (US)},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the 2016 Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics Conference},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Papadopoulos, Jim M. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016', 'https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047', event);\">\n    Morphological examination of nitrifying biofilms in a moving bed biofilm reactor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rosenthal, A. F.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Wells, G. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016', 'https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Morphological examination of nitrifying biofilms in a moving bed biofilm reactor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/info:doi/10.2175/193864716819713123\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016', 'http://doi.org/info:doi/10.2175/193864716819713123', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rosenthal-balogun-wells-morphologicalexaminationofnitrifyingbiofilmsinamovingbedbiofilmreactorusingopticalcoherencetomographyandfluorescenceinsituhybridization-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{rosenthal_morphological_2016,\n\ttype = {Text},\n\ttitle = {Morphological examination of nitrifying biofilms in a moving bed biofilm reactor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization},\n\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2016/00002016/00000009/art00047},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Rosenthal, Alex F. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George F.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tdoi = {info:doi/10.2175/193864716819713123},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ford-zhang-balogun-bucklingandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ford-zhang-balogun-bucklingandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2016', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel', event);\">\n    Buckling and collapse of the bicycle wheel.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ford, M.; Zhang, L.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>24th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM 2016)</i>,2770–2771.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ford-zhang-balogun-bucklingandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2016', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Buckling and collapse of the bicycle wheel [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ford-zhang-balogun-bucklingandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ford-zhang-balogun-bucklingandcollapseofthebicyclewheel-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ford_buckling_2016-1,\n\ttitle = {Buckling and collapse of the bicycle wheel},\n\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/buckling-and-collapse-of-the-bicycle-wheel},\n\tlanguage = {English (US)},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {24th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM 2016)},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Matthew and Zhang, Li and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {2770--2771},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1', event);\">\n    Near-Field Photothermal Heating with a Plasmonic Nanofocusing Probe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, X.; Dong, B.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Thermophysics</i>, 37(3): 26. January 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 3</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Near-Field Photothermal Heating with a Plasmonic Nanofocusing Probe [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-dong-balogun-nearfieldphotothermalheatingwithaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_near-field_2016,\n\ttitle = {Near-{Field} {Photothermal} {Heating} with a {Plasmonic} {Nanofocusing} {Probe}},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1572-9567},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10765-016-2037-1},\n\tabstract = {Noble metal nanostructures support plasmon resonances—collective oscillation of charge carriers at optical frequencies—and serve as effective tools to create bright light sources at the nanoscale. These sources are useful in broad application areas including, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, nanolithography, and near-field optomechanical transducers. The feasibility of these applications relies on efficient conversion of free-space propagating light to plasmons. Recently, we demonstrated a hybrid nanofocusing scheme for efficient coupling of light to plasmons at the apex of a scanning probe. In the approach, free-space light is coupled to propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the tapered shaft of the scanning probe. The SPPs propagate adiabatically towards the probe tip where they are coupled to localized plasmons (LSPs). The nanofocusing scheme was explored in a near-field scanning optical microscope for super-resolution imaging, near-field transduction of nanomechanical vibrations, and local detection of ultrasound. Owing to the strong concentration of light at the probe, significant heating of the tip and a sample positioned in the optical near-field is expected. This paper investigates the local heating produced by the plasmonic nanofocusing probe under steady-state conditions using the tip-enhanced Raman scattering approach. In addition, a finite element model is explored to study the coupling of free propagating light to LSPs, and to estimate the temperature rise expected in a halfspace heated by absorption of the LSPs. This study has implications for exploring the plasmonic nanofocusing probe in heat-assisted nanofabrication and fundamental studies of nanoscale heat transport in materials.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Thermophysics},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Xiang and Dong, Biqing and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {Number: 3},\n\tkeywords = {Near-field heating, Plasmonic nanofocusing, Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy},\n\tpages = {26},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Noble metal nanostructures support plasmon resonances—collective oscillation of charge carriers at optical frequencies—and serve as effective tools to create bright light sources at the nanoscale. These sources are useful in broad application areas including, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, nanolithography, and near-field optomechanical transducers. The feasibility of these applications relies on efficient conversion of free-space propagating light to plasmons. Recently, we demonstrated a hybrid nanofocusing scheme for efficient coupling of light to plasmons at the apex of a scanning probe. In the approach, free-space light is coupled to propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the tapered shaft of the scanning probe. The SPPs propagate adiabatically towards the probe tip where they are coupled to localized plasmons (LSPs). The nanofocusing scheme was explored in a near-field scanning optical microscope for super-resolution imaging, near-field transduction of nanomechanical vibrations, and local detection of ultrasound. Owing to the strong concentration of light at the probe, significant heating of the tip and a sample positioned in the optical near-field is expected. This paper investigates the local heating produced by the plasmonic nanofocusing probe under steady-state conditions using the tip-enhanced Raman scattering approach. In addition, a finite element model is explored to study the coupling of free propagating light to LSPs, and to estimate the temperature rise expected in a halfspace heated by absorption of the LSPs. This study has implications for exploring the plasmonic nanofocusing probe in heat-assisted nanofabrication and fundamental studies of nanoscale heat transport in materials.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015', 'https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022', event);\">\n    Quantitative Image Analysis of Mesoscale Biofilm Structure with Optical Coherence Tomography.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rosenthal, A.; Yi, J.; Zhang, H. F.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Wells, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015', 'https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Quantitative Image Analysis of Mesoscale Biofilm Structure with Optical Coherence Tomography [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/info:doi/10.2175/193864715819540793\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015', 'http://doi.org/info:doi/10.2175/193864715819540793', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rosenthal-yi-zhang-balogun-wells-quantitativeimageanalysisofmesoscalebiofilmstructurewithopticalcoherencetomography-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{rosenthal_quantitative_2015,\n\ttype = {Text},\n\ttitle = {Quantitative {Image} {Analysis} of {Mesoscale} {Biofilm} {Structure} with {Optical} {Coherence} {Tomography}},\n\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/wef/wefproc/2015/00002015/00000014/art00022},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Rosenthal, Alex and Yi, Ji and Zhang, Hao F. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Wells, George},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tdoi = {info:doi/10.2175/193864715819540793},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058', event);\">\n    Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahn, P.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Ford, M.; Rosenmann, D.; Jung, I. W.; Sun, C.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 5: 10058. May 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/srep10058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/srep10058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahn-chen-zhang-ford-rosenmann-jung-sun-balogun-dynamicnearfieldopticalinteractionbetweenoscillatingnanomechanicalstructures-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahn_dynamic_2015,\n\ttitle = {Dynamic near-field optical interaction between oscillating nanomechanical structures},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tcopyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10058},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/srep10058},\n\tabstract = {Near-field optical techniques exploit light-matter interactions at small length scales for mechanical sensing and actuation of nanomechanical structures. Here, we study the optical interaction between two mechanical oscillators—a plasmonic nanofocusing probe-tip supported by a low frequency cantilever, and a high frequency nanomechanical resonator—and leverage their interaction for local detection of mechanical vibrations. The plasmonic nanofocusing probe provides a confined optical source to enhance the interaction between the two oscillators. Dynamic perturbation of the optical cavity between the probe-tip and the resonator leads to nonlinear modulation of the scattered light intensity at the sum and difference of their frequencies. This double-frequency demodulation scheme is explored to suppress unwanted background and to detect mechanical vibrations with a minimum detectable displacement sensitivity of 0.45 pm/Hz1/2, which is limited by shot noise and electrical noise. We explore the demodulation scheme for imaging the bending vibration mode shape of the resonator with a lateral spatial resolution of 20 nm. We also demonstrate the time-resolved aspect of the local optical interaction by recording the ring-down vibrations of the resonator at frequencies of up to 129 MHz. The near-field optical technique is promising for studying dynamic mechanical processes in individual nanostructures.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Chen, Xiang and Zhang, Zhen and Ford, Matthew and Rosenmann, Daniel and Jung, II Woong and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {10058},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Near-field optical techniques exploit light-matter interactions at small length scales for mechanical sensing and actuation of nanomechanical structures. Here, we study the optical interaction between two mechanical oscillators—a plasmonic nanofocusing probe-tip supported by a low frequency cantilever, and a high frequency nanomechanical resonator—and leverage their interaction for local detection of mechanical vibrations. The plasmonic nanofocusing probe provides a confined optical source to enhance the interaction between the two oscillators. Dynamic perturbation of the optical cavity between the probe-tip and the resonator leads to nonlinear modulation of the scattered light intensity at the sum and difference of their frequencies. This double-frequency demodulation scheme is explored to suppress unwanted background and to detect mechanical vibrations with a minimum detectable displacement sensitivity of 0.45 pm/Hz1/2, which is limited by shot noise and electrical noise. We explore the demodulation scheme for imaging the bending vibration mode shape of the resonator with a lateral spatial resolution of 20 nm. We also demonstrate the time-resolved aspect of the local optical interaction by recording the ring-down vibrations of the resonator at frequencies of up to 129 MHz. The near-field optical technique is promising for studying dynamic mechanical processes in individual nanostructures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937', event);\">\n    Thin film interface stresses produced by high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sherman, B.; Liou, H.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>, 118(13): 135303. October 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 13</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thin film interface stresses produced by high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4931937\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4931937', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sherman-liou-balogun-thinfilminterfacestressesproducedbyhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sherman_thin_2015,\n\ttitle = {Thin film interface stresses produced by high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {0021-8979},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4931937},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4931937},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\n\tauthor = {Sherman, Bradley and Liou, Hong-Cin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {Number: 13},\n\tpages = {135303},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898', event);\">\n    Elastic characterization of nanoporous gold foams using laser based ultrasonics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahn, P.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ultrasonics</i>, 54(3): 795–800. March 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 3</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Elastic characterization of nanoporous gold foams using laser based ultrasonics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahn-balogun-elasticcharacterizationofnanoporousgoldfoamsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahn_elastic_2014,\n\ttitle = {Elastic characterization of nanoporous gold foams using laser based ultrasonics},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0041-624X},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X13002898},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.004},\n\tabstract = {A resonance based laser ultrasonics technique is explored for the characterization of low density nanoporous gold foams. Laser generated zero group velocity (ZGV) lamb waves are measured in the foams using a Michelson interferometer. The amplitude spectra obtained from the processed time-domain data are analyzed using a theoretical model from which the foam Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are obtained. The technique is non-contact and nondestructive, and the ZGV resonance modes are spatially localized, allowing for spatial mapping of the bulk sample properties. The technique may be suitable for process control monitoring and mechanical characterization of low density nanoporous structures.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Ultrasonics},\n\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {Number: 3},\n\tkeywords = {Laser based ultrasonics, Nanoporous foams, Nondestructive testing, Zero group velocity resonance},\n\tpages = {795--800},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A resonance based laser ultrasonics technique is explored for the characterization of low density nanoporous gold foams. Laser generated zero group velocity (ZGV) lamb waves are measured in the foams using a Michelson interferometer. The amplitude spectra obtained from the processed time-domain data are analyzed using a theoretical model from which the foam Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are obtained. The technique is non-contact and nondestructive, and the ZGV resonance modes are spatially localized, allowing for spatial mapping of the bulk sample properties. The technique may be suitable for process control monitoring and mechanical characterization of low density nanoporous structures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070', event);\">\n    Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahn, P.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, C.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 1511(1): 360–366. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789070\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789070', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-opticaldetectionofultrasoundusinganaperturelessnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopysystem-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahn_optical_2013,\n\ttitle = {Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system},\n\tvolume = {1511},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789070},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4789070},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Zhang, Zhen and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {360--366},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067', event);\">\n    Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sherman, B.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 1511(1): 337–344. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sherman-balogun-opticalgenerationofhighamplitudelasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sherman_optical_2013,\n\ttitle = {Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves},\n\tvolume = {1511},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4789067},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4789067},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Sherman, Bradley and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {337--344},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925', event);\">\n    Ultrasonic near-field optical microscopy using a plasmonic nanofocusing probe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahn, P.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, C.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>, 113(23): 234903. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 23</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ultrasonic near-field optical microscopy using a plasmonic nanofocusing probe [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4810925\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4810925', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahn-zhang-sun-balogun-ultrasonicnearfieldopticalmicroscopyusingaplasmonicnanofocusingprobe-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahn_ultrasonic_2013,\n\ttitle = {Ultrasonic near-field optical microscopy using a plasmonic nanofocusing probe},\n\tvolume = {113},\n\tissn = {0021-8979},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4810925},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.4810925},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\n\tauthor = {Ahn, Phillip and Zhang, Zhen and Sun, Cheng and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {Number: 23},\n\tpages = {234903},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803', event);\">\n    Quantitative Imaging of Rapidly Decaying Evanescent Fields Using Plasmonic Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, Z.; Ahn, P.; Dong, B.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Sun, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 3: 2803. September 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Quantitative Imaging of Rapidly Decaying Evanescent Fields Using Plasmonic Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/srep02803\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/srep02803', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-ahn-dong-balogun-sun-quantitativeimagingofrapidlydecayingevanescentfieldsusingplasmonicnearfieldscanningopticalmicroscopy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_quantitative_2013,\n\ttitle = {Quantitative {Imaging} of {Rapidly} {Decaying} {Evanescent} {Fields} {Using} {Plasmonic} {Near}-{Field} {Scanning} {Optical} {Microscopy}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {2013 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02803},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/srep02803},\n\tabstract = {Non-propagating evanescent fields play an important role in the development of nano-photonic devices. While detecting the evanescent fields in far-field can be accomplished by coupling it to the propagating waves, in practice they are measured in the presence of unwanted propagating background components. It leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio and thus to errors in quantitative analysis of the local evanescent fields. Here we report on a plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy (p-NSOM) technique that incorporates a nanofocusing probe for adiabatic focusing of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the probe apex, and for enhanced coupling of evanescent waves to the far-field. In addition, a harmonic demodulation technique is employed to suppress the contribution of the background. Our experimental results show strong evidence of background free near-field imaging using the new p-NSOM technique. Furthermore, we present measurements of surface plasmon cavity modes, and quantify their contributing sources using an analytical model.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Zhen and Ahn, Phillip and Dong, Biqin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Sun, Cheng},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {2803},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Non-propagating evanescent fields play an important role in the development of nano-photonic devices. While detecting the evanescent fields in far-field can be accomplished by coupling it to the propagating waves, in practice they are measured in the presence of unwanted propagating background components. It leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio and thus to errors in quantitative analysis of the local evanescent fields. Here we report on a plasmonic near-field scanning optical microscopy (p-NSOM) technique that incorporates a nanofocusing probe for adiabatic focusing of propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the probe apex, and for enhanced coupling of evanescent waves to the far-field. In addition, a harmonic demodulation technique is employed to suppress the contribution of the background. Our experimental results show strong evidence of background free near-field imaging using the new p-NSOM technique. Furthermore, we present measurements of surface plasmon cavity modes, and quantify their contributing sources using an analytical model.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516', event);\">\n    Surface waves generated by a line load on a half-space with depth-dependent properties.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Achenbach, J. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Wave Motion</i>, 50(7): 1063–1072. November 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 7</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Surface waves generated by a line load on a half-space with depth-dependent properties [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesgeneratedbyalineloadonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_surface_2013,\n\tseries = {Advanced {Modelling} of {Wave} {Propagation} in {Solids}},\n\ttitle = {Surface waves generated by a line load on a half-space with depth-dependent properties},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {0165-2125},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212513000516},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.wavemoti.2013.03.001},\n\tabstract = {The reciprocity theorem of elastodynamics is used in this paper to determine the surface waves that are radiated from a time-harmonic line load applied at the surface of a solid body, whose elastic moduli and mass density depend on the distance from the surface. In a high-frequency approximation, the surface wave velocity and expressions for the displacement and stresses of free surface waves are employed in the reciprocity theorem. The general expressions for the surface wave radiated by the oscillating line load, together with a virtual free surface wave, when employed in the reciprocity theorem, yield relatively simple expressions for the amplitude factor of the radiated surface wave. Results show the amplitude factor as a function of the wavenumber.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Wave Motion},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {Number: 7},\n\tkeywords = {Inhomogeneous elastic half-space, Surface acoustic waves, WKB approximation},\n\tpages = {1063--1072},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The reciprocity theorem of elastodynamics is used in this paper to determine the surface waves that are radiated from a time-harmonic line load applied at the surface of a solid body, whose elastic moduli and mass density depend on the distance from the surface. In a high-frequency approximation, the surface wave velocity and expressions for the displacement and stresses of free surface waves are employed in the reciprocity theorem. The general expressions for the surface wave radiated by the oscillating line load, together with a virtual free surface wave, when employed in the reciprocity theorem, yield relatively simple expressions for the amplitude factor of the radiated surface wave. Results show the amplitude factor as a function of the wavenumber.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2012\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2012</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-huang-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivemultichannelfiberbragggratinginterrogationsystemforrapiddetectionofacousticemissionandimpact-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-huang-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivemultichannelfiberbragggratinginterrogationsystemforrapiddetectionofacousticemissionandimpact-2012', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f', event);\">\n    Adaptive multi-channel fiber Bragg grating interrogation system for rapid detection of acoustic emission and impact.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, Y.; Huang, Q.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>SAMPE 2012 Conference and Exhibition</i>, July 2012. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-huang-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivemultichannelfiberbragggratinginterrogationsystemforrapiddetectionofacousticemissionandimpact-2012', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Adaptive multi-channel fiber Bragg grating interrogation system for rapid detection of acoustic emission and impact [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-huang-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivemultichannelfiberbragggratinginterrogationsystemforrapiddetectionofacousticemissionandimpact-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-huang-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivemultichannelfiberbragggratinginterrogationsystemforrapiddetectionofacousticemissionandimpact-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{zhu_adaptive_2012,\n\ttitle = {Adaptive multi-channel fiber {Bragg} grating interrogation system for rapid detection of acoustic emission and impact},\n\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/adaptive-multi-channel-fiber-bragg-grating-interrogation-system-f},\n\tlanguage = {English (US)},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {{SAMPE} 2012 {Conference} and {Exhibition}},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Yinian and Huang, Qiaojian and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438', event);\">\n    Surface waves on a half space with depth-dependent properties.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Achenbach, J. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 132(3): 1336–1345. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 3</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Surface waves on a half space with depth-dependent properties [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4739438\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4739438', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-achenbach-surfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_surface_2012,\n\ttitle = {Surface waves on a half space with depth-dependent properties},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {0001-4966},\n\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4739438},\n\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4739438},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Achenbach, Jan D.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tnote = {Number: 3},\n\tpages = {1336--1345},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"krishnaswamy-achenbach-balogun-kim-kuehling-kulkarni-naik-regez-etal-intelligentstructuralhealthmanagementofcivilinfrastructure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'krishnaswamy-achenbach-balogun-kim-kuehling-kulkarni-naik-regez-etal-intelligentstructuralhealthmanagementofcivilinfrastructure-2012', 'https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157', event);\">\n    Intelligent Structural Health Management of Civil Infrastructure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Krishnaswamy, S.; Achenbach, J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Kim, J. H.; Kuehling, K.; Kulkarni, S. S.; Naik, G.; Regez, B.; Strom, B.; Thomas, J. J.; Yang, N.; Zheng, S.;  and Zhu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  . October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krishnaswamy-achenbach-balogun-kim-kuehling-kulkarni-naik-regez-etal-intelligentstructuralhealthmanagementofcivilinfrastructure-2012', 'https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Intelligent Structural Health Management of Civil Infrastructure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/krishnaswamy-achenbach-balogun-kim-kuehling-kulkarni-naik-regez-etal-intelligentstructuralhealthmanagementofcivilinfrastructure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('krishnaswamy-achenbach-balogun-kim-kuehling-kulkarni-naik-regez-etal-intelligentstructuralhealthmanagementofcivilinfrastructure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{krishnaswamy_intelligent_2012,\n\ttitle = {Intelligent {Structural} {Health} {Management} of {Civil} {Infrastructure}},\n\turl = {https://trid.trb.org/view/1239157},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Krishnaswamy, Sridhar and Achenbach, Jan and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kim, Jae Hong and Kuehling, Kirk and Kulkarni, Salil S. and Naik, Gautam and Regez, Brad and Strom, Brandon and Thomas, Jeffrey J. and Yang, Ningli and Zheng, Shijie and Zhu, Yinian},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-cole-huber-chinn-murray-spicer-highspatialresolutionsubsurfaceimagingusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscopytechnique-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  High-spatial-resolution sub-surface imaging using a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Cole, G. D.; Huber, R.; Chinn, D.; Murray, T. W.;  and Spicer, J. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control</i>, 58(1): 226–233. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1789\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-cole-huber-chinn-murray-spicer-highspatialresolutionsubsurfaceimagingusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscopytechnique-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1789', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-cole-huber-chinn-murray-spicer-highspatialresolutionsubsurfaceimagingusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscopytechnique-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-cole-huber-chinn-murray-spicer-highspatialresolutionsubsurfaceimagingusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscopytechnique-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_high-spatial-resolution_2011,\n\ttitle = {High-spatial-resolution sub-surface imaging using a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {0885-3010},\n\tdoi = {10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1789},\n\tabstract = {Scanning acoustic microscopy techniques operating at frequencies in the gigahertz range are suitable for the elastic characterization and interior imaging of solid media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Acoustic wave propagation at these frequencies is strongly limited by energy losses, particularly from attenuation in the coupling media used to transmit ultrasound to a specimen, leading to a decrease in the depth in a specimen that can be interrogated. In this work, a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique is presented that uses a pulsed laser source for the generation of broadband acoustic waves and an optical interferometer for detection. The use of a 900-ps microchip pulsed laser facilitates the generation of acoustic waves with frequencies extending up to 1 GHz which allows for the resolution of micrometer-scale features in a specimen. Furthermore, the combination of optical generation and detection approaches eliminates the use of an ultrasonic coupling medium, and allows for elastic characterization and interior imaging at penetration depths on the order of several hundred micrometers. Experimental results illustrating the use of the laser-based acoustic microscopy technique for imaging micrometer-scale subsurface geometrical features in a 70-μm-thick single-crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation are presented.