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\n  \n 2026\n \n \n (31)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Not a Standalone Treatment: Considerations for Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Murphy, S.; Stewart, E.; Winship, J.; Kampel, L.; Stiel, B.; and Ellis, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain and Behavior, 16(4): e71280. 2026.\n ISBN: 2162-3279\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{murphy_not_2026,\n\ttitle = {Not a {Standalone} {Treatment}: {Considerations} for {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Brain and Behavior},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley Online Library},\n\tauthor = {Murphy, Sharon and Stewart, Elizabeth and Winship, Jacqueline and Kampel, Laura and Stiel, Benjamin and Ellis, Justine},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2162-3279},\n\tpages = {e71280},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n To Be, or Not to Be Exceptional: That Is the Question in Psychedelic Ethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 19(2): 28. June 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ToPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{villiger_be_2026,\n\ttitle = {To {Be}, or {Not} to {Be} {Exceptional}: {That} {Is} the {Question} in {Psychedelic} {Ethics}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {To {Be}, or {Not} to {Be} {Exceptional}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-026-09654-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-026-09654-4},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has several unusual features compared to other treatments. The most obvious is the psychedelic experience that patients undergo during therapy. Some authors, including myself, have argued that this feature is not only unusual but exceptional within medicine and that it poses exceptional challenges to common bioethical standards—challenges that no other treatment presents in this form. To address these challenges, the introduction of exceptional policies not currently found in medicine is therefore justified. In a recent comment, Earp et al. [1] reject this argument for what I have termed Type-B psychedelic exceptionalism. According to them, PAT either does not possess exceptional features, or these allegedly exceptional features do not give rise to ethical challenges that cannot be adequately addressed by existing policies. In this article, I counter their critique and argue that Type-B psychedelic exceptionalism can indeed be justified, using the example of PAT’s capacity to induce doxastic changes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Doxastic vulnerability, Guidelines, Policies, Psychedelic exceptionalism, Psychedelic-assisted therapy},\n\tpages = {28},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has several unusual features compared to other treatments. The most obvious is the psychedelic experience that patients undergo during therapy. Some authors, including myself, have argued that this feature is not only unusual but exceptional within medicine and that it poses exceptional challenges to common bioethical standards—challenges that no other treatment presents in this form. To address these challenges, the introduction of exceptional policies not currently found in medicine is therefore justified. In a recent comment, Earp et al. [1] reject this argument for what I have termed Type-B psychedelic exceptionalism. According to them, PAT either does not possess exceptional features, or these allegedly exceptional features do not give rise to ethical challenges that cannot be adequately addressed by existing policies. In this article, I counter their critique and argue that Type-B psychedelic exceptionalism can indeed be justified, using the example of PAT’s capacity to induce doxastic changes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Public Opinion on Legalizing Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n RAND Corporation, 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PublicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{noauthor_public_2026,\n\ttitle = {Public {Opinion} on {Legalizing} {Psychedelics}},\n\turl = {https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA4334-2.html},\n\tdoi = {10.7249/RRA4334-2},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tpublisher = {RAND Corporation},\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Thoughtful Accompaniment in Life's Final Stages: Philosophical Practice as a Complement to Ethics Consultation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schuchter, P.; Radinger, S.; Rieger, S. V.; and Wegleitner, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Bioethics, 40(3): 291–298. March 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{schuchter_thoughtful_2026,\n\ttitle = {Thoughtful {Accompaniment} in {Life}'s {Final} {Stages}: {Philosophical} {Practice} as a {Complement} to {Ethics} {Consultation}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1467-8519},\n\tshorttitle = {Thoughtful {Accompaniment} in {Life}'s {Final} {Stages}},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.70031},\n\tabstract = {This paper argues that philosophical practice can complement existing medical ethics structures by offering a publicly accessible space for discourse and negotiation of basic concepts that are relevant to ethical decision making. The potential of collaboration becomes particularly evident by the example of assisted dying: it raises a wide range of philosophical questions which, however, tend to remain unarticulated where there is urgency for action and focus on ethical dilemma. In this paper, we first provide an analysis of the neglect of profound questions in ethics consultation and why these need to be considered and negotiated within a broader socio-philosophical framework and place. These reflections are grounded in conceptual approaches informed by Immanuel Kant, Charles Taylor, and the tradition of Hellenistic philosophy as interpreted by Pierre Hadot. These frameworks are not presented as final answers, but as productive starting points and historically significant philosophical thought figures for engaging with the complex philosophical dimensions of assisted suicide. Then, we draw upon insights from an ongoing research project on philosophical practice in palliative care and hospice work. Interim results indicate that people experience a need for a kind of dialogue that gives such philosophical considerations a space and a person who is capable of facilitating it. Synthesizing theoretical-philosophical and empirical insights, the paper provides an outlook for fruitful collaboration amongst medical ethics structures and philosophical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Schuchter, Patrick and Radinger, Sandra and Rieger, Stefanie Veronika and Wegleitner, Klaus},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Decision Making, Ethics Consultation, Humans, Palliative Care, Philosophy, Suicide, Assisted, Terminal Care, assisted dying, ethics consultation, health sociology, medical ethics, philosophical consultation, philosophical practice},\n\tpages = {291--298},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This paper argues that philosophical practice can complement existing medical ethics structures by offering a publicly accessible space for discourse and negotiation of basic concepts that are relevant to ethical decision making. The potential of collaboration becomes particularly evident by the example of assisted dying: it raises a wide range of philosophical questions which, however, tend to remain unarticulated where there is urgency for action and focus on ethical dilemma. In this paper, we first provide an analysis of the neglect of profound questions in ethics consultation and why these need to be considered and negotiated within a broader socio-philosophical framework and place. These reflections are grounded in conceptual approaches informed by Immanuel Kant, Charles Taylor, and the tradition of Hellenistic philosophy as interpreted by Pierre Hadot. These frameworks are not presented as final answers, but as productive starting points and historically significant philosophical thought figures for engaging with the complex philosophical dimensions of assisted suicide. Then, we draw upon insights from an ongoing research project on philosophical practice in palliative care and hospice work. Interim results indicate that people experience a need for a kind of dialogue that gives such philosophical considerations a space and a person who is capable of facilitating it. Synthesizing theoretical-philosophical and empirical insights, the paper provides an outlook for fruitful collaboration amongst medical ethics structures and philosophical practice.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychological support can be distinguished from psychotherapy: Clarifications for future empirical work.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schettino, J. R.; Cheung, K.; Nayak, S. M.; Weiss, B. M.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General Hospital Psychiatry, 99: 30–40. 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{schettino_psychological_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psychological support can be distinguished from psychotherapy: {Clarifications} for future empirical work},\n\tvolume = {99},\n\tissn = {1873-7714},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychological support can be distinguished from psychotherapy},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.021},\n\tabstract = {Classic psychedelic studies involve interpersonal interactions with participants before, during, and after the acute effects of psychedelics. In the field of psychedelic research, there is currently a debate about whether this interpersonal interaction is most accurately considered "psychological support," "psychotherapy," or something else. Proponents of the psychological support label describe the interpersonal interaction in most classic psychedelic studies as aimed at safety, while proponents of the psychotherapy label argue that the interpersonal interaction involves intervening on psychotherapeutic processes that not only support safety, but also contribute to treatment efficacy. However, we believe that the debate has so far been largely unproductive due to a lack of shared definitions or criteria for the relevant interpersonal interactions. Here, we propose definitions and criteria for two viable forms of interpersonal interaction in psychedelic administration: one directed solely towards safety (psychological support) and one directed towards both safety and efficacy (psychotherapy). We then trial our proposed criteria on a sample of 11 published classic psychedelic clinical trials. Our procedure categorized 10 out of 11 studies as being more or less consistent with psychological support or psychotherapy, but achieved clear distinctions in only 4 out of 11 studies. Given these findings, we argue that higher quality data on the interpersonal interaction is needed to clearly distinguish between psychological support and psychotherapy. We conclude by suggesting ways that our criteria can be used in the future to empirically test the relative safety and efficacy of psychological support vs. psychotherapy in psychedelic medicine.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {General Hospital Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Schettino, Jonathan R. and Cheung, Katherine and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Weiss, Brandon M. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Psychedelic, Psychological support, Psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {30--40},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Classic psychedelic studies involve interpersonal interactions with participants before, during, and after the acute effects of psychedelics. In the field of psychedelic research, there is currently a debate about whether this interpersonal interaction is most accurately considered \"psychological support,\" \"psychotherapy,\" or something else. Proponents of the psychological support label describe the interpersonal interaction in most classic psychedelic studies as aimed at safety, while proponents of the psychotherapy label argue that the interpersonal interaction involves intervening on psychotherapeutic processes that not only support safety, but also contribute to treatment efficacy. However, we believe that the debate has so far been largely unproductive due to a lack of shared definitions or criteria for the relevant interpersonal interactions. Here, we propose definitions and criteria for two viable forms of interpersonal interaction in psychedelic administration: one directed solely towards safety (psychological support) and one directed towards both safety and efficacy (psychotherapy). We then trial our proposed criteria on a sample of 11 published classic psychedelic clinical trials. Our procedure categorized 10 out of 11 studies as being more or less consistent with psychological support or psychotherapy, but achieved clear distinctions in only 4 out of 11 studies. Given these findings, we argue that higher quality data on the interpersonal interaction is needed to clearly distinguish between psychological support and psychotherapy. We conclude by suggesting ways that our criteria can be used in the future to empirically test the relative safety and efficacy of psychological support vs. psychotherapy in psychedelic medicine.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disengaged: A systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic-assisted therapy research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Reid, M. R.; Song, J.; Boehnke, K. F.; Buchanan, N. T.; and Aday, J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 181: 106516. February 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{reid_disengaged_2026,\n\ttitle = {Disengaged: {A} systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic-assisted therapy research},\n\tvolume = {181},\n\tissn = {1873-7528},\n\tshorttitle = {Disengaged},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516},\n\tabstract = {People of color have been significantly underincluded in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) research, despite facing challenges commonly addressed in PAT and often more severe symptoms. It may be the case that people of color are underincluded because PAT researchers have not used approaches designed to promote sample diversity. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is a research paradigm that has demonstrated success in promoting participant diversity. We hypothesize that the absence of CEnR in psychedelic science may be a contributing factor to the lack of diversity in psychedelic studies. To examine the prevalence of CEnR practices in PAT research, we conducted a systematic review of the past 10 years of psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD clinical trials in the United States. We reviewed each study (N = 27) to assess whether researchers incorporated CEnR using the Continuum of Community Engagement and reached out to each individual study team to ensure comprehensiveness. Our analysis revealed that only 3/27 (11.11 \\%) studies incorporated CEnR. In the rare instances CEnR was integrated, PAT researchers used community consultation, which involves relatively little engagement with community members. To improve representation in PAT trials, we recommending incorporating the CEnR principles of 1) mapping and engaging local stakeholders, 2) leveraging existing university-hospital infrastructures, 3) co-designing research and outreach initiatives, 4) securing dedicated CEnR resources, and 5) establishing mechanisms for ongoing evaluation. This systematic review supports that there has been a paucity of community-engaged practices in PAT research, which can be addressed by incorporating our recommendations for implementing CEnR in PAT studies.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Reid, Mallet R. and Song, Jonathan and Boehnke, Kevin F. and Buchanan, NiCole T. and Aday, Jacob S.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Community Participation, Community-Based Participatory Research, Community-engaged research, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic assisted therapy},\n\tpages = {106516},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n People of color have been significantly underincluded in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) research, despite facing challenges commonly addressed in PAT and often more severe symptoms. It may be the case that people of color are underincluded because PAT researchers have not used approaches designed to promote sample diversity. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is a research paradigm that has demonstrated success in promoting participant diversity. We hypothesize that the absence of CEnR in psychedelic science may be a contributing factor to the lack of diversity in psychedelic studies. To examine the prevalence of CEnR practices in PAT research, we conducted a systematic review of the past 10 years of psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD clinical trials in the United States. We reviewed each study (N = 27) to assess whether researchers incorporated CEnR using the Continuum of Community Engagement and reached out to each individual study team to ensure comprehensiveness. Our analysis revealed that only 3/27 (11.11 %) studies incorporated CEnR. In the rare instances CEnR was integrated, PAT researchers used community consultation, which involves relatively little engagement with community members. To improve representation in PAT trials, we recommending incorporating the CEnR principles of 1) mapping and engaging local stakeholders, 2) leveraging existing university-hospital infrastructures, 3) co-designing research and outreach initiatives, 4) securing dedicated CEnR resources, and 5) establishing mechanisms for ongoing evaluation. This systematic review supports that there has been a paucity of community-engaged practices in PAT research, which can be addressed by incorporating our recommendations for implementing CEnR in PAT studies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A landscape analysis of psychedelic facilitation training in the US.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Palitsky, R.; Peacock, C.; Breau, J. A.; Gillis-Smith, P.; and Sklodowska, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS One, 21(5): e0350037. May 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{palitsky_landscape_2026,\n\ttitle = {A landscape analysis of psychedelic facilitation training in the {US}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13220995/},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0350037},\n\tabstract = {Skilled interpersonal support and safety monitoring can enhance the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds and reduce the potential for harm. In the anticipation of legalized psychedelic care, and the recognition of ongoing psychedelic use across a variety of contexts, numerous training programs have been established to educate psychedelic facilitators in supporting individuals who take psychedelics. However, psychedelic facilitation training in the US has not been well characterized, making it difficult to appraise the strengths, needs, and gaps in this emerging discipline, especially with regard to the development of competencies in spiritually responsive care. This project used a quality improvement approach to identify common priorities, practices, needs, and gaps in the emerging field of psychedelic facilitation training from the standpoint of 13 established and emerging training organizations from the US. Interviews were conducted with one or more representatives from each participating organization. Notes from these interviews, once confirmed by the interviewees, were synthesized to identify common practices, procedures, priorities, and gaps. Areas of focus among the programs included: careful selection of trainees and faculty; content emphases in instruction; addressing spiritual, existential, religious, and theological topics; and teaching strategies used in programs. Several gaps were also identified, pointing to the need for continuing education among program graduates, parity with other disciplines, and development of field standards in training facilitators. Psychedelic facilitation training is an evolving discipline. Training programs and trainees may benefit from greater collaboration, including ongoing exchange about best practices and adjustments to scientific, social, economic, and regulatory developments.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {PLOS One},\n\tauthor = {Palitsky, Roman and Peacock, Caroline and Breau, Jeffrey A. and Gillis-Smith, Paul and Sklodowska, Gosia},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tpages = {e0350037},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Skilled interpersonal support and safety monitoring can enhance the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds and reduce the potential for harm. In the anticipation of legalized psychedelic care, and the recognition of ongoing psychedelic use across a variety of contexts, numerous training programs have been established to educate psychedelic facilitators in supporting individuals who take psychedelics. However, psychedelic facilitation training in the US has not been well characterized, making it difficult to appraise the strengths, needs, and gaps in this emerging discipline, especially with regard to the development of competencies in spiritually responsive care. This project used a quality improvement approach to identify common priorities, practices, needs, and gaps in the emerging field of psychedelic facilitation training from the standpoint of 13 established and emerging training organizations from the US. Interviews were conducted with one or more representatives from each participating organization. Notes from these interviews, once confirmed by the interviewees, were synthesized to identify common practices, procedures, priorities, and gaps. Areas of focus among the programs included: careful selection of trainees and faculty; content emphases in instruction; addressing spiritual, existential, religious, and theological topics; and teaching strategies used in programs. Several gaps were also identified, pointing to the need for continuing education among program graduates, parity with other disciplines, and development of field standards in training facilitators. Psychedelic facilitation training is an evolving discipline. Training programs and trainees may benefit from greater collaboration, including ongoing exchange about best practices and adjustments to scientific, social, economic, and regulatory developments.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing US Demand for Psychedelic Medicines in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lynch, H. F.; Hu, X.; and Bateman-House, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 54(1): 60–68. 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{lynch_addressing_2026,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {US} {Demand} for {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in the {Face} of {Scientific} {Uncertainty}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {1748-720X},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/jme.2025.10183},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic medicines hold the promise of therapeutic benefit for many suffering from serious unmet mental health needs, leading to substantial demand even before these drugs receive FDA approval based on demonstrated safety and effectiveness for particular conditions. Recognizing FDA approval as the ideal path for psychedelics intended for medical use and drawing on lessons from medical marijuana, we encourage policymakers to balance the need for evidence, the importance of patient safeguards, and the desire for speed. They should increase support for psychedelic research, reject approaches that could inhibit that research, explore improvements to FDA's existing pre-approval access pathway, and avoid politically motivated FDA approval of psychedelic medicines.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Law, Medicine \\& Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine \\& Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Hu, Xinping and Bateman-House, Alison},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Australia, Canada, Colorado, Drug Approval, Expanded Access, Food and Drug Administration, Hallucinogens, Humans, Oregon, Uncertainty, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, marijuana, psychedelics},\n\tpages = {60--68},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic medicines hold the promise of therapeutic benefit for many suffering from serious unmet mental health needs, leading to substantial demand even before these drugs receive FDA approval based on demonstrated safety and effectiveness for particular conditions. Recognizing FDA approval as the ideal path for psychedelics intended for medical use and drawing on lessons from medical marijuana, we encourage policymakers to balance the need for evidence, the importance of patient safeguards, and the desire for speed. They should increase support for psychedelic research, reject approaches that could inhibit that research, explore improvements to FDA's existing pre-approval access pathway, and avoid politically motivated FDA approval of psychedelic medicines.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic researchers' own experiences of psychedelic substances, their link to opinions of psychedelics, and reflections on positionality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jylkkä, J.; and Mustamo, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychopharmacology, 243(4): 709–720. April 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jylkka_psychedelic_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic researchers' own experiences of psychedelic substances, their link to opinions of psychedelics, and reflections on positionality},\n\tvolume = {243},\n\tissn = {1432-2072},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00213-025-06871-2},\n\tabstract = {RATIONALE: Anecdotal evidence suggests that psychedelic researchers often have personal experiences with psychedelic substances. While such experiences may benefit research, concerns have been raised about potential biases and "excessive enthusiasm." However, the prevalence of personal experiences, their perceived relevance, and their association with opinions about psychedelics remain underexplored.\nOBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate how common personal psychedelic experiences are among psychedelic researchers, their perceived relevance to research, and whether personal use is associated with opinions about psychedelics.\nMETHODS: Participants (N = 111) conducting psychedelic research in academic settings were recruited. Data were collected on personal experiences, their perceived relevance, and opinions about psychedelics. Regression analyses examined associations between personal use and opinions.\nRESULTS: Most respondents (85\\%) reported personal experiences with classic psychedelics. On average, they saw personal experience as beneficial for research, but also as potential source of bias. They acknowledged the importance of self-reflection and the need to disclose personal experiences, but found disclosure challenging in practice. Personal use predicted more positive opinions about psychedelics' potential to improve well-being, transform society, address the ecological crisis, and answer spiritual questions (regression βs = 0.3 - 0.5, ps {\\textless} 0.01).\nCONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the prevalence of personal psychedelic experiences among this sample of researchers and their influence on research interests and opinions. The results underscore the need for open discussion and reflection. Future studies should explore whether the observed associations reflect causal relationships or potential biases.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Jylkkä, Jussi and Mustamo, Aila},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Bias, Disclosure, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personal experience, Positionality, Psychedelic communities, Psychedelics, Research Personnel, Self-experimentation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {709--720},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n RATIONALE: Anecdotal evidence suggests that psychedelic researchers often have personal experiences with psychedelic substances. While such experiences may benefit research, concerns have been raised about potential biases and \"excessive enthusiasm.\" However, the prevalence of personal experiences, their perceived relevance, and their association with opinions about psychedelics remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate how common personal psychedelic experiences are among psychedelic researchers, their perceived relevance to research, and whether personal use is associated with opinions about psychedelics. METHODS: Participants (N = 111) conducting psychedelic research in academic settings were recruited. Data were collected on personal experiences, their perceived relevance, and opinions about psychedelics. Regression analyses examined associations between personal use and opinions. RESULTS: Most respondents (85%) reported personal experiences with classic psychedelics. On average, they saw personal experience as beneficial for research, but also as potential source of bias. They acknowledged the importance of self-reflection and the need to disclose personal experiences, but found disclosure challenging in practice. Personal use predicted more positive opinions about psychedelics' potential to improve well-being, transform society, address the ecological crisis, and answer spiritual questions (regression βs = 0.3 - 0.5, ps \\textless 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the prevalence of personal psychedelic experiences among this sample of researchers and their influence on research interests and opinions. The results underscore the need for open discussion and reflection. Future studies should explore whether the observed associations reflect causal relationships or potential biases.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Efficacy and Safety of the Neuroplastogen TSND-201 for the Treatment of PTSD: A Randomized Clinical Trial.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jones, A.; Warner-Schmidt, J.; Kwak, H.; Stogniew, M.; Mandell, B.; Ching, T. H. W.; Stein, M. B.; and Kelmendi, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 83(5): 469–477. May 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jones_efficacy_2026,\n\ttitle = {Efficacy and {Safety} of the {Neuroplastogen} {TSND}-201 for the {Treatment} of {PTSD}: {A} {Randomized} {Clinical} {Trial}},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {2168-6238},\n\tshorttitle = {Efficacy and {Safety} of the {Neuroplastogen} {TSND}-201 for the {Treatment} of {PTSD}},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4625},\n\tabstract = {IMPORTANCE: The phase 2 data presented here support the development of TSND-201 for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder for which there is a significant unmet need for rapid-acting and effective treatments. TSND-201 (methylone) is a highly selective, rapid-acting neuroplastogen that releases serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine without direct activity at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors that has shown rapid, robust, and long-lasting benefit for preclinical PTSD-related behaviors and has been well tolerated in phase 1 studies of healthy volunteers.\nOBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TSND-201 vs placebo in adults with PTSD.\nDESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: A Study to Assess the Use of Methylone in the Treatment of PTSD (IMPACT-1) part B was a phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 10-week randomized clinical trial of TSND-201 in people with PTSD conducted between November 29, 2023, and February 19, 2025, across 16 sites in the US, UK, and Ireland. Adults aged 18 to 65 years who met DSM-5 criteria for current PTSD and 6 months or more of symptoms (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scales for DSM-5 [CAPS-5] ≥35) were eligible.\nINTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive TSND-201 or placebo. There were 4 once-weekly oral dosing sessions (150 mg followed by 100 mg or placebo). No psychotherapy was provided; however, dosing sessions were monitored by mental health professionals using a nondirective approach. Participants were followed up for 6 weeks after the last dose.\nMAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was change from baseline to day 64 in the CAPS-5 total severity score. Secondary end points included changes in PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores. Other measures included response (≥50\\% improvement from baseline), remission (≤11 total severity score), loss of PTSD diagnosis, changes in CAPS-5 symptom clusters, and incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events, vital signs, and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale.\nRESULTS: Among the 65 participants (mean [SD] age, 43.7 [10.5] years; 39 female [60.0\\%]), TSND-201 demonstrated significantly greater improvement in CAPS-5 total score than placebo (least-squares mean difference, 9.64; 90\\% CI, -16.48 to -2.80; P = .01). PCL-5 (-28.46 vs -19.47; LS mean treatment difference, -8.99; 90\\% CI, -17.81 to -0.17), SDS (-8.29 vs -3.57; LS mean treatment difference, -4.72; 90\\% CI, -8.84 to -0.61), and MADRS (-13.94 vs -7.73; LS mean treatment difference, -6.21; 90\\% CI, -12.41 to -0.27) scores were also improved. Common TEAEs in the TSND-201 group included headache, decreased appetite, nausea, dizziness, blood pressure increased, dry mouth, insomnia.\nCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this randomized clinical trial reveal that TSND-201 demonstrated statistically significant efficacy and was well tolerated, supporting its potential as a rapid-acting, durable treatment for PTSD.\nTRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05741710.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Jones, Amanda and Warner-Schmidt, Jennifer and Kwak, Hannah and Stogniew, Martin and Mandell, Blake and Ching, Terence H. W. and Stein, Murray B. and Kelmendi, Benjamin},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Azabicyclo Compounds, Carbamates, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phenylalanine, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {469--477},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n IMPORTANCE: The phase 2 data presented here support the development of TSND-201 for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder for which there is a significant unmet need for rapid-acting and effective treatments. TSND-201 (methylone) is a highly selective, rapid-acting neuroplastogen that releases serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine without direct activity at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors that has shown rapid, robust, and long-lasting benefit for preclinical PTSD-related behaviors and has been well tolerated in phase 1 studies of healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TSND-201 vs placebo in adults with PTSD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: A Study to Assess the Use of Methylone in the Treatment of PTSD (IMPACT-1) part B was a phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 10-week randomized clinical trial of TSND-201 in people with PTSD conducted between November 29, 2023, and February 19, 2025, across 16 sites in the US, UK, and Ireland. Adults aged 18 to 65 years who met DSM-5 criteria for current PTSD and 6 months or more of symptoms (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scales for DSM-5 [CAPS-5] ≥35) were eligible. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive TSND-201 or placebo. There were 4 once-weekly oral dosing sessions (150 mg followed by 100 mg or placebo). No psychotherapy was provided; however, dosing sessions were monitored by mental health professionals using a nondirective approach. Participants were followed up for 6 weeks after the last dose. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was change from baseline to day 64 in the CAPS-5 total severity score. Secondary end points included changes in PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores. Other measures included response (≥50% improvement from baseline), remission (≤11 total severity score), loss of PTSD diagnosis, changes in CAPS-5 symptom clusters, and incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events, vital signs, and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. RESULTS: Among the 65 participants (mean [SD] age, 43.7 [10.5] years; 39 female [60.0%]), TSND-201 demonstrated significantly greater improvement in CAPS-5 total score than placebo (least-squares mean difference, 9.64; 90% CI, -16.48 to -2.80; P = .01). PCL-5 (-28.46 vs -19.47; LS mean treatment difference, -8.99; 90% CI, -17.81 to -0.17), SDS (-8.29 vs -3.57; LS mean treatment difference, -4.72; 90% CI, -8.84 to -0.61), and MADRS (-13.94 vs -7.73; LS mean treatment difference, -6.21; 90% CI, -12.41 to -0.27) scores were also improved. Common TEAEs in the TSND-201 group included headache, decreased appetite, nausea, dizziness, blood pressure increased, dry mouth, insomnia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this randomized clinical trial reveal that TSND-201 demonstrated statistically significant efficacy and was well tolerated, supporting its potential as a rapid-acting, durable treatment for PTSD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05741710.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic medicine: mechanisms, evidence, and translation to practice.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Zahid, Z.; Hinkle, J.; Nayak, S.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMJ, 392: e081723. February 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jacobs_psychedelic_2026,\n\taddress = {Clinical research ed.},\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicine: mechanisms, evidence, and translation to practice},\n\tvolume = {392},\n\tissn = {1756-1833},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic medicine},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/bmj-2024-081723},\n\tabstract = {Over the past 15 years, psychedelic treatments have garnered substantial clinical interest, with psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) advancing to phase 3 trials for various psychiatric conditions. This state-of-the-art review examines the evidence for these treatments and their proposed mechanisms of action, and identifies key challenges in clinical translation. Psychedelic treatments combine limited drug administration with psychotherapy or psychological support, potentially working through various biological and psychological pathways, including effects on neural circuitry, emotional processing, and psychological flexibility, though the precise mechanisms are not completely understood. The strongest evidence supports psilocybin for treatment resistant depression and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder, with emerging data in substance use disorders and psychological distress in life threatening illness. Although psychedelics are well tolerated under controlled conditions, methodological limitations complicate interpretation of the evidence, including functional unblinding, variable psychotherapeutic protocols, and homogeneous trial populations. Current treatment models require extensive therapeutic support in specialized settings, posing challenges with scalability. While innovative approaches like group administration may improve accessibility, their comparative effectiveness remains to be established. Future priorities for the research field include standardizing adverse event assessment, developing evidence based implementation guidelines, and showing durable benefit in diverse patient populations. Whether psychedelic treatments can fulfil their therapeutic promise while meeting regulatory requirements and healthcare system constraints remains a defining question for the field.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {BMJ},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Zahid, Zarmeen and Hinkle, Jared and Nayak, Sandeep and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Mental Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic},\n\tpages = {e081723},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Over the past 15 years, psychedelic treatments have garnered substantial clinical interest, with psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) advancing to phase 3 trials for various psychiatric conditions. This state-of-the-art review examines the evidence for these treatments and their proposed mechanisms of action, and identifies key challenges in clinical translation. Psychedelic treatments combine limited drug administration with psychotherapy or psychological support, potentially working through various biological and psychological pathways, including effects on neural circuitry, emotional processing, and psychological flexibility, though the precise mechanisms are not completely understood. The strongest evidence supports psilocybin for treatment resistant depression and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder, with emerging data in substance use disorders and psychological distress in life threatening illness. Although psychedelics are well tolerated under controlled conditions, methodological limitations complicate interpretation of the evidence, including functional unblinding, variable psychotherapeutic protocols, and homogeneous trial populations. Current treatment models require extensive therapeutic support in specialized settings, posing challenges with scalability. While innovative approaches like group administration may improve accessibility, their comparative effectiveness remains to be established. Future priorities for the research field include standardizing adverse event assessment, developing evidence based implementation guidelines, and showing durable benefit in diverse patient populations. Whether psychedelic treatments can fulfil their therapeutic promise while meeting regulatory requirements and healthcare system constraints remains a defining question for the field.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Adolescent Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Addressing Ethical and Clinical Challenges Through a Systems-Psychological Lens.