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Cole, G. D. and Huber, R. and Chinn, D. and Murray, T. W. and Spicer, J. B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tkeywords = {Acoustics, Microscopy, 100 orientation, acoustic microscopy, acoustic wave generation, acoustic wave propagation, elastic characterization, elasticity, elemental semiconductors, Equipment Design, geometrical properties, high-spatial-resolution subsurface imaging, laser-based acoustic microscopy, Lasers, light interferometry, microchip pulsed laser, micrometer-scale spatial resolution, Microscopy, Acoustic, optical detection, optical interferometer, Optical surface waves, Reflection, scanning acoustic microscopy, Si, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, silicon, Silicon, single-crystal silicon wafer, size 70 mum, Surface Properties, texture, Ultrasonic imaging, ultrasonic propagation, ultrasonic transmission},\n\tpages = {226--233},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Scanning acoustic microscopy techniques operating at frequencies in the gigahertz range are suitable for the elastic characterization and interior imaging of solid media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. Acoustic wave propagation at these frequencies is strongly limited by energy losses, particularly from attenuation in the coupling media used to transmit ultrasound to a specimen, leading to a decrease in the depth in a specimen that can be interrogated. In this work, a laser-based acoustic microscopy technique is presented that uses a pulsed laser source for the generation of broadband acoustic waves and an optical interferometer for detection. The use of a 900-ps microchip pulsed laser facilitates the generation of acoustic waves with frequencies extending up to 1 GHz which allows for the resolution of micrometer-scale features in a specimen. Furthermore, the combination of optical generation and detection approaches eliminates the use of an ultrasonic coupling medium, and allows for elastic characterization and interior imaging at penetration depths on the order of several hundred micrometers. Experimental results illustrating the use of the laser-based acoustic microscopy technique for imaging micrometer-scale subsurface geometrical features in a 70-μm-thick single-crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation are presented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011', 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437', event);\">\n    Adaptive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring: Applications to Impact Monitoring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kirikera, G. R.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Structural Health Monitoring</i>, 10(1): 5–16. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011', 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Adaptive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring: Applications to Impact Monitoring [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-adaptivefiberbragggratingsensornetworkforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplicationstoimpactmonitoring-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kirikera_adaptive_2011,\n\ttitle = {Adaptive {Fiber} {Bragg} {Grating} {Sensor} {Network} for {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}: {Applications} to {Impact} {Monitoring}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1475-9217},\n\tshorttitle = {Adaptive {Fiber} {Bragg} {Grating} {Sensor} {Network} for {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921710365437},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1475921710365437},\n\tabstract = {A passive structural health monitoring (SHM) system for locating foreign-object impact using a network of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors that monitor high frequency dynamic strains is described. The FBG sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using a two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulator. Strains applied on the FBG sensors are encoded as wavelength shifts of the light reflected by the FBG sensor which are then converted into phase shifts and demodulated by the TWM interferometer. The demodulator adaptively compensates for low frequency drifts caused by large quasi-static strain and temperature drift and allows only high frequency signals to pass through. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to artificial impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Owing to the directional sensitivity of the FBG sensors, an FBG sensor-pair configuration is used at each sensing location. The impact signals from multiple FBG sensors are simultaneously acquired at frequencies of up to 180kHz. Using time-frequency wavelet analysis, the group velocity dispersion curve of the detected Lamb wave modes is obtained from the measured transient responses of the sensors, and this is used to determine the location of the impact.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Structural Health Monitoring},\n\tauthor = {Kirikera, Goutham R. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {5--16},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A passive structural health monitoring (SHM) system for locating foreign-object impact using a network of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors that monitor high frequency dynamic strains is described. The FBG sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using a two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulator. Strains applied on the FBG sensors are encoded as wavelength shifts of the light reflected by the FBG sensor which are then converted into phase shifts and demodulated by the TWM interferometer. The demodulator adaptively compensates for low frequency drifts caused by large quasi-static strain and temperature drift and allows only high frequency signals to pass through. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to artificial impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Owing to the directional sensitivity of the FBG sensors, an FBG sensor-pair configuration is used at each sensing location. The impact signals from multiple FBG sensors are simultaneously acquired at frequencies of up to 180kHz. Using time-frequency wavelet analysis, the group velocity dispersion curve of the detected Lamb wave modes is obtained from the measured transient responses of the sensors, and this is used to determine the location of the impact.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-zhu-regez-balogun-krishnaswamy-intelligentstructuralhealthmonitoringofvehicularbridgesusingfiberopticsensorstodetectacousticemission-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Intelligent Structural Health Monitoring of Vehicular Bridges Using Fiber Optic Sensors to Detect Acoustic Emission.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Regez, B. A.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O. O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  CCITT, Center for the Commercialization of Innovative Transportation Technology, Northwestern University,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-zhu-regez-balogun-krishnaswamy-intelligentstructuralhealthmonitoringofvehicularbridgesusingfiberopticsensorstodetectacousticemission-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-zhu-regez-balogun-krishnaswamy-intelligentstructuralhealthmonitoringofvehicularbridgesusingfiberopticsensorstodetectacousticemission-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{zhu_intelligent_2011,\n\ttitle = {Intelligent {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring} of {Vehicular} {Bridges} {Using} {Fiber} {Optic} {Sensors} to {Detect} {Acoustic} {Emission}},\n\tpublisher = {CCITT, Center for the Commercialization of Innovative Transportation Technology, Northwestern University},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Yan and Zhu, Yinian and Regez, Bradley A. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tyear = {2011},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098', event);\">\n    Dynamic strain sensing in a long‐span suspension bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Zhu, S.; Xu, Y.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 1335(1): 1418–1423. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dynamic strain sensing in a long‐span suspension bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3592098\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3592098', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-zhu-balogun-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensinginalongspansuspensionbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_dynamic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Dynamic strain sensing in a long‐span suspension bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors},\n\tvolume = {1335},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3592098},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3592098},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Yinian and Zhu, Yan‐Jin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Zhu, Songye and Xu, You‐Lin and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {1418--1423},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554', event);\">\n    Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation</i>, 26(3-4): 335–351. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 3-4</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-murray-frequencydomainphotoacousticsusingintensitymodulatedlasersources-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_frequency_2011,\n\ttitle = {Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1058-9759},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.573554},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10589759.2011.573554},\n\tabstract = {In this paper, we present an overview of research in the area of narrow-bandwidth generation and detection of ultrasound using a technique referred to as frequency domain photoacoustics. An intensity-modulated continuous wave laser is used for narrowband ultrasound generation, and an interferometer coupled to a radio frequency lock-in amplifier is used for detection. Excellent sensitivity is achieved using sinusoidal modulation of the excitation laser over long time scales, thereby focusing the acoustic energy at the excitation frequency. We describe an experimental approach for the direct detection of narrowband signals at the ultrasound excitation frequency, and a superheterodyne technique in which the signal is optically down-converted to a low and fixed intermediate frequency prior to detection. Two approaches for materials characterisation using frequency domain photoacoustic measurements are presented. In the first approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency-domain data. Ultrasound arrivals that are separated in the time domain can then be time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source-to-receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the ultrasound modes generated by the laser are detected by analysing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode at a given frequency to be determined. Experimental measurements in thin films, plates and nanomechanical structures are presented.},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Murray, Todd W.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {Number: 3-4},\n\tkeywords = {narrowband, photoacoustics, resonance},\n\tpages = {335--351},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper, we present an overview of research in the area of narrow-bandwidth generation and detection of ultrasound using a technique referred to as frequency domain photoacoustics. An intensity-modulated continuous wave laser is used for narrowband ultrasound generation, and an interferometer coupled to a radio frequency lock-in amplifier is used for detection. Excellent sensitivity is achieved using sinusoidal modulation of the excitation laser over long time scales, thereby focusing the acoustic energy at the excitation frequency. We describe an experimental approach for the direct detection of narrowband signals at the ultrasound excitation frequency, and a superheterodyne technique in which the signal is optically down-converted to a low and fixed intermediate frequency prior to detection. Two approaches for materials characterisation using frequency domain photoacoustic measurements are presented. In the first approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency-domain data. Ultrasound arrivals that are separated in the time domain can then be time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source-to-receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the ultrasound modes generated by the laser are detected by analysing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode at a given frequency to be determined. Experimental measurements in thin films, plates and nanomechanical structures are presented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2010\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2010</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (11)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717', event);\">\n    Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Achenbach, J. D.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Wave Motion</i>, 47(1): 59–65. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2009.08.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2009.08.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('achenbach-balogun-antiplanesurfacewavesonahalfspacewithdepthdependentproperties-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{achenbach_anti-plane_2010,\n\ttitle = {Anti-plane surface waves on a half-space with depth-dependent properties},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0165-2125},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165212509000717},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.wavemoti.2009.08.002},\n\tabstract = {This paper considers the propagation of anti-plane shear waves in a half-space whose shear modulus and mass density have an arbitrary dependence on the distance from the free surface. An appropriate reformulation of the anti-plane displacement produces a governing equation for the reformulated displacement that is amenable to a solution in the high-frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface subsequently yields an equation which relates the speed of surface waves to the wavenumber and to the functions that define the depth dependence of the shear modulus and the mass density. Restrictions for the existence of surface waves are discussed, and numerical results are presented.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Wave Motion},\n\tauthor = {Achenbach, Jan D. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tkeywords = {Antiplane surface waves, Functionally graded materials, Inhomogeneous half-space},\n\tpages = {59--65},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper considers the propagation of anti-plane shear waves in a half-space whose shear modulus and mass density have an arbitrary dependence on the distance from the free surface. An appropriate reformulation of the anti-plane displacement produces a governing equation for the reformulated displacement that is amenable to a solution in the high-frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface subsequently yields an equation which relates the speed of surface waves to the wavenumber and to the functions that define the depth dependence of the shear modulus and the mass density. Restrictions for the existence of surface waves are discussed, and numerical results are presented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010', 'https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17', event);\">\n    Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy to Measure Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of Cement Pastes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J. H.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Shah, S. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Transportation Research Record</i>, 2141(1): 102–108. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010', 'https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy to Measure Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of Cement Pastes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-balogun-shah-atomicforceacousticmicroscopytomeasurenanoscalemechanicalpropertiesofcementpastes-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_atomic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Atomic {Force} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} to {Measure} {Nanoscale} {Mechanical} {Properties} of {Cement} {Pastes}},\n\tvolume = {2141},\n\tissn = {0361-1981},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.3141/2141-17},\n\tdoi = {10.3141/2141-17},\n\tabstract = {The measurement of elastic properties at the nanoscale is a prerequisite to building a foundation for nanomechanics applications. At present, nanoindentation is widely used to measure the properties of elasticity. Under this method, a sample is indented with a rigid probe and the resistant force of the indentation is measured. The reduced modulus measured on the basis of the resistant force and the indentation depth is then converted to the elastic modulus of the sample. However, its spatial resolution, the distance between two consecutive locations of measurement, is limited to about 5 μm because of the area of the indented tip. Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy is an alternative method of attaining spatial resolution at the nanometer level. It uses information based on the vibrations transferred from the piezoelectric actuator at the bottom of a sample to the cantilever contacting the top surface of the sample. The cantilever makes contact with a relatively small force; as a consequence, it decreases the contact area and improves the spatial resolution. The application of atomic force acoustic microscopy to a cementitious material is described, and the results of the measurement of the elastic modulus of a cement paste are presented.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Transportation Research Record},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Jae Hong and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Shah, Surendra P.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {102--108},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The measurement of elastic properties at the nanoscale is a prerequisite to building a foundation for nanomechanics applications. At present, nanoindentation is widely used to measure the properties of elasticity. Under this method, a sample is indented with a rigid probe and the resistant force of the indentation is measured. The reduced modulus measured on the basis of the resistant force and the indentation depth is then converted to the elastic modulus of the sample. However, its spatial resolution, the distance between two consecutive locations of measurement, is limited to about 5 μm because of the area of the indented tip. Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy is an alternative method of attaining spatial resolution at the nanometer level. It uses information based on the vibrations transferred from the piezoelectric actuator at the bottom of a sample to the cantilever contacting the top surface of the sample. The cantilever makes contact with a relatively small force; as a consequence, it decreases the contact area and improves the spatial resolution. The application of atomic force acoustic microscopy to a cementitious material is described, and the results of the measurement of the elastic modulus of a cement paste are presented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-balogun-zhu-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensingofamodellongspanbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-balogun-zhu-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensingofamodellongspanbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2010', 'http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477', event);\">\n    Dynamic strain sensing of a model long span bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, Y. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, S.; Xu, Y. L.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-balogun-zhu-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensingofamodellongspanbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2010', 'http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dynamic strain sensing of a model long span bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-balogun-zhu-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensingofamodellongspanbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-balogun-zhu-zhu-xu-krishnaswamy-dynamicstrainsensingofamodellongspanbridgeusingfiberbragggratingsensors-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{zhu_dynamic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Dynamic strain sensing of a model long span bridge using fiber bragg grating sensors},\n\turl = {http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/10397/50477},\n\tabstract = {Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Y. J. and Balogun, O. and Zhu, Y. and Zhu, S. and Xu, Y. L. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"achenbach-balogun-generationandpropagationofantiplanesurfacewavesonabodywithdepthdependentproperties-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Generation and Propagation of Anti-Plane Surface Waves on a Body with Depth-Dependent Properties.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Achenbach, J. D.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Wu, T.;  and Ma, C., editor(s), <i>IUTAM Symposium on Recent Advances of Acoustic Waves in Solids</i>, of <i>IUTAM Bookseries</i>, pages 33–43,  2010. Springer Netherlands\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/achenbach-balogun-generationandpropagationofantiplanesurfacewavesonabodywithdepthdependentproperties-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('achenbach-balogun-generationandpropagationofantiplanesurfacewavesonabodywithdepthdependentproperties-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{achenbach_generation_2010,\n\tseries = {{IUTAM} {Bookseries}},\n\ttitle = {Generation and {Propagation} of {Anti}-{Plane} {Surface} {Waves} on a {Body} with {Depth}-{Dependent} {Properties}},\n\tisbn = {978-90-481-9893-1},\n\tabstract = {The generation and propagation of anti-plane surface waves on an inhomogeneous half-space of depth dependent shear modulus and mass density, is discussed in this paper. The radiation of surface waves an anti-plane line load is analyzed by an application of the reciprocity theorem. Next the governing equation for free surface waves is reformulated in a form that is amenable to a surface wave solution in the high frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface yields an equation for the velocity of surface waves, in terms of the wave number and derivatives of the functions defining the depth dependence of the shear modules and the mass density. This equation does not always have a realvalued solution, and when it does the amplitude of the corresponding wave motion does not always display the decrease with depth that would define a surface wave.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these observations.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {{IUTAM} {Symposium} on {Recent} {Advances} of {Acoustic} {Waves} in {Solids}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Netherlands},\n\tauthor = {Achenbach, Jan D. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\teditor = {Wu, Tsung-Tsong and Ma, Chien-Ching},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Depth Dependence, Line Load, Rayleigh Wave, Reciprocity Theorem, Surface Wave},\n\tpages = {33--43},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The generation and propagation of anti-plane surface waves on an inhomogeneous half-space of depth dependent shear modulus and mass density, is discussed in this paper. The radiation of surface waves an anti-plane line load is analyzed by an application of the reciprocity theorem. Next the governing equation for free surface waves is reformulated in a form that is amenable to a surface wave solution in the high frequency range. The boundary condition on the free surface yields an equation for the velocity of surface waves, in terms of the wave number and derivatives of the functions defining the depth dependence of the shear modules and the mass density. This equation does not always have a realvalued solution, and when it does the amplitude of the corresponding wave motion does not always display the decrease with depth that would define a surface wave.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these observations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-singlelongitudinalmodefiberbragggratingringlaserforrealtimestrainmonitoring-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-singlelongitudinalmodefiberbragggratingringlaserforrealtimestrainmonitoring-2010', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-', event);\">\n    Single-longitudinal-mode fiber Bragg grating ring laser for real-time strain monitoring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop - Structural Health Monitoring 2010</i>, pages 754–759, December 2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-singlelongitudinalmodefiberbragggratingringlaserforrealtimestrainmonitoring-2010', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Single-longitudinal-mode fiber Bragg grating ring laser for real-time strain monitoring [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-singlelongitudinalmodefiberbragggratingringlaserforrealtimestrainmonitoring-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-singlelongitudinalmodefiberbragggratingringlaserforrealtimestrainmonitoring-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{zhu_single-longitudinal-mode_2010,\n\ttitle = {Single-longitudinal-mode fiber {Bragg} grating ring laser for real-time strain monitoring},\n\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/single-longitudinal-mode-fiber-bragg-grating-ring-laser-for-real-},\n\tlanguage = {English (US)},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {European} {Workshop} - {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring} 2010},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Y. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {754--759},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193', event);\">\n    Detection of disbonding in glare composites using lamb wave approach.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, Q.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Yang, N.; Regez, B.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 1211(1): 1198–1205. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of disbonding in glare composites using lamb wave approach [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3362193\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3362193', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-balogun-yang-regez-krishnaswamy-detectionofdisbondinginglarecompositesusinglambwaveapproach-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_detection_2010,\n\ttitle = {Detection of disbonding in glare composites using lamb wave approach},\n\tvolume = {1211},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362193},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3362193},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Qiaojian and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Yang, Ningli and Regez, Brad and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {1198--1205},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252', event);\">\n    Characterization of water‐saturated porous cement paste by a laser based ultrasonic nde technique.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yang, N.; Hong Kim, J.; Thomas, J. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 1211(1): 1541–1548. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of water‐saturated porous cement paste by a laser based ultrasonic nde technique [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3362252\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3362252', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yang-hongkim-thomas-balogun-krishnaswamy-characterizationofwatersaturatedporouscementpastebyalaserbasedultrasonicndetechnique-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yang_characterization_2010,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of water‐saturated porous cement paste by a laser based ultrasonic nde technique},\n\tvolume = {1211},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362252},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3362252},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Ningli and Hong Kim, Jae and Thomas, Jeffrey J. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {1541--1548},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301', event);\">\n    Acoustic emission monitoring using two‐wave mixing interferometer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, Y.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 1211(1): 1807–1811. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acoustic emission monitoring using two‐wave mixing interferometer [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3362301\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3362301', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-balogun-krishnaswamy-acousticemissionmonitoringusingtwowavemixinginterferometer-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_acoustic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Acoustic emission monitoring using two‐wave mixing interferometer},\n\tvolume = {1211},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3362301},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3362301},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Y. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {1807--1811},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short', event);\">\n    Real-time full-field photoacoustic imaging using an ultrasonic camera.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Regez, B.; Zhang, H. F.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Biomedical Optics</i>, 15(2): 021318. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 2</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Real-time full-field photoacoustic imaging using an ultrasonic camera [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1117/1.3420079\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1117/1.3420079', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-regez-zhang-krishnaswamy-realtimefullfieldphotoacousticimagingusinganultrasoniccamera-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_real-time_2010,\n\ttitle = {Real-time full-field photoacoustic imaging using an ultrasonic camera},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1083-3668, 1560-2281},\n\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-15/issue-2/021318/Real-time-full-field-photoacoustic-imaging-using-an-ultrasonic-camera/10.1117/1.3420079.short},\n\tdoi = {10.1117/1.3420079},\n\tabstract = {A photoacoustic imaging system that incorporates a commercial ultrasonic camera for real-time imaging of two-dimensional (2-D) projection planes in tissue at video rate (30 Hz) is presented. The system uses a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser for photoacoustic generation. The ultrasonic camera consists of a 2-D 12×12 mm CCD chip with 120×120 piezoelectric sensing elements used for detecting the photoacoustic pressure distribution radiated from the target. An ultrasonic lens system is placed in front of the chip to collect the incoming photoacoustic waves, providing the ability for focusing and imaging at different depths. Compared with other existing photoacoustic imaging techniques, the camera-based system is attractive because it is relatively inexpensive and compact, and it can be tailored for real-time clinical imaging applications. Experimental results detailing the real-time photoacoustic imaging of rubber strings and buried absorbing targets in chicken breast tissue are presented, and the spatial resolution of the system is quantified.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Regez, Brad and Zhang, Hao F. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Number: 2},\n\tpages = {021318},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A photoacoustic imaging system that incorporates a commercial ultrasonic camera for real-time imaging of two-dimensional (2-D) projection planes in tissue at video rate (30 Hz) is presented. The system uses a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser for photoacoustic generation. The ultrasonic camera consists of a 2-D 12×12 mm CCD chip with 120×120 piezoelectric sensing elements used for detecting the photoacoustic pressure distribution radiated from the target. An ultrasonic lens system is placed in front of the chip to collect the incoming photoacoustic waves, providing the ability for focusing and imaging at different depths. Compared with other existing photoacoustic imaging techniques, the camera-based system is attractive because it is relatively inexpensive and compact, and it can be tailored for real-time clinical imaging applications. Experimental results detailing the real-time photoacoustic imaging of rubber strings and buried absorbing targets in chicken breast tissue are presented, and the spatial resolution of the system is quantified.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short', event);\">\n    Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber Bragg grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Zhu, Y.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems 2010</i>, volume 7648, pages 764802, April 2010. International Society for Optics and Photonics\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber Bragg grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1117/12.848979\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1117/12.848979', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-zhu-krishnaswamy-interrogationofawavelengthtunablefiberbragggratingsensorbasedringlaserfordynamicstrainmonitoring-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{balogun_interrogation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber {Bragg} grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring},\n\tvolume = {7648},\n\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7648/764802/Interrogation-of-a-wavelength-tunable-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensor-based/10.1117/12.848979.short},\n\tdoi = {10.1117/12.848979},\n\tabstract = {Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are wavelength selective optical reflectors with excellent strain sensitivity and small sensing footprint, which makes them suitable as diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring applications. In this work, we explore the narrowband wavelength selectivity of FBGs for optical feedback in a tunable fiber ring laser. The fiber ring laser consists of an erbium doped fiber laser that is pumped with a Raman laser (980 nm) to produce population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band. The ASE light is used to illuminate a FBG sensor connected to the ring, and the reflected light from the sensor is fed back into the laser cavity to produce stimulated emission at the instantaneous center wavelength of the sensor. As the wavelength of the sensor shifts due mechanical or thermal strains, the wavelength of the optical output from the ring laser shifts accordingly. By combining the ring laser with a dynamic spectral demodulator for optical readout, the instantaneous wavelength of the ring laser is tracked with high temporal resolution. The fiber ring laser system offers several potential advantages in the diagnostic sensing of mechanical strains for SHM applications including, fully integrated laser and sensor system, high source power levels at the sensor wavelength, narrow spectral line-width, coherent spectral demodulation, and low system costs. In this work, we present experimental results that detail the feasibility of dynamic spectral tuning of the fiber ring laser at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz using a single FBG sensing element. Using multiple sensing elements, the fiber ring laser system would allow for active monitoring of dynamic strains in a multi-point sensor array configuration, which is particularly suitable for the localization of high frequency mechanical strains produced by impact loading and cracking events in structures.