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Insua-Summerhays, B.; and Jacobs, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta Psychedelica, 2. April 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AdolescentPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{insua-summerhays_adolescent_2026,\n\ttitle = {Adolescent {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}: {Addressing} {Ethical} and {Clinical} {Challenges} {Through} a {Systems}-{Psychological} {Lens}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tcopyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0},\n\tissn = {3087-8829},\n\tshorttitle = {Adolescent {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\turl = {https://actapsychedelica.journal.fi/article/view/176201},\n\tdoi = {10.66904/ap.176201},\n\tabstract = {Amidst a growing prevalence of adolescent mental ill-health, there is a pressing need to develop effective therapeutic interventions. Despite promising results from adult trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies (P-AT), translating these interventions to adolescents presents challenges. Therapeutic outcomes in paediatric contexts cannot be inferred from adult studies due to age-dependent somatic and psychological effects. Administering psychedelics during adolescence, a period of significant psychological, social, and biological change, demands careful ethical consideration. Emphasising the pro-plasticity nature of psychedelics, we advocate for a systems-psychological approach to P-AT for adolescent depression. Compared to adults, this population is more dependent on, and less able to modify, the socio-ecological context in which their psychopathology emerges. The reduced autonomy of adolescents, coupled with the pro-plasticity effects of psychedelics, creates a distinctive risk-benefit profile that warrants a systems-psychological treatment approach to mitigate risks and enhance benefits. Expanded screening, psychosocial formulation, psychoeducation for family members, and bespoke integration and post-trial support are introduced as accommodations for P-AT in this population. Our interdisciplinary approach, drawing on bioethical and clinical considerations, foregrounds the matrix within which adolescents exist and their psychopathology develops. We aim to ensure that P-AT for adolescents is safe, effective, and ethically sound, ultimately laying the foundation for developmentally appropriate and contextually sensitive interventions.},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Acta Psychedelica},\n\tauthor = {Insua-Summerhays, Bryony and Jacobs, Edward},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Amidst a growing prevalence of adolescent mental ill-health, there is a pressing need to develop effective therapeutic interventions. Despite promising results from adult trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies (P-AT), translating these interventions to adolescents presents challenges. Therapeutic outcomes in paediatric contexts cannot be inferred from adult studies due to age-dependent somatic and psychological effects. Administering psychedelics during adolescence, a period of significant psychological, social, and biological change, demands careful ethical consideration. Emphasising the pro-plasticity nature of psychedelics, we advocate for a systems-psychological approach to P-AT for adolescent depression. Compared to adults, this population is more dependent on, and less able to modify, the socio-ecological context in which their psychopathology emerges. The reduced autonomy of adolescents, coupled with the pro-plasticity effects of psychedelics, creates a distinctive risk-benefit profile that warrants a systems-psychological treatment approach to mitigate risks and enhance benefits. Expanded screening, psychosocial formulation, psychoeducation for family members, and bespoke integration and post-trial support are introduced as accommodations for P-AT in this population. Our interdisciplinary approach, drawing on bioethical and clinical considerations, foregrounds the matrix within which adolescents exist and their psychopathology develops. We aim to ensure that P-AT for adolescents is safe, effective, and ethically sound, ultimately laying the foundation for developmentally appropriate and contextually sensitive interventions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Participant Experiences of Therapeutic Touch in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ham, R.; Gardner, J.; Carter, A.; and Liknaitzky, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brain and Behavior, 16(2): e71262. February 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ham_participant_2026,\n\ttitle = {Participant {Experiences} of {Therapeutic} {Touch} in {Psilocybin}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {2162-3279},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/brb3.71262},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Although commonly used in psychedelic-assisted therapy, the role of therapeutic touch remains loosely defined and ethically sensitive. Gaining insight into how participants experience and interpret touch during psychedelic sessions is essential for informing safe and effective clinical practice.\nMETHODS: Participants were sampled from a large randomized clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy that permitted protocol-defined supportive touch. Longitudinal qualitative data (39 semi-structured interviews) were analyzed from n = 18 participants. Interviews covered expectations, experiences, and reflections on the use of touch during acute psychedelic states, before and after dosing. Thematic analysis was used to identify major themes.\nRESULTS: Participants expressed varied preferences and responses to therapeutic touch. Most valued its availability, particularly after firsthand experience, describing its capacity to foster emotional connection, provide grounding during intense affective states, and modulate the depth of psychedelic experience. Several reported perceiving therapeutic benefit directly attributable to touch. Acceptability was consistently linked to the quality of the therapeutic relationship and robust consent processes. Some participants also identified potential for discomfort or distraction, underscoring the need for sensitivity to individual history and context.\nCONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic touch may support emotional safety and affect regulation during acute psychedelic states. Findings highlight the importance of explicit preparation, consent, and attunement when incorporating touch into psychedelic therapy. Further research should inform therapist training, individualized consent frameworks, and safety protocols to guide ethical and effective use in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Brain and Behavior},\n\tauthor = {Ham, Rachel and Gardner, John and Carter, Adrian and Liknaitzky, Paul},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psilocybin, Therapeutic Touch, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {e71262},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n INTRODUCTION: Although commonly used in psychedelic-assisted therapy, the role of therapeutic touch remains loosely defined and ethically sensitive. Gaining insight into how participants experience and interpret touch during psychedelic sessions is essential for informing safe and effective clinical practice. METHODS: Participants were sampled from a large randomized clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy that permitted protocol-defined supportive touch. Longitudinal qualitative data (39 semi-structured interviews) were analyzed from n = 18 participants. Interviews covered expectations, experiences, and reflections on the use of touch during acute psychedelic states, before and after dosing. Thematic analysis was used to identify major themes. RESULTS: Participants expressed varied preferences and responses to therapeutic touch. Most valued its availability, particularly after firsthand experience, describing its capacity to foster emotional connection, provide grounding during intense affective states, and modulate the depth of psychedelic experience. Several reported perceiving therapeutic benefit directly attributable to touch. Acceptability was consistently linked to the quality of the therapeutic relationship and robust consent processes. Some participants also identified potential for discomfort or distraction, underscoring the need for sensitivity to individual history and context. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic touch may support emotional safety and affect regulation during acute psychedelic states. Findings highlight the importance of explicit preparation, consent, and attunement when incorporating touch into psychedelic therapy. Further research should inform therapist training, individualized consent frameworks, and safety protocols to guide ethical and effective use in clinical practice.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Drugs: Considerations for Clinical Investigations.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{noauthor_psychedelic_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Drugs}: {Considerations} for {Clinical} {Investigations}},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics Are Still Not Ethically Exceptional: Rebutting Recent Claims of Uniqueness.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earp, B. D.; Cheung, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 19(1): 18. April 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earp_psychedelics_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics {Are} {Still} {Not} {Ethically} {Exceptional}: {Rebutting} {Recent} {Claims} of {Uniqueness}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1874-5490, 1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics {Are} {Still} {Not} {Ethically} {Exceptional}},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-026-09638-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-026-09638-4},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Cheung, Katherine and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tpages = {18},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Enhanced independence: De-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Ehrenkranz, R.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Research Ethics, 22(1): 57–80. 2026.\n ISBN: 1747-0161\n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_enhanced_2026,\n\ttitle = {Enhanced independence: {De}-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Research Ethics},\n\tpublisher = {SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Ehrenkranz, Rebecca and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1747-0161},\n\tpages = {57--80},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Are Psychedelics Ethically Exceptional After All? Some Further Reflections.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.; Patch, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 26(5): W19–W25. 2026.\n ISBN: 1526-5161\n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_are_2026,\n\ttitle = {Are {Psychedelics} {Ethically} {Exceptional} {After} {All}? {Some} {Further} {Reflections}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1526-5161},\n\tpages = {W19--W25},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics are still not ethically exceptional: rebutting recent claims of uniqueness.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earp, B. D.; Cheung, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 19(1): 18. 2026.\n ISBN: 1874-5490\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earp_psychedelics_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics are still not ethically exceptional: rebutting recent claims of uniqueness},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Cheung, Katherine and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1874-5490},\n\tpages = {18},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Analyzing the concept of independence in psychedelic research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Ehrenkranz, R.; Earp, B. D.; Jacobs, E.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Accountability in Research,2601225. 2026.\n ISBN: 0898-9621\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{cheung_analyzing_2026,\n\ttitle = {Analyzing the concept of independence in psychedelic research},\n\tjournal = {Accountability in Research},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Ehrenkranz, Rebecca and Earp, Brian D. and Jacobs, Edward and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0898-9621},\n\tpages = {2601225},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Balancing safety and access in Oregon’s psilocybin services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Propes, C.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 155: 105384. 2026.\n ISBN: 0955-3959\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{cheung_balancing_2026,\n\ttitle = {Balancing safety and access in {Oregon}’s psilocybin services},\n\tvolume = {155},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0955-3959},\n\tpages = {105384},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Prevalence, types, and demographic characteristics associated with major life changes following psychedelic use.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carlisle, N. A.; Simonsson, O.; MacCarthy, S.; Elliott, M. N.; Miller, G. H.; Goldberg, S. B.; Shallcross, R. A.; and Hendricks, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports. 2026.\n ISBN: 2045-2322\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{carlisle_prevalence_2026,\n\ttitle = {Prevalence, types, and demographic characteristics associated with major life changes following psychedelic use},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},\n\tauthor = {Carlisle, Nicholas A. and Simonsson, Otto and MacCarthy, Sarah and Elliott, Marc N. and Miller, Gabe H. and Goldberg, Simon B. and Shallcross, Ryan A. and Hendricks, Peter S.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2045-2322},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ideological bias in the production of research findings.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Borjas, G. J.; and Breznau, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science Advances, 12(1): eadz7173. January 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IdeologicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{borjas_ideological_2026,\n\ttitle = {Ideological bias in the production of research findings},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\turl = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/sciadv.adz7173},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/sciadv.adz7173},\n\tabstract = {When studying policy-relevant topics, researchers’ policy preferences may shape analytical decisions and results interpretations. Detecting this bias is challenging because the research process is not normally part of an observed experimental setting. Our study exploits an opportunity to observe 158 researchers working independently in 71 teams during an experiment. After being asked their position on immigration policy, they used the same data to answer the same empirical question: Does immigration affect public support for social welfare programs? The researchers estimated 1253 alternative regression models, and the estimated impacts ranged from strongly negative to strongly positive. We find that teams composed of pro-immigration researchers estimated more positive impacts of immigration on public support for social programs, while anti-immigration teams estimated more negative impacts. The differences arise because different teams adopted different model specifications. The underlying research design decisions are the mechanism through which ideology enters the process of producing parameter estimates.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Science Advances},\n\tpublisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},\n\tauthor = {Borjas, George J. and Breznau, Nate},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tpages = {eadz7173},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n When studying policy-relevant topics, researchers’ policy preferences may shape analytical decisions and results interpretations. Detecting this bias is challenging because the research process is not normally part of an observed experimental setting. Our study exploits an opportunity to observe 158 researchers working independently in 71 teams during an experiment. After being asked their position on immigration policy, they used the same data to answer the same empirical question: Does immigration affect public support for social welfare programs? The researchers estimated 1253 alternative regression models, and the estimated impacts ranged from strongly negative to strongly positive. We find that teams composed of pro-immigration researchers estimated more positive impacts of immigration on public support for social programs, while anti-immigration teams estimated more negative impacts. The differences arise because different teams adopted different model specifications. The underlying research design decisions are the mechanism through which ideology enters the process of producing parameter estimates.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing US Demand for Psychedelic Medicines in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lynch, H. F.; Hu, X.; and Bateman-House, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 54(1): 60–68. 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AddressingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{lynch_addressing_2026,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {US} {Demand} for {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in the {Face} of {Scientific} {Uncertainty}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},\n\tissn = {1073-1105, 1748-720X},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110525101836/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/jme.2025.10183},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            Psychedelic medicines hold the promise of therapeutic benefit for many suffering from serious unmet mental health needs, leading to substantial demand even before these drugs receive FDA approval based on demonstrated safety and effectiveness for particular conditions. Recognizing FDA approval as the ideal path for psychedelics intended for medical use and drawing on lessons from medical marijuana, we encourage policymakers to balance the need for evidence, the importance of patient safeguards, and the desire for speed. They should increase support for psychedelic research, reject approaches that could inhibit that research, explore improvements to FDA’s existing pre-approval access pathway, and avoid politically motivated FDA approval of psychedelic medicines.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Law, Medicine \\& Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Hu, Xinping and Bateman-House, Alison},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tpages = {60--68},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Psychedelic medicines hold the promise of therapeutic benefit for many suffering from serious unmet mental health needs, leading to substantial demand even before these drugs receive FDA approval based on demonstrated safety and effectiveness for particular conditions. Recognizing FDA approval as the ideal path for psychedelics intended for medical use and drawing on lessons from medical marijuana, we encourage policymakers to balance the need for evidence, the importance of patient safeguards, and the desire for speed. They should increase support for psychedelic research, reject approaches that could inhibit that research, explore improvements to FDA’s existing pre-approval access pathway, and avoid politically motivated FDA approval of psychedelic medicines.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inaugural year of regulated psilocybin services in Oregon: safety, motivations, and utilization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yu, F.; Tafur, J.; Moreno, F.; and Dahmer, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17: 1777387. May 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InauguralPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yu_inaugural_2026,\n\ttitle = {Inaugural year of regulated psilocybin services in {Oregon}: safety, motivations, and utilization},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Inaugural year of regulated psilocybin services in {Oregon}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1777387/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1777387},\n\tabstract = {Importance\n              The Oregon Psilocybin Services (OPS) program is the first statewide, regulated framework for legal psilocybin in the U.S. Analyzing inaugural-year utilization and safety is essential for informing policy and equity monitoring.\n            \n            \n              Methods\n              We conducted a descriptive analysis of statewide aggregate data from the OPS Public Dashboard (January 1–December 31, 2025). Outcomes included service volume, client demographics, motivations, and acute adverse events.\n            \n            \n              Results\n              In 2025, 5,935 clients participated in 5,375 sessions. Volume peaked in Q2 (n=1,758) before stabilizing in Q4 (n=1,358). Service tourism was significant, with 32.6\\% of participants residing outside Oregon. The largest segment was aged 35–49 ({\\textasciitilde}40\\%); women (57.4\\%) and LGBQ+ individuals (27.2\\%) represented substantial portions of the annual cohort. Racial diversity was limited, with White participants representing 84.1\\%–91.5\\% quarterly, while Hispanic/Latino (7.1\\%) and African American (2.1\\%) participation lagged. Adverse events were rare, with annual behavioral and medical rates of 2.42 and 2.79 per 1,000 sessions, respectively.\n            \n            \n              Discussion\n              Full-year data indicate stabilized utilization by a predominantly midlife adult population. While the program successfully reaches sexual and gender minorities, racial disparities persist. High service tourism suggests significant socioeconomic barriers. These findings underscore the program’s dual role as a wellness modality and a functional alternative for addressing mental health distress.},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Feliciano and Tafur, Joe and Moreno, Francisco and Dahmer, Stephen},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tpages = {1777387},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Importance The Oregon Psilocybin Services (OPS) program is the first statewide, regulated framework for legal psilocybin in the U.S. Analyzing inaugural-year utilization and safety is essential for informing policy and equity monitoring. Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis of statewide aggregate data from the OPS Public Dashboard (January 1–December 31, 2025). Outcomes included service volume, client demographics, motivations, and acute adverse events. Results In 2025, 5,935 clients participated in 5,375 sessions. Volume peaked in Q2 (n=1,758) before stabilizing in Q4 (n=1,358). Service tourism was significant, with 32.6% of participants residing outside Oregon. The largest segment was aged 35–49 (~40%); women (57.4%) and LGBQ+ individuals (27.2%) represented substantial portions of the annual cohort. Racial diversity was limited, with White participants representing 84.1%–91.5% quarterly, while Hispanic/Latino (7.1%) and African American (2.1%) participation lagged. Adverse events were rare, with annual behavioral and medical rates of 2.42 and 2.79 per 1,000 sessions, respectively. Discussion Full-year data indicate stabilized utilization by a predominantly midlife adult population. While the program successfully reaches sexual and gender minorities, racial disparities persist. High service tourism suggests significant socioeconomic barriers. These findings underscore the program’s dual role as a wellness modality and a functional alternative for addressing mental health distress.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n House Bill 2387.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_house_2026,\n\ttitle = {House {Bill} 2387},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Licensee Directory.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Services, O. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"LicenseePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{oregon_psilocybin_services_licensee_2026,\n\ttitle = {Licensee {Directory}},\n\turl = {https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/PREVENTIONWELLNESS/Pages/Psilocybin-Licensee-Directory.aspx},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tauthor = {Oregon Psilocybin Services},\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Public Opinion on Legalizing Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Senator, B.; Priest, M.; and Kilmer, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report RAND Corporation, 2026.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PublicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@techreport{senator_public_2026,\n\ttitle = {Public {Opinion} on {Legalizing} {Psychedelics}},\n\turl = {https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA4334-2.html.},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tinstitution = {RAND Corporation},\n\tauthor = {Senator, Ben and Priest, Michelle and Kilmer, Beau},\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybin or nicotine patch for smoking cessation: a pilot randomized clinical trial.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Johnson, M. W.; Naudé, G. P.; Hendricks, P. S.; and Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 9(3): e260972. 2026.\n ISBN: 2574-3805\n\n\n\n
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@article{johnson_psilocybin_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin or nicotine patch for smoking cessation: a pilot randomized clinical trial},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tpublisher = {American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Johnson, Matthew W. and Naudé, Gideon P. and Hendricks, Peter S. and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2574-3805},\n\tpages = {e260972},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Oregon’s Psilocybin Services: A summary and public health commentary.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n LoParco, C.; Bone, C.; Galvin, A. M.; Rossheim, M. E.; and Berg, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Behavior Research, 9(1): 20. 2026.\n ISBN: 2572-1836\n\n\n\n
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@article{loparco_oregons_2026,\n\ttitle = {Oregon’s {Psilocybin} {Services}: {A} summary and public health commentary},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Health Behavior Research},\n\tauthor = {LoParco, Cassidy and Bone, Carlton and Galvin, Annalynn M. and Rossheim, Matthew E. and Berg, Carla},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2572-1836},\n\tpages = {20},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Low-income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression: An Oregon feasibility study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hicks, M.; Hicks, O.; Bradley, R.; and Zwickey, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies,2054.2026. 00485. 2026.\n ISBN: 2559-9283\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{hicks_low-income_2026,\n\ttitle = {Low-income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression: {An} {Oregon} feasibility study},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tpublisher = {Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest},\n\tauthor = {Hicks, Matthew and Hicks, Olivia and Bradley, Ryan and Zwickey, Heather},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2559-9283},\n\tpages = {2054.2026. 00485},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybin in the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a randomized clinical trial.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hendricks, P. S.; Lappan, S. N.; Shelton, R. C.; Lahti, A. C.; Cropsey, K. L.; Johnson, M. W.; Bradley, M.; Simonsson, O.; Davis, L. L.; and Grossman, D. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 9(5): e2611029. 2026.\n ISBN: 2574-3805\n\n\n\n
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@article{hendricks_psilocybin_2026,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin in the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a randomized clinical trial},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tpublisher = {American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Hendricks, Peter S. and Lappan, Sara N. and Shelton, Richard C. and Lahti, Adrienne C. and Cropsey, Karen L. and Johnson, Matthew W. and Bradley, Melissa and Simonsson, Otto and Davis, Lori L. and Grossman, Daniel H.},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2574-3805},\n\tpages = {e2611029},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 2025\n \n \n (131)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Estric, C.; Duron, T.; Kabani, S.; and Lopez-Castroman, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 39(9): 910–929. 2025.\n ISBN: 0269-8811\n\n\n\n
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@article{estric_set_2025,\n\ttitle = {Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: {A} systematic review},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},\n\tauthor = {Estric, Clémentine and Duron, Thomas and Kabani, Sarah and Lopez-Castroman, Jorge},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0269-8811},\n\tpages = {910--929},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics, Transformative Experience, and Modality: An Analysis of Valid and Substantially Informed Consent in Psychedelic-assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zheng, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 32(3): 319–327. September 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Psychedelics,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{zheng_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics, {Transformative} {Experience}, and {Modality}: {An} {Analysis} of {Valid} and {Substantially} {Informed} {Consent} in {Psychedelic}-assisted {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1086-3303},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics, {Transformative} {Experience}, and {Modality}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/971235},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2025.a971235},\n\tabstract = {abstract: Paul's concepts of "Transformative Experiences" (TE) has sparked extensive discussion on multiple epistemological and ethical issues within philosophy. In particular, Paul's work has inspired significant work on the possibility of informed consent with regard to medical interventions that may induce said TEs. One such intervention, namely Psychedelic-assisted Therapy (PAT), has been discussed at length in the psychiatric ethics literature and has posed a unique challenge to widely accepted notions of autonomy and informed consent. In the following article, I describe in detail Paul's concept of TEs and make clear why PAT deserves to be viewed as a special kind of TE due to its distinctive ineffability. I then distinguish between two different philosophical and legal versions of informed consent, including "valid consent" and "substantially informed consent" and show that whether one can provide "valid consent" for PAT depends on whether TEs are causally necessary for PAT's therapeutic effects. I argue that regardless of this causal question, "substantially informed consent" with regard to PAT is not possible due to a failure to meet the conditions of materiality necessary for informed consent.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\& Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Zheng, David},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {319--327},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n abstract: Paul's concepts of \"Transformative Experiences\" (TE) has sparked extensive discussion on multiple epistemological and ethical issues within philosophy. In particular, Paul's work has inspired significant work on the possibility of informed consent with regard to medical interventions that may induce said TEs. One such intervention, namely Psychedelic-assisted Therapy (PAT), has been discussed at length in the psychiatric ethics literature and has posed a unique challenge to widely accepted notions of autonomy and informed consent. In the following article, I describe in detail Paul's concept of TEs and make clear why PAT deserves to be viewed as a special kind of TE due to its distinctive ineffability. I then distinguish between two different philosophical and legal versions of informed consent, including \"valid consent\" and \"substantially informed consent\" and show that whether one can provide \"valid consent\" for PAT depends on whether TEs are causally necessary for PAT's therapeutic effects. I argue that regardless of this causal question, \"substantially informed consent\" with regard to PAT is not possible due to a failure to meet the conditions of materiality necessary for informed consent.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n From Safe Touch to Sexual Abuse: Walking the Tightrope of Patient Safety in Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yang, Y. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 123–125. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{yang_safe_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}: {Walking} the {Tightrope} of {Patient} {Safety} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Y. Tony},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {123--125},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n MDMA and MDMA-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wolfgang, A. S.; Fonzo, G. A.; Gray, J. C.; Krystal, J. H.; Grzenda, A.; Widge, A. S.; Kraguljac, N. V.; McDonald, W. M.; Rodriguez, C. I.; and Nemeroff, C. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Psychiatry, 182(1): 79–103. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wolfgang_mdma_2025,\n\ttitle = {{MDMA} and {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {182},\n\tissn = {1535-7228},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.20230681},\n\tabstract = {MDMA (i.e., 3,4-methylenedixoymethamphetamine), commonly known as "Ecstasy" or "Molly," has been used since the 1970s both in recreational and therapeutic settings. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designated MDMA-Assisted Therapy (MDMA-AT) as a Breakthrough Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 2017, and the FDA is requiring an additional phase 3 trial after rejecting the initial New Drug Application in 2024. Unlike other psychedelics, MDMA uniquely induces prosocial subjective effects of heightened trust and self-compassion while maintaining ego functioning as well as cognitive and perceptual lucidity. While recreational use in nonmedical settings may still cause harm, especially due to adulterants or when used without proper precautions, conclusions that can be drawn from studies of recreational use are limited by many confounds. This especially limits the extent to which evidence related to recreational use can be extrapolated to therapeutic use. A considerable body of preliminary evidence suggests that MDMA-AT delivered in a controlled clinical setting is a safe and efficacious treatment for PTSD. After a course of MDMA-AT involving three MDMA administrations supported by psychotherapy, 67\\%-71\\% of individuals with PTSD no longer meet diagnostic criteria after MDMA-AT versus 32\\%-48\\% with placebo-assisted therapy, and effects endure at long-term follow-up. This review primarily aims to distinguish evidence of recreational use in nonclinical settings versus MDMA-AT using pharmaceutical-grade MDMA in controlled clinical settings. This review further describes the putative neurobiological mechanisms of MDMA underlying its therapeutic effects, the clinical evidence of MDMA-AT, considerations at the level of public health and policy, and future research directions.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Wolfgang, Aaron S. and Fonzo, Gregory A. and Gray, Joshua C. and Krystal, John H. and Grzenda, Adrienne and Widge, Alik S. and Kraguljac, Nina V. and McDonald, William M. and Rodriguez, Carolyn I. and Nemeroff, Charles B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical Drug Studies, Depressive Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, MDMA, Major Depressive Disorder, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, PTSD, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic},\n\tpages = {79--103},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n MDMA (i.e., 3,4-methylenedixoymethamphetamine), commonly known as \"Ecstasy\" or \"Molly,\" has been used since the 1970s both in recreational and therapeutic settings. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designated MDMA-Assisted Therapy (MDMA-AT) as a Breakthrough Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 2017, and the FDA is requiring an additional phase 3 trial after rejecting the initial New Drug Application in 2024. Unlike other psychedelics, MDMA uniquely induces prosocial subjective effects of heightened trust and self-compassion while maintaining ego functioning as well as cognitive and perceptual lucidity. While recreational use in nonmedical settings may still cause harm, especially due to adulterants or when used without proper precautions, conclusions that can be drawn from studies of recreational use are limited by many confounds. This especially limits the extent to which evidence related to recreational use can be extrapolated to therapeutic use. A considerable body of preliminary evidence suggests that MDMA-AT delivered in a controlled clinical setting is a safe and efficacious treatment for PTSD. After a course of MDMA-AT involving three MDMA administrations supported by psychotherapy, 67%-71% of individuals with PTSD no longer meet diagnostic criteria after MDMA-AT versus 32%-48% with placebo-assisted therapy, and effects endure at long-term follow-up. This review primarily aims to distinguish evidence of recreational use in nonclinical settings versus MDMA-AT using pharmaceutical-grade MDMA in controlled clinical settings. This review further describes the putative neurobiological mechanisms of MDMA underlying its therapeutic effects, the clinical evidence of MDMA-AT, considerations at the level of public health and policy, and future research directions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Minorities’ Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Income and Educations Impact on Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vina, S. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 12(3): 1937–1950. June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Minorities’Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{vina_minorities_2025,\n\ttitle = {Minorities’ {Diminished} {Psychedelic} {Returns}: {Income} and {Educations} {Impact} on {Whites}, {Blacks}, {Hispanics}, and {Asians}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2196-8837},\n\tshorttitle = {Minorities’ {Diminished} {Psychedelic} {Returns}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-024-02023-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s40615-024-02023-y},\n\tabstract = {Growing evidence suggests that the race and ethnic minority population may experience fewer protective effects of psychedelics on mental health. The minority diminished psychedelic returns theory proposes that racism, manifested in socioeconomic inequality, could partially account for the smaller health gains observed. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether socioeconomic inequality reduces the impact of psychedelics on health outcomes for minority populations. Additionally, despite having higher socioeconomic status, it remains unclear whether psychedelic use among minorities is associated with the same level of health benefits as observed in non-Hispanic whites. This study utilizes data from the National Survey of Drug Use (N = 2008 to 2019), which involved 458,372 participants aged 18 and above. The objective is to examine the impact of various psychedelics (MDMA, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, peyote/mescaline, and LSD), as well as lifetime classic psychedelics use (LCPU), on psychological distress in the past month, taking into account socioeconomic factors (education level and family income) and race/ethnic differences (White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian). The analysis employed a series of nested ordinary least-square regression models using Stata 18. The results indicate that, after controlling for socioeconomic status, there is no association between Black and Hispanic psychedelic use and distress. However, white psychedelic use remains associated with lower levels of distress. Additionally, despite having higher levels of education and income, psychedelic use among minority groups does not appear to be linked to reduced stress. In fact, for Asians with higher education and income, certain psychedelic use is associated with increased distress.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities},\n\tauthor = {Vina, Sean Matthew},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Inequality, Mental health, Psychedelic, Race},\n\tpages = {1937--1950},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Growing evidence suggests that the race and ethnic minority population may experience fewer protective effects of psychedelics on mental health. The minority diminished psychedelic returns theory proposes that racism, manifested in socioeconomic inequality, could partially account for the smaller health gains observed. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether socioeconomic inequality reduces the impact of psychedelics on health outcomes for minority populations. Additionally, despite having higher socioeconomic status, it remains unclear whether psychedelic use among minorities is associated with the same level of health benefits as observed in non-Hispanic whites. This study utilizes data from the National Survey of Drug Use (N = 2008 to 2019), which involved 458,372 participants aged 18 and above. The objective is to examine the impact of various psychedelics (MDMA, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, peyote/mescaline, and LSD), as well as lifetime classic psychedelics use (LCPU), on psychological distress in the past month, taking into account socioeconomic factors (education level and family income) and race/ethnic differences (White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian). The analysis employed a series of nested ordinary least-square regression models using Stata 18. The results indicate that, after controlling for socioeconomic status, there is no association between Black and Hispanic psychedelic use and distress. However, white psychedelic use remains associated with lower levels of distress. Additionally, despite having higher levels of education and income, psychedelic use among minority groups does not appear to be linked to reduced stress. In fact, for Asians with higher education and income, certain psychedelic use is associated with increased distress.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Minorities' Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Income and Educations Impact on Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vina, S. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 12(3): 1937–1950. June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{vina_minorities_2025,\n\ttitle = {Minorities' {Diminished} {Psychedelic} {Returns}: {Income} and {Educations} {Impact} on {Whites}, {Blacks}, {Hispanics}, and {Asians}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2196-8837},\n\tshorttitle = {Minorities' {Diminished} {Psychedelic} {Returns}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s40615-024-02023-y},\n\tabstract = {Growing evidence suggests that the race and ethnic minority population may experience fewer protective effects of psychedelics on mental health. The minority diminished psychedelic returns theory proposes that racism, manifested in socioeconomic inequality, could partially account for the smaller health gains observed. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether socioeconomic inequality reduces the impact of psychedelics on health outcomes for minority populations. Additionally, despite having higher socioeconomic status, it remains unclear whether psychedelic use among minorities is associated with the same level of health benefits as observed in non-Hispanic whites. This study utilizes data from the National Survey of Drug Use (N = 2008 to 2019), which involved 458,372 participants aged 18 and above. The objective is to examine the impact of various psychedelics (MDMA, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, peyote/mescaline, and LSD), as well as lifetime classic psychedelics use (LCPU), on psychological distress in the past month, taking into account socioeconomic factors (education level and family income) and race/ethnic differences (White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian). The analysis employed a series of nested ordinary least-square regression models using Stata 18. The results indicate that, after controlling for socioeconomic status, there is no association between Black and Hispanic psychedelic use and distress. However, white psychedelic use remains associated with lower levels of distress. Additionally, despite having higher levels of education and income, psychedelic use among minority groups does not appear to be linked to reduced stress. In fact, for Asians with higher education and income, certain psychedelic use is associated with increased distress.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities},\n\tauthor = {Vina, Sean Matthew},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Asian, Black or African American, Educational Status, Ethnicity, Female, Hallucinogens, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Income, Inequality, Male, Mental health, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, Psychedelic, Psychological Distress, Race, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, White, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {1937--1950},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n
\n Growing evidence suggests that the race and ethnic minority population may experience fewer protective effects of psychedelics on mental health. The minority diminished psychedelic returns theory proposes that racism, manifested in socioeconomic inequality, could partially account for the smaller health gains observed. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether socioeconomic inequality reduces the impact of psychedelics on health outcomes for minority populations. Additionally, despite having higher socioeconomic status, it remains unclear whether psychedelic use among minorities is associated with the same level of health benefits as observed in non-Hispanic whites. This study utilizes data from the National Survey of Drug Use (N = 2008 to 2019), which involved 458,372 participants aged 18 and above. The objective is to examine the impact of various psychedelics (MDMA, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, peyote/mescaline, and LSD), as well as lifetime classic psychedelics use (LCPU), on psychological distress in the past month, taking into account socioeconomic factors (education level and family income) and race/ethnic differences (White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian). The analysis employed a series of nested ordinary least-square regression models using Stata 18. The results indicate that, after controlling for socioeconomic status, there is no association between Black and Hispanic psychedelic use and distress. However, white psychedelic use remains associated with lower levels of distress. Additionally, despite having higher levels of education and income, psychedelic use among minority groups does not appear to be linked to reduced stress. In fact, for Asians with higher education and income, certain psychedelic use is associated with increased distress.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial as the Gold Standard in Psychedelic Research: Neither Feasible Nor Desirable.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 35(1): 27–60. 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_double-blind_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Double}-{Blind} {Randomized} {Controlled} {Trial} as the {Gold} {Standard} in {Psychedelic} {Research}: {Neither} {Feasible} {Nor} {Desirable}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1086-3249},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Double}-{Blind} {Randomized} {Controlled} {Trial} as the {Gold} {Standard} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/ken.2025.a978176},\n\tabstract = {Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials (DB-RCT), if designed and conducted well, are widely considered the gold standard in medical research for purposes of establishing causal efficacy. Their logic is compelling: by balancing out all confounding variables through the research design, DB-RCTs are thought to reveal whether a proposed treatment-by virtue of its characteristic constituents-causes therapeutic effects. Many studies on psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) follow this ostensible gold standard and use a DB-RCT design. But several authors have already noted that conducting psychedelic DB-RCTs is particularly challenging: due to the psychoactive effects of psychedelics, participant awareness of condition assignment is likely; this awareness may then interact with response expectancy and experimenter behavior, introducing systematic bias into the trial. For this reason, these authors have suggested ways to rescue DB-RCTs for PAT. This paper takes a different direction. It argues that we should abandon the DB-RCT design as the assumed gold standard in PAT research, because its logic is largely undermined by the intervention(s) in question, and the design in its standard form neglects potentially important aspects of PAT (i.e., extrapharmacological factors and their interaction(s) with the psychedelic). Abandoning DB-RCT opens the door to a more holistic study of PAT, in which DB-RCTs are still useful for certain ends but are considered to produce results that are not per se superior but complementary to those of other research designs.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Double-Blind Method, Hallucinogens, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research Design},\n\tpages = {27--60},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials (DB-RCT), if designed and conducted well, are widely considered the gold standard in medical research for purposes of establishing causal efficacy. Their logic is compelling: by balancing out all confounding variables through the research design, DB-RCTs are thought to reveal whether a proposed treatment-by virtue of its characteristic constituents-causes therapeutic effects. Many studies on psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) follow this ostensible gold standard and use a DB-RCT design. But several authors have already noted that conducting psychedelic DB-RCTs is particularly challenging: due to the psychoactive effects of psychedelics, participant awareness of condition assignment is likely; this awareness may then interact with response expectancy and experimenter behavior, introducing systematic bias into the trial. For this reason, these authors have suggested ways to rescue DB-RCTs for PAT. This paper takes a different direction. It argues that we should abandon the DB-RCT design as the assumed gold standard in PAT research, because its logic is largely undermined by the intervention(s) in question, and the design in its standard form neglects potentially important aspects of PAT (i.e., extrapharmacological factors and their interaction(s) with the psychedelic). Abandoning DB-RCT opens the door to a more holistic study of PAT, in which DB-RCTs are still useful for certain ends but are considered to produce results that are not per se superior but complementary to those of other research designs.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Ethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy Compass, 20(9): e70059. September 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1747-9991, 1747-9991},\n\turl = {https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phc3.70059},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/phc3.70059},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\n            The reemergence of serotonergic psychedelics in clinical research and practice has sparked numerous debates within bioethics. This paper aims to provide an overview of the key issues discussed in the emerging field of psychedelic ethics. It organizes these issues into four (partly overlapping) categories: (1) the implementation and execution of psychedelic research and practice, (2) the ethics of belief as applied to PAT, (3) discrimination and injustice in psychedelic research and practice, and (4) potential consequences arising from the expansion of psychedelic research and a possible future approval of PAT. Overall, the paper shows that in just a few years, psychedelic ethics has become a thriving area within bioethics—one that is essential for grounding the rapid clinical developments in robust ethical reflection.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy Compass},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e70059},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n ABSTRACT The reemergence of serotonergic psychedelics in clinical research and practice has sparked numerous debates within bioethics. This paper aims to provide an overview of the key issues discussed in the emerging field of psychedelic ethics. It organizes these issues into four (partly overlapping) categories: (1) the implementation and execution of psychedelic research and practice, (2) the ethics of belief as applied to PAT, (3) discrimination and injustice in psychedelic research and practice, and (4) potential consequences arising from the expansion of psychedelic research and a possible future approval of PAT. Overall, the paper shows that in just a few years, psychedelic ethics has become a thriving area within bioethics—one that is essential for grounding the rapid clinical developments in robust ethical reflection.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Patient-therapist relationship in psychedelic-assisted therapy: Implications for future real-world settings.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General Hospital Psychiatry, 96: 54–59. 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{villiger_patient-therapist_2025,\n\ttitle = {Patient-therapist relationship in psychedelic-assisted therapy: {Implications} for future real-world settings},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-7714},\n\tshorttitle = {Patient-therapist relationship in psychedelic-assisted therapy},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.06.003},\n\tabstract = {The view that the use of serotonergic psychedelics in mental health care should always be psychotherapeutically embedded has recently been questioned. One argument against this model concerns the high costs it entails, which could limit the accessibility of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT)-a concern likely to gain traction if PAT is officially approved in the future. This paper analyzes the implications of a reductionist approach that primarily frames PAT as a pharmacological intervention, focusing on a key component of the treatment: the patient-therapist relationship. It first reviews evidence highlighting the therapeutic and ethical significance of this relationship in PAT. It then argues that shortening the preparation phase is a probable cost-saving measure that risks undermining the development of a strong patient-therapist relationship. Finally, the paper outlines three strategies to strengthen this relationship even in real-world PAT settings under cost pressure: retaining some relational elements during preparation, maintaining continuity by involving the same therapist throughout all phases, and, where possible, integrating the patient's regular therapist into the process.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {General Hospital Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Cost pressure, Hallucinogens, Humans, Mental Disorders, Preparation, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychotherapy, Relationship, Therapeutic alliance},\n\tpages = {54--59},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n The view that the use of serotonergic psychedelics in mental health care should always be psychotherapeutically embedded has recently been questioned. One argument against this model concerns the high costs it entails, which could limit the accessibility of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT)-a concern likely to gain traction if PAT is officially approved in the future. This paper analyzes the implications of a reductionist approach that primarily frames PAT as a pharmacological intervention, focusing on a key component of the treatment: the patient-therapist relationship. It first reviews evidence highlighting the therapeutic and ethical significance of this relationship in PAT. It then argues that shortening the preparation phase is a probable cost-saving measure that risks undermining the development of a strong patient-therapist relationship. Finally, the paper outlines three strategies to strengthen this relationship even in real-world PAT settings under cost pressure: retaining some relational elements during preparation, maintaining continuity by involving the same therapist throughout all phases, and, where possible, integrating the patient's regular therapist into the process.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Same Same but Different: On Psychedelic Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 92–95. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SamePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{villiger_same_2025,\n\ttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}: {On} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tpages = {92--95},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Federal Court of Appeal Rules in Favour of TheraPsil and 96 Healthcare Professionals in Landmark Psilocybin Training Case.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n John\n\n\n \n\n\n\n June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FederalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@misc{john_federal_2025,\n\ttitle = {Federal {Court} of {Appeal} {Rules} in {Favour} of {TheraPsil} and 96 {Healthcare} {Professionals} in {Landmark} {Psilocybin} {Training} {Case}},\n\turl = {https://therapsil.ca/federal-court-of-appeal-rules-in-favour-of-therapsil-and-96-healthcare-professionals-in-landmark-psilocybin-training-case/},\n\tabstract = {FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Federal Court of Appeal Rules in Favour of TheraPsil and 96 Healthcare Professionals in Landmark Psilocybin Training Case Court finds Health Minister’s reversal “unreasonable,” reigniting national focus on psychedelic therapy   OTTAWA, ON – June 20, 2025 – In a decisive victory for healthcare professionals and psychedelic therapy access, the Federal Court ... Read more},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {TheraPsil},\n\tauthor = {John},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Federal Court of Appeal Rules in Favour of TheraPsil and 96 Healthcare Professionals in Landmark Psilocybin Training Case Court finds Health Minister’s reversal “unreasonable,” reigniting national focus on psychedelic therapy   OTTAWA, ON – June 20, 2025 – In a decisive victory for healthcare professionals and psychedelic therapy access, the Federal Court ... Read more\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n High Hopes: Legal and Ethical Issues with Post-Trial Access to Psychedelic Drugs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Terris, C.; and Tumilty, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Health Care Law and Policy, 28(1). January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HighPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{terris_high_2025,\n\ttitle = {High {Hopes}: {Legal} and {Ethical} {Issues} with {Post}-{Trial} {Access} to {Psychedelic} {Drugs}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tshorttitle = {High {Hopes}},\n\turl = {https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jhclp/vol28/iss1/1},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Health Care Law and Policy},\n\tauthor = {Terris, Callie and Tumilty, Emma},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sutherland, I.; Ho, M.; and Croarkin, P. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 35(3): 118–125. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{sutherland_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}: {Considering} {Safety}, {Ethics}, and {Scientific} {Rigor}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1557-8992},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tabstract = {Interest in psychedelic therapies for adults is rapidly growing, with substances like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for posttraumatic stress disorder, psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, and lysergic acid diethylamide for generalized anxiety disorder showing promise. However, research on these therapies in children and adolescents is limited, with no recent trials. Despite this lack of scientific exploration, adolescents may still experiment with these substances for both recreational and therapeutic purposes as accessibility continues to increase. This raises significant concerns, as adolescents are a vulnerable population requiring heightened caution and safety measures. Therefore, we advocate for structured, safe, and well-controlled exploration of psychedelic therapies in adolescents.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen and Croarkin, Paul E.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Psychopharmacology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, adolescent, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, psychedelic},\n\tpages = {118--125},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Interest in psychedelic therapies for adults is rapidly growing, with substances like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for posttraumatic stress disorder, psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, and lysergic acid diethylamide for generalized anxiety disorder showing promise. However, research on these therapies in children and adolescents is limited, with no recent trials. Despite this lack of scientific exploration, adolescents may still experiment with these substances for both recreational and therapeutic purposes as accessibility continues to increase. This raises significant concerns, as adolescents are a vulnerable population requiring heightened caution and safety measures. Therefore, we advocate for structured, safe, and well-controlled exploration of psychedelic therapies in adolescents.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n What is Psychological Support in the Context of Psychedelic Clinical Trials?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Richard, J.; and Levine, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine, 3(3): 121–127. August 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{richard_what_2025,\n\taddress = {New Rochelle, N.Y.},\n\ttitle = {What is {Psychological} {Support} in the {Context} of {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Trials}?},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2831-4433},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0026},\n\tabstract = {The topic of psychological support and psychotherapy in the context of clinical investigations of psychedelic drugs is an often debated, yet predominantly unresolved issue in the field. Psychological support, as a concept, is poorly defined and there appears to be little agreement in the field regarding its essential components, boundaries and limits. While researchers have turned their attention to the role of placebo conditions and expectancy effects within the context of psychedelic clinical trials, the nature and role of psychological support remains difficult to define and capture. The objective of this perspective article is to provide a concrete description of the specific components, boundaries and limits of psychological support in comparison to psychotherapy based on the microskills framework established by Ivey et al. (2021). We propose that greater attention be placed on the specific communication units and behaviors that are considered psychological support or psychotherapy in the context of psychedelic clinical trials. Clinical trial protocols and treatment manuals should clearly define the psychosocial interventions and behaviors that fall within and outside of the scope of the trial to eliminate interventions that are not within the mandate of the specific trial or exceed the regulatory scope of practice of the session monitor(s).},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Richard, Jérémie and Levine, Michael},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {clinical trial, psychedelics, psychological support, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {121--127},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n The topic of psychological support and psychotherapy in the context of clinical investigations of psychedelic drugs is an often debated, yet predominantly unresolved issue in the field. Psychological support, as a concept, is poorly defined and there appears to be little agreement in the field regarding its essential components, boundaries and limits. While researchers have turned their attention to the role of placebo conditions and expectancy effects within the context of psychedelic clinical trials, the nature and role of psychological support remains difficult to define and capture. The objective of this perspective article is to provide a concrete description of the specific components, boundaries and limits of psychological support in comparison to psychotherapy based on the microskills framework established by Ivey et al. (2021). We propose that greater attention be placed on the specific communication units and behaviors that are considered psychological support or psychotherapy in the context of psychedelic clinical trials. Clinical trial protocols and treatment manuals should clearly define the psychosocial interventions and behaviors that fall within and outside of the scope of the trial to eliminate interventions that are not within the mandate of the specific trial or exceed the regulatory scope of practice of the session monitor(s).\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Managing the Hope and Hype of Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ray, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 1–2. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ray_managing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Managing the {Hope} and {Hype} of {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {Ray, Keisha},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--2},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.; Jacobs, E.; Bruce, L.; Hokanson, J.; Almonte, M. T.; Feroz, F.; Waldman, E.; Cheung, K.; Levy, N.; Savulescu, J.; Singh, I.; Yaden, D. B.; and Earp, B. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 9(10): 744–752. October 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{rajwani_clinical_2025,\n\ttitle = {Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {2352-4650},\n\tshorttitle = {Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00208-1},\n\tabstract = {The potential use of psychedelic-assisted therapy for adolescents with mental illness has sparked both interest and concern. Modern psychedelic research has focused on adults, and adolescents younger than 18 years are typically excluded due to ethical and legal challenges. To explore whether adolescents have been included in 21st century psychedelic research, we conducted a scoping review of the medical literature from January, 2000, to April, 2025. Three trial registrations and one trial plan showed involvement of participants younger than 18 years, but none of these trials were completed and no trial findings have been published. The proposed studies would investigate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted or psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as an intervention for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder, autism with social anxiety, or self-harm. Ethical approval and recruitment details were inconsistently reported. This scarcity of data highlights a major evidence gap that could hinder informed care. Given that many medications are used off-label in adolescents, we argue for cautious, ethically grounded research-starting with older adolescents with the highest foreseeable benefit-risk ratio due to special circumstances-to better understand the potential risks and benefits of psychedelic therapies for this vulnerable population.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet. Child \\& Adolescent Health},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel and Jacobs, Edward and Bruce, Lori and Hokanson, Jamila and Almonte, Melanie T. and Feroz, Faisal and Waldman, Elisha and Cheung, Katherine and Levy, Neil and Savulescu, Julian and Singh, Ilina and Yaden, David B. and Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Biomedical Research, Hallucinogens, Humans, Mental Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {744--752},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The potential use of psychedelic-assisted therapy for adolescents with mental illness has sparked both interest and concern. Modern psychedelic research has focused on adults, and adolescents younger than 18 years are typically excluded due to ethical and legal challenges. To explore whether adolescents have been included in 21st century psychedelic research, we conducted a scoping review of the medical literature from January, 2000, to April, 2025. Three trial registrations and one trial plan showed involvement of participants younger than 18 years, but none of these trials were completed and no trial findings have been published. The proposed studies would investigate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted or psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as an intervention for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder, autism with social anxiety, or self-harm. Ethical approval and recruitment details were inconsistently reported. This scarcity of data highlights a major evidence gap that could hinder informed care. Given that many medications are used off-label in adolescents, we argue for cautious, ethically grounded research-starting with older adolescents with the highest foreseeable benefit-risk ratio due to special circumstances-to better understand the potential risks and benefits of psychedelic therapies for this vulnerable population.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Indigenous Wisdom and Underground Knowledge Are Exceptional.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Quasti, C.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 105–106. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{quasti_indigenous_2025,\n\ttitle = {Indigenous {Wisdom} and {Underground} {Knowledge} {Are} {Exceptional}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {105--106},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gaps in US Psychedelic Policy and How to Close Them.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Propes, C.; Cheung, K.; Eisenberg, M. D.; and Yaden, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Health Forum, 6(11): e254928. November 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"GapsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{propes_gaps_2025,\n\ttitle = {Gaps in {US} {Psychedelic} {Policy} and {How} to {Close} {Them}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2689-0186},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2840799},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.4928},\n\tabstract = {This Viewpoint discusses how to fill policy gaps surrounding the use of psychedelics to treat mental health and substance use conditions, should they be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Health Forum},\n\tauthor = {Propes, Caleigh and Cheung, Katherine and Eisenberg, Matthew D. and Yaden, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e254928},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n This Viewpoint discusses how to fill policy gaps surrounding the use of psychedelics to treat mental health and substance use conditions, should they be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social Value Communication Amidst the \"Hype\" of Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Propes, C.; and Cheung, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(8): 107–110. August 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SocialPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{propes_social_2025,\n\ttitle = {Social {Value} {Communication} {Amidst} the "{Hype}" of {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2526744},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2526744},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Propes, Caleigh and Cheung, Katherine},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {107--110},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mitigating Ethical Issues in Training for Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Poppe, C.; Villiger, D.; Repantis, D.; and Trachsel, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 18(1): 25. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MitigatingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{poppe_mitigating_2025,\n\ttitle = {Mitigating {Ethical} {Issues} in {Training} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-025-09596-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-025-09596-3},\n\tabstract = {In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Villiger, Daniel and Repantis, Dimitris and Trachsel, Manuel},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Psychedelic therapy, Psychotherapy, Training},\n\tpages = {25},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Recruitment and retention strategies for improving representation in clinical research: A meta-synthesis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Peters, C. J.; Greve, J. M.; Karbasi, A.; Walker, M.; Adesanya, L.; Gamble-George, J.; Redmond, N.; Adjei, B.; and Olufemi, O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 20(6): e0322796. 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RecruitmentPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{peters_recruitment_2025,\n\ttitle = {Recruitment and retention strategies for improving representation in clinical research: {A} meta-synthesis},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Recruitment and retention strategies for improving representation in clinical research},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0322796},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0322796},\n\tabstract = {Objective To identify innovative strategies that may increase recruitment and/or retention of groups less represented in chronic disease clinical research. Methods A systematic review was conducted. Inclusion criteria were: (a) NIH-defined racial and ethnic minority groups and clinical research; (b) evidence-based, clinical research recruitment and/or retention strategies involving the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States; (c) conducted in the United States; and (d) qualitative design. Data exploring the strategies were extracted and thematically analyzed. Results Twenty-seven studies were included. Studies focused on cancer (70\\%), recruitment (93\\%), and perspectives from clinicians (63\\%). The most referenced strategies were education (44\\%), communication (48\\%), and community-based participatory research (63\\%). Critical themes include empowerment, transparency, trust, and sustainability. Conclusions Strategies must prioritize the community and be implemented sustainably, where cultural humility and community-based participatory research are foundational.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science},\n\tauthor = {Peters, Carson J. and Greve, Joan M. and Karbasi, Arvin and Walker, Michelle and Adesanya, Luyi and Gamble-George, Joyonna and Redmond, Nicole and Adjei, Brenda and Olufemi, Olufunmilola},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Culture, Database searching, Ethnic epidemiology, Health care policy, Medicine and health sciences, Research design, Science policy, Systematic reviews},\n\tpages = {e0322796},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Objective To identify innovative strategies that may increase recruitment and/or retention of groups less represented in chronic disease clinical research. Methods A systematic review was conducted. Inclusion criteria were: (a) NIH-defined racial and ethnic minority groups and clinical research; (b) evidence-based, clinical research recruitment and/or retention strategies involving the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States; (c) conducted in the United States; and (d) qualitative design. Data exploring the strategies were extracted and thematically analyzed. Results Twenty-seven studies were included. Studies focused on cancer (70%), recruitment (93%), and perspectives from clinicians (63%). The most referenced strategies were education (44%), communication (48%), and community-based participatory research (63%). Critical themes include empowerment, transparency, trust, and sustainability. Conclusions Strategies must prioritize the community and be implemented sustainably, where cultural humility and community-based participatory research are foundational.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A lexicon for psychedelic research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nutt, D. J.; Erritzoe, D.; Schlag, A.; Luke, D.; Mash, D. C.; Uchida, H.; Aday, J. S.; Rucker, J.; Galindo, L.; Sweeney, M.; Lowe, M. X.; Davis, O.; Ferreira, P.; Zafar, R.; Carhart-Harris, R.; Hawrot, T.; and Neill, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 11: 20503245251380511. September 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{nutt_lexicon_2025,\n\ttitle = {A lexicon for psychedelic research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245251380511},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/20503245251380511},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are undergoing a clinical research renaissance, with compounds such as psilocybin advancing to Phase 3 trials for treatment-resistant depression and receiving fast-track or breakthrough designations from regulatory agencies. Despite this progress, the field lacks standardized terminology to guide clinical development, dosing, safety monitoring, and regulatory classification. Here, we present a comprehensive framework for psychedelic nomenclature based on pharmacology, subjective effects, dosing, and therapeutic use. A pharmacological classification system is described, encompassing serotonergic, glutamatergic, kappaergic, GABAergic, and atypical psychedelics. Dose-dependent categories—microdose, minidose, mididose, and macrodose—are introduced to standardize the description of dosing levels and intended subjective effects. We also standardize vague terms like “short-acting” or “long-acting” with specific pharmacokinetic parameters, including route, onset, and duration of action. Safety considerations are also explored, particularly cardiovascular and psychological effects, and we discuss the need for risk mitigation protocols in higher-risk compounds like ibogaine. The evolving role of psychotherapy in psychedelic treatment is also examined, proposing terminology to distinguish between “psychedelic therapy” and varying levels of psychological support. A three-phase treatment model—preparation, dosing, and integration—is recommended as a minimum standard for safe and effective care. The lack of comparative research on psychotherapy modalities in psychedelic therapy is identified as a critical gap. Ultimately, a standardized lexicon and clinical framework will support clearer communication, improved trial design, and more equitable access as psychedelic therapies move toward widespread clinical use.},\n\tlanguage = {EN},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tpublisher = {SAGE Publications},\n\tauthor = {Nutt, David J. and Erritzoe, David and Schlag, Anne and Luke, David and Mash, Deborah C. and Uchida, Hiroyuki and Aday, Jacob S. and Rucker, James and Galindo, Liliana and Sweeney, Mark and Lowe, Matthew X. and Davis, Oliver and Ferreira, Plinio and Zafar, Rayyan and Carhart-Harris, Robin and Hawrot, Tadeusz and Neill, Jo},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {20503245251380511},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Psychedelics are undergoing a clinical research renaissance, with compounds such as psilocybin advancing to Phase 3 trials for treatment-resistant depression and receiving fast-track or breakthrough designations from regulatory agencies. Despite this progress, the field lacks standardized terminology to guide clinical development, dosing, safety monitoring, and regulatory classification. Here, we present a comprehensive framework for psychedelic nomenclature based on pharmacology, subjective effects, dosing, and therapeutic use. A pharmacological classification system is described, encompassing serotonergic, glutamatergic, kappaergic, GABAergic, and atypical psychedelics. Dose-dependent categories—microdose, minidose, mididose, and macrodose—are introduced to standardize the description of dosing levels and intended subjective effects. We also standardize vague terms like “short-acting” or “long-acting” with specific pharmacokinetic parameters, including route, onset, and duration of action. Safety considerations are also explored, particularly cardiovascular and psychological effects, and we discuss the need for risk mitigation protocols in higher-risk compounds like ibogaine. The evolving role of psychotherapy in psychedelic treatment is also examined, proposing terminology to distinguish between “psychedelic therapy” and varying levels of psychological support. A three-phase treatment model—preparation, dosing, and integration—is recommended as a minimum standard for safe and effective care. The lack of comparative research on psychotherapy modalities in psychedelic therapy is identified as a critical gap. Ultimately, a standardized lexicon and clinical framework will support clearer communication, improved trial design, and more equitable access as psychedelic therapies move toward widespread clinical use.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n History of psychedelic drug science and molecular pharmacology.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nichols, D. E.; and Nichols, C. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Review of Neurobiology, 181: 3–43. 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{nichols_history_2025,\n\ttitle = {History of psychedelic drug science and molecular pharmacology},\n\tvolume = {181},\n\tissn = {2162-5514},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.001},\n\tabstract = {Classic psychedelics have been used by various cultures for millennia for healing and religious purposes. The modern era of psychedelic science began with the first empirical experiments by Dr. Arthur Heffter in 1898 to determine just what they are when he discovered the active alkaloid in the peyote cactus responsible for its intoxicating effects and named it mescaline. As with many aspects of society there has been a dramatic and often contentious relationship between 'western' society and psychedelics. In the early to mid-20th century, they were seen as valuable medicines with great potential for healing, and as scientific tools for understanding in the nascent field of neuroscience. As the counterculture of the 1960s embraced psychedelics as elements of youthful protest, governments around the world labeled them as dangerous, with no medical value. That ultimately led to severe legal penalties for their possession and essentially halted any significant scientific advances. No clinical studies were carried out for nearly 20 years, with very few preclinical studies performed by only a handful of researchers. As the political climate changed, clinical trials were once again allowed, culminating in several high profile published studies on the efficacy of psychedelics to treat psychiatric disorders. Around that time a paradigm shift in the acceptance of psychedelics as medicines to benefit society began to occur, spurring the rapid growth of the ecosystem surrounding psychedelics research. This review presents an overview of the last 125 years of psychedelic science, with key events and findings along the way highlighted leading to a greater understanding of their pharmacology, chemistry, and therapeutic potential.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Neurobiology},\n\tauthor = {Nichols, David E. and Nichols, Charles D.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {5-HT(2A) receptors, Animals, Classical psychedelics, Hallucinogens, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Psychedelic history, Psychedelic pharmacology, Psychedelic science},\n\tpages = {3--43},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Classic psychedelics have been used by various cultures for millennia for healing and religious purposes. The modern era of psychedelic science began with the first empirical experiments by Dr. Arthur Heffter in 1898 to determine just what they are when he discovered the active alkaloid in the peyote cactus responsible for its intoxicating effects and named it mescaline. As with many aspects of society there has been a dramatic and often contentious relationship between 'western' society and psychedelics. In the early to mid-20th century, they were seen as valuable medicines with great potential for healing, and as scientific tools for understanding in the nascent field of neuroscience. As the counterculture of the 1960s embraced psychedelics as elements of youthful protest, governments around the world labeled them as dangerous, with no medical value. That ultimately led to severe legal penalties for their possession and essentially halted any significant scientific advances. No clinical studies were carried out for nearly 20 years, with very few preclinical studies performed by only a handful of researchers. As the political climate changed, clinical trials were once again allowed, culminating in several high profile published studies on the efficacy of psychedelics to treat psychiatric disorders. Around that time a paradigm shift in the acceptance of psychedelics as medicines to benefit society began to occur, spurring the rapid growth of the ecosystem surrounding psychedelics research. This review presents an overview of the last 125 years of psychedelic science, with key events and findings along the way highlighted leading to a greater understanding of their pharmacology, chemistry, and therapeutic potential.