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {Smart {Sensor} {Phenomena}, {Technology}, {Networks}, and {Systems} 2010},\n\tpublisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Zhu, Yinian and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {764802},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are wavelength selective optical reflectors with excellent strain sensitivity and small sensing footprint, which makes them suitable as diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring applications. In this work, we explore the narrowband wavelength selectivity of FBGs for optical feedback in a tunable fiber ring laser. The fiber ring laser consists of an erbium doped fiber laser that is pumped with a Raman laser (980 nm) to produce population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band. The ASE light is used to illuminate a FBG sensor connected to the ring, and the reflected light from the sensor is fed back into the laser cavity to produce stimulated emission at the instantaneous center wavelength of the sensor. As the wavelength of the sensor shifts due mechanical or thermal strains, the wavelength of the optical output from the ring laser shifts accordingly. By combining the ring laser with a dynamic spectral demodulator for optical readout, the instantaneous wavelength of the ring laser is tracked with high temporal resolution. The fiber ring laser system offers several potential advantages in the diagnostic sensing of mechanical strains for SHM applications including, fully integrated laser and sensor system, high source power levels at the sensor wavelength, narrow spectral line-width, coherent spectral demodulation, and low system costs. In this work, we present experimental results that detail the feasibility of dynamic spectral tuning of the fiber ring laser at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz using a single FBG sensing element. Using multiple sensing elements, the fiber ring laser system would allow for active monitoring of dynamic strains in a multi-point sensor array configuration, which is particularly suitable for the localization of high frequency mechanical strains produced by impact loading and cracking events in structures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-prada-balogun-nondestructiveimagingcharacterizationormeasurementofthinitemsusinglasergeneratedlambwaves-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-prada-balogun-nondestructiveimagingcharacterizationormeasurementofthinitemsusinglasergeneratedlambwaves-2010', 'https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en', event);\">\n    Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.; Prada, C.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  September 2010.<!-- NOTE FROM BIBBASE: This entry has an invalid bibtex entry type: patent. Therefore, we don't know how to render it properly. Please consider fixing this. -->\n  <span class=\"note\">Inventors: _:n491 Issue: US7798000B1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-prada-balogun-nondestructiveimagingcharacterizationormeasurementofthinitemsusinglasergeneratedlambwaves-2010', 'https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-prada-balogun-nondestructiveimagingcharacterizationormeasurementofthinitemsusinglasergeneratedlambwaves-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-prada-balogun-nondestructiveimagingcharacterizationormeasurementofthinitemsusinglasergeneratedlambwaves-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@patent{murray_non-destructive_2010,\n\ttitle = {Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves},\n\turl = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7798000B1/en},\n\tabstract = {A laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes employs an amplitude-modulated laser source to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero group velocity resonance generated with a low power modulated excitation source can be detected using an optical probe such as a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.},\n\tnationality = {US},\n\tassignee = {Boston University},\n\tnumber = {US7798000B1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Murray, Todd W. and Prada, Claire and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {Inventors: \\_:n491\nIssue: US7798000B1},\n\tkeywords = {item, laser beam, location, predetermined, resonance peak},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes employs an amplitude-modulated laser source to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero group velocity resonance generated with a low power modulated excitation source can be detected using an optical probe such as a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2009\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2009</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-regez-krishnaswamy-dynamicdemodulationofspectralshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorstextbarspiehomepagespie-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-regez-krishnaswamy-dynamicdemodulationofspectralshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorstextbarspiehomepagespie-2009', 'http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1', event);\">\n    Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-Bragg-grating sensors \\textbar SPIE Homepage: SPIE.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Regez, B.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-regez-krishnaswamy-dynamicdemodulationofspectralshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorstextbarspiehomepagespie-2009', 'http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-Bragg-grating sensors \\textbar SPIE Homepage: SPIE [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-regez-krishnaswamy-dynamicdemodulationofspectralshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorstextbarspiehomepagespie-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-regez-krishnaswamy-dynamicdemodulationofspectralshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorstextbarspiehomepagespie-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{balogun_dynamic_2009,\n\ttitle = {Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-{Bragg}-grating sensors {\\textbar} {SPIE} {Homepage}: {SPIE}},\n\tshorttitle = {Dynamic demodulation of spectral shifts in fiber-{Bragg}-grating sensors {\\textbar} {SPIE} {Homepage}},\n\turl = {http://spie.org/newsroom/1857-dynamic-demodulation-of-spectral-shifts-in-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors?SSO=1},\n\tabstract = {A photorefractive-crystal-based two-wave-mixing interferometer allows structural-health monitoring of civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Regez, Brad and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A photorefractive-crystal-based two-wave-mixing interferometer allows structural-health monitoring of civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447', event);\">\n    Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Huber, R.; Chinn, D.;  and Spicer, J. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 125(3): 1437–1443. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 3</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1121/1.3068447\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1121/1.3068447', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-huber-chinn-spicer-laserultrasonicinspectionofthemicrostructuralstateofthinmetalfoils-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_laser_2009,\n\ttitle = {Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils},\n\tvolume = {125},\n\tissn = {0001-4966},\n\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.3068447},\n\tdoi = {10.1121/1.3068447},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Huber, R. and Chinn, D. and Spicer, J. B.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tnote = {Number: 3},\n\tpages = {1437--1443},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short', event);\">\n    A fiber Bragg grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2009</i>, volume 7295, pages 72950I, April 2009. International Society for Optics and Photonics\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A fiber Bragg grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1117/12.815651\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1117/12.815651', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-krishnaswamy-afiberbragggratingbasedtunablelasersourceforquasistaticanddynamicstrainmonitoring-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{balogun_fiber_2009,\n\ttitle = {A fiber {Bragg} grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring},\n\tvolume = {7295},\n\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7295/72950I/A-fiber-Bragg-grating-based-tunable-laser-source-for-quasi/10.1117/12.815651.short},\n\tdoi = {10.1117/12.815651},\n\tabstract = {Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are excellent tools for monitoring mechanical and thermal strains, and have widespread application in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace, civil, and mechanical structures. A common approach used for interrogating FBG sensors involves the illumination of the sensor with a broadband laser source and the narrowband reflected light reflected from the FBG is monitored with a wavelength sensitive optical detection system. The thermal or mechanical perturbations experienced by the FBG sensor lead to a shift in its reflectivity spectrum. In this work, an alternative interrogation scheme is presented that uses an FBG based narrowband tunable laser source produced by incorporating the FBG into a fiber ring laser cavity as an optical feedback element. The laser cavity consists an erbium doped fiber (EDF) connected to the FBG at the output of the fiber ring, which allows for the generation of the required amplified stimulated emission (ASE) in the C-band and lasing at the center wavelength of the FBG reflectivity spectrum. With this interrogation scheme, the wavelength of the resulting narrowband laser source tracks the center wavelength of the FBG sensor as it drifts due to quasi-static and/or dynamic mechanical and thermal strains. In addition, the instantaneous spectral line-width of the laser source is effectively narrowed owing to the long length of the laser cavity, which facilitates highly sensitive demodulation of dynamic shifts of the lasing wavelength with a high coherence optical interferometer.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {Health {Monitoring} of {Structural} and {Biological} {Systems} 2009},\n\tpublisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {72950I},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are excellent tools for monitoring mechanical and thermal strains, and have widespread application in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace, civil, and mechanical structures. A common approach used for interrogating FBG sensors involves the illumination of the sensor with a broadband laser source and the narrowband reflected light reflected from the FBG is monitored with a wavelength sensitive optical detection system. The thermal or mechanical perturbations experienced by the FBG sensor lead to a shift in its reflectivity spectrum. In this work, an alternative interrogation scheme is presented that uses an FBG based narrowband tunable laser source produced by incorporating the FBG into a fiber ring laser cavity as an optical feedback element. The laser cavity consists an erbium doped fiber (EDF) connected to the FBG at the output of the fiber ring, which allows for the generation of the required amplified stimulated emission (ASE) in the C-band and lasing at the center wavelength of the FBG reflectivity spectrum. With this interrogation scheme, the wavelength of the resulting narrowband laser source tracks the center wavelength of the FBG sensor as it drifts due to quasi-static and/or dynamic mechanical and thermal strains. In addition, the instantaneous spectral line-width of the laser source is effectively narrowed owing to the long length of the laser cavity, which facilitates highly sensitive demodulation of dynamic shifts of the lasing wavelength with a high coherence optical interferometer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333', event);\">\n    Microcantilever array with embedded metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor actuators for deflection control, deflection sensing, and high frequency oscillation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chou, S. S.; Kim, Y. Y.; Srivastava, A.; Murphy, B.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Tark, S.; Shekhawat, G.;  and Dravid, V. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>, 94(22): 224103. June 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 22</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Microcantilever array with embedded metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor actuators for deflection control, deflection sensing, and high frequency oscillation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3133333\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3133333', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chou-kim-srivastava-murphy-balogun-tark-shekhawat-dravid-microcantileverarraywithembeddedmetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistoractuatorsfordeflectioncontroldeflectionsensingandhighfrequencyoscillation-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chou_microcantilever_2009,\n\ttitle = {Microcantilever array with embedded metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor actuators for deflection control, deflection sensing, and high frequency oscillation},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {0003-6951},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3133333},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3133333},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\n\tauthor = {Chou, Stanley S. and Kim, Yun Young and Srivastava, Arvind and Murphy, Benjamin and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Tark, Soo-Hyun and Shekhawat, Gajendra and Dravid, Vinayak P.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tnote = {Number: 22},\n\tpages = {224103},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-fiberbragggratingsandtwowavemixingspectraldemodulatorsystemforimpactdetectionandlocalization-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-fiberbragggratingsandtwowavemixingspectraldemodulatorsystemforimpactdetectionandlocalization-2008', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys', event);\">\n    Fiber Bragg gratings and two wave mixing spectral demodulator system for impact detection and localization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kirikera, G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 4th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring</i>, pages 840–846, December 2008. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-fiberbragggratingsandtwowavemixingspectraldemodulatorsystemforimpactdetectionandlocalization-2008', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fiber Bragg gratings and two wave mixing spectral demodulator system for impact detection and localization [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-fiberbragggratingsandtwowavemixingspectraldemodulatorsystemforimpactdetectionandlocalization-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-fiberbragggratingsandtwowavemixingspectraldemodulatorsystemforimpactdetectionandlocalization-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{kirikera_fiber_2008,\n\ttitle = {Fiber {Bragg} gratings and two wave mixing spectral demodulator system for impact detection and localization},\n\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/fiber-bragg-gratings-and-two-wave-mixing-spectral-demodulator-sys},\n\tlanguage = {English (US)},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {European} {Workshop} on {Structural} {Health} {Monitoring}},\n\tauthor = {Kirikera, G. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {840--846},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667', event);\">\n    Theory and applications of laser generated zero‐group velocity lamb mode resonance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Prada, C.; Clorennec, D.;  and Royer, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 975(1): 255–262. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Theory and applications of laser generated zero‐group velocity lamb mode resonance [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2902667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2902667', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-prada-clorennec-royer-theoryandapplicationsoflasergeneratedzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonance-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{murray_theory_2008,\n\ttitle = {Theory and applications of laser generated zero‐group velocity lamb mode resonance},\n\tvolume = {975},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902667},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2902667},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Prada, C. and Clorennec, D. and Royer, D.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {255--262},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601', event);\">\n    Identifying impacts using adaptive fiber bragg grating demodulator for structural health monitoring applications.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kirikera, G. R.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 975(1): 1413–1419. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identifying impacts using adaptive fiber bragg grating demodulator for structural health monitoring applications [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2902601\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2902601', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kirikera-balogun-krishnaswamy-identifyingimpactsusingadaptivefiberbragggratingdemodulatorforstructuralhealthmonitoringapplications-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kirikera_identifying_2008,\n\ttitle = {Identifying impacts using adaptive fiber bragg grating demodulator for structural health monitoring applications},\n\tvolume = {975},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2902601},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2902601},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Kirikera, G. R. and Balogun, O. and Krishnaswamy, S.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {1413--1419},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short', event);\">\n    Optimal demodulation of wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating sensors using an adaptive two wave mixing photorefractive interferometer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Kirikera, G. R.;  and Krishnaswamy, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2008</i>, volume 6932, pages 69322K, April 2008. International Society for Optics and Photonics\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008', 'https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optimal demodulation of wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating sensors using an adaptive two wave mixing photorefractive interferometer [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1117/12.778013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1117/12.778013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-kirikera-krishnaswamy-optimaldemodulationofwavelengthshiftsinfiberbragggratingsensorsusinganadaptivetwowavemixingphotorefractiveinterferometer-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{balogun_optimal_2008,\n\ttitle = {Optimal demodulation of wavelength shifts in fiber {Bragg} grating sensors using an adaptive two wave mixing photorefractive interferometer},\n\tvolume = {6932},\n\turl = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6932/69322K/Optimal-demodulation-of-wavelength-shifts-in-fiber-Bragg-grating-sensors/10.1117/12.778013.short},\n\tdoi = {10.1117/12.778013},\n\tabstract = {Recent work by our research group on the dynamic demodulation of strain-induced wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show that these sensors are suitable for the detection of high frequency ultrasonic waves produced by impact loading. A FBG sensor is incorporated into an optical detection system that uses a broadband tunable laser source in the C-band, a two wave-mixing photorefractive interferometer, and a high-speed photodetector. When an ultrasonic wave interacts with the FBG sensor, the wavelength of the reflected light in the fiber is dynamically shifted due to strain-induced perturbation of the index of refraction and/or the period of the grating in the fiber. The wavelength shift is converted into an intensity change by splitting the light into signal and pump beams and interfering the beams in an InP:Fe photorefractive crystal (PRC). The resulting intensity change is measured by a photodetector. The two-wave mixing (TWM) photorefractive interferometer allows for several FBG sensors to be wavelength multiplexed in one PRC and it also actively compensates for low frequency signal drifts associated with unwanted room vibrations and temperature excursions. In this work, we present preliminary experimental results on the detection of impact signals using a low power (1 mW) TWM PRC based demodulation system. The response time of the PRC is optimized by focusing the signal and pump beams into the crystal allowing for adaptivity of the demodulation system to quasi-static strains or temperature drifts. The TWM intensity gain of the system is optimized for efficient wavelength demodulation through resonant enhancement of the space charge electric field formed in the PRC. The low power demodulation system would facilitate significant reduction in the overall cost of the system.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {Sensors and {Smart} {Structures} {Technologies} for {Civil}, {Mechanical}, and {Aerospace} {Systems} 2008},\n\tpublisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Kirikera, Goutham R. and Krishnaswamy, Sridhar},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {69322K},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent work by our research group on the dynamic demodulation of strain-induced wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show that these sensors are suitable for the detection of high frequency ultrasonic waves produced by impact loading. A FBG sensor is incorporated into an optical detection system that uses a broadband tunable laser source in the C-band, a two wave-mixing photorefractive interferometer, and a high-speed photodetector. When an ultrasonic wave interacts with the FBG sensor, the wavelength of the reflected light in the fiber is dynamically shifted due to strain-induced perturbation of the index of refraction and/or the period of the grating in the fiber. The wavelength shift is converted into an intensity change by splitting the light into signal and pump beams and interfering the beams in an InP:Fe photorefractive crystal (PRC). The resulting intensity change is measured by a photodetector. The two-wave mixing (TWM) photorefractive interferometer allows for several FBG sensors to be wavelength multiplexed in one PRC and it also actively compensates for low frequency signal drifts associated with unwanted room vibrations and temperature excursions. In this work, we present preliminary experimental results on the detection of impact signals using a low power (1 mW) TWM PRC based demodulation system. The response time of the PRC is optimized by focusing the signal and pump beams into the crystal allowing for adaptivity of the demodulation system to quasi-static strains or temperature drifts. The TWM intensity gain of the system is optimized for efficient wavelength demodulation through resonant enhancement of the space charge electric field formed in the PRC. The low power demodulation system would facilitate significant reduction in the overall cost of the system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2007\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2007</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007', 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531', event);\">\n    Acoustic Characterization of Mesoscale Objects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chinn, D.; Huber, R.; Chambers, D.; Cole, G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Spicer, J.;  and Murray, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report UCRL-TR-229835, Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States), March 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\">Issue: UCRL-TR-229835</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007', 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acoustic Characterization of Mesoscale Objects [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2172/969531\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.2172/969531', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chinn-huber-chambers-cole-balogun-spicer-murray-acousticcharacterizationofmesoscaleobjects-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{chinn_acoustic_2007,\n\ttitle = {Acoustic {Characterization} of {Mesoscale} {Objects}},\n\turl = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969531},\n\tabstract = {The U.S. Department of Energy&#x27;s Office of Scientific and Technical Information},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {UCRL-TR-229835},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)},\n\tauthor = {Chinn, D. and Huber, R. and Chambers, D. and Cole, G. and Balogun, O. and Spicer, J. and Murray, T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tdoi = {10.2172/969531},\n\tnote = {Issue: UCRL-TR-229835},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031', event);\">\n    Simulation and measurement of the optical excitation of the S1 zero group velocity Lamb wave resonance in plates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Murray, T. W.;  and Prada, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>, 102(6): 064914. September 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 6</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Simulation and measurement of the optical excitation of the S1 zero group velocity Lamb wave resonance in plates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2784031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2784031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-murray-prada-simulationandmeasurementoftheopticalexcitationofthes1zerogroupvelocitylambwaveresonanceinplates-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_simulation_2007,\n\ttitle = {Simulation and measurement of the optical excitation of the {S1} zero group velocity {Lamb} wave resonance in plates},\n\tvolume = {102},\n\tissn = {0021-8979},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2784031},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2784031},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W. and Prada, C.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tnote = {Number: 6},\n\tpages = {064914},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2006\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2006</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-materialscharacterizationusingfrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-materialscharacterizationusingfrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2006', 'http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B', event);\">\n    Materials characterization using frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O. O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ph.D. Thesis</i>.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-materialscharacterizationusingfrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2006', 'http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Materials characterization using frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-materialscharacterizationusingfrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-materialscharacterizationusingfrequencydomainphotoacousticmicroscopy-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_materials_2006,\n\ttitle = {Materials characterization using frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy},\n\tissn = {9780542659263},\n\turl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT........82B},\n\tabstract = {A frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy system is developed for the characterization of micro- and nanoscale materials. An amplified, intensity modulated continuous wave (CW) laser source is used to generate narrow-bandwidth acoustic waves through the thermoelastic effect. The displacement resulting from acoustic wave interaction with material boundaries is measured using a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer. The signal from the interferometer is coupled to a RF lock-in amplifier or vector network analyzer, allowing for the bandwidth of the detection system to be matched to that of the acoustic signals. Measurements are made over an extremely narrow bandwidth by modulating the excitation laser source on the sample surface over a long time interval and selecting a corresponding integration time for the\ndetection system. An analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this system indicates that it offers substantial improvements over existing systems that incorporate pulsed laser sources to generate broad\nbandwidth acoustic waves. Using a bandwidth of 1.0 Hz, for instance, experimental results show a minimum detectable displacement of 3.1 fm. Extracting quantitative material parameters from the complex acoustic spectrum can be difficult when multiple acoustic modes are excited, or in the presence of reflections from sample boundaries. Two techniques are used to process the measured signals. In the first technique, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency domain data. Acoustic arrivals that are separated in the time domain are time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source to receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the acoustic modes are found by analyzing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode generated at a given frequency to be determined. Several promising materials characterization applications are explored including the measurement of the thickness of nanometer scale films, the inspection of thin plates using both bulk waves and guided waves, and the imaging of subsurface features in micron scale membranes using high frequency (700 MHz) resonant acoustic spectroscopy.},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Ph.D. Thesis},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde},\n\tyear = {2006},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy system is developed for the characterization of micro- and nanoscale materials. An amplified, intensity modulated continuous wave (CW) laser source is used to generate narrow-bandwidth acoustic waves through the thermoelastic effect. The displacement resulting from acoustic wave interaction with material boundaries is measured using a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer. The signal from the interferometer is coupled to a RF lock-in amplifier or vector network analyzer, allowing for the bandwidth of the detection system to be matched to that of the acoustic signals. Measurements are made over an extremely narrow bandwidth by modulating the excitation laser source on the sample surface over a long time interval and selecting a corresponding integration time for the detection system. An analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this system indicates that it offers substantial improvements over existing systems that incorporate pulsed laser sources to generate broad bandwidth acoustic waves. Using a bandwidth of 1.0 Hz, for instance, experimental results show a minimum detectable displacement of 3.1 fm. Extracting quantitative material parameters from the complex acoustic spectrum can be difficult when multiple acoustic modes are excited, or in the presence of reflections from sample boundaries. Two techniques are used to process the measured signals. In the first technique, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and a transient sample response is constructed from the frequency domain data. Acoustic arrivals that are separated in the time domain are time gated for further analysis. In the second approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is fixed, but the source to receiver distance is varied. The spatial frequencies of the acoustic modes are found by analyzing the spatial variation of the phase, allowing for the velocity of each mode generated at a given frequency to be determined. Several promising materials characterization applications are explored including the measurement of the thickness of nanometer scale films, the inspection of thin plates using both bulk waves and guided waves, and the imaging of subsurface features in micron scale membranes using high frequency (700 MHz) resonant acoustic spectroscopy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532', event);\">\n    High Frequency Laser‐Based Ultrasound.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huber, R. D.; Chinn, D. J.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O. O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 820(1): 218–224. March 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"High Frequency Laser‐Based Ultrasound [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2184532\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2184532', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huber-chinn-balogun-murray-highfrequencylaserbasedultrasound-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huber_high_2006,\n\ttitle = {High {Frequency} {Laser}‐{Based} {Ultrasound}},\n\tvolume = {820},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2184532},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2184532},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Huber, R. D. and Chinn, D. J. and Balogun, O. O. and Murray, T. W.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {218--224},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723', event);\">\n    Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered SU-8 for lab-on-chip applications.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, H.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Li, B.; Murray, T. W.;  and Zhang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i>, 127(2): 228–234. March 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 2</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered SU-8 for lab-on-chip applications [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.033\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.033', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-fabricationofthreedimensionalmicrostructuresbasedonsingledlayeredsu8forlabonchipapplications-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_fabrication_2006,\n\tseries = {{MEMS} 2005 {Special} {Issue}},\n\ttitle = {Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered {SU}-8 for lab-on-chip applications},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {0924-4247},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705004723},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.033},\n\tabstract = {This paper introduces a novel 3D manufacturing approach to the rapid processing of microfluidic components such as embedded channels and microvalves, using a scanning laser system. Compared to existing manufacturing techniques, our direct UV laser writing method greatly simplifies fabrication processes, potentially reducing the design-to-fabrication time to a few hours, which is extremely beneficial during the product development stages. The initial process validation has been presented by using SU-8 material. With the fine-tuning of the laser processing parameters, the depth of SU-8 polymerization can be controlled. This paper also describes the underlying theory and method to determine the Young&#x27;s modulus of the exposed SU-8 material by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, nondestructive means of evaluation and materials characterization. More importantly, it allows for local inspection of material properties. The results presented in this paper potentially could serve as the first crucial step towards the rapid manufacturing of microdevices for lab-on-chip applications.