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Supportive Touch in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Beit, C.; Averill, L. A.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 29–39. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025,\n\ttitle = {Supportive {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\n\tabstract = {In August 2024, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration rejected Lykos Therapeutics, Inc.'s new drug application for midomafetamine with psychological intervention (MDMA-AT) to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among the many issues raised during review was concern about a highly publicized case of alleged sexual misconduct by an unlicensed therapist during a Phase 2 study of MDMA and the potential risk of future abuse. This incident of misconduct, along with several other publicized cases of misconduct by guides, facilitators, and shaman offering psychedelic retreats, has raised the question of whether physical contact is ever appropriate during psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). Drawing on research about supportive touch in other clinical contexts and taking into consideration features of psychedelics that exacerbate the potential for harm associated with supportive touch, we advocate for a precautionary approach to harm-reduction while arguing that supportive touch ought not be thrown out whole-cloth.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Harm Reduction, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psychiatry/Psychology, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Touch, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, professional ethics, research ethics},\n\tpages = {29--39},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n In August 2024, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration rejected Lykos Therapeutics, Inc.'s new drug application for midomafetamine with psychological intervention (MDMA-AT) to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among the many issues raised during review was concern about a highly publicized case of alleged sexual misconduct by an unlicensed therapist during a Phase 2 study of MDMA and the potential risk of future abuse. This incident of misconduct, along with several other publicized cases of misconduct by guides, facilitators, and shaman offering psychedelic retreats, has raised the question of whether physical contact is ever appropriate during psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). Drawing on research about supportive touch in other clinical contexts and taking into consideration features of psychedelics that exacerbate the potential for harm associated with supportive touch, we advocate for a precautionary approach to harm-reduction while arguing that supportive touch ought not be thrown out whole-cloth.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Experiences Increase Mind Perception but do not Change Atheist-Believer Status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nayak, S. M.; White, S. H.; Hilbert, S. N.; Lowe, M. X.; Jackson, H.; Griffiths, R. R.; Garcia-Romeu, A.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 57(3): 275–284. 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{nayak_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Experiences} {Increase} {Mind} {Perception} but do not {Change} {Atheist}-{Believer} {Status}: {A} {Prospective} {Longitudinal} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Experiences} {Increase} {Mind} {Perception} but do not {Change} {Atheist}-{Believer} {Status}},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2024.2346130},\n\tabstract = {Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g. believer, agnostic, or nonbeliever). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psilocybin experience outside a laboratory setting. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before (and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g. plants, rocks). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g. dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psilocybin experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Nayak, Sandeep M. and White, Sydney H. and Hilbert, Samantha N. and Lowe, Matthew X. and Jackson, Heather and Griffiths, Roland R. and Garcia-Romeu, Albert and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Belief change, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Perception, Prospective Studies, Psilocybin, Young Adult, mind perception, psilocybin, psychedelic},\n\tpages = {275--284},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g. believer, agnostic, or nonbeliever). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psilocybin experience outside a laboratory setting. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before (and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g. plants, rocks). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g. dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psilocybin experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Participants' Experience of Psychedelic Integration Groups and Processes: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Modlin, N. L.; McPhee, T.; Zazon, N.; Sarang, M.; Hignett, R.; Pick, S.; Cleare, A.; Williamson, V.; and Rucker, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine, 3(1): 19–30. March 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{modlin_participants_2025,\n\taddress = {New Rochelle, N.Y.},\n\ttitle = {Participants' {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Integration} {Groups} and {Processes}: {A} {Qualitative} {Thematic} {Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2831-4433},\n\tshorttitle = {Participants' {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Integration} {Groups} and {Processes}},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0027},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are increasingly recognized for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating complex and chronic mental health conditions. Growing public interest in psychedelics may drive increased consumption outside of medically supervised clinical trials. Correspondingly, legality issues and potential risks of unregulated use underscore the need for structured aftercare support, including psychedelic integration groups, to reduce harm potential.\nMETHODS: This study utilized a cross-sectional, observational, online, anonymous survey with 65 participants who used psychedelics and attended psychedelic integration groups. Participants provided qualitative data on their experiences via open-ended questions. Employing a deliberate analytic strategy, responses were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and themes.\nRESULTS: Three primary themes and associated subthemes emerged from the data: (1) reasons for attending psychedelic integration groups, (2) utility of psychedelic integration groups, and (3) adverse factors influencing participants' experience of the group.\nDISCUSSION: The study underscores the therapeutic potential of psychedelic integration groups in providing essential community support and facilitating the processing of psychedelic experiences. However, it also highlights significant challenges, such as managing group dynamics and ensuring facilitators are adequately trained. These findings suggest that while integration groups can mitigate some risks associated with psychedelic use, research is needed to optimize their structure and effectiveness. Specifically, future studies should explore the development of standardized protocols and facilitator training programs to enhance the safety and efficacy of these groups. This research is crucial to inform policy and practice, ensuring that individuals seeking integration support and aftercare following psychedelic use have access to well-designed and delivered interventions.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Modlin, Nadav Liam and McPhee, Tyler and Zazon, Nira and Sarang, Maria and Hignett, Rebecca and Pick, Susannah and Cleare, Anthony and Williamson, Victoria and Rucker, James},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {harm reduction, psychedelic integration, psychedelic integration group, psychedelics, qualitative research},\n\tpages = {19--30},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n BACKGROUND: Psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are increasingly recognized for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating complex and chronic mental health conditions. Growing public interest in psychedelics may drive increased consumption outside of medically supervised clinical trials. Correspondingly, legality issues and potential risks of unregulated use underscore the need for structured aftercare support, including psychedelic integration groups, to reduce harm potential. METHODS: This study utilized a cross-sectional, observational, online, anonymous survey with 65 participants who used psychedelics and attended psychedelic integration groups. Participants provided qualitative data on their experiences via open-ended questions. Employing a deliberate analytic strategy, responses were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and themes. RESULTS: Three primary themes and associated subthemes emerged from the data: (1) reasons for attending psychedelic integration groups, (2) utility of psychedelic integration groups, and (3) adverse factors influencing participants' experience of the group. DISCUSSION: The study underscores the therapeutic potential of psychedelic integration groups in providing essential community support and facilitating the processing of psychedelic experiences. However, it also highlights significant challenges, such as managing group dynamics and ensuring facilitators are adequately trained. These findings suggest that while integration groups can mitigate some risks associated with psychedelic use, research is needed to optimize their structure and effectiveness. Specifically, future studies should explore the development of standardized protocols and facilitator training programs to enhance the safety and efficacy of these groups. This research is crucial to inform policy and practice, ensuring that individuals seeking integration support and aftercare following psychedelic use have access to well-designed and delivered interventions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Modifying Informed Consent to Help Address Functional Unmasking in Psychedelic Clinical Trials.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matvey, M.; Kelley, D. P.; Bradley, E. R.; Chiong, W.; O'Donovan, A.; and Woolley, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 82(3): 311–318. March 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{matvey_modifying_2025,\n\ttitle = {Modifying {Informed} {Consent} to {Help} {Address} {Functional} {Unmasking} in {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Trials}},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {2168-6238},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4312},\n\tabstract = {IMPORTANCE: There is unprecedented clinician, industry, and patient interest in the therapeutic development of psychedelic drugs. This is due to a combination of promising clinical trial results, positive media coverage, and the lack of novel pharmacologic treatments for psychiatric disorders in recent decades. However, the field faces a key methodological challenge: masking participants to treatment conditions in psychedelic clinical trials has been largely unsuccessful.\nOBJECTIVE: When participants can tell whether they received active drug or placebo, their responses to clinical assessments, questionnaires, and even their functional imaging and biological data can be influenced by preconceptions about treatment effects. Positive patient expectancies combined with ineffective masking may skew outcomes and inflate effect sizes. This complicates efforts to determine the safety and efficacy of psychedelic drugs. Here, we explore a method to help address this problem: modifying informed consent to obscure information about the study design.\nEVIDENCE REVIEW: We reviewed all contemporary (2000-2024) clinical trials of psychedelic or methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) therapy and corresponded with the investigators to compile information on the use of modifications to informed consent in these studies.\nFINDINGS: Modifying informed consent to obscure details of the study design has been implemented in several psychedelic clinical trials and may offer a way to strengthen masking. However, this approach poses significant ethical risks. We examine examples of modifications used in the psychedelic literature, discuss the current regulatory landscape, and suggest strategies to mitigate risks associated with modified informed consent.\nCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Incorporating modified informed consent in future psychedelic clinical trials may improve interpretability and impact, but this has not been explicitly tested. Modifications to informed consent may not be appropriate in all cases, and risks to participants should be minimized by implementing appropriate guardrails.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Matvey, Michelle and Kelley, D. Parker and Bradley, Ellen R. and Chiong, Winston and O'Donovan, Aoife and Woolley, Josh},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic, Hallucinogens, Humans, Informed Consent, Mental Disorders, Research Design},\n\tpages = {311--318},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n IMPORTANCE: There is unprecedented clinician, industry, and patient interest in the therapeutic development of psychedelic drugs. This is due to a combination of promising clinical trial results, positive media coverage, and the lack of novel pharmacologic treatments for psychiatric disorders in recent decades. However, the field faces a key methodological challenge: masking participants to treatment conditions in psychedelic clinical trials has been largely unsuccessful. OBJECTIVE: When participants can tell whether they received active drug or placebo, their responses to clinical assessments, questionnaires, and even their functional imaging and biological data can be influenced by preconceptions about treatment effects. Positive patient expectancies combined with ineffective masking may skew outcomes and inflate effect sizes. This complicates efforts to determine the safety and efficacy of psychedelic drugs. Here, we explore a method to help address this problem: modifying informed consent to obscure information about the study design. EVIDENCE REVIEW: We reviewed all contemporary (2000-2024) clinical trials of psychedelic or methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) therapy and corresponded with the investigators to compile information on the use of modifications to informed consent in these studies. FINDINGS: Modifying informed consent to obscure details of the study design has been implemented in several psychedelic clinical trials and may offer a way to strengthen masking. However, this approach poses significant ethical risks. We examine examples of modifications used in the psychedelic literature, discuss the current regulatory landscape, and suggest strategies to mitigate risks associated with modified informed consent. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Incorporating modified informed consent in future psychedelic clinical trials may improve interpretability and impact, but this has not been explicitly tested. Modifications to informed consent may not be appropriate in all cases, and risks to participants should be minimized by implementing appropriate guardrails.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Embracing Epistemic Humility: Rethinking Psychedelic Exceptionalism Through Diverse Perspectives.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n De Matas, J.; McGuire, A. L.; and Yasin, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 98–100. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{de_matas_embracing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}: {Rethinking} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism} {Through} {Diverse} {Perspectives}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {De Matas, Jarrel and McGuire, Amy L. and Yasin, Hasan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {98--100},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Theory to Practice: The Importance of Operationalizing and Measuring Ethical Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luoma, J. B.; and LeJeune, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 120–123. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{luoma_theory_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}: {The} {Importance} of {Operationalizing} and {Measuring} {Ethical} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and LeJeune, Jenna},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {120--123},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Pain Gap: Epistemic Justice in Psychedelic Ethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kempner, J.; and Schindler, E. A. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 3–5. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kempner_pain_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}: {Epistemic} {Justice} in {Psychedelic} {Ethics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Kempner, Joanna and Schindler, Emmanuelle A. D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {3--5},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Psychosocial Environment as Therapeutic Context: Family-Centered Approaches to Adolescent Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; and Insua-Summerhays, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 35(3): 171–172. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jacobs_psychosocial_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Psychosocial} {Environment} as {Therapeutic} {Context}: {Family}-{Centered} {Approaches} to {Adolescent} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1557-8992},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Psychosocial} {Environment} as {Therapeutic} {Context}},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/cap.2025.0007},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Insua-Summerhays, Bryony},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {171--172},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybin Experiential Therapist Training: Insights from a World-First Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ioakimidis-MacDougall, G.; Gardner, J.; and Liknaitzky, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n November 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsilocybinPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{ioakimidis-macdougall_psilocybin_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin {Experiential} {Therapist} {Training}: {Insights} from a {World}-{First} {Study}},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Psilocybin {Experiential} {Therapist} {Training}},\n\turl = {http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2025.11.15.25340324},\n\tdoi = {10.1101/2025.11.15.25340324},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n          First-hand experience with psychedelics may help clinicians develop skills and knowledge needed to work with the profound changes to conscious awareness occasioned by psychedelics. However, the topic remains contentious and underexplored. In this world-first study, we investigated the utility of psilocybin experiential therapist training in a sample of 14 mental healthcare professionals training to provide psilocybin-assisted therapy. Participants received one 25 mg dose of psilocybin in a clinical research context alongside psychological support before, during, and after dosing. Quantitative measures and semi-structured interviews were then undertaken by participants to explore their experiences and reflections. Through the intervention, participants reported developing a greater and embodied understanding of key therapeutic principles and processes. Moreover, they reported increases in therapeutic qualities (e.g., empathy, attunement, emotion regulation) that underpin therapeutic alliance and promote trust and safety. While participants did not report experiencing harms from participation, they speculated about two potential risks of psychedelic experiential therapist training: first, that it could elicit challenging material that feels destabilising for a period; and second, that therapists could project their experience onto clients in a manner that narrows interpretative range and reduces attunement. Recommendations were made for psychedelic experiential therapist training design and implementation, including strategies to mitigate such risks. Participants indicated that psychedelic experiential therapist training is necessary but not sufficient for providing the highest quality of care in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Findings support the inclusion of an optional psychedelic experiential component within psychedelic therapist training programs for clinicians with prior psychotherapeutic training and well-developed reflective capacity.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tpublisher = {Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Ioakimidis-MacDougall, Georgia and Gardner, John and Liknaitzky, Paul},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract First-hand experience with psychedelics may help clinicians develop skills and knowledge needed to work with the profound changes to conscious awareness occasioned by psychedelics. However, the topic remains contentious and underexplored. In this world-first study, we investigated the utility of psilocybin experiential therapist training in a sample of 14 mental healthcare professionals training to provide psilocybin-assisted therapy. Participants received one 25 mg dose of psilocybin in a clinical research context alongside psychological support before, during, and after dosing. Quantitative measures and semi-structured interviews were then undertaken by participants to explore their experiences and reflections. Through the intervention, participants reported developing a greater and embodied understanding of key therapeutic principles and processes. Moreover, they reported increases in therapeutic qualities (e.g., empathy, attunement, emotion regulation) that underpin therapeutic alliance and promote trust and safety. While participants did not report experiencing harms from participation, they speculated about two potential risks of psychedelic experiential therapist training: first, that it could elicit challenging material that feels destabilising for a period; and second, that therapists could project their experience onto clients in a manner that narrows interpretative range and reduces attunement. Recommendations were made for psychedelic experiential therapist training design and implementation, including strategies to mitigate such risks. Participants indicated that psychedelic experiential therapist training is necessary but not sufficient for providing the highest quality of care in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Findings support the inclusion of an optional psychedelic experiential component within psychedelic therapist training programs for clinicians with prior psychotherapeutic training and well-developed reflective capacity.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care: a consensus statement from the US National Network of Depression Centers' Task Group on Psychedelics and Related Compounds.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hosein, M. M.; Reid, M. J.; Walser, S.; Charney, S.; Fonzo, G. A.; Lewis, B. R.; Yaden, D. B.; Suppes, T.; Cordner, Z. A.; and Barrett, F. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n EClinicalMedicine, 89: 103517. November 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hosein_considerations_2025,\n\ttitle = {Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care: a consensus statement from the {US} {National} {Network} of {Depression} {Centers}' {Task} {Group} on {Psychedelics} and {Related} {Compounds}},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {2589-5370},\n\tshorttitle = {Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517},\n\tabstract = {The potential for psilocybin, and other psychedelic drugs, to fulfil a much needed and potentially transformative class of psychiatric treatments has garnered significant attention. Consequently, there has been a great deal of interest and investment in accelerating its development and potential implementation in routine clinical practice. However, the expanding scope of scientific discovery, heightened media coverage, and commercial interests in the field risk outpacing the rate of developments in the necessary guidelines and infrastructure required for integration of psilocybin into clinical practice. The US National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC) Task Group on Psychedelics and Related Compounds-comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, neuroscientists, psychedelic researchers, and leaders in healthcare consulting affiliated with the NNDC-developed this consensus statement as a summary of clinical expertise and opinion on the matter, to recognise psilocybin's therapeutic potential while also emphasising the need for further research and careful consideration before the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care. We outline the current state of the science on psilocybin, incorporating articles published through April 2025. We identify key areas for further research and frame them within the context of therapeutic and ethical implications surrounding psilocybin's use in future clinical practice. We highlight the need for further research to address gaps in understanding of therapeutic dosage, efficacy across diverse populations, and long-term safety. Finally, we propose an agenda which calls for diversification of funding, collaborative research efforts, standardised training for healthcare providers, and careful consideration of ethical dilemmas inherent in the theorised clinical use of psilocybin. Crucially, we advocate for a balanced approach that prioritises rigorous scientific standards while considering the urgency of the need for better treatment options, ensuring equitable access and safety as the field progresses. We acknowledge that the single-country focus of the NNDC may limit the generalisability of recommendations to international contexts with differing healthcare systems and regulatory landscapes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {EClinicalMedicine},\n\tauthor = {Hosein, Megan M. and Reid, Matthew J. and Walser, Sarah and Charney, Stuart and Fonzo, Gregory A. and Lewis, Benjamin R. and Yaden, David B. and Suppes, Trisha and Cordner, Zachary A. and Barrett, Frederick S.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Consensus, Psilocybin, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {103517},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n The potential for psilocybin, and other psychedelic drugs, to fulfil a much needed and potentially transformative class of psychiatric treatments has garnered significant attention. Consequently, there has been a great deal of interest and investment in accelerating its development and potential implementation in routine clinical practice. However, the expanding scope of scientific discovery, heightened media coverage, and commercial interests in the field risk outpacing the rate of developments in the necessary guidelines and infrastructure required for integration of psilocybin into clinical practice. The US National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC) Task Group on Psychedelics and Related Compounds-comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, neuroscientists, psychedelic researchers, and leaders in healthcare consulting affiliated with the NNDC-developed this consensus statement as a summary of clinical expertise and opinion on the matter, to recognise psilocybin's therapeutic potential while also emphasising the need for further research and careful consideration before the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care. We outline the current state of the science on psilocybin, incorporating articles published through April 2025. We identify key areas for further research and frame them within the context of therapeutic and ethical implications surrounding psilocybin's use in future clinical practice. We highlight the need for further research to address gaps in understanding of therapeutic dosage, efficacy across diverse populations, and long-term safety. Finally, we propose an agenda which calls for diversification of funding, collaborative research efforts, standardised training for healthcare providers, and careful consideration of ethical dilemmas inherent in the theorised clinical use of psilocybin. Crucially, we advocate for a balanced approach that prioritises rigorous scientific standards while considering the urgency of the need for better treatment options, ensuring equitable access and safety as the field progresses. We acknowledge that the single-country focus of the NNDC may limit the generalisability of recommendations to international contexts with differing healthcare systems and regulatory landscapes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Wolves Among Sheep: Sexual Violations in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harrison, T. R.; Faber, S. C.; Zare, M.; Fontaine, M.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 40–55. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{harrison_wolves_2025,\n\ttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}: {Sexual} {Violations} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\n\tabstract = {The integration of psychedelic substances into modern Western therapeutic practice has sparked a critical examination of many topics including: efficacy of psychedelics to treat mental health diagnoses without psychotherapeutic intervention, what models of therapy to use, and ethical implications related to altered states of consciousness. Of utmost concern are issues of power dynamics leading to incidents of sexual abuse. These issues underscore the importance of understanding therapeutic dynamics within the context of psychedelic-assisted therapy. This paper aims to explore these intersections, addressing sexual abuse issues in Western psychedelic-assisted therapy while elucidating pathways towards ethical practice and regulatory frameworks.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R. and Faber, Sonya C. and Zare, Manzar and Fontaine, Matthieu and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Mental Disorders, Professional-patient relationship, Sex Offenses, informed consent, mental illness, professional ethics, research ethics},\n\tpages = {40--55},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n The integration of psychedelic substances into modern Western therapeutic practice has sparked a critical examination of many topics including: efficacy of psychedelics to treat mental health diagnoses without psychotherapeutic intervention, what models of therapy to use, and ethical implications related to altered states of consciousness. Of utmost concern are issues of power dynamics leading to incidents of sexual abuse. These issues underscore the importance of understanding therapeutic dynamics within the context of psychedelic-assisted therapy. This paper aims to explore these intersections, addressing sexual abuse issues in Western psychedelic-assisted therapy while elucidating pathways towards ethical practice and regulatory frameworks.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Haft, S. L.; Downey, A. E.; Raymond-Flesch, M.; Fernandes-Osterhold, G.; Bradley, E. R.; O'Donovan, A.; and Woolley, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatry Research, 345: 116359. March 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{haft_systematic_2025,\n\ttitle = {A systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials},\n\tvolume = {345},\n\tissn = {1872-7123},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359},\n\tabstract = {A lack of diverse and representative participant samples in mental health intervention research perpetuates mental health disparities. This issue has become a salient concern in studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAT), which is emerging as a promising mental health intervention. This systematic review evaluates the reporting, representation, and analysis of participant sociodemographic characteristics in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PAT. A total of 21 RCTs of psilocybin- and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapies (N = 1034) are summarized. Participants' gender (100\\%) and race or ethnicity (76\\%) were frequently reported, with socioeconomic status (SES) sometimes (57\\%) reported using heterogeneous metrics. Sexual orientation (9.5\\%) and immigration status (4.8\\%) were rarely reported, and no studies reported gender identity. Compared to their representation in the US population and non-psychedelic clinical trials, Black/African-American participants (2.2\\%) and Hispanic/Latino participants (7.2\\%) were significantly underrepresented in PAT RCTs. MDMA trials enrolled more diverse participant samples than psilocybin trials. Analyses on treatment effects based on demographic variables were virtually nonexistent. These findings underscore the need for more inclusive recruitment strategies, along with more rigorous reporting, to improve the generalizability of PAT research.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatry Research},\n\tauthor = {Haft, Stephanie L. and Downey, Amanda E. and Raymond-Flesch, Marissa and Fernandes-Osterhold, Gisele and Bradley, Ellen R. and O'Donovan, Aoife and Woolley, Joshua},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, MDMA, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, diversity, systematic review},\n\tpages = {116359},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n A lack of diverse and representative participant samples in mental health intervention research perpetuates mental health disparities. This issue has become a salient concern in studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAT), which is emerging as a promising mental health intervention. This systematic review evaluates the reporting, representation, and analysis of participant sociodemographic characteristics in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PAT. A total of 21 RCTs of psilocybin- and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapies (N = 1034) are summarized. Participants' gender (100%) and race or ethnicity (76%) were frequently reported, with socioeconomic status (SES) sometimes (57%) reported using heterogeneous metrics. Sexual orientation (9.5%) and immigration status (4.8%) were rarely reported, and no studies reported gender identity. Compared to their representation in the US population and non-psychedelic clinical trials, Black/African-American participants (2.2%) and Hispanic/Latino participants (7.2%) were significantly underrepresented in PAT RCTs. MDMA trials enrolled more diverse participant samples than psilocybin trials. Analyses on treatment effects based on demographic variables were virtually nonexistent. These findings underscore the need for more inclusive recruitment strategies, along with more rigorous reporting, to improve the generalizability of PAT research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A systematic review of income and education reporting in psychedelic clinical trials.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Grossman, D. H.; Madden, K. M.; Mehtani, N. J.; Anderson, B. T.; Davis, L. L.; Mitchell, J. M.; and Hendricks, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature. Mental Health, 3(5): 567–574. May 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{grossman_systematic_2025,\n\ttitle = {A systematic review of income and education reporting in psychedelic clinical trials},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2731-6076},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44220-025-00417-3},\n\tabstract = {Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly influences mental health outcomes and treatment access, yet its reporting in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials remains underexplored. Here we systematically reviewed 98 articles (49 primary trials and 49 secondary analyses) published between 2006 and 2024 examining classic psychedelics and MDMA for mental health conditions. Only 12\\% of primary trials reported participant income data, and 31\\% reported educational attainment. In USA-based trials, participants showed markedly higher SES than the general population: 93\\% had some college education (versus 62\\% nationally), and median incomes in major trials substantially exceeded the national median for all workers. Non-US trials showed variable patterns. This widespread underreporting of SES data and evidence of socioeconomic disparities, particularly in US trials, highlights an urgent need for standardized SES reporting and targeted strategies to improve socioeconomic diversity in psychedelic-assisted therapy research, ensuring broader generalizability and access to these emerging treatments.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Nature. Mental Health},\n\tauthor = {Grossman, Daniel H. and Madden, Kevin M. and Mehtani, Nicky J. and Anderson, Brian T. and Davis, Lori L. and Mitchell, Jennifer M. and Hendricks, Peter S.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {567--574},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly influences mental health outcomes and treatment access, yet its reporting in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials remains underexplored. Here we systematically reviewed 98 articles (49 primary trials and 49 secondary analyses) published between 2006 and 2024 examining classic psychedelics and MDMA for mental health conditions. Only 12% of primary trials reported participant income data, and 31% reported educational attainment. In USA-based trials, participants showed markedly higher SES than the general population: 93% had some college education (versus 62% nationally), and median incomes in major trials substantially exceeded the national median for all workers. Non-US trials showed variable patterns. This widespread underreporting of SES data and evidence of socioeconomic disparities, particularly in US trials, highlights an urgent need for standardized SES reporting and targeted strategies to improve socioeconomic diversity in psychedelic-assisted therapy research, ensuring broader generalizability and access to these emerging treatments.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Registered Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Psychedelics in Healthcare: Statewide Survey Results.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Graefe, A. C.; Weirick, M. E.; Harpin, S. B.; Dorsen, C.; and Porta, C. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 32(3): 634–642. June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{graefe_registered_2025,\n\ttitle = {Registered {Nurses}' {Knowledge} and {Attitudes} {Towards} {Psychedelics} in {Healthcare}: {Statewide} {Survey} {Results}},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1365-2850},\n\tshorttitle = {Registered {Nurses}' {Knowledge} and {Attitudes} {Towards} {Psychedelics} in {Healthcare}},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jpm.13141},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Psychedelic science is re-emerging to address mental health conditions, of which certain populations in the United States experience disparities. However, the perspectives of registered nurses (RNs), who have important roles within mental health care, towards psychedelics are largely unknown.\nAIM/QUESTION: To assess attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs of a large, state-wide sample of RNs towards psychedelics in healthcare settings.\nMETHOD: RNs were randomly selected from a statewide directory to participate in a cross-sectional, multi-method online survey.\nRESULTS: 793 RNs completed all items, with generally positive attitudes towards psychedelics but mixed opinions regarding the legal landscape, including decriminalisation. Few (12.7\\%) reported psychedelic content in their training, and most expressed low confidence in their knowledge.\nDISCUSSION: Findings generally align with previous research regarding provider attitudes towards psychedelics. Participants in this study had slightly more favourable attitudes and higher knowledge scores.\nLIMITATIONS: The study has potential selection bias, lacks a priori power analysis, and is limited to one state.\nIMPLICATIONS: As psychedelic science emerges as a potential treatment option for several mental health conditions, RNs must be prepared to support individuals and communities.\nRECOMMENDATIONS: Additional education in this emerging area of mental health nursing is warranted to ensure RN competence and confidence.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing},\n\tauthor = {Graefe, Anna C. and Weirick, Madison E. and Harpin, Scott B. and Dorsen, Caroline and Porta, Carolyn M.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Attitude of Health Personnel, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hallucinogens, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nurses, Psychiatric Nursing, United States, Young Adult, mental health, nurses, psychedelics, psychiatric nursing},\n\tpages = {634--642},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n INTRODUCTION: Psychedelic science is re-emerging to address mental health conditions, of which certain populations in the United States experience disparities. However, the perspectives of registered nurses (RNs), who have important roles within mental health care, towards psychedelics are largely unknown. AIM/QUESTION: To assess attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs of a large, state-wide sample of RNs towards psychedelics in healthcare settings. METHOD: RNs were randomly selected from a statewide directory to participate in a cross-sectional, multi-method online survey. RESULTS: 793 RNs completed all items, with generally positive attitudes towards psychedelics but mixed opinions regarding the legal landscape, including decriminalisation. Few (12.7%) reported psychedelic content in their training, and most expressed low confidence in their knowledge. DISCUSSION: Findings generally align with previous research regarding provider attitudes towards psychedelics. Participants in this study had slightly more favourable attitudes and higher knowledge scores. LIMITATIONS: The study has potential selection bias, lacks a priori power analysis, and is limited to one state. IMPLICATIONS: As psychedelic science emerges as a potential treatment option for several mental health conditions, RNs must be prepared to support individuals and communities. RECOMMENDATIONS: Additional education in this emerging area of mental health nursing is warranted to ensure RN competence and confidence.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Adverse Events Should Not Be Surprising in Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ehrenkranz, R.; Agrawal, M.; Nayak, S. M.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine, 3(1): 59–62. February 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AdversePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ehrenkranz_adverse_2025,\n\ttitle = {Adverse {Events} {Should} {Not} {Be} {Surprising} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2831-4425},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12054609/},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0006},\n\tabstract = {Research has demonstrated both risks and benefits to using psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for a variety of mental health conditions. In recent years, the public discourse around psychedelic treatments has been largely positive and focused on benefits more than risks. We believe the field would benefit from more balanced attention to the risks as well as benefits of psychedelics within the scientific community and broader public. Coverage of psychedelic science has swung between a pendulum of extremes, from fearmongering in past decades to effusive optimism today. Public discourse about the risks and benefits of psychedelics can and should instead be grounded in the growing evidence from clinical trials as well as participant reports. While most adverse events related to pyschedelics are mild, some have been severe and serious, and public education about the existence and nature of those risks is necessary. We predict that as more studies are conducted and eligibility criteria are relaxed to improve access, the incidence and severity of adverse events will increase. While no medical intervention is risk-free, it will be increasingly important to quantify and effectively communicate the risk/benefit profile of psychedelics.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Ehrenkranz, Rebecca and Agrawal, Manish and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {59--62},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Research has demonstrated both risks and benefits to using psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for a variety of mental health conditions. In recent years, the public discourse around psychedelic treatments has been largely positive and focused on benefits more than risks. We believe the field would benefit from more balanced attention to the risks as well as benefits of psychedelics within the scientific community and broader public. Coverage of psychedelic science has swung between a pendulum of extremes, from fearmongering in past decades to effusive optimism today. Public discourse about the risks and benefits of psychedelics can and should instead be grounded in the growing evidence from clinical trials as well as participant reports. While most adverse events related to pyschedelics are mild, some have been severe and serious, and public education about the existence and nature of those risks is necessary. We predict that as more studies are conducted and eligibility criteria are relaxed to improve access, the incidence and severity of adverse events will increase. While no medical intervention is risk-free, it will be increasingly important to quantify and effectively communicate the risk/benefit profile of psychedelics.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Intentional Choices of Metaphors for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earleywine, M.; MacConnel, H. A.; and Leo, J. A. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 32(3): 321–328. August 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IntentionalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earleywine_intentional_2025,\n\ttitle = {Intentional {Choices} of {Metaphors} for {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1077-7229},\n\turl = {https://researchconnect.suny.edu/en/publications/intentional-choices-of-metaphors-for-psychedelic-assisted-therapy/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.04.002},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Cognitive and Behavioral Practice},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier Inc.},\n\tauthor = {Earleywine, Mitch and MacConnel, Henry A. and Leo, Joseph A. De},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {321--328},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Ethics in Palliative Care.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davis, K.; Palitsky, R.; Dunlop, B. W.; H Grant, G.; and Zarrabi, A. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 25(1): 95–98. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{davis_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {Davis, Keenan and Palitsky, Roman and Dunlop, Boadie W. and H Grant, George and Zarrabi, Ali J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {95--98},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Therapeutics for Adolescents: Ethics, Safety, Opportunities, and Equipoise.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Croarkin, P. E.; Sutherland, I.; and Ho, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 64(7): 756–758. July 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{croarkin_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapeutics} for {Adolescents}: {Ethics}, {Safety}, {Opportunities}, and {Equipoise}},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {1527-5418},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapeutics} for {Adolescents}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2024.12.003},\n\tabstract = {We read with great interest the commentary by Jeffrey et al. entitled "Clinical Research Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents Aged 16 to 17 Years: Rationale Balanced With Caution."1 We appreciate the efforts of the authors, the scholarship of this commentary, and the advocacy for research initiatives with psychedelic therapeutics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. We agree that there is a compelling rationale for timely, rigorous studies with adolescents as it is likely that these compounds have been and will be used in adolescents with therapeutic intent. We are writing to catalyze further collegial dialogue and advocacy in our field. We do have some considerations for the authors.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Croarkin, Paul E. and Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Hallucinogens, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin},\n\tpages = {756--758},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n We read with great interest the commentary by Jeffrey et al. entitled \"Clinical Research Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents Aged 16 to 17 Years: Rationale Balanced With Caution.\"1 We appreciate the efforts of the authors, the scholarship of this commentary, and the advocacy for research initiatives with psychedelic therapeutics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. We agree that there is a compelling rationale for timely, rigorous studies with adolescents as it is likely that these compounds have been and will be used in adolescents with therapeutic intent. We are writing to catalyze further collegial dialogue and advocacy in our field. We do have some considerations for the authors.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Informed Consent Documents from Psychedelic Clinical Trials: A Descriptive Ethical Analysis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Propes, C.; Graziosi, M.; Patch, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Empirical Bioethics, 16(4): 247–266. 2025.\n ISBN: 2329-4515\n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_informed_2025,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} {Documents} from {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Trials}: {A} {Descriptive} {Ethical} {Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Empirical Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Graziosi, Marianna and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2329-4515},\n\tpages = {247--266},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Distinctive but not exceptional: The risks of psychedelic ethical exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.; Patch, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 16–28. 2025.\n ISBN: 1526-5161\n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_distinctive_2025,\n\ttitle = {Distinctive but not exceptional: {The} risks of psychedelic ethical exceptionalism},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1526-5161},\n\tpages = {16--28},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The psychedelic renaissance: A Catholic perspective.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carroll, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Linacre Quarterly, 92(2): 193–220. 2025.\n ISBN: 0024-3639\n\n\n\n
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@article{carroll_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance: {A} {Catholic} perspective},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {The Linacre Quarterly},\n\tpublisher = {SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},\n\tauthor = {Carroll, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0024-3639},\n\tpages = {193--220},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics beyond medicine: Treatment, enhancement, hype, consent, and the limits of medicalization.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Caraccio, M.; Cheung, K.; Porsdam Mann, S.; Bruce, L.; Jacobs, E.; Villiger, D.; Sandbrink, J.; Register, C.; Hannikainen, I. R.; and Leonard Høeg, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Psychology, 38(7): 3340–3383. 2025.\n ISBN: 0951-5089\n\n\n\n
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@article{caraccio_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics beyond medicine: {Treatment}, enhancement, hype, consent, and the limits of medicalization},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Caraccio, Mina and Cheung, Katherine and Porsdam Mann, Sebastian and Bruce, Lori and Jacobs, Edward and Villiger, Daniel and Sandbrink, Julian and Register, Christopher and Hannikainen, Ivar R. and Leonard Høeg, Mette},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0951-5089},\n\tpages = {3340--3383},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Barnett, B. S.; Vest, M. F.; Delatte, M. S.; King IV, F.; Mauney, E. E.; Coulson, A. J.; Nayak, S. M.; Hendricks, P. S.; Greer, G. R.; and Murnane, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychopharmacology, 242(1): 27–43. 2025.\n ISBN: 0033-3158\n\n\n\n
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@article{barnett_practical_2025,\n\ttitle = {Practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs},\n\tvolume = {242},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Psychopharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Barnett, Brian S. and Vest, M. Frances and Delatte, Marcus S. and King IV, Franklin and Mauney, Erin E. and Coulson, Anthony J. and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Hendricks, Peter S. and Greer, George R. and Murnane, Kevin S.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0033-3158},\n\tpages = {27--43},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Navigating groundlessness: An interview study on dealing with ontological shock and existential distress following psychedelic experiences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Argyri, E. K.; Evans, J.; Luke, D.; Michael, P.; Michelle, K.; Rohani-Shukla, C.; Suseelan, S.; Prideaux, E.; McAlpine, R.; and Murphy-Beiner, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS One, 20(5): e0322501. 2025.\n ISBN: 1932-6203\n\n\n\n
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@article{argyri_navigating_2025,\n\ttitle = {Navigating groundlessness: {An} interview study on dealing with ontological shock and existential distress following psychedelic experiences},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},\n\tauthor = {Argyri, Eirini K. and Evans, Jules and Luke, David and Michael, Pascal and Michelle, Katrina and Rohani-Shukla, Cyrus and Suseelan, Shayam and Prideaux, Ed and McAlpine, Rosalind and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1932-6203},\n\tpages = {e0322501},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Zalsupindole is a Nondissociative, Nonhallucinogenic Neuroplastogen with Therapeutic Effects Comparable to Ketamine and Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Agrawal, R.; Gillie, D.; Mungenast, A.; Chytil, M.; Engel, S.; Wu, M. C.; Rasmussen, K.; Salinas, E.; and Olson, D. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 16(22): 4388–4399. 2025.\n ISBN: 1948-7193\n\n\n\n
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@article{agrawal_zalsupindole_2025,\n\ttitle = {Zalsupindole is a {Nondissociative}, {Nonhallucinogenic} {Neuroplastogen} with {Therapeutic} {Effects} {Comparable} to {Ketamine} and {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\tjournal = {ACS Chemical Neuroscience},\n\tpublisher = {ACS Publications},\n\tauthor = {Agrawal, Rajiv and Gillie, Daniel and Mungenast, Alison and Chytil, Milan and Engel, Sharon and Wu, Michael C. and Rasmussen, Kurt and Salinas, Eliseo and Olson, David E.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1948-7193},\n\tpages = {4388--4399},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role and ethics of touch and non-touch in psychedelic-assisted therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aicher, H. D.; Röskamp, A.; Moser, M.; and Brand, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{aicher_role_2025,\n\ttitle = {The role and ethics of touch and non-touch in psychedelic-assisted therapy},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Aicher, Helena D. and Röskamp, Anke and Moser, Marianne and Brand, Manuela},\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The psychoplastogen tabernanthalog induces neuroplasticity without proximate immediate early gene activation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aarrestad, I. K.; Cameron, L. P.; Fenton, E. M.; Casey, A. B.; Rijsketic, D. R.; Patel, S. D.; Sambyal, R.; Johnson, S. B.; Ly, C.; and Viswanathan, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature neuroscience, 28(9): 1919–1931. 2025.\n ISBN: 1097-6256\n\n\n\n
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@article{aarrestad_psychoplastogen_2025,\n\ttitle = {The psychoplastogen tabernanthalog induces neuroplasticity without proximate immediate early gene activation},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Nature neuroscience},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group US New York},\n\tauthor = {Aarrestad, Isak K. and Cameron, Lindsay P. and Fenton, Ethan M. and Casey, Austen B. and Rijsketic, Daniel R. and Patel, Seona D. and Sambyal, Rohini and Johnson, Shane B. and Ly, Calvin and Viswanathan, Jayashri},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1097-6256},\n\tpages = {1919--1931},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Accuracy of Conflicts in Interest in General Surgical Journals.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bharani, T.; Yuan, C.; Mahida, K.; Mukhtar, S.; Bosch, H.; Linson, M.; Sheu, E.; and Agarwal, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Surgery, 282(2): 249. August 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AccuracyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{bharani_accuracy_2025,\n\ttitle = {Accuracy of {Conflicts} in {Interest} in {General} {Surgical} {Journals}},\n\tvolume = {282},\n\tissn = {0003-4932},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/fulltext/2025/08000/accuracy_of_conflicts_in_interest_in_general.15.aspx?casa_token=qVrFKpKfJ_YAAAAA:PZQlR4rcgFBl48XL3Bs5Qyk24GJrzepEOMG_atRF7-0vPTJnYdEbV-S7fHMowtMIbkA8wRQwRiR7ajXC2f1mN0o&casa_token=YJ5MIaHwwSYAAAAA:fyrBDCAnSITBzgLtneNSU8xGub-IvRwYGYxtYGbU7RzY4Fc4NQydDTVEp4kyE-0qle4zGFTameQtog9zioRbGE0},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/SLA.0000000000006303},\n\tabstract = {Objective: \n          To evaluate the accuracy of self-reported conflicts of interest (COIs) for articles published in prominent minimally invasive and general surgical journals.\n          Background: \n          Accurate reporting of industry relationships and COIs is crucial for unbiased assessment of a particular study. Despite the enactment of COI laws, such as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act in 2010, prior work suggests that 40\\% to 70\\% of self-reported COIs have discrepancies.\n          Methods: \n          We utilized 3 public databases—Open Payments (USA), Disclosure UK, and Disclosure Australia—to assess the accuracy of COI disclosures among authors of 918 published articles from these respective countries. Seven journals were utilized to review the COIs for authors of manuscripts published in 2022—JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery (BJS), Journal of American College of Surgeons (JACS), Surgical Endoscopy, Obesity Surgery, and Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (SOARD).\n          Results: \n          Among the analyzed 6206 authors, 5675 belonged to countries of interest: United States (4282), UK (718), and Australia (213). Of these, 774 authors (12.5\\%) self-reported a conflict of interest in their papers. Overall, only 4055 researchers (69.1\\%) reported COIs accurately. Authors from the United States had the lowest accuracy of reporting COI at 69\\% as opposed to the UK (93\\%) and Australia (96\\%). Inaccurate COI reporting was most common in corresponding/senior authors (39\\%) and least common among first authors (18\\%). Most payments in excess of \\$50,000 made to authors by an industry sponsor were not disclosed appropriately.\n          Conclusions: \n          Our study shows that inaccuracy of self-reported COIs in general surgery journals remains high at 31\\%. While our findings should encourage authors to overreport any possible COI, journals should consider verifying the authors’ COI to facilitate more accurate reporting.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Surgery},\n\tauthor = {Bharani, Tina and Yuan, Claire and Mahida, Karina and Mukhtar, Suheila and Bosch, Hudson and Linson, Mia and Sheu, Eric and Agarwal, Divyansh},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {249},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Objective:  To evaluate the accuracy of self-reported conflicts of interest (COIs) for articles published in prominent minimally invasive and general surgical journals. Background:  Accurate reporting of industry relationships and COIs is crucial for unbiased assessment of a particular study. Despite the enactment of COI laws, such as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act in 2010, prior work suggests that 40% to 70% of self-reported COIs have discrepancies. Methods:  We utilized 3 public databases—Open Payments (USA), Disclosure UK, and Disclosure Australia—to assess the accuracy of COI disclosures among authors of 918 published articles from these respective countries. Seven journals were utilized to review the COIs for authors of manuscripts published in 2022—JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery (BJS), Journal of American College of Surgeons (JACS), Surgical Endoscopy, Obesity Surgery, and Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (SOARD). Results:  Among the analyzed 6206 authors, 5675 belonged to countries of interest: United States (4282), UK (718), and Australia (213). Of these, 774 authors (12.5%) self-reported a conflict of interest in their papers. Overall, only 4055 researchers (69.1%) reported COIs accurately. Authors from the United States had the lowest accuracy of reporting COI at 69% as opposed to the UK (93%) and Australia (96%). Inaccurate COI reporting was most common in corresponding/senior authors (39%) and least common among first authors (18%). Most payments in excess of $50,000 made to authors by an industry sponsor were not disclosed appropriately. Conclusions:  Our study shows that inaccuracy of self-reported COIs in general surgery journals remains high at 31%. While our findings should encourage authors to overreport any possible COI, journals should consider verifying the authors’ COI to facilitate more accurate reporting.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How scientists’ collective climate advocacy affects public trust in scientists and voting behavior.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cologna, V.; Freundt, J.; Mede, N. G; Howe, L.; Bertsou, E.; Gloor, J.; Oreskes, N.; Knutti, R.; and Schäfer, M. S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Research Letters, 20(1): 014043. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HowPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cologna_how_2025,\n\ttitle = {How scientists’ collective climate advocacy affects public trust in scientists and voting behavior},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1748-9326},\n\turl = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad984c},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ad984c},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              Scientists increasingly engage in policy advocacy, especially on climate change. Does this advocacy undermine—or bolster—public trust in scientists and support for scientists’ recommendations? We leveraged a unique opportunity to answer this question in a real-world setting: the 2023 referendum for the Swiss climate protection law (CPL), which was supported by a public statement of 252 renowned scientists across disciplines. We conducted a pre-registered, two-wave, quasi-field experiment (\n              n\n              pre-vote\n              = 1,622,\n              n\n              post-vote\n              = 891) to test how scientists’ collective support for the law affected public trust in scientists and voting behavior. We found that scientists’ advocacy was associated with greater public trust, particularly among left-leaning individuals; only a minority viewed these scientists as not objective. However, perceptions of scientists’ role in society and policymaking and voting behavior remained largely unaffected when participants were reminded of the CPL advocacy. Although we studied a restrained form of policy advocacy in a somewhat unique setting, our study challenges the widespread assumption that policy advocacy undermines public trust in scientists.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Research Letters},\n\tauthor = {Cologna, Viktoria and Freundt, Jana and Mede, Niels G and Howe, Lauren and Bertsou, Eri and Gloor, Jamie and Oreskes, Naomi and Knutti, Reto and Schäfer, Mike S},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {014043},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Scientists increasingly engage in policy advocacy, especially on climate change. Does this advocacy undermine—or bolster—public trust in scientists and support for scientists’ recommendations? We leveraged a unique opportunity to answer this question in a real-world setting: the 2023 referendum for the Swiss climate protection law (CPL), which was supported by a public statement of 252 renowned scientists across disciplines. We conducted a pre-registered, two-wave, quasi-field experiment ( n pre-vote = 1,622, n post-vote = 891) to test how scientists’ collective support for the law affected public trust in scientists and voting behavior. We found that scientists’ advocacy was associated with greater public trust, particularly among left-leaning individuals; only a minority viewed these scientists as not objective. However, perceptions of scientists’ role in society and policymaking and voting behavior remained largely unaffected when participants were reminded of the CPL advocacy. Although we studied a restrained form of policy advocacy in a somewhat unique setting, our study challenges the widespread assumption that policy advocacy undermines public trust in scientists.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: A scoping review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wiersma, M.; Kerridge, I. H.; and Lipworth, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Accountability in Research, 32(7): 1089–1125. 2025.\n ISBN: 0898-9621\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wiersma_perspectives_2025,\n\ttitle = {Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: {A} scoping review},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Accountability in Research},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Wiersma, Miriam and Kerridge, Ian H. and Lipworth, Wendy},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0898-9621},\n\tpages = {1089--1125},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A literature review of non-financial conflicts of interest in healthcare research and publication.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bauer, D.; Orchard, D. A.; Day, P. G.; Tunzi, M.; and Satin, D. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Medical Ethics, 26(1): 61. 2025.\n ISBN: 1472-6939\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{bauer_literature_2025,\n\ttitle = {A literature review of non-financial conflicts of interest in healthcare research and publication},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {BMC Medical Ethics},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Bauer, David and Orchard, Devin A. and Day, Philip G. and Tunzi, Marc and Satin, David J.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1472-6939},\n\tpages = {61},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Political ideology and trust in scientists in the USA.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gligorić, V.; van Kleef, G. A.; and Rutjens, B. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature human behaviour, 9(7): 1501–1512. 2025.\n ISBN: 2397-3374\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{gligoric_political_2025,\n\ttitle = {Political ideology and trust in scientists in the {USA}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Nature human behaviour},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},\n\tauthor = {Gligorić, Vukašin and van Kleef, Gerben A. and Rutjens, Bastiaan T.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2397-3374},\n\tpages = {1501--1512},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Public Health Division - Chapter 333: Advertising Restrictions.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_public_2025,\n\ttitle = {Public {Health} {Division} - {Chapter} 333: {Advertising} {Restrictions}},\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Public Health Division - Chapter 333: Informed Consent.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_public_2025,\n\ttitle = {Public {Health} {Division} - {Chapter} 333: {Informed} {Consent}},\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Another Psilocybin Trip Center Reaches the End of the Road.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Effinger, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Willamette Weekly. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AnotherPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{effinger_another_2025,\n\ttitle = {Another {Psilocybin} {Trip} {Center} {Reaches} the {End} of the {Road}},\n\turl = {https://www.wweek.com/news/business/2026/01/05/another-psilocybin-trip-center-reaches-the-end-of-the-road/},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tjournal = {Willamette Weekly},\n\tauthor = {Effinger, Anthony},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gaps in US Psychedelic Policy and How to Close Them.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Propes, C.; Cheung, K.; Eisenberg, M. D.; and Yaden, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In JAMA Health Forum, volume 6, pages e254928–e254928, 2025. American Medical Association\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@inproceedings{propes_gaps_2025,\n\ttitle = {Gaps in {US} {Psychedelic} {Policy} and {How} to {Close} {Them}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tbooktitle = {{JAMA} {Health} {Forum}},\n\tpublisher = {American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Propes, Caleigh and Cheung, Katherine and Eisenberg, Matthew D. and Yaden, David},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e254928--e254928},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A landscape analysis of psychedelic retreat organizations advertising online.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Beit, C. S.; Robinson, J. O.; Singh, N.; Kambala, S.; Ramesh, R.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Plos one, 20(5): e0321648. 2025.\n ISBN: 1932-6203\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{neitzke-spruill_landscape_2025,\n\ttitle = {A landscape analysis of psychedelic retreat organizations advertising online},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Plos one},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline S. and Robinson, Jill Oliver and Singh, Nikita and Kambala, Srijith and Ramesh, Rishi and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1932-6203},\n\tpages = {e0321648},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybin dispensaries and online health claims in Canada.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsukubo, J.; Dickson, S.; Xiao, J.; Friesen, E. L.; Solmi, M.; Fiedorowicz, J. G.; Fischer, B.; and Myran, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 8(4): e252853. 2025.\n ISBN: 2574-3805\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{matsukubo_psilocybin_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin dispensaries and online health claims in {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Matsukubo, Jenna and Dickson, Sarah and Xiao, Jennifer and Friesen, Erik Loewen and Solmi, Marco and Fiedorowicz, Jess G. and Fischer, Benedikt and Myran, Daniel T.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2574-3805},\n\tpages = {e252853},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luoma, J. B.; Hoffman, K.; Wilson-Poe, A. R.; Levander, X. A.; Bazinet, A.; Cook, R. R.; McCarty, D.; Pertl, K.; Bielavitz, S.; and Gregoire, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of psychoactive drugs,1–11. 2025.\n ISBN: 0279-1072\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{luoma_oregons_2025,\n\ttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}: {A} {Survey} of the {First} {Legal} {Psilocybin} {Facilitators} and {Their} {Training} {Programs}},\n\tjournal = {Journal of psychoactive drugs},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Levander, Ximena A. and Bazinet, Alissa and Cook, Ryan R. and McCarty, Dennis and Pertl, Kellie and Bielavitz, Sarann and Gregoire, Devin},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0279-1072},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On psychedelic liberalism and mad trust: towards varieties of willing in extreme experiences.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorani, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BioSocieties. October 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{noorani_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {On psychedelic liberalism and mad trust: towards varieties of willing in extreme experiences},\n\tissn = {1745-8560},\n\tshorttitle = {On psychedelic liberalism and mad trust},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-025-00368-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1057/s41292-025-00368-z},\n\tabstract = {The vexed ‘psychotomimetic model’ of psychedelics claims to offer insights into both psychedelic experiences and psychosis, by weaving across these sets of experiences. One enduring opposition to the model distinguishes between psychedelic experiences as voluntary or ‘willed’, and psychosis as an affliction to be endured. This opposition is useful for projects seeking to sanitise and commodify psychedelics as part of emerging therapeutic interventions. This article draws on literature from psychedelic therapeutics, alongside mad studies, phenomenological psychiatry, and proceedings from a conference at their intersections, to destabilise the opposition between willed psychedelic experiences and unwilled psychosis. Through the paradoxical formulation of psychedelic therapy as willful surrender, I consider the central role accorded to trust, curiosity, openness, and letting go in modes of engaging with extreme experiences, whether pathologised or otherwise. In turn this reveals assumptions of the presumed liberal subject of psychedelic therapy, and brings psychedelic medicalisation into uncomfortable proximity with the very boundary violations it is seeking to avoid.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {BioSocieties},\n\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Curiosity, Madness, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychosis, Trust, Willed surrender},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n The vexed ‘psychotomimetic model’ of psychedelics claims to offer insights into both psychedelic experiences and psychosis, by weaving across these sets of experiences. One enduring opposition to the model distinguishes between psychedelic experiences as voluntary or ‘willed’, and psychosis as an affliction to be endured. This opposition is useful for projects seeking to sanitise and commodify psychedelics as part of emerging therapeutic interventions. This article draws on literature from psychedelic therapeutics, alongside mad studies, phenomenological psychiatry, and proceedings from a conference at their intersections, to destabilise the opposition between willed psychedelic experiences and unwilled psychosis. Through the paradoxical formulation of psychedelic therapy as willful surrender, I consider the central role accorded to trust, curiosity, openness, and letting go in modes of engaging with extreme experiences, whether pathologised or otherwise. In turn this reveals assumptions of the presumed liberal subject of psychedelic therapy, and brings psychedelic medicalisation into uncomfortable proximity with the very boundary violations it is seeking to avoid.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical challenges in the therapeutic application of classical psychedelics for pediatric health conditions: A comprehensive review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vlotinou, P.; Christodoulou, K.; Tsiakiri, A.; Christidi, F.; and Serdari, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Brazilian Journal of Science, 4(10): 77–94. September 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{vlotinou_ethical_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ethical challenges in the therapeutic application of classical psychedelics for pediatric health conditions: {A} comprehensive review},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2025 Pinelopi Vlotinou, Konstantinos  Christodoulou , Anna Tsiakiri, Foteini Christidi, Aspasia Serdari},\n\tissn = {2764-3417},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethical challenges in the therapeutic application of classical psychedelics for pediatric health conditions},\n\turl = {https://periodicos.cerradopub.com.br/bjs/article/view/785},\n\tdoi = {10.14295/bjs.v4i10.785},\n\tabstract = {Classical psychedelics encompass psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline and are psychoactive substances that primarily function as agonists at the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT). In the immediate term, they modify perception, cognition, emotional state, social processing, and introspection, leading to a subjective mystical encounter. They also yield enduring effects by mediating neural plasticity. A renaissance in the potential benefits of using psychedelics, especially for psychiatric disorders, has led to clinical trials with adults. When considering a possible equivalent application of classical psychedelics for pediatric conditions, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice have to be contemplated, following the framework of Beauchamp and Childress. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the use of classical psychedelics, hence providing a balanced evaluation of the ethical considerations surrounding the administration of psychedelic compounds to pediatric populations. We summarized evidence indicating that classical psychedelics have shown efficacy in treating various disorders in adults, with ongoing research exploring their potential for additional conditions. While this suggests they could offer benefits for children, the current research remains preliminary, with uncertain outcomes and significant limitations. These factors highlight the ethical and practical challenges of applying such treatments to children, a particularly vulnerable population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Brazilian Journal of Science},\n\tauthor = {Vlotinou, Pinelopi and Christodoulou, Konstantinos and Tsiakiri, Anna and Christidi, Foteini and Serdari, Aspasia},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {bioethics},\n\tpages = {77--94},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Classical psychedelics encompass psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline and are psychoactive substances that primarily function as agonists at the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT). In the immediate term, they modify perception, cognition, emotional state, social processing, and introspection, leading to a subjective mystical encounter. They also yield enduring effects by mediating neural plasticity. A renaissance in the potential benefits of using psychedelics, especially for psychiatric disorders, has led to clinical trials with adults. When considering a possible equivalent application of classical psychedelics for pediatric conditions, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice have to be contemplated, following the framework of Beauchamp and Childress. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the use of classical psychedelics, hence providing a balanced evaluation of the ethical considerations surrounding the administration of psychedelic compounds to pediatric populations. We summarized evidence indicating that classical psychedelics have shown efficacy in treating various disorders in adults, with ongoing research exploring their potential for additional conditions. While this suggests they could offer benefits for children, the current research remains preliminary, with uncertain outcomes and significant limitations. These factors highlight the ethical and practical challenges of applying such treatments to children, a particularly vulnerable population.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhanced independence: De-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Ehrenkranz, R.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Research Ethics,17470161251326588. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EnhancedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_enhanced_2025,\n\ttitle = {Enhanced independence: {De}-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond},\n\tissn = {1747-0161, 2047-6094},\n\tshorttitle = {Enhanced independence},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17470161251326588},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/17470161251326588},\n\tabstract = {Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for demonstrating the efficacy of a treatment or intervention; however, the RCT study design alone is insufficient to prevent all forms of bias. In this paper, we review conflicts of interest and other biases that pose challenges to the methodological rigor of psychedelic RCTs, and explore recommended bias mitigation measures. We focus on biases of special relevance to psychedelic RCTs and methods of mitigating bias that we believe are actionable and urgent practices to implement in psychedelic research: (1) independent data assessment, (2) multisite trials, (3) quantitative bias analysis, and (4) open science practices. Although we advocate for the adoption of these practices in psychedelic research, they are not psychedelic specific. We suggest that the challenges posed by psychedelic research offer an opportunity for researchers to creatively find and implement solutions across the study lifecycle to reduce bias in other fields of clinical research.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Research Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Ehrenkranz, Rebecca and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {17470161251326588},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for demonstrating the efficacy of a treatment or intervention; however, the RCT study design alone is insufficient to prevent all forms of bias. In this paper, we review conflicts of interest and other biases that pose challenges to the methodological rigor of psychedelic RCTs, and explore recommended bias mitigation measures. We focus on biases of special relevance to psychedelic RCTs and methods of mitigating bias that we believe are actionable and urgent practices to implement in psychedelic research: (1) independent data assessment, (2) multisite trials, (3) quantitative bias analysis, and (4) open science practices. Although we advocate for the adoption of these practices in psychedelic research, they are not psychedelic specific. We suggest that the challenges posed by psychedelic research offer an opportunity for researchers to creatively find and implement solutions across the study lifecycle to reduce bias in other fields of clinical research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics, Transformative Experience, and Modality An Analysis of Valid and Substantially Informed Consent in Psychedelic-assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zheng, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Psychedelics,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{zheng_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics, {Transformative} {Experience}, and {Modality} {An} {Analysis} of {Valid} and {Substantially} {Informed} {Consent} in {Psychedelic}-assisted {Therapy}},\n\tissn = {1086-3303},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/967327},\n\tabstract = {Paul’s concepts of “Transformative Experiences”\n(TE) has sparked extensive discussion on multiple\nepistemological and ethical issues within philosophy.\nIn particular, Paul’s work has inspired significant work\non the possibility of informed consent with regard to\nmedical interventions that may induce said TEs. One\nsuch intervention, namely Psychedelic-assisted Therapy\n(PAT), has been discussed at length in the psychiatric\nethics literature and has posed a unique challenge to\nwidely accepted notions of autonomy and informed\nconsent. In the following article, I describe in detail\nPaul’s concept of TEs and make clear why PAT deserves to be viewed as a special kind of TE due to its distinctive ineffability. I then distinguish between two different philosophical and legal versions of informed consent, including “valid consent” and “substantially informed consent” and show that whether one can provide “valid consent” for PAT depends on whether TEs are causally necessary for PAT’s therapeutic effects. I argue that regardless of this causal question, “substantially informed consent” with regard to PAT is not possible due to a failure to meet the conditions of materiality necessary for informed consent.