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Hui and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Li, Biao and Murray, T. W. and Zhang, Xin},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {Number: 2},\n\tkeywords = {3D microstructure, Lab-on-chip, Laser ultrasonics, Single-layered SU-8},\n\tpages = {228--234},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper introduces a novel 3D manufacturing approach to the rapid processing of microfluidic components such as embedded channels and microvalves, using a scanning laser system. Compared to existing manufacturing techniques, our direct UV laser writing method greatly simplifies fabrication processes, potentially reducing the design-to-fabrication time to a few hours, which is extremely beneficial during the product development stages. The initial process validation has been presented by using SU-8 material. With the fine-tuning of the laser processing parameters, the depth of SU-8 polymerization can be controlled. This paper also describes the underlying theory and method to determine the Young's modulus of the exposed SU-8 material by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, nondestructive means of evaluation and materials characterization. More importantly, it allows for local inspection of material properties. The results presented in this paper potentially could serve as the first crucial step towards the rapid manufacturing of microdevices for lab-on-chip applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194', event);\">\n    Laser generation and detection of zero‐group velocity Lamb mode resonance in thin plates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Prada, C.; Clorennec, D.; Royer, D.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 119(5): 3285–3285. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 5</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Laser generation and detection of zero‐group velocity Lamb mode resonance in thin plates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4786194\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4786194', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('prada-clorennec-royer-balogun-murray-lasergenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambmoderesonanceinthinplates-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{prada_laser_2006,\n\ttitle = {Laser generation and detection of zero‐group velocity {Lamb} mode resonance in thin plates},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {0001-4966},\n\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4786194},\n\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4786194},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\n\tauthor = {Prada, Claire and Clorennec, Dominique and Royer, Daniel and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Murray, Todd W.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {Number: 5},\n\tpages = {3285--3285},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467', event);\">\n    A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>, 100(3): 034902. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 3</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2218467\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2218467', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-murray-afrequencydomainlaserbasedultrasonicsystemfortimeresolvedmeasurementofbroadbandacoustictransients-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_frequency_2006,\n\ttitle = {A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients},\n\tvolume = {100},\n\tissn = {0021-8979},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2218467},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2218467},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Physics},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {Number: 3},\n\tpages = {034902},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2005\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2005</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"prada-balogun-murray-experimentalevidenceofs1modequasiresonanceinthinplatesusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscope-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Experimental evidence of S1 mode quasi-resonance in thin plates using a laser based acoustic microscope.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Prada, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.</i>, volume 2, pages 1011–1014, September 2005. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prada-balogun-murray-experimentalevidenceofs1modequasiresonanceinthinplatesusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscope-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/prada-balogun-murray-experimentalevidenceofs1modequasiresonanceinthinplatesusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscope-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('prada-balogun-murray-experimentalevidenceofs1modequasiresonanceinthinplatesusingalaserbasedacousticmicroscope-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{prada_experimental_2005,\n\ttitle = {Experimental evidence of {S1} mode quasi-resonance in thin plates using a laser based acoustic microscope},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tdoi = {10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603022},\n\tbooktitle = {{IEEE} {Ultrasonics} {Symposium}, 2005.},\n\tauthor = {Prada, C. and Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Acoustic signal detection, Laser theory, Amplitude modulation, Frequency, Laser modes, Microscopy, Optical interferometry, Optical scattering, Resonance, Tungsten},\n\tpages = {1011--1014},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-rapidmanufacturingofembeddedmicrochannelsfromasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingthedependenceofsu8youngsmodulusonexposuredosewithalaseracoustictechnique-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-rapidmanufacturingofembeddedmicrochannelsfromasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingthedependenceofsu8youngsmodulusonexposuredosewithalaseracoustictechnique-2005', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer', event);\">\n    Rapid manufacturing of embedded microchannels from a single layered SU-8, and determining the dependence of SU-8 young's modulus on exposure dose with a laser acoustic technique.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, H.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Li, B.; Murray, T. W.;  and Zhang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)</i>, pages 654–657, October 2005. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-rapidmanufacturingofembeddedmicrochannelsfromasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingthedependenceofsu8youngsmodulusonexposuredosewithalaseracoustictechnique-2005', 'https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rapid manufacturing of embedded microchannels from a single layered SU-8, and determining the dependence of SU-8 young&#x27;s modulus on exposure dose with a laser acoustic technique [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-rapidmanufacturingofembeddedmicrochannelsfromasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingthedependenceofsu8youngsmodulusonexposuredosewithalaseracoustictechnique-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-rapidmanufacturingofembeddedmicrochannelsfromasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingthedependenceofsu8youngsmodulusonexposuredosewithalaseracoustictechnique-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{yu_rapid_2005,\n\ttitle = {Rapid manufacturing of embedded microchannels from a single layered {SU}-8, and determining the dependence of {SU}-8 young&#x27;s modulus on exposure dose with a laser acoustic technique},\n\turl = {https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/rapid-manufacturing-of-embedded-microchannels-from-a-single-layer},\n\tlanguage = {English (US)},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Micro} {Electro} {Mechanical} {Systems} ({MEMS})},\n\tpublisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},\n\tauthor = {Yu, H. and Balogun, O. and Li, B. and Murray, T. W. and Zhang, X.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {654--657},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855', event);\">\n    Inspection of compositionally graded mullite coatings using laser based ultrasonics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Steen, T. L.; Basu, S. N.;  and Sarin, V. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials</i>, 23(4): 322–329. July 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 4</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Inspection of compositionally graded mullite coatings using laser based ultrasonics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.05.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.05.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-steen-basu-sarin-inspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatingsusinglaserbasedultrasonics-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{murray_inspection_2005,\n\tseries = {Science of hard materials-8. {Part} {I}. {Selected} papers from the 8th {International} {Conference} on the {Science} of {Hard} {Materials}},\n\ttitle = {Inspection of compositionally graded mullite coatings using laser based ultrasonics},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {0263-4368},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000855},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.05.021},\n\tabstract = {Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have spatial variations in composition and structure resulting in corresponding changes in material properties. These materials can be developed for applications in which the functional requirements of a component are position dependent. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using a laser based ultrasonic technique to determine the distribution of elastic properties in FGMs. A model for the laser generation of ultrasound in a compositionally graded coating on a semi-infinite substrate is used to explore the relationship between the acoustic wave propagation and depth dependent elastic property profile. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated in such a system are dispersive, and the dispersion characteristics are highly dependent on the mechanical property profile. A high-resolution laser ultrasonic system has been developed, and experimental measurements of the mechanical properties of single layer mullite coatings are presented. Using compositionally graded mullite coatings as a model system, numerical results are reported showing the sensitivity of SAW dispersion behavior to various composition profiles.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},\n\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Steen, T. L. and Basu, S. N. and Sarin, V. K.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tnote = {Number: 4},\n\tpages = {322--329},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have spatial variations in composition and structure resulting in corresponding changes in material properties. These materials can be developed for applications in which the functional requirements of a component are position dependent. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using a laser based ultrasonic technique to determine the distribution of elastic properties in FGMs. A model for the laser generation of ultrasound in a compositionally graded coating on a semi-infinite substrate is used to explore the relationship between the acoustic wave propagation and depth dependent elastic property profile. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated in such a system are dispersive, and the dispersion characteristics are highly dependent on the mechanical property profile. A high-resolution laser ultrasonic system has been developed, and experimental measurements of the mechanical properties of single layer mullite coatings are presented. Using compositionally graded mullite coatings as a model system, numerical results are reported showing the sensitivity of SAW dispersion behavior to various composition profiles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063', event);\">\n    Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity Lamb waves in thin plates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Prada, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>, 87(19): 194109. November 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 19</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity Lamb waves in thin plates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2128063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2128063', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('prada-balogun-murray-laserbasedultrasonicgenerationanddetectionofzerogroupvelocitylambwavesinthinplates-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{prada_laser-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity {Lamb} waves in thin plates},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tissn = {0003-6951},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2128063},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.2128063},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\n\tauthor = {Prada, C. and Balogun, O. and Murray, T. W.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tnote = {Number: 19},\n\tpages = {194109},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2004\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2004</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-pratt-highfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingacwgenerationsource-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  High Frequency Laser Based Acoustic Microscopy Using a Cw Generation Source.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>;  and Pratt, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-pratt-highfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingacwgenerationsource-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-pratt-highfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingacwgenerationsource-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{murray_high_2004,\n\ttitle = {High {Frequency} {Laser} {Based} {Acoustic} {Microscopy} {Using} a {Cw} {Generation} {Source}},\n\tabstract = {Abstract: A laser ultrasonic system has been developed which uses a modulated CW laser source for ultrasonic wave generation. The majority of high frequency laser ultrasonic systems use picosecond pulsed laser sources to generate ultrasound in the hundreds of MHz to the low GHz range. High frequency SAW generation and high-resolution acoustic microscopy require that the generation laser spot be tightly focused on the sample surface. This places a severe restriction on the amount of energy that can be deposited in the sample without causing surface ablation and ultimately limits the sensitivity of the system. In this work, we explore the use of an amplified, electro-absorption modulated diode laser source for high frequency ultrasound generation. The laser can be amplitude modulated up to 2 GHz and the peak power is approximately 2 Watts. While LBU systems using modulated CW generation can have extremely high SNR when lock-in detection systems are employed, they have disadvantages when compared to pulsed systems in terms of signal interpretation when multiple acoustic modes are present or when signals are reflected from the boundaries of the target material leading to complex acoustic interference patterns. In order to avoid these difficulties the source frequency is scanned over the bandwidth of interest and the transient response of the specimen reconstructed from the frequency domain data.},\n\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Pratt, N.},\n\tyear = {2004},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract: A laser ultrasonic system has been developed which uses a modulated CW laser source for ultrasonic wave generation. The majority of high frequency laser ultrasonic systems use picosecond pulsed laser sources to generate ultrasound in the hundreds of MHz to the low GHz range. High frequency SAW generation and high-resolution acoustic microscopy require that the generation laser spot be tightly focused on the sample surface. This places a severe restriction on the amount of energy that can be deposited in the sample without causing surface ablation and ultimately limits the sensitivity of the system. In this work, we explore the use of an amplified, electro-absorption modulated diode laser source for high frequency ultrasound generation. The laser can be amplitude modulated up to 2 GHz and the peak power is approximately 2 Watts. While LBU systems using modulated CW generation can have extremely high SNR when lock-in detection systems are employed, they have disadvantages when compared to pulsed systems in terms of signal interpretation when multiple acoustic modes are present or when signals are reflected from the boundaries of the target material leading to complex acoustic interference patterns. In order to avoid these difficulties the source frequency is scanned over the bandwidth of interest and the transient response of the specimen reconstructed from the frequency domain data.