},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\& Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Zheng, David},\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Paul’s concepts of “Transformative Experiences” (TE) has sparked extensive discussion on multiple epistemological and ethical issues within philosophy. In particular, Paul’s work has inspired significant work on the possibility of informed consent with regard to medical interventions that may induce said TEs. One such intervention, namely Psychedelic-assisted Therapy (PAT), has been discussed at length in the psychiatric ethics literature and has posed a unique challenge to widely accepted notions of autonomy and informed consent. In the following article, I describe in detail Paul’s concept of TEs and make clear why PAT deserves to be viewed as a special kind of TE due to its distinctive ineffability. I then distinguish between two different philosophical and legal versions of informed consent, including “valid consent” and “substantially informed consent” and show that whether one can provide “valid consent” for PAT depends on whether TEs are causally necessary for PAT’s therapeutic effects. I argue that regardless of this causal question, “substantially informed consent” with regard to PAT is not possible due to a failure to meet the conditions of materiality necessary for informed consent.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Treatment with Psilocybin: Addressing Medical Malpractice Risk and Physicians’ Concerns.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Brodie, M.; Chang, S.; Deschamps, P.; Fallu, J.; Farzin, H.; Hébert, J.; Stephan, J.; Dorval, M.; Joly, Y.; and Group, f. t. P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 53(2): 256–264. June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatment} with {Psilocybin}: {Addressing} {Medical} {Malpractice} {Risk} and {Physicians}’ {Concerns}},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {1073-1105, 1748-720X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatment} with {Psilocybin}},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-medicine-and-ethics/article/psychedelic-treatment-with-psilocybin-addressing-medical-malpractice-risk-and-physicians-concerns/6704BF55918591072802E2304C94DAB1},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/jme.2025.10109},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic treatment with psilocybin is receiving increased attention following clinical trials showing it may help treat end-of-life anxiety, depression, and several other conditions. Despite this, physicians may be reluctant to prescribe psilocybin and carry out psilocybin treatment because of the stigma surrounding psychedelics and the potential for medical malpractice liability. This paper explores whether psilocybin treatment gives rise to a risk of medical malpractice liability for physicians. Following an overview of psilocybin treatment and its regulatory regime in Canada, exploratory vignettes are used to highlight the relevance and limits of malpractice claims. This paper argues that the lack of established medical standards, standardized training, and credentialing contribute to liability risks surrounding psilocybin treatment. More clinical trials, meta-studies of research analyses, and knowledge sharing will help to develop training programs and medical standards of practice to better realize psilocybin’s potential.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Law, Medicine \\& Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Brodie, Maxwell and Chang, Sue-Ling and Deschamps, Pierre and Fallu, Jean-Sébastien and Farzin, Houman and Hébert, Johanne and Stephan, Jean-François and Dorval, Michel and Joly, Yann and Group, for the P3A Study},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {liability, malpractice, negligence, psilocybin, psilocybin-assisted therapy, psychedelic treatment},\n\tpages = {256--264},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic treatment with psilocybin is receiving increased attention following clinical trials showing it may help treat end-of-life anxiety, depression, and several other conditions. Despite this, physicians may be reluctant to prescribe psilocybin and carry out psilocybin treatment because of the stigma surrounding psychedelics and the potential for medical malpractice liability. This paper explores whether psilocybin treatment gives rise to a risk of medical malpractice liability for physicians. Following an overview of psilocybin treatment and its regulatory regime in Canada, exploratory vignettes are used to highlight the relevance and limits of malpractice claims. This paper argues that the lack of established medical standards, standardized training, and credentialing contribute to liability risks surrounding psilocybin treatment. More clinical trials, meta-studies of research analyses, and knowledge sharing will help to develop training programs and medical standards of practice to better realize psilocybin’s potential.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care: a consensus statement from the US National Network of Depression Centers' Task Group on Psychedelics and Related Compounds.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hosein, M. M.; Reid, M. J.; Walser, S.; Charney, S.; Fonzo, G. A.; Lewis, B. R.; Yaden, D. B.; Suppes, T.; Cordner, Z. A.; and Barrett, F. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n eClinicalMedicine, 89: 103517. November 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ConsiderationsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hosein_considerations_2025,\n\ttitle = {Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care: a consensus statement from the {US} {National} {Network} of {Depression} {Centers}' {Task} {Group} on {Psychedelics} and {Related} {Compounds}},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {25895370},\n\tshorttitle = {Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S258953702500450X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {eClinicalMedicine},\n\tauthor = {Hosein, Megan M. and Reid, Matthew J. and Walser, Sarah and Charney, Stuart and Fonzo, Gregory A. and Lewis, Benjamin R. and Yaden, David B. and Suppes, Trisha and Cordner, Zachary A. and Barrett, Frederick S.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {103517},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Protecting Patient Autonomy in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Nursing Ethics Perspective.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tustison, J.; Niemi, C.; and Choi, K. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Issues in Mental Health Nursing,1–4. June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ProtectingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{tustison_protecting_2025,\n\ttitle = {Protecting {Patient} {Autonomy} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}: {A} {Nursing} {Ethics} {Perspective}},\n\tissn = {0161-2840, 1096-4673},\n\tshorttitle = {Protecting {Patient} {Autonomy} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01612840.2025.2514624},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/01612840.2025.2514624},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Issues in Mental Health Nursing},\n\tauthor = {Tustison, Jennifer and Niemi, Charlene and Choi, Kristen R.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--4},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics beyond medicine: Treatment, enhancement, hype, consent, and the limits of medicalization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Caraccio, M.; Cheung, K.; Porsdam Mann, S.; Bruce, L.; Jacobs, E.; Villiger, D.; Sandbrink, J.; Register, C.; Hannikainen, I. R.; Leonard Høeg, M.; Clancy, S.; Rajwani, K.; Gordon, E. C.; Spitale, G.; Levy, N.; Ray, K.; Celidwen, Y.; Singh, I.; Savulescu, J.; Yaden, D. B.; and Earp, B. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Psychology, 38(7): 3340–3383. October 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{caraccio_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics beyond medicine: {Treatment}, enhancement, hype, consent, and the limits of medicalization},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics beyond medicine},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2025.2532761},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2025.2532761},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Caraccio, Mina and Cheung, Katherine and Porsdam Mann, Sebastian and Bruce, Lori and Jacobs, Edward and Villiger, Daniel and Sandbrink, Julian and Register, Christopher and Hannikainen, Ivar R. and Leonard Høeg, Mette and Clancy, Sean and Rajwani, Khaleel and Gordon, Emma C. and Spitale, Giovanni and Levy, Neil and Ray, Keisha and Celidwen, Yuria and Singh, Ilina and Savulescu, Julian and Yaden, David Bryce and Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {3340--3383},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Therapeutics for Adolescents: Ethics, Safety, Opportunities, and Equipoise.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dotson, S.; and Luccarelli, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 64(7): 755–756. July 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{dotson_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapeutics} for {Adolescents}: {Ethics}, {Safety}, {Opportunities}, and {Equipoise}},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {08908567},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapeutics} for {Adolescents}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890856724020604},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2024.12.001},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child \\& Adolescent Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Dotson, Samuel and Luccarelli, James},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {755--756},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Ethics of Set and Setting in Psychedelic Psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Patch, K. R.; and Smith, W. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 18(2): 35. July 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{patch_ethics_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Ethics} of {Set} and {Setting} in {Psychedelic} {Psychotherapy}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-025-09600-w},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-025-09600-w},\n\tabstract = {The constructs set and setting refer to sets of factors that are widely thought to strongly influence outcomes from psychedelic psychotherapy (PAT). Elsewhere, we have argued that these constructs, as typically understood, are vague and that their extension is too vast for them to play critical roles in guiding research or clinical practice. Here we argue that confusion about these terms and their relation to placebo interventions makes three sets of ethical issues particularly challenging for set and setting research and clinical practice. These are (1) the requirement for methodological rigor in human subjects research, (2) questions of research priority-setting, and (3) issues related to consent to placebo use in clinical and research settings. First, we briefly summarize the problems caused by conceptual vagueness of the standard definitions of ‘set’ and ‘setting’ and the overextension of these terms and briefly review a methodological reductionist research agenda that we have proposed to help address these problems. Then we show (1) how this agenda helps address the rigor challenges that vagueness about set and setting introduces and (2) how it helps guide research priority setting. Finally, we take up (3) issues of consent to placebo interventions. Misunderstandings about the nature of placebos in the PAT literature suggest psychedelics are “super placebos” that render patients susceptible to placebo effects stemming from set and setting factors. Some proponents of this view suggest that ethical concerns about placebos depend on misunderstanding their nature. After objecting to these claims, we disentangle the role of placebos in PAT generally from that in set and setting interventions specifically and sketch guidance on the disclosure standards for each.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Patch, Kyle R. and Smith, William R.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Informed consent, Placebos, Psychedelics, Research ethics, Set and setting},\n\tpages = {35},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n The constructs set and setting refer to sets of factors that are widely thought to strongly influence outcomes from psychedelic psychotherapy (PAT). Elsewhere, we have argued that these constructs, as typically understood, are vague and that their extension is too vast for them to play critical roles in guiding research or clinical practice. Here we argue that confusion about these terms and their relation to placebo interventions makes three sets of ethical issues particularly challenging for set and setting research and clinical practice. These are (1) the requirement for methodological rigor in human subjects research, (2) questions of research priority-setting, and (3) issues related to consent to placebo use in clinical and research settings. First, we briefly summarize the problems caused by conceptual vagueness of the standard definitions of ‘set’ and ‘setting’ and the overextension of these terms and briefly review a methodological reductionist research agenda that we have proposed to help address these problems. Then we show (1) how this agenda helps address the rigor challenges that vagueness about set and setting introduces and (2) how it helps guide research priority setting. Finally, we take up (3) issues of consent to placebo interventions. Misunderstandings about the nature of placebos in the PAT literature suggest psychedelics are “super placebos” that render patients susceptible to placebo effects stemming from set and setting factors. Some proponents of this view suggest that ethical concerns about placebos depend on misunderstanding their nature. After objecting to these claims, we disentangle the role of placebos in PAT generally from that in set and setting interventions specifically and sketch guidance on the disclosure standards for each.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.; Jacobs, E.; Bruce, L.; Hokanson, J.; Almonte, M. T; Feroz, F.; Waldman, E.; Cheung, K.; Levy, N.; Savulescu, J.; Singh, I.; Yaden, D. B; and Earp, B. D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 9(10): 744–752. October 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ClinicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rajwani_clinical_2025,\n\ttitle = {Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {23524642},\n\tshorttitle = {Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352464225002081},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00208-1},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Child \\& Adolescent Health},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel and Jacobs, Edward and Bruce, Lori and Hokanson, Jamila and Almonte, Melanie T and Feroz, Faisal and Waldman, Elisha and Cheung, Katherine and Levy, Neil and Savulescu, Julian and Singh, Ilina and Yaden, David B and Earp, Brian D},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {744--752},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Offering Psychedelic Treatments Before Assisted Dying for Psychiatric Conditions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Poppe, C.; Bublitz, J. C.; and Repantis, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 82(8): 753. August 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OfferingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{poppe_offering_2025,\n\ttitle = {Offering {Psychedelic} {Treatments} {Before} {Assisted} {Dying} for {Psychiatric} {Conditions}},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2835660},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.1457},\n\tabstract = {This Viewpoint describes the benefits of providing psychedelic treatment to persons with psychiatric conditions as life-preserving care before physician-assisted death.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Bublitz, Jan Christoph and Repantis, Dimitris},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {753},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n This Viewpoint describes the benefits of providing psychedelic treatment to persons with psychiatric conditions as life-preserving care before physician-assisted death.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mitigating Ethical Issues in Training for Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Poppe, C.; Villiger, D.; Repantis, D.; and Trachsel, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 18(1): 25. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MitigatingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{poppe_mitigating_2025,\n\ttitle = {Mitigating {Ethical} {Issues} in {Training} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-025-09596-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-025-09596-3},\n\tabstract = {In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Villiger, Daniel and Repantis, Dimitris and Trachsel, Manuel},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Psychedelic therapy, Psychotherapy, Training},\n\tpages = {25},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Informed Consent Documents from Psychedelic Clinical Trials: A Descriptive Ethical Analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Propes, C.; Graziosi, M.; Patch, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Empirical Bioethics,1–20. July 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InformedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{cheung_informed_2025,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} {Documents} from {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Trials}: {A} {Descriptive} {Ethical} {Analysis}},\n\tissn = {2329-4515, 2329-4523},\n\tshorttitle = {Informed {Consent} {Documents} from {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Trials}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23294515.2025.2526339},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/23294515.2025.2526339},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Empirical Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Graziosi, Marianna and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Ethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy Compass, 20(9): e70059. September 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{villiger_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1747-9991, 1747-9991},\n\turl = {https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phc3.70059},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/phc3.70059},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT \n            The reemergence of serotonergic psychedelics in clinical research and practice has sparked numerous debates within bioethics. This paper aims to provide an overview of the key issues discussed in the emerging field of psychedelic ethics. It organizes these issues into four (partly overlapping) categories: (1) the implementation and execution of psychedelic research and practice, (2) the ethics of belief as applied to PAT, (3) discrimination and injustice in psychedelic research and practice, and (4) potential consequences arising from the expansion of psychedelic research and a possible future approval of PAT. Overall, the paper shows that in just a few years, psychedelic ethics has become a thriving area within bioethics—one that is essential for grounding the rapid clinical developments in robust ethical reflection.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy Compass},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e70059},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n ABSTRACT The reemergence of serotonergic psychedelics in clinical research and practice has sparked numerous debates within bioethics. This paper aims to provide an overview of the key issues discussed in the emerging field of psychedelic ethics. It organizes these issues into four (partly overlapping) categories: (1) the implementation and execution of psychedelic research and practice, (2) the ethics of belief as applied to PAT, (3) discrimination and injustice in psychedelic research and practice, and (4) potential consequences arising from the expansion of psychedelic research and a possible future approval of PAT. Overall, the paper shows that in just a few years, psychedelic ethics has become a thriving area within bioethics—one that is essential for grounding the rapid clinical developments in robust ethical reflection.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical issues with psychedelic-assisted treatments in psychiatry: A systematic scoping review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Caporuscio, C.; Poppe, C.; Gieselmann, A.; and Repantis, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychological Medicine, 55: e284. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{caporuscio_ethical_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ethical issues with psychedelic-assisted treatments in psychiatry: {A} systematic scoping review},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {0033-2917, 1469-8978},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethical issues with psychedelic-assisted treatments in psychiatry},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/ethical-issues-with-psychedelicassisted-treatments-in-psychiatry-a-systematic-scoping-review/3AC7469EBC7F086BC544440AE77C7230},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0033291725101761},\n\tabstract = {Based on promising preliminary results from clinical trials, it seems likely that psychedelic substances (classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, and entactogens, such as MDMA) will be introduced into psychiatry as psychedelic-assisted therapy. This also raises a range of ethical questions that urgently need to be addressed before widespread roll-out in society. This scoping review fills a gap in the literature by providing an overview of these ethical issues using a systematic search, presentation, and descriptive analysis of ethical issues in psychedelic-assisted treatments. It includes peer-reviewed studies pertaining to human study participants and psychiatric patients (population), which discuss ethical issues (concept) of psychedelic treatments (context) in clinical trials and other clinical applications. The systematic search included several databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, HeinOnline, and PsycArticles. The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, was adapted for each included database. The search was completed in June 2025 and studies published until then in any language were included. After an iterative process of inductive and deductive coding of ethical issues, the scoping review comprises seven themes related to the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments: (1) safety and patient well-being, (2) therapeutic relationships, (3) informed consent, (4) equity and access, (5) research ethics, (6) special contexts, and (7) societal and cultural implications. The results can be used to inform and stimulate further discussion and in-depth research on the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments, possibly leading to more nuanced debate surrounding a safer and more ethical implementation of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the future.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Psychological Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Caporuscio, Chiara and Poppe, Christopher and Gieselmann, Astrid and Repantis, Dimitris},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {ethics, psychedelic-assisted treatments, psychiatry, scoping review},\n\tpages = {e284},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Based on promising preliminary results from clinical trials, it seems likely that psychedelic substances (classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, and entactogens, such as MDMA) will be introduced into psychiatry as psychedelic-assisted therapy. This also raises a range of ethical questions that urgently need to be addressed before widespread roll-out in society. This scoping review fills a gap in the literature by providing an overview of these ethical issues using a systematic search, presentation, and descriptive analysis of ethical issues in psychedelic-assisted treatments. It includes peer-reviewed studies pertaining to human study participants and psychiatric patients (population), which discuss ethical issues (concept) of psychedelic treatments (context) in clinical trials and other clinical applications. The systematic search included several databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, HeinOnline, and PsycArticles. The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, was adapted for each included database. The search was completed in June 2025 and studies published until then in any language were included. After an iterative process of inductive and deductive coding of ethical issues, the scoping review comprises seven themes related to the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments: (1) safety and patient well-being, (2) therapeutic relationships, (3) informed consent, (4) equity and access, (5) research ethics, (6) special contexts, and (7) societal and cultural implications. The results can be used to inform and stimulate further discussion and in-depth research on the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments, possibly leading to more nuanced debate surrounding a safer and more ethical implementation of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the future.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mitigating Ethical Issues in Training for Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Poppe, C.; Villiger, D.; Repantis, D.; and Trachsel, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 18(1): 25. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MitigatingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{poppe_mitigating_2025,\n\ttitle = {Mitigating {Ethical} {Issues} in {Training} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-025-09596-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-025-09596-3},\n\tabstract = {In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-13},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Villiger, Daniel and Repantis, Dimitris and Trachsel, Manuel},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Medical Ethics, Psychedelic therapy, Psychotherapy, Training},\n\tpages = {25},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Expanded access to psychedelic treatments: comparing American and Canadian policies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Richard, J.; Garcia-Romeu, A.; and Henningfield, J. E\n\n\n \n\n\n\n General Psychiatry, 38(1): e101894. February 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ExpandedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{richard_expanded_2025,\n\ttitle = {Expanded access to psychedelic treatments: comparing {American} and {Canadian} policies},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {2517-729X},\n\tshorttitle = {Expanded access to psychedelic treatments},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11840896/},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/gpsych-2024-101894},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {General Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Richard, Jérémie and Garcia-Romeu, Albert and Henningfield, Jack E},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e101894},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Faithful Response to the Comforting Delusion Objection.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kind, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 18(1): 17. March 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kind_faithful_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Faithful} {Response} to the {Comforting} {Delusion} {Objection}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-025-09589-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-025-09589-2},\n\tabstract = {The Comforting Delusion Objection is a central argument in the emerging field of Philosophy of Psychedelics. It posits that while psychedelics may benefit the mental well-being of individuals they also give rise to epistemically unreliable metaphysical beliefs that are incompatible with a naturalist worldview. Assuming naturalism is the correct stance, the result is significant epistemic harm for patients. For this reason, we should hesitate to use psychedelics as a therapeutic aid. In my counterargument, the Faithful Response, I argue that the Comforting Delusion Objection ultimately fails. This failure stems from the plausible assumption that the non-naturalistic metaphysical attitudes resulting from psychedelic experiences are often not beliefs but forms of faith. Faiths, in turn, are non-doxastic and as such, they are not suitable for epistemic evaluation. Therefore, they cannot be justifiably claimed to be epistemically harmful. If no general epistemic harm arises then the Comforting Delusion Objection loses its force.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Kind, Adrian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Comforting delusion objection, Faith, Metaphysical belief, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {17},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The Comforting Delusion Objection is a central argument in the emerging field of Philosophy of Psychedelics. It posits that while psychedelics may benefit the mental well-being of individuals they also give rise to epistemically unreliable metaphysical beliefs that are incompatible with a naturalist worldview. Assuming naturalism is the correct stance, the result is significant epistemic harm for patients. For this reason, we should hesitate to use psychedelics as a therapeutic aid. In my counterargument, the Faithful Response, I argue that the Comforting Delusion Objection ultimately fails. This failure stems from the plausible assumption that the non-naturalistic metaphysical attitudes resulting from psychedelic experiences are often not beliefs but forms of faith. Faiths, in turn, are non-doxastic and as such, they are not suitable for epistemic evaluation. Therefore, they cannot be justifiably claimed to be epistemically harmful. If no general epistemic harm arises then the Comforting Delusion Objection loses its force.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On Minimizing Risk and Harm in the Use of Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Evans, J.; Aixalà, M.; Anderson, B. T.; Brennan, W.; Bremler, R.; Breeksema, J. J.; Burback, L.; Calder, A. E.; Carhart‐Harris, R. L.; Cheung, K.; Devenot, N.; Gorman, I.; Greń, J.; Hendricks, P. S.; Holoyda, B.; Jacobs, E.; Krecké, J.; Kruger, D. J.; Luke, D.; Majić, T.; McGuire, A. L.; Mehtani, N. J.; Mathai, D. S.; Nash, K.; Noorani, T.; Palitsky, R.; Robinson, O. C.; Simonsson, O.; Stahre, E.; Van Elk, M.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 7(1): 4–8. March 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{evans_minimizing_2025,\n\ttitle = {On {Minimizing} {Risk} and {Harm} in the {Use} of {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/},\n\tissn = {2575-5609},\n\turl = {https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.prcp.20240128},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.prcp.20240128},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice},\n\tauthor = {Evans, Jules and Aixalà, Marc and Anderson, Brian T. and Brennan, William and Bremler, Rebecka and Breeksema, Joost J. and Burback, Lisa and Calder, Abigail E. and Carhart‐Harris, Robin L. and Cheung, Katherine and Devenot, Neşe and Gorman, Ingmar and Greń, Jakub and Hendricks, Peter S. and Holoyda, Brian and Jacobs, Edward and Krecké, Joy and Kruger, Daniel J. and Luke, David and Majić, Tomislav and McGuire, Amy L. and Mehtani, Nicky J. and Mathai, David S. and Nash, Kristin and Noorani, Tehseen and Palitsky, Roman and Robinson, Oliver C. and Simonsson, Otto and Stahre, Elin and Van Elk, Michiel and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {4--8},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: From ethics to regulation and equity.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Oliveira-Maia, A. J.; and Seybert, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 91: 67–68. February 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025,\n\ttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: {From} ethics to regulation and equity},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {1873-7862},\n\tshorttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Oliveira-Maia, Albino J. and Seybert, Carolina},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {67--68},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhanced independence: De-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Ehrenkranz, R.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Research Ethics,17470161251326588. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EnhancedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{cheung_enhanced_2025,\n\ttitle = {Enhanced independence: {De}-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond},\n\tissn = {1747-0161, 2047-6094},\n\tshorttitle = {Enhanced independence},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17470161251326588},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/17470161251326588},\n\tabstract = {Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for demonstrating the efficacy of a treatment or intervention; however, the RCT study design alone is insufficient to prevent all forms of bias. In this paper, we review conflicts of interest and other biases that pose challenges to the methodological rigor of psychedelic RCTs, and explore recommended bias mitigation measures. We focus on biases of special relevance to psychedelic RCTs and methods of mitigating bias that we believe are actionable and urgent practices to implement in psychedelic research: (1) independent data assessment, (2) multisite trials, (3) quantitative bias analysis, and (4) open science practices. Although we advocate for the adoption of these practices in psychedelic research, they are not psychedelic specific. We suggest that the challenges posed by psychedelic research offer an opportunity for researchers to creatively find and implement solutions across the study lifecycle to reduce bias in other fields of clinical research.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Research Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Ehrenkranz, Rebecca and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {17470161251326588},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for demonstrating the efficacy of a treatment or intervention; however, the RCT study design alone is insufficient to prevent all forms of bias. In this paper, we review conflicts of interest and other biases that pose challenges to the methodological rigor of psychedelic RCTs, and explore recommended bias mitigation measures. We focus on biases of special relevance to psychedelic RCTs and methods of mitigating bias that we believe are actionable and urgent practices to implement in psychedelic research: (1) independent data assessment, (2) multisite trials, (3) quantitative bias analysis, and (4) open science practices. Although we advocate for the adoption of these practices in psychedelic research, they are not psychedelic specific. We suggest that the challenges posed by psychedelic research offer an opportunity for researchers to creatively find and implement solutions across the study lifecycle to reduce bias in other fields of clinical research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics for Moral Bioenhancement in Healthy Individuals—A Violation of the Non-Maleficence Principle?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tang, B. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychoactives, 4(1): 5. February 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{tang_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics for {Moral} {Bioenhancement} in {Healthy} {Individuals}—{A} {Violation} of the {Non}-{Maleficence} {Principle}?},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tcopyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n\tissn = {2813-1851},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2813-1851/4/1/5},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/psychoactives4010005},\n\tabstract = {Several authors have advanced the idea that psychedelics such as psilocybin might be effective means for achieving moral bioenhancement (MBE). Here, I discuss some reservations on this assertion from both neuropharmacological and bioethical perspectives, and surmised that there is little, if any, good justification for such a claim. The indication of psychedelics for MBE is undermined by their hallucinogenic properties and the risk of adverse psychosis. There is also a lack of sound bioethical basis for using psychedelics to enhance morality. Based on our current understanding, the use of psychedelics specifically for MBE in healthy individuals would violate the ethical principle of non-maleficence. Unless there is unequivocal demonstration that psychedelics could enhance morality, or that new non-hallucinogenic derivatives become available, an indication for psychedelics in MBE would be untenable.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Psychoactives},\n\tauthor = {Tang, Bor Luen},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {5},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Several authors have advanced the idea that psychedelics such as psilocybin might be effective means for achieving moral bioenhancement (MBE). Here, I discuss some reservations on this assertion from both neuropharmacological and bioethical perspectives, and surmised that there is little, if any, good justification for such a claim. The indication of psychedelics for MBE is undermined by their hallucinogenic properties and the risk of adverse psychosis. There is also a lack of sound bioethical basis for using psychedelics to enhance morality. Based on our current understanding, the use of psychedelics specifically for MBE in healthy individuals would violate the ethical principle of non-maleficence. Unless there is unequivocal demonstration that psychedelics could enhance morality, or that new non-hallucinogenic derivatives become available, an indication for psychedelics in MBE would be untenable.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modifying Informed Consent to Help Address Functional Unmasking in Psychedelic Clinical Trials.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matvey, M.; Kelley, D. P.; Bradley, E. R.; Chiong, W.; O’Donovan, A.; and Woolley, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 82(3): 311. March 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ModifyingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{matvey_modifying_2025,\n\ttitle = {Modifying {Informed} {Consent} to {Help} {Address} {Functional} {Unmasking} in {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Trials}},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2829091},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4312},\n\tabstract = {Importance \n              There is unprecedented clinician, industry, and patient interest in the therapeutic development of psychedelic drugs. This is due to a combination of promising clinical trial results, positive media coverage, and the lack of novel pharmacologic treatments for psychiatric disorders in recent decades. However, the field faces a key methodological challenge: masking participants to treatment conditions in psychedelic clinical trials has been largely unsuccessful. \n             \n             \n              Objective \n              When participants can tell whether they received active drug or placebo, their responses to clinical assessments, questionnaires, and even their functional imaging and biological data can be influenced by preconceptions about treatment effects. Positive patient expectancies combined with ineffective masking may skew outcomes and inflate effect sizes. This complicates efforts to determine the safety and efficacy of psychedelic drugs. Here, we explore a method to help address this problem: modifying informed consent to obscure information about the study design. \n             \n             \n              Evidence Review \n              We reviewed all contemporary (2000-2024) clinical trials of psychedelic or methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) therapy and corresponded with the investigators to compile information on the use of modifications to informed consent in these studies. \n             \n             \n              Findings \n              Modifying informed consent to obscure details of the study design has been implemented in several psychedelic clinical trials and may offer a way to strengthen masking. However, this approach poses significant ethical risks. We examine examples of modifications used in the psychedelic literature, discuss the current regulatory landscape, and suggest strategies to mitigate risks associated with modified informed consent. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions and Relevance \n              Incorporating modified informed consent in future psychedelic clinical trials may improve interpretability and impact, but this has not been explicitly tested. Modifications to informed consent may not be appropriate in all cases, and risks to participants should be minimized by implementing appropriate guardrails.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Matvey, Michelle and Kelley, D. Parker and Bradley, Ellen R. and Chiong, Winston and O’Donovan, Aoife and Woolley, Josh},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {311},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Importance There is unprecedented clinician, industry, and patient interest in the therapeutic development of psychedelic drugs. This is due to a combination of promising clinical trial results, positive media coverage, and the lack of novel pharmacologic treatments for psychiatric disorders in recent decades. However, the field faces a key methodological challenge: masking participants to treatment conditions in psychedelic clinical trials has been largely unsuccessful. Objective When participants can tell whether they received active drug or placebo, their responses to clinical assessments, questionnaires, and even their functional imaging and biological data can be influenced by preconceptions about treatment effects. Positive patient expectancies combined with ineffective masking may skew outcomes and inflate effect sizes. This complicates efforts to determine the safety and efficacy of psychedelic drugs. Here, we explore a method to help address this problem: modifying informed consent to obscure information about the study design. Evidence Review We reviewed all contemporary (2000-2024) clinical trials of psychedelic or methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) therapy and corresponded with the investigators to compile information on the use of modifications to informed consent in these studies. Findings Modifying informed consent to obscure details of the study design has been implemented in several psychedelic clinical trials and may offer a way to strengthen masking. However, this approach poses significant ethical risks. We examine examples of modifications used in the psychedelic literature, discuss the current regulatory landscape, and suggest strategies to mitigate risks associated with modified informed consent. Conclusions and Relevance Incorporating modified informed consent in future psychedelic clinical trials may improve interpretability and impact, but this has not been explicitly tested. Modifications to informed consent may not be appropriate in all cases, and risks to participants should be minimized by implementing appropriate guardrails.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Is there room for ethics of authenticity in psilocybin research?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jerotic, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience Applied, 4: 105519. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jerotic_is_2025,\n\ttitle = {Is there room for ethics of authenticity in psilocybin research?},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2772-4085},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772408525001115},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105519},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Neuroscience Applied},\n\tauthor = {Jerotic, Stefan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {105519},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics as moral bioenhancers: Protocol for a scoping review of ethical arguments for and against.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Streicher, S.; Register, C.; Lim, X.; Barış, M.; Porsdam Mann, S.; Cheung, K.; Gordon, E. C; Yaden, D.; Savulescu, J.; and Earp, B. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Wellcome Open Research, 10: 3. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{streicher_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as moral bioenhancers: {Protocol} for a scoping review of ethical arguments for and against},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {2398-502X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as moral bioenhancers},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933787/},\n\tdoi = {10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23414.1},\n\tabstract = {Moral bioenhancement typically refers to the deliberate use of drugs or biotechnologies, potentially alongside other practices, to attempt to improve oneself morally. In addition to general concerns regarding moral enhancement, the possibility of using psychedelic substances for such purposes raises distinct ethical questions. As a first step in analysing these questions, we intend to perform a scoping review of the existing arguments for and against the use of psychedelics as moral bioenhancers. We will focus primarily on voluntary use by individuals, although voluntary use by couples or small groups will be considered. The present contribution is a protocol for this scoping review., We will include both published and unpublished sources if they explicitly present ethical arguments for or against the voluntary use of psychedelics as intentional moral bioenhancers in adults. We will search for relevant studies in Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, The National Library of Medicine, the Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Philosopher’s Index, the Bioethics Literature Database, EthxWeb, PhilPapers, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Philosopher’s Index, EBSCO, BASE, and WorldCat. Sources will be excluded if (a) the full text is inaccessible, (b) the main text is in a language other than English, or (c) the focus is not primarily on ethical arguments (for example, focusing primarily on the clinical use of psychedelics for treatment). Two raters will independently assess all articles for eligibility, with disagreements to be resolved with a third reviewer. Data from eligible articles will be charted using a standardised data extraction form.},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Wellcome Open Research},\n\tauthor = {Streicher, Samuel and Register, Christopher and Lim, Xiu and Barış, Maide and Porsdam Mann, Sebastian and Cheung, Katherine and Gordon, Emma C and Yaden, David and Savulescu, Julian and Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {3},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Moral bioenhancement typically refers to the deliberate use of drugs or biotechnologies, potentially alongside other practices, to attempt to improve oneself morally. In addition to general concerns regarding moral enhancement, the possibility of using psychedelic substances for such purposes raises distinct ethical questions. As a first step in analysing these questions, we intend to perform a scoping review of the existing arguments for and against the use of psychedelics as moral bioenhancers. We will focus primarily on voluntary use by individuals, although voluntary use by couples or small groups will be considered. The present contribution is a protocol for this scoping review., We will include both published and unpublished sources if they explicitly present ethical arguments for or against the voluntary use of psychedelics as intentional moral bioenhancers in adults. We will search for relevant studies in Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, The National Library of Medicine, the Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Philosopher’s Index, the Bioethics Literature Database, EthxWeb, PhilPapers, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Philosopher’s Index, EBSCO, BASE, and WorldCat. Sources will be excluded if (a) the full text is inaccessible, (b) the main text is in a language other than English, or (c) the focus is not primarily on ethical arguments (for example, focusing primarily on the clinical use of psychedelics for treatment). Two raters will independently assess all articles for eligibility, with disagreements to be resolved with a third reviewer. Data from eligible articles will be charted using a standardised data extraction form.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sutherland, I.; Ho, M.; and Croarkin, P. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,cap.2024.0082. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sutherland_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}: {Considering} {Safety}, {Ethics}, and {Scientific} {Rigor}},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\n\tissn = {1044-5463, 1557-8992},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen and Croarkin, Paul E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {cap.2024.0082},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bruce, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 59–61. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Bruce, Lori},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {59--61},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Findley, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 101–103. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Findley, Trevor},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {101--103},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luoma, J. B.; Hoffman, K.; Wilson-Poe, A. R.; Levander, X. A.; Bazinet, A.; Cook, R. R.; McCarty, D.; Pertl, K.; Bielavitz, S.; Gregoire, D.; Wolf, R. C.; Des Jarlais, D. C.; Harrison, H. V.; Stauffer, C. S.; and Korthuis, P. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,1–11. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Oregon’sPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{luoma_oregons_2025,\n\ttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}: {A} {Survey} of the {First} {Legal} {Psilocybin} {Facilitators} and {Their} {Training} {Programs}},\n\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Levander, Ximena A. and Bazinet, Alissa and Cook, Ryan R. and McCarty, Dennis and Pertl, Kellie and Bielavitz, Sarann and Gregoire, Devin and Wolf, R. Cameron and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Harrison, Harland V. and Stauffer, Christopher S. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Distinctive But Not Exceptional: The Risks of Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.; Patch, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 16–28. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DistinctivePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_distinctive_2025,\n\ttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}: {The} {Risks} of {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, exceptionalism, informed consent, psychedelics, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {16--28},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Equipoise and Personal Experience: Maintaining Objectivity in Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeBonis, K.; Dunn, W.; and Strouse, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 74–76. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EquipoisePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{debonis_equipoise_2025,\n\ttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}: {Maintaining} {Objectivity} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {DeBonis, Katrina and Dunn, Walter and Strouse, Thomas},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {74--76},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Wolves Among Sheep: Sexual Violations in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harrison, T. R.; Faber, S. C.; Zare, M.; Fontaine, M.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 40–55. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"WolvesPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{harrison_wolves_2025,\n\ttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}: {Sexual} {Violations} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R. and Faber, Sonya C. and Zare, Manzar and Fontaine, Matthieu and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Professional-patient relationship, informed consent, mental illness, professional ethics, research ethics},\n\tpages = {40--55},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Supportive Touch in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Beit, C.; Averill, L. A.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 29–39. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SupportivePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025,\n\ttitle = {Supportive {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Psychiatry/Psychology, professional ethics, research ethics},\n\tpages = {29--39},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Pain Gap: Epistemic Justice in Psychedelic Ethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kempner, J.; and Schindler, E. A. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 3–5. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kempner_pain_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}: {Epistemic} {Justice} in {Psychedelic} {Ethics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Kempner, Joanna and Schindler, Emmanuelle A. D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {3--5},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Relationality and Ethics in MDMA-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beachy, J.; Hall, W.; Thomas, C.; Gorman, I.; and C. O’Donnell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 67–71. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RelationalityPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{beachy_relationality_2025,\n\ttitle = {Relationality and {Ethics} in {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Beachy, Jamie and Hall, Willa and Thomas, Chantelle and Gorman, Ingmar and C. O’Donnell, Kelley},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {67--71},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: What Can be Learned from a Historical Analysis of General Anesthesia and Surgery?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Stauffer, C. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 56–58. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{stauffer_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}: {What} {Can} be {Learned} from a {Historical} {Analysis} of {General} {Anesthesia} and {Surgery}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Stauffer, Christopher Scott},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {56--58},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bruce, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 59–61. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Bruce, Lori},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {59--61},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Medicine Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohen, I. G.; and Marks, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 6–15. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cohen_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Medicine} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Cohen, I. Glenn and Marks, Mason},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {FDA, MDMA, Psychedelics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {6--15},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Exceptionalism, Indigeneity, and the War on Drugs: Antiracism and Decolonizing Psychedelic Plant Medicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gaughan, S. J.; and James, J. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 71–73. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{gaughan_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}: {Antiracism} and {Decolonizing} {Psychedelic} {Plant} {Medicine}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Gaughan, Skylar J. and James, Jennifer E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {71--73},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Ethics Beside Institutions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Blevins, K. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 65–67. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{blevins_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} {Beside} {Institutions}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Blevins, Kai River},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {65--67},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Measuring and Understanding the Meaning of Exceptionalism to Bolster Ethics Oversight of Psychedelics Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Scheinerman, N.; and Erickson, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 87–89. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MeasuringPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{scheinerman_measuring_2025,\n\ttitle = {Measuring and {Understanding} the {Meaning} of {Exceptionalism} to {Bolster} {Ethics} {Oversight} of {Psychedelics} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Scheinerman, Naomi and Erickson, Claire},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {87--89},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Is There a Right to Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kopeikin, Z. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 80–83. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kopeikin_is_2025,\n\ttitle = {Is {There} a {Right} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Kopeikin, Zak A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {80--83},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Managing the Hope and Hype of Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ray, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 1–2. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ManagingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ray_managing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Managing the {Hope} and {Hype} of {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Ray, Keisha},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--2},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Focused Bodywork as Facilitated Communication: Cautionary Perspectives on Touch in Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Devenot, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 61–64. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FocusedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{devenot_focused_2025,\n\ttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}: {Cautionary} {Perspectives} on {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {61--64},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics Without Borders: Modernizing Care Beyond Traditional Clinical Approaches.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gehani, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 77–80. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{gehani_ethics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}: {Modernizing} {Care} {Beyond} {Traditional} {Clinical} {Approaches}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Gehani, Neil},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {77--80},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Continuity in Claims of Exception in Biomedical Technologies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Moses, J. D.; Rich, M.; Terris, C.; and Tumilty, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 89–92. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ContinuityPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{moses_continuity_2025,\n\ttitle = {Continuity in {Claims} of {Exception} in {Biomedical} {Technologies}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Moses, Jacob D. and Rich, Miriam and Terris, Callie and Tumilty, Emma},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {89--92},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Critiquing Medical Exceptionalism: Toward a Transcultural Psychedelic Bioethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 84–87. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CritiquingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{rajwani_critiquing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}: {Toward} a {Transcultural} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {84--87},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Letter to the Editor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Baker, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): W1–W2. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"LetterPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{baker_letter_2025,\n\ttitle = {Letter to the {Editor}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Baker, Robert},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\n\tpages = {W1--W2},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Narrative Hermeneutics and Bioethics: Understanding the Psychedelic Value Changes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kähönen, J.; Janhonen, J.; and Räsänen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 125–128. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"NarrativePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kahonen_narrative_2025,\n\ttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}: {Understanding} the {Psychedelic} {Value} {Changes}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Kähönen, Juuso and Janhonen, Joel and Räsänen, Joona},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\n\tpages = {125--128},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Safe Touch to Sexual Abuse: Walking the Tightrope of Patient Safety in Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yang, Y. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 123–125. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{yang_safe_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}: {Walking} the {Tightrope} of {Patient} {Safety} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Y. Tony},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tpages = {123--125},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Theory to Practice: The Importance of Operationalizing and Measuring Ethical Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luoma, J. B.; and LeJeune, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 120–123. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{luoma_theory_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}: {The} {Importance} of {Operationalizing} and {Measuring} {Ethical} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and LeJeune, Jenna},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tpages = {120--123},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Holding Without Touch: Supportive Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Insua-Summerhays, B.; and Jacobs, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 117–120. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HoldingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{insua-summerhays_holding_2025,\n\ttitle = {Holding {Without} {Touch}: {Supportive} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Holding {Without} {Touch}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Insua-Summerhays, Bryony and Jacobs, Edward},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},\n\tpages = {117--120},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ketamine and the Consequences of Positive Psychedelic Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Verne, Z. J.; Gukasyan, N.; and Zabinski, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 115–117. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"KetaminePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{verne_ketamine_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ketamine and the {Consequences} of {Positive} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Verne, Zachary J. and Gukasyan, Natalie and Zabinski, Jeffrey},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},\n\tpages = {115--117},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identity-Based Decisional Capacity and Psychedelic Treatments: Furthering the Case Against Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pan, S.; and Wendler, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 112–114. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Identity-BasedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pan_identity-based_2025,\n\ttitle = {Identity-{Based} {Decisional} {Capacity} and {Psychedelic} {Treatments}: {Furthering} the {Case} {Against} {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Identity-{Based} {Decisional} {Capacity} and {Psychedelic} {Treatments}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Pan, Shen and Wendler, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},\n\tpages = {112--114},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exceptional Stigma: Parallels Between Marginalized Groups and Psychedelic Medicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lee, S.; Kim, M.; Jackson, G. R.; Carpenter, H.; and Campo-Engelstein, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 110–112. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ExceptionalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{lee_exceptional_2025,\n\ttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}: {Parallels} {Between} {Marginalized} {Groups} and {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Susan and Kim, Mikaela and Jackson, Grayson R. and Carpenter, Hannah and Campo-Engelstein, Lisa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\n\tpages = {110--112},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Excusing Psychedelics and Accommodating Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 107–109. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ExcusingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_excusing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Excusing {Psychedelics} and {Accommodating} {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},\n\tpages = {107--109},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Indigenous Wisdom and Underground Knowledge Are Exceptional.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Quasti, C.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 105–106. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IndigenousPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{quasti_indigenous_2025,\n\ttitle = {Indigenous {Wisdom} and {Underground} {Knowledge} {Are} {Exceptional}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tpages = {105--106},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Irreversibility of Transformative Experience as a Criterion for Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shevchenko, S.; and Lavrentyeva, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 103–104. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IrreversibilityPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{shevchenko_irreversibility_2025,\n\ttitle = {Irreversibility of {Transformative} {Experience} as a {Criterion} for {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Shevchenko, Sergei and Lavrentyeva, Sofya},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\n\tpages = {103--104},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Findley, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 101–103. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Findley, Trevor},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tpages = {101--103},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Embracing Epistemic Humility: Rethinking Psychedelic Exceptionalism Through Diverse Perspectives.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n De Matas, J.; McGuire, A. L.; and Yasin, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 98–100. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EmbracingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{de_matas_embracing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}: {Rethinking} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism} {Through} {Diverse} {Perspectives}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {De Matas, Jarrel and McGuire, Amy L. and Yasin, Hasan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tpages = {98--100},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Ethics in Palliative Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davis, K.; Palitsky, R.; Dunlop, B. W.; H. Grant, G.; and Zarrabi, A. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 95–98. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{davis_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Davis, Keenan and Palitsky, Roman and Dunlop, Boadie W. and H. Grant, George and Zarrabi, Ali J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tpages = {95--98},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Same Same but Different: On Psychedelic Exceptionalism.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 25(1): 92–95. January 2025.\n _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SamePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_same_2025,\n\ttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}: {On} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tpages = {92--95},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Protecting and promoting editorial independence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bhui, K.; O'Brien, A.; Upthegrove, R.; Tsai, A. C.; Soomro, M.; Newton-Howes, G.; Broome, M. R.; Forrester, A.; Casey, P.; Doherty, A. M.; Lee, W.; and Kaufman, K. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The British Journal of Psychiatry, 226(1): 4–6. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ProtectingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bhui_protecting_2025,\n\ttitle = {Protecting and promoting editorial independence},\n\tvolume = {226},\n\tissn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1192/bjp.2024.6},\n\tabstract = {Summary \n            We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-31},\n\tjournal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Bhui, Kamaldeep and O'Brien, Aileen and Upthegrove, Rachel and Tsai, Alexander C. and Soomro, Mustafa and Newton-Howes, Giles and Broome, Matthew R. and Forrester, Andrew and Casey, Patricia and Doherty, Anne M. and Lee, William and Kaufman, Kenneth R.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {4--6},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Summary We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sutherland, I.; Ho, M.; and Croarkin, P. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,cap.2024.0082. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sutherland_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}: {Considering} {Safety}, {Ethics}, and {Scientific} {Rigor}},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\n\tissn = {1044-5463, 1557-8992},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen and Croarkin, Paul E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {cap.2024.0082},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Isolation to Social (and Psychedelic) Integration: A Sociology of Collective Effervescence and Therapeutic Community in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rose, J. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sociology of Health & Illness, 47(1): e13872. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rose_isolation_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}: {A} {Sociology} of {Collective} {Effervescence} and {Therapeutic} {Community} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0141-9889, 1467-9566},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1467-9566.13872},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\n            \n              There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20\n              th\n              ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today's resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim's theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Sociology of Health \\& Illness},\n\tauthor = {Rose, Jarrett Robert},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e13872},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n ABSTRACT There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20 th ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today's resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim's theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Birth of the Psychedelic Industry: Capitalising on the Psychedelic Renaissance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yoo, M.; and Sakopoulos, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Future Humanities, 3(1): e70004. May 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yoo_birth_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}: {Capitalising} on the {Psychedelic} {Renaissance}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2770-2030, 2770-2030},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fhu2.70004},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\n            The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Future Humanities},\n\tauthor = {Yoo, Minsu and Sakopoulos, Sofia},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e70004},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n ABSTRACT The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: From ethics to regulation and equity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Oliveira-Maia, A. J.; and Seybert, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Neuropsychopharmacology, 91: 67–68. February 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DilemmasPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025,\n\ttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: {From} ethics to regulation and equity},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {0924977X},\n\tshorttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Oliveira-Maia, Albino J. and Seybert, Carolina},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {67--68},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics in Psychedelic Science: Promises and Responsibilities.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 45(1): 1–3. January 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sisti_ethics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Promises} and {Responsibilities}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1533-712X, 0271-0749},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--3},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 2024\n \n \n (79)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Revisiting The Potential Of \"Money Blinds\": Lessons From Lykos's MDMA Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Eisenkraft Klein, D.; and Kesselheim, A. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Affairs Forefront. August 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RevisitingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{eisenkraft_klein_revisiting_2024,\n\ttitle = {Revisiting {The} {Potential} {Of} "{Money} {Blinds}": {Lessons} {From} {Lykos}'s {MDMA} {Research}},\n\tshorttitle = {Revisiting {The} {Potential} {Of} "{Money} {Blinds}"},\n\turl = {http://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20240802.354456/full/},\n\tdoi = {10.1377/forefront.20240802.354456},\n\tabstract = {It is time to revisit the potential of money blinds. This method involves using an intermediary agency to handle the funding and selection of investigators, ensuring that the pharmaceutical companies cannot directly influence the outcomes of the studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Health Affairs Forefront},\n\tauthor = {Eisenkraft Klein, Daniel and Kesselheim, Aaron S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n It is time to revisit the potential of money blinds. This method involves using an intermediary agency to handle the funding and selection of investigators, ensuring that the pharmaceutical companies cannot directly influence the outcomes of the studies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Brief Historical Overview of Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Geyer, M. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 9(5): 464–471. May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{geyer_brief_2024,\n\tseries = {Therapeutic {Tripping}: {Mechanisms} {Underlying} the {Clinical} {Potential} of {Psychedelics}},\n\ttitle = {A {Brief} {Historical} {Overview} of {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {2451-9022},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451902223003142},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003},\n\tabstract = {Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, sensory perception, the experience of time and space, and even the experience of self. Research examining psychedelic compounds has had a complex and turbulent evolution. Many cultures throughout the world have used psychedelic plants not only for mystical, ritualistic, or divinatory purposes but also for curing illnesses. Much of the genesis and progress of modern investigations into the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of psychedelics have been intertwined with studies of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Early hypotheses that serotonergic systems mediate psychedelic effects were supported initially by preclinical animal studies and subsequently confirmed by pharmacological studies in healthy humans. The use of psychedelic compounds as putative psychotomimetics that reproduce some features of naturally occurring psychotic disorders met with some limited success. More recent studies are exploring psychedelics as potential psychotherapeutic agents. Recent indications that even 1 or 2 psychedelic treatments produce robust and sustained reductions in clinical symptoms in a variety of psychiatric disorders have prompted an enormous resurgence of interest in the nature and mechanisms contributing to their effects.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging},\n\tauthor = {Geyer, Mark A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychotherapeutics, Psychotomimetics},\n\tpages = {464--471},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, sensory perception, the experience of time and space, and even the experience of self. Research examining psychedelic compounds has had a complex and turbulent evolution. Many cultures throughout the world have used psychedelic plants not only for mystical, ritualistic, or divinatory purposes but also for curing illnesses. Much of the genesis and progress of modern investigations into the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of psychedelics have been intertwined with studies of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Early hypotheses that serotonergic systems mediate psychedelic effects were supported initially by preclinical animal studies and subsequently confirmed by pharmacological studies in healthy humans. The use of psychedelic compounds as putative psychotomimetics that reproduce some features of naturally occurring psychotic disorders met with some limited success. More recent studies are exploring psychedelics as potential psychotherapeutic agents. Recent indications that even 1 or 2 psychedelic treatments produce robust and sustained reductions in clinical symptoms in a variety of psychiatric disorders have prompted an enormous resurgence of interest in the nature and mechanisms contributing to their effects.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Attitudes of European psychiatrists on psychedelics: a cross-sectional survey study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žuljević, M. F.; Hren, D.; Storman, D.; Kaliterna, M.; and Duplančić, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 14(1): 18716. August 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AttitudesPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{zuljevic_attitudes_2024,\n\ttitle = {Attitudes of {European} psychiatrists on psychedelics: a cross-sectional survey study},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tcopyright = {2024 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\tshorttitle = {Attitudes of {European} psychiatrists on psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69688-7},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-024-69688-7},\n\tabstract = {Research and public interest in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) are growing. This study investigated attitudes toward psychedelics among a diverse and multinational sample of psychiatrists currently working in Europe. We conducted an anonymous, web-based survey consisting of demographic information, a test of basic knowledge on psychedelics, and the previously validated 20-item Attitudes on Psychedelics Questionnaire (APQ), which was validated for the first time in English within this sample. We included N = 419 participants from 33 countries in the study. One-third of participants (34\\%) reported past use of psychedelics. The APQ sub-scale with the highest score was Openness to Psychedelics, while Risk Assessment of Psychedelics was rated lowest. Regression modelling, explaining 31.3\\% of variance in APQ scores, showed that younger male psychiatrists who identified as spiritual, were better at recognizing and classifying substances as psychedelics and had previously used psychedelics had more positive attitudes on psychedelics. No professional variables besides self-reported previous experience with PAP or psychedelic research predicted APQ scores. European psychiatrists, therefore, show a general openness to psychedelics and PAP, but are concerned by the potential risks associated with them. Our findings overall suggest that psychedelics are a subject where it is difficult to remain impartial. Protocol registration: The study was pre-registered at the Open Science Framework (available online at https://osf.io/upkv3).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Žuljević, Marija Franka and Hren, Darko and Storman, Dawid and Kaliterna, Mariano and Duplančić, Darko},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Health policy, Human behaviour, Medical ethics},\n\tpages = {18716},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Research and public interest in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) are growing. This study investigated attitudes toward psychedelics among a diverse and multinational sample of psychiatrists currently working in Europe. We conducted an anonymous, web-based survey consisting of demographic information, a test of basic knowledge on psychedelics, and the previously validated 20-item Attitudes on Psychedelics Questionnaire (APQ), which was validated for the first time in English within this sample. We included N = 419 participants from 33 countries in the study. One-third of participants (34%) reported past use of psychedelics. The APQ sub-scale with the highest score was Openness to Psychedelics, while Risk Assessment of Psychedelics was rated lowest. Regression modelling, explaining 31.3% of variance in APQ scores, showed that younger male psychiatrists who identified as spiritual, were better at recognizing and classifying substances as psychedelics and had previously used psychedelics had more positive attitudes on psychedelics. No professional variables besides self-reported previous experience with PAP or psychedelic research predicted APQ scores. European psychiatrists, therefore, show a general openness to psychedelics and PAP, but are concerned by the potential risks associated with them. Our findings overall suggest that psychedelics are a subject where it is difficult to remain impartial. Protocol registration: The study was pre-registered at the Open Science Framework (available online at https://osf.io/upkv3).\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics and Racial Justice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, M. T.; Cabral, V.; and Faber, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 22(2): 880–896. April 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{williams_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics and {Racial} {Justice}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1874, 1557-1882},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11469-023-01160-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11469-023-01160-5},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Monnica T. and Cabral, Victor and Faber, Sonya},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {880--896},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Perceptions and attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy among health professionals, patients, and the public: A systematic review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wells, A.; Fernandes, M.; and Reynolds, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 8(1): 43–62. February 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PerceptionsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{wells_perceptions_2024,\n\tchapter = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\ttitle = {Perceptions and attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy among health professionals, patients, and the public: {A} systematic review},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tshorttitle = {Perceptions and attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy among health professionals, patients, and the public},\n\turl = {https://www.akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/8/1/article-p43.