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637', event);\">\n    Graded Coating Inspection Using Laser Generated Surface Acoustic Waves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O. O.</a>;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 700(1): 294–301. February 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Graded Coating Inspection Using Laser Generated Surface Acoustic Waves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1711637\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1711637', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-murray-gradedcoatinginspectionusinglasergeneratedsurfaceacousticwaves-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_graded_2004,\n\ttitle = {Graded {Coating} {Inspection} {Using} {Laser} {Generated} {Surface} {Acoustic} {Waves}},\n\tvolume = {700},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1711637},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.1711637},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi O. and Murray, Todd W.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {294--301},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004', 'http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020', event);\">\n    Building embedded microchannels using a single layered SU-8, and determining Young's modulus using a laser acoustic technique.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, H.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Li, B.; Murray, T. W.;  and Zhang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering</i>, 14(11): 1576.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 11</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004', 'http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Building embedded microchannels using a single layered SU-8, and determining Young&#x27;s modulus using a laser acoustic technique [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/14/11/020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/14/11/020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-balogun-li-murray-zhang-buildingembeddedmicrochannelsusingasinglelayeredsu8anddeterminingyoungsmodulususingalaseracoustictechnique-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_building_2004,\n\ttitle = {Building embedded microchannels using a single layered {SU}-8, and determining {Young}&#x27;s modulus using a laser acoustic technique},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {0960-1317},\n\turl = {http://stacks.iop.org/0960-1317/14/i=11/a=020},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/0960-1317/14/11/020},\n\tabstract = {In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensity penetrating into samples can be adjusted by varying the laser focus level. The UV laser direct-write method greatly simplifies the fabrication processes. Moreover, it can be set up in a conventional manufacturing environment without the need for clean room facilities. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method to determine Young&#x27;s modulus of exposed SU-8 by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, non-destructive means of evaluation and material characterization. This paper will determine Young&#x27;s modulus of UV exposed SU-8 generated with different exposure doses. Measurements show that Young&#x27;s modulus is highly dependent on exposure dose. Young&#x27;s modulus ranges from 3.8 to 5.4 GPa when the thickness of a fully cross-linked SU-8 microbeam varies from 100 to 205 µm with a gradually increased UV exposure dose.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Hui and Balogun, Oluwaseyi and Li, Biao and Murray, Todd W. and Zhang, Xin},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tnote = {Number: 11},\n\tpages = {1576},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensity penetrating into samples can be adjusted by varying the laser focus level. The UV laser direct-write method greatly simplifies the fabrication processes. Moreover, it can be set up in a conventional manufacturing environment without the need for clean room facilities. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method to determine Young's modulus of exposed SU-8 by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, non-destructive means of evaluation and material characterization. This paper will determine Young's modulus of UV exposed SU-8 generated with different exposure doses. Measurements show that Young's modulus is highly dependent on exposure dose. Young's modulus ranges from 3.8 to 5.4 GPa when the thickness of a fully cross-linked SU-8 microbeam varies from 100 to 205 µm with a gradually increased UV exposure dose.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-pratt-murray-anoveltechniqueforenhancingthesignaltonoiseoflaserbasedultrasonicsystems-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A novel technique for enhancing the signal to noise of laser-based ultrasonic systems.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Pratt, N.;  and Murray, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004</i>, volume 1, pages 48–51 Vol.1, August 2004. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417665\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-pratt-murray-anoveltechniqueforenhancingthesignaltonoiseoflaserbasedultrasonicsystems-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417665', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-pratt-murray-anoveltechniqueforenhancingthesignaltonoiseoflaserbasedultrasonicsystems-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-pratt-murray-anoveltechniqueforenhancingthesignaltonoiseoflaserbasedultrasonicsystems-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{balogun_novel_2004,\n\ttitle = {A novel technique for enhancing the signal to noise of laser-based ultrasonic systems},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tdoi = {10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417665},\n\tabstract = {Conventional laser ultrasonic systems use pulsed laser sources to generate broadband acoustic waves. The theoretical signal to noise ratio (SNR) of these systems, in the shot noise limit, is inversely proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the detection system. Previous researchers have shown that improvements in the SNR can be made by generating narrowband acoustic signals using temporally and/or spatially modulated laser pulses, and reducing the detection bandwidth accordingly. The paper describes the generation of high frequency acoustic waves using an amplitude modulated continuous wave (CW) laser. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to an RF lock-in amplifier. This allows for control of the detection bandwidth, which can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below typical broadband laser ultrasonic systems. Experimental results are given showing CW generated acoustic waves in various material systems. The magnitude and phase of the acoustic signals in the frequency domain are detected by the interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, and these data are in turn processed to synthesize the time domain response. The use of narrowband generation/detection combined with subsequent time domain reconstruction allows for a large increase in SNR without losing the ability to distinguish individual acoustic arrivals or modes in the time domain.},\n\tbooktitle = {{IEEE} {Ultrasonics} {Symposium}, 2004},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, O. and Pratt, N. and Murray, T. W.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {acoustic generators, Acoustic noise, Acoustic pulses, Acoustic signal detection, Acoustic waves, AM CW laser, amplitude modulated continuous wave laser, Bandwidth, broadband acoustic waves, detection bandwidth, frequency domain, high frequency acoustic waves, interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, laser beam applications, Laser noise, Laser theory, laser-based ultrasonic systems, Michelson interferometers, Narrowband, narrowband acoustic signals, Optical pulse generation, photoacoustic effect, RF lock-in amplifier, shot noise, signal to noise ratio, Signal to noise ratio, SNR, stabilized Michelson interferometer, time domain reconstruction, ultrasonic devices},\n\tpages = {48--51 Vol.1},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Conventional laser ultrasonic systems use pulsed laser sources to generate broadband acoustic waves. The theoretical signal to noise ratio (SNR) of these systems, in the shot noise limit, is inversely proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the detection system. Previous researchers have shown that improvements in the SNR can be made by generating narrowband acoustic signals using temporally and/or spatially modulated laser pulses, and reducing the detection bandwidth accordingly. The paper describes the generation of high frequency acoustic waves using an amplitude modulated continuous wave (CW) laser. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to an RF lock-in amplifier. This allows for control of the detection bandwidth, which can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below typical broadband laser ultrasonic systems. Experimental results are given showing CW generated acoustic waves in various material systems. The magnitude and phase of the acoustic signals in the frequency domain are detected by the interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, and these data are in turn processed to synthesize the time domain response. The use of narrowband generation/detection combined with subsequent time domain reconstruction allows for a large increase in SNR without losing the ability to distinguish individual acoustic arrivals or modes in the time domain.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436', event);\">\n    A novel approach to high‐frequency laser‐based acoustic microscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 116(4): 2617–2617. October 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 4</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A novel approach to high‐frequency laser‐based acoustic microscopy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4785436\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4785436', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-anovelapproachtohighfrequencylaserbasedacousticmicroscopy-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{murray_novel_2004,\n\ttitle = {A novel approach to high‐frequency laser‐based acoustic microscopy},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {0001-4966},\n\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4785436},\n\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4785436},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\n\tauthor = {Murray, Todd W. and Balogun, Oluwaseyi},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tnote = {Number: 4},\n\tpages = {2617--2617},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387', event);\">\n    High-sensitivity laser-based acoustic microscopy using a modulated excitation source.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>, 85(14): 2974–2976. October 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 14</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"High-sensitivity laser-based acoustic microscopy using a modulated excitation source [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1802387\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1802387', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-highsensitivitylaserbasedacousticmicroscopyusingamodulatedexcitationsource-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{murray_high-sensitivity_2004,\n\ttitle = {High-sensitivity laser-based acoustic microscopy using a modulated excitation source},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {0003-6951},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1802387},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.1802387},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\n\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tnote = {Number: 14},\n\tpages = {2974--2976},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2003\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2003</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionoffunctionallygradedmaterialstheoryandexperimentalapproach-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Functionally Graded Materials: Theory and Experimental Approach.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O. O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, Boston University,  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionoffunctionallygradedmaterialstheoryandexperimentalapproach-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionoffunctionallygradedmaterialstheoryandexperimentalapproach-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{balogun_laser_2003,\n\ttype = {{PhD} {Thesis}},\n\ttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Functionally} {Graded} {Materials}: {Theory} and {Experimental} {Approach}},\n\tshorttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Functionally} {Graded} {Materials}},\n\tschool = {Boston University},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi Oladeinde},\n\tyear = {2003},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304', event);\">\n    Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Compositionally Graded Mullite Coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>; Sarin, V. K.;  and Basu, S. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 657(1): 1471–1478. March 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003', 'https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Compositionally Graded Mullite Coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1570304\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1570304', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-sarin-basu-laserultrasonicinspectionofcompositionallygradedmullitecoatings-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{murray_laser_2003,\n\ttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Compositionally} {Graded} {Mullite} {Coatings}},\n\tvolume = {657},\n\tissn = {0094-243X},\n\turl = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570304},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.1570304},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},\n\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O. and Sarin, V. K. and Basu, S. N.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tpages = {1471--1478},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2002\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2002')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2002')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2002</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionofenvironmentalbarriercoatings-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'murray-balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionofenvironmentalbarriercoatings-2002', 'http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599', event);\">\n    Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. W.;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing</i>, 22(6): 599–608.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 6</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('murray-balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionofenvironmentalbarriercoatings-2002', 'http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionofenvironmentalbarriercoatings-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-balogun-laserultrasonicinspectionofenvironmentalbarriercoatings-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{murray_laser_2002,\n\ttitle = {Laser {Ultrasonic} {Inspection} of {Environmental} {Barrier} {Coatings}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1225-7842},\n\turl = {http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=BPGGB1_2002_v22n6_599},\n\tabstract = {Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings -},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing},\n\tauthor = {Murray, T. W. and Balogun, O.},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tnote = {Number: 6},\n\tpages = {599--608},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Environmental Barrier Coatings -\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516', event);\">\n    Characterization of graded coatings using laser generated acoustic waves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.balogun.mech.northwestern.edu/publications/\">Balogun, O. O.</a>; Murray, T. W.;  and Basu, S. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 112(5): 2350–2350. October 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 5</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002', 'https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of graded coatings using laser generated acoustic waves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4779516\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1121/1.4779516', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balogun-murray-basu-characterizationofgradedcoatingsusinglasergeneratedacousticwaves-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balogun_characterization_2002,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of graded coatings using laser generated acoustic waves},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0001-4966},\n\turl = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4779516},\n\tdoi = {10.1121/1.4779516},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-09-16},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},\n\tauthor = {Balogun, Oluwaseyi O. and Murray, Todd W. and Basu, Soumendra N.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tnote = {Number: 5},\n\tpages = {2350--2350},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);