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00294},\n\tabstract = {Background and aims Scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been experiencing significant growth. Understanding the perceptions of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) among health professional, patients, and the public is essential to guide future research objectives, trial protocols, and identify any barriers to future implementation. Methods A comprehensive search of the databases (Medline, EMBASE, PSYCHinfo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) was conducted on the 29th of November, 2022. This review included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals exploring perceptions of PAP among the three stakeholder groups. Studies were limited to English-language and the years 2012–2022. The protocol and review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results The sample consisted of 29 studies, including n = 17 health professional, n = 6 patients, and n = 6 public. Broadly, knowledge of PAP was low among all three stakeholder groups. There was mixed to positive belief in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, with male gender, younger age, and personal psychedelic experience/knowledge being key predictors of more favourable views. The majority of findings reported strong endorsement of further research. Consistent themes were identified surrounding concerns about legal status, funding, access, side-effects, and implementation. Conclusion The evaluated research indicates a need for further research that will provide clarity about safety and elucidate how PAP may be implemented in public health settings. Further education of health professionals and the public should be a priority.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tpublisher = {Akadémiai Kiadó},\n\tauthor = {Wells, Alesha and Fernandes, Merciana and Reynolds, Lisa},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {health professionals, knowledge, patients, perceptions, psychedelic assisted psychotherapy, public},\n\tpages = {43--62},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background and aims Scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been experiencing significant growth. Understanding the perceptions of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) among health professional, patients, and the public is essential to guide future research objectives, trial protocols, and identify any barriers to future implementation. Methods A comprehensive search of the databases (Medline, EMBASE, PSYCHinfo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) was conducted on the 29th of November, 2022. This review included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals exploring perceptions of PAP among the three stakeholder groups. Studies were limited to English-language and the years 2012–2022. The protocol and review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results The sample consisted of 29 studies, including n = 17 health professional, n = 6 patients, and n = 6 public. Broadly, knowledge of PAP was low among all three stakeholder groups. There was mixed to positive belief in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, with male gender, younger age, and personal psychedelic experience/knowledge being key predictors of more favourable views. The majority of findings reported strong endorsement of further research. Consistent themes were identified surrounding concerns about legal status, funding, access, side-effects, and implementation. Conclusion The evaluated research indicates a need for further research that will provide clarity about safety and elucidate how PAP may be implemented in public health settings. Further education of health professionals and the public should be a priority.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about psilocybin and MDMA as novel therapies among U.S. healthcare professionals.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wang, E.; Mathai, D. S.; Gukasyan, N.; Nayak, S.; and Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 14(1): 28022. November 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Knowledge,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{wang_knowledge_2024,\n\ttitle = {Knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about psilocybin and {MDMA} as novel therapies among {U}.{S}. healthcare professionals},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tcopyright = {2024 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-78736-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-024-78736-1},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and MDMA may become approved medicines in the coming decade. This study assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding PAT among 879 U.S. healthcare professionals via anonymous online survey. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify predictors of openness to clinical use. Most participants (71.2\\%) were female and White (85.8\\%), with a mean (SD) age of 45.5 (12.7) years. Registered nurses (25.4\\%) and physicians (17.7\\%) comprised the largest professional groups. Respondents endorsed strong belief in therapeutic promise, and moderate openness to clinical use and support for legal access to both substances, with higher overall ratings for psilocybin compared to MDMA. Objective knowledge items revealed low knowledge of therapeutic uses, risks, and pharmacology. Primary concerns were lack of trained providers, financial cost, and potential contraindications. Prior psychedelic use, self-rated knowledge, younger age, and professional role predicted openness to clinical use of psilocybin and MDMA, with physicians reporting lower openness. As psychedelics continue to garner popular and scientific interest, results indicate a pressing need for additional formal training to provide balanced, evidence-based information from trusted sources.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Erin and Mathai, David S. and Gukasyan, Natalie and Nayak, Sandeep and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Health care, Health policy, Psychology, Therapeutics},\n\tpages = {28022},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and MDMA may become approved medicines in the coming decade. This study assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding PAT among 879 U.S. healthcare professionals via anonymous online survey. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify predictors of openness to clinical use. Most participants (71.2%) were female and White (85.8%), with a mean (SD) age of 45.5 (12.7) years. Registered nurses (25.4%) and physicians (17.7%) comprised the largest professional groups. Respondents endorsed strong belief in therapeutic promise, and moderate openness to clinical use and support for legal access to both substances, with higher overall ratings for psilocybin compared to MDMA. Objective knowledge items revealed low knowledge of therapeutic uses, risks, and pharmacology. Primary concerns were lack of trained providers, financial cost, and potential contraindications. Prior psychedelic use, self-rated knowledge, younger age, and professional role predicted openness to clinical use of psilocybin and MDMA, with physicians reporting lower openness. As psychedelics continue to garner popular and scientific interest, results indicate a pressing need for additional formal training to provide balanced, evidence-based information from trusted sources.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n How to Make Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Safer.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics: CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics committees,1–15. December 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_how_2024,\n\ttitle = {How to {Make} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy} {Safer}},\n\tissn = {1469-2147},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180124000604},\n\tabstract = {Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This article first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient's vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the article presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics: CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics committees},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy, ethics, impaired autonomy, safety measures, vulnerability},\n\tpages = {1--15},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This article first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient's vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the article presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Giving Consent to the Ineffable.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 17(1): 11. 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_giving_2024,\n\ttitle = {Giving {Consent} to the {Ineffable}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5490},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\n\tabstract = {A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment's transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Informed consent, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Rationality, Testimony, Transformative experience},\n\tpages = {11},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment's transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Experiential Training in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: A Risk-Benefit Analysis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rosenbaum, D.; Hare, C.; Hapke, E.; Herman, Y.; Abbey, S. E.; Sisti, D.; and Buchman, D. Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Hastings Center Report, 54(4): 32–46. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{rosenbaum_experiential_2024,\n\ttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}: {A} {Risk}-{Benefit} {Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {1552-146X},\n\tshorttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/hast.1602},\n\tabstract = {Well-trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT-commonly referred to as "experiential training"-has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk-mitigation strategies.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {The Hastings Center Report},\n\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Hare, Crystal and Hapke, Emma and Herman, Yarissa and Abbey, Susan E. and Sisti, Dominic and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical Competence, Confidentiality, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psychotherapy, Risk Assessment, bioethics, education, experiential training, psychedelic‐assisted therapy, risk‐benefit analysis},\n\tpages = {32--46},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Well-trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT-commonly referred to as \"experiential training\"-has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk-mitigation strategies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Robinson, C. L.; Slitzky, M.; Schatman, M. E.; Yong, R. J.; Lehman, A. D.; Kaynar, A. M.; Shivanekar, S. P.; and Emerick, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Pain Research, 17: 4357–4364. 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{robinson_ethical_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1178-7090},\n\tdoi = {10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders-patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies-is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Pain Research},\n\tauthor = {Robinson, Christopher L. and Slitzky, Matthew and Schatman, Michael E. and Yong, R. Jason and Lehman, April D. and Kaynar, Ata Murat and Shivanekar, Sharvari P. and Emerick, Trent},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {chronic pain, drug enforcement administration, ethics, psychedelics, research},\n\tpages = {4357--4364},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders-patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies-is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conceptualizing your new reality: Should philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Quasti, C.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 9(1): 74–84. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ConceptualizingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{quasti_conceptualizing_2024,\n\tchapter = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\ttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality: {Should} philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tshorttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality},\n\turl = {https://www.akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/9/1/article-p74.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00355},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tpublisher = {Akadémiai Kiadó},\n\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {philosophy, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics},\n\tpages = {74--84},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics as a Training Experience for Psychedelic Therapists: Drawing on History to Inform Current Practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nielson, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 64(4): 618–634. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{nielson_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as a {Training} {Experience} for {Psychedelic} {Therapists}: {Drawing} on {History} to {Inform} {Current} {Practice}},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as a {Training} {Experience} for {Psychedelic} {Therapists}},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211021204},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678211021204},\n\tabstract = {The therapeutic use of psilocybin in psychedelic-assisted therapy models is currently being tested for a variety of indications, necessitating the training of hundreds of therapists. At present, training programs do not include the provision of a psilocybin experience for therapists, and the last time such an experience was offered with a similar compound was through the Spring Grove LSD Training Study between 1969 and 1974. This article explores archival Spring Grove data to inform training programs and efforts to establish or provide training experiences with psilocybin or otherwise include experiences with nonordinary states of consciousness in the training of psychedelic therapists.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Nielson, Elizabeth M.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {618--634},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The therapeutic use of psilocybin in psychedelic-assisted therapy models is currently being tested for a variety of indications, necessitating the training of hundreds of therapists. At present, training programs do not include the provision of a psilocybin experience for therapists, and the last time such an experience was offered with a similar compound was through the Spring Grove LSD Training Study between 1969 and 1974. This article explores archival Spring Grove data to inform training programs and efforts to establish or provide training experiences with psilocybin or otherwise include experiences with nonordinary states of consciousness in the training of psychedelic therapists.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, patient vulnerability and abuses of power.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Meikle, S.; Carter, O.; and Bedi, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 58(2): 104–106. February 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{meikle_psychedelic-assisted_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, patient vulnerability and abuses of power},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {1440-1614},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00048674231200164},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Meikle, Sally and Carter, Olivia and Bedi, Gillinder},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, Substance-Related Disorders},\n\tpages = {104--106},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Essentials of Informed Consent to Psychedelic Medicine.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.; Brendel, R. W.; Shachar, C.; and Cohen, I. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 81(6): 611–617. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{marks_essentials_2024,\n\ttitle = {Essentials of {Informed} {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {2168-6238},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\n\tabstract = {IMPORTANCE: Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.\nOBSERVATIONS: Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.\nCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Brendel, Rebecca W. and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Informed Consent, Mental Disorders, United States},\n\tpages = {611--617},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n IMPORTANCE: Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system. OBSERVATIONS: Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychological and physiological effects of extended DMT.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luan, L. X.; Eckernäs, E.; Ashton, M.; Rosas, F. E.; Uthaug, M. V.; Bartha, A.; Jagger, S.; Gascon-Perai, K.; Gomes, L.; Nutt, D. J.; Erritzøe, D.; Carhart-Harris, R. L.; and Timmermann, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 38(1): 56–67. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{luan_psychological_2024,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {Psychological and physiological effects of extended {DMT}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811231196877},\n\tabstract = {N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic that induces a rapid and transient altered state of consciousness when inhaled or injected via bolus administration. Its marked and novel subjective effects make DMT a powerful tool for the neuroscientific study of consciousness and preliminary results show its potential role in treating mental health conditions. In a within-subjects, placebo-controlled study, we investigated a novel method of DMT administration involving a bolus injection paired with a constant-rate infusion, with the goal of extending the DMT experience. Pharmacokinetic parameters of DMT estimated from plasma data of a previous study of bolus intravenous DMT were used to derive dose regimens necessary to keep subjects in steady levels of immersion into the DMT experience over an extended period of 30 min, and four dose regimens consisting of a bolus loading dose and a slow-rate infusion were tested in eleven healthy volunteers (seven male, four female, mean age ± SD = 37.09 ± 8.93 years). The present method is effective for extending the DMT experience in a stable and tolerable fashion. While subjective effects were maintained over the period of active infusion, anxiety ratings remained low and heart rate habituated within 15 min, indicating psychological and physiological safety of extended DMT. Plasma DMT concentrations increased consistently starting 10 min into DMT administration, whereas psychological effects plateaued into the desired steady state, suggesting the development of acute psychological tolerance to DMT. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of continuous IV DMT administration, laying the groundwork for the further development of this method of administration for basic and clinical research.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Luan, Lisa X. and Eckernäs, Emma and Ashton, Michael and Rosas, Fernando E. and Uthaug, Malin V. and Bartha, Alexander and Jagger, Samantha and Gascon-Perai, Kiara and Gomes, Lauren and Nutt, David J. and Erritzøe, David and Carhart-Harris, Robin L. and Timmermann, Christopher},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Consciousness, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders, Middle Aged, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Psychedelics, ayahuasca, consciousness, dimethyltryptamine, serotonin},\n\tpages = {56--67},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic that induces a rapid and transient altered state of consciousness when inhaled or injected via bolus administration. Its marked and novel subjective effects make DMT a powerful tool for the neuroscientific study of consciousness and preliminary results show its potential role in treating mental health conditions. In a within-subjects, placebo-controlled study, we investigated a novel method of DMT administration involving a bolus injection paired with a constant-rate infusion, with the goal of extending the DMT experience. Pharmacokinetic parameters of DMT estimated from plasma data of a previous study of bolus intravenous DMT were used to derive dose regimens necessary to keep subjects in steady levels of immersion into the DMT experience over an extended period of 30 min, and four dose regimens consisting of a bolus loading dose and a slow-rate infusion were tested in eleven healthy volunteers (seven male, four female, mean age ± SD = 37.09 ± 8.93 years). The present method is effective for extending the DMT experience in a stable and tolerable fashion. While subjective effects were maintained over the period of active infusion, anxiety ratings remained low and heart rate habituated within 15 min, indicating psychological and physiological safety of extended DMT. Plasma DMT concentrations increased consistently starting 10 min into DMT administration, whereas psychological effects plateaued into the desired steady state, suggesting the development of acute psychological tolerance to DMT. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of continuous IV DMT administration, laying the groundwork for the further development of this method of administration for basic and clinical research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cancer experience in metaphors: patients, carers, professionals, students - a scoping review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, Y.; Semino, E.; Rietjens, J.; Payne, S.; and 4D PICTURE Consortium\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMJ supportive & palliative care, 14(e3): e2366–e2376. December 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{liu_cancer_2024,\n\ttitle = {Cancer experience in metaphors: patients, carers, professionals, students - a scoping review},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2045-4368},\n\tshorttitle = {Cancer experience in metaphors},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/spcare-2024-004927},\n\tabstract = {The use of metaphors to talk about cancer experiences has attracted much research and debate, especially in the case of military metaphors. However, questions remain about what metaphors are used by different populations for different aspects of the cancer experience. This scoping review aims to answer them.We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Eligible sources include peer-reviewed scientific research published in English between 2013 and 2023, investigating patterns of metaphor use from adult populations (age ≥18) for cancer-related topics, such as cancer itself, the general experience of being ill, treatment, and people and relationships.Out of 1929 articles identified, 30 met the criteria, spanning over different populations. While most papers focused on cancer in general, some focused on specific cancer types, such as breast cancer. Both spontaneous and elicited data were collected in ten languages: mostly English (N=12), Swedish (N=3) and Arabic (N=3). The identified metaphors were subsumed under various broad categories, including particularly violence and journey. Other categories include education and non-human animate entity for the cancer itself, confinement and deprivation and cleanliness for the general experience of being ill with cancer, Poison and gardening for cancer treatment, and distance for patients' social relationships.It was found that metaphors help to identify how patients describe experiences of vulnerability and empowerment. To provide patient-centred care, clinicians and researchers should avoid blanket conclusions about helpful or unhelpful metaphors, but consider the ways in which different metaphors are used by different populations in different contexts.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {e3},\n\tjournal = {BMJ supportive \\& palliative care},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yufeng and Semino, Elena and Rietjens, Judith and Payne, Sheila and {4D PICTURE Consortium}},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Cancer, Caregivers, Communication, Cultural issues, Family management, Health Personnel, Humans, Metaphor, Neoplasms, Students},\n\tpages = {e2366--e2376},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The use of metaphors to talk about cancer experiences has attracted much research and debate, especially in the case of military metaphors. However, questions remain about what metaphors are used by different populations for different aspects of the cancer experience. This scoping review aims to answer them.We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Eligible sources include peer-reviewed scientific research published in English between 2013 and 2023, investigating patterns of metaphor use from adult populations (age ≥18) for cancer-related topics, such as cancer itself, the general experience of being ill, treatment, and people and relationships.Out of 1929 articles identified, 30 met the criteria, spanning over different populations. While most papers focused on cancer in general, some focused on specific cancer types, such as breast cancer. Both spontaneous and elicited data were collected in ten languages: mostly English (N=12), Swedish (N=3) and Arabic (N=3). The identified metaphors were subsumed under various broad categories, including particularly violence and journey. Other categories include education and non-human animate entity for the cancer itself, confinement and deprivation and cleanliness for the general experience of being ill with cancer, Poison and gardening for cancer treatment, and distance for patients' social relationships.It was found that metaphors help to identify how patients describe experiences of vulnerability and empowerment. To provide patient-centred care, clinicians and researchers should avoid blanket conclusions about helpful or unhelpful metaphors, but consider the ways in which different metaphors are used by different populations in different contexts.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Informed Consent to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Ethical Considerations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lee, A.; Rosenbaum, D.; and Buchman, D. Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 69(5): 309–313. May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InformedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{lee_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}: {Ethical} {Considerations}},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\tissn = {0706-7437},\n\tshorttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11032091/},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/07067437231225937},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Andrew and Rosenbaum, Daniel and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {309--313},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kious, B. M.; Peterson, A.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 67(1): 143–154. 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kious_are_2024,\n\ttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}? {Can} {We} {Consent} to {Them}?},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}?},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Kious, Brent M. and Peterson, Andrew and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Informed Consent},\n\tpages = {143--154},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Murphy-Beiner, A.; Rouiller, I.; Nutt, D.; and Spriggs, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 17(1): 3. 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"WhenPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_when_2024,\n\ttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}: {The} {Case} for {Post}-{Trial} {Provisions} in {Clinical} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5490},\n\tshorttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10627912/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\n\tabstract = {The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Rouiller, Ian and Nutt, David and Spriggs, Meg J.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {3},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnoracial inclusion in clinical trials of psychedelics: a systematic review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M. E.; and Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n eClinicalMedicine, 74: 102711. August 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthnoracialPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hughes_ethnoracial_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethnoracial inclusion in clinical trials of psychedelics: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {25895370},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethnoracial inclusion in clinical trials of psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589537024002906},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102711},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {eClinicalMedicine},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus E. and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {102711},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hoener, S.; Wolfgang, A.; Nissan, D.; and Howe, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics, 50(4): 258–262. March 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hoener_ethical_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {1473-4257},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2023-108943},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member's deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Hoener, Scott and Wolfgang, Aaron and Nissan, David and Howe, Edmund},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Hallucinogens, Humans, Military Personnel, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology},\n\tpages = {258--262},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member's deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hinkle, J. T.; Graziosi, M.; Nayak, S. M.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 81(12): 1225–1235. December 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hinkle_adverse_2024,\n\ttitle = {Adverse {Events} in {Studies} of {Classic} {Psychedelics}: {A} {Systematic} {Review} and {Meta}-{Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {2168-6238},\n\tshorttitle = {Adverse {Events} in {Studies} of {Classic} {Psychedelics}},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546},\n\tabstract = {IMPORTANCE: A clear and comprehensive understanding of risks associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy is necessary as investigators extend its application to new populations and indications.\nOBJECTIVE: To assess adverse events (AEs) associated with classic psychedelics, particularly serious AEs (SAEs) and nonserious AEs (NSAEs) requiring medical or psychiatric evaluation.\nDATA SOURCES: The search for potentially eligible studies was conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases from inception through February 8, 2024.\nSTUDY SELECTION: Two independent reviewers screened articles of classic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine [DMT], and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine [5-MeO-DMT]) involving administration in clinical or research contexts.\nDATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: AE data were extracted and synthesized by 2 reviewers and were used for random-effects meta-analysis of AE frequency and heterogeneity. Risk of bias assessment focused on AE ascertainment (eg, systematic assessment and quality of follow-up).\nMAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: A hybrid approach was used for capture of all reported AEs following high-dose classic psychedelic exposure and confirmatory capture of AEs of special interest, including suicidality, psychotic disorder, manic symptoms, cardiovascular events, and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. AEs were stratified by timescale and study population type. Forest plots of common AEs were generated, and the proportions of participants affected by SAEs or NSAEs requiring medical intervention were summarized descriptively.\nRESULTS: A total of 214 unique studies were included, of which 114 (53.3\\%) reported analyzable AE data for 3504 total participants. SAEs were reported for no healthy participants and for approximately 4\\% of participants with preexisting neuropsychiatric disorders; among these SAEs were worsening depression, suicidal behavior, psychosis, and convulsive episodes. NSAEs requiring medical intervention (eg, paranoia, headache) were similarly rare. In contemporary research settings, there were no reports of deaths by suicide, persistent psychotic disorders, or hallucinogen persisting perception disorders following administration of high-dose classic psychedelics. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the quality of AE monitoring and reporting. Of 68 analyzed studies published since 2005, only 16 (23.5\\%) described systematic approaches to AE assessment, and 20 studies (29.4\\%) reported all AEs, as opposed to only adverse drug reactions. Meta-analyses of prevalence for common AEs (eg, headache, anxiety, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness) yielded comparable results for psilocybin and LSD.\nCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, classic psychedelics were generally well tolerated in clinical or research settings according to the existing literature, although SAEs did occur. These results provide estimates of common AE frequencies and indicate that certain catastrophic events reported in recreational or nonclinical contexts have yet to be reported in contemporary trial participants. Careful, ongoing, and improved pharmacovigilance is required to understand the risk and benefit profiles of these substances and to communicate such risks to prospective study participants and the public.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Hinkle, Jared T. and Graziosi, Marianna and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Psilocybin},\n\tpages = {1225--1235},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n IMPORTANCE: A clear and comprehensive understanding of risks associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy is necessary as investigators extend its application to new populations and indications. OBJECTIVE: To assess adverse events (AEs) associated with classic psychedelics, particularly serious AEs (SAEs) and nonserious AEs (NSAEs) requiring medical or psychiatric evaluation. DATA SOURCES: The search for potentially eligible studies was conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases from inception through February 8, 2024. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent reviewers screened articles of classic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine [DMT], and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine [5-MeO-DMT]) involving administration in clinical or research contexts. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: AE data were extracted and synthesized by 2 reviewers and were used for random-effects meta-analysis of AE frequency and heterogeneity. Risk of bias assessment focused on AE ascertainment (eg, systematic assessment and quality of follow-up). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: A hybrid approach was used for capture of all reported AEs following high-dose classic psychedelic exposure and confirmatory capture of AEs of special interest, including suicidality, psychotic disorder, manic symptoms, cardiovascular events, and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. AEs were stratified by timescale and study population type. Forest plots of common AEs were generated, and the proportions of participants affected by SAEs or NSAEs requiring medical intervention were summarized descriptively. RESULTS: A total of 214 unique studies were included, of which 114 (53.3%) reported analyzable AE data for 3504 total participants. SAEs were reported for no healthy participants and for approximately 4% of participants with preexisting neuropsychiatric disorders; among these SAEs were worsening depression, suicidal behavior, psychosis, and convulsive episodes. NSAEs requiring medical intervention (eg, paranoia, headache) were similarly rare. In contemporary research settings, there were no reports of deaths by suicide, persistent psychotic disorders, or hallucinogen persisting perception disorders following administration of high-dose classic psychedelics. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the quality of AE monitoring and reporting. Of 68 analyzed studies published since 2005, only 16 (23.5%) described systematic approaches to AE assessment, and 20 studies (29.4%) reported all AEs, as opposed to only adverse drug reactions. Meta-analyses of prevalence for common AEs (eg, headache, anxiety, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness) yielded comparable results for psilocybin and LSD. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, classic psychedelics were generally well tolerated in clinical or research settings according to the existing literature, although SAEs did occur. These results provide estimates of common AE frequencies and indicate that certain catastrophic events reported in recreational or nonclinical contexts have yet to be reported in contemporary trial participants. Careful, ongoing, and improved pharmacovigilance is required to understand the risk and benefit profiles of these substances and to communicate such risks to prospective study participants and the public.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Golafshani, M.; Buchman, D. Z.; and Husain, M. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n npj Mental Health Research, 3(1): 34. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DisabilityPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{golafshani_disability_2024,\n\ttitle = {Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2731-4251},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {npj Mental Health Research},\n\tauthor = {Golafshani, Maryam and Buchman, Daniel Z. and Husain, M. Ishrat},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {34},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Brief Historical Overview of Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ma, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 9(5). May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ma_brief_2024,\n\ttitle = {A {Brief} {Historical} {Overview} of {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {2451-9030},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38000715/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003},\n\tabstract = {Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, sensory perception, the experience of time and space, and even the experience of self. Research examining psyched …},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging},\n\tpublisher = {Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Geyer},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, sensory perception, the experience of time and space, and even the experience of self. Research examining psyched …\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist’s Training?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Emmerich, N.; and Humphries, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 33(4): 548–557. October 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{emmerich_is_2024,\n\ttitle = {Is the {Requirement} for {First}-{Person} {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Drugs} a {Justified} {Component} of a {Psychedelic} {Therapist}’s {Training}?},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000099},\n\tabstract = {Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan and Humphries, Bryce},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {psychedelic experience, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, training},\n\tpages = {548--557},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Is Personal Experience Essential for Effective Psychedelic Therapists?: The Challenges of Small, Accumulating Therapist Effects.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earleywine, M.; and Gomez, S. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine, 2(3): 138–145. September 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earleywine_is_2024,\n\taddress = {New Rochelle, N.Y.},\n\ttitle = {Is {Personal} {Experience} {Essential} for {Effective} {Psychedelic} {Therapists}?: {The} {Challenges} of {Small}, {Accumulating} {Therapist} {Effects}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {2831-4433},\n\tshorttitle = {Is {Personal} {Experience} {Essential} for {Effective} {Psychedelic} {Therapists}?},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0054},\n\tabstract = {Many authors assert that those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) likely benefit from having personal experiences with psychedelics (PEP) as part of their training. Meta-analytic results confirm advantages of experiential learning in other forms of training as well. Potential PAT clients, especially those who identify as members of underrepresented groups, report that PEP is important to them in their choice of guides. Establishing PAT's efficacy will require more trained professionals for generating appropriately powered clinical trials. Despite these rationales for PEP for trainees, prevalent legal prohibitions limit access to psychedelics, preventing trainees from obtaining experiences that many potential clients deem important. A randomized clinical trial comparing outcomes in those trained with PEP to those trained without the experience has intuitive appeal. Nevertheless, a close look at challenges related to design suggests that a definitive experiment would require more resources than almost every previous study of PAT or therapist effects. (Based on effect size estimates from other therapist effects, power analyses reveal that an experiment with 80-160 participants could offer meaningful data. An ideal design would require 80 therapists treating 30 clients each.) Underpowered designs, however, could lead to serious misinterpretations that would suggest that PEP fails to provide advantages. Given the severity of symptoms targeted by PAT, the current need for treatment providers (especially members of underrepresented groups), the rarity of serious negative consequences in supervised drug administration trials, and the low potential for PEP-induced symptoms of dependence, permitting trainees access likely would create more positives than harms.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Earleywine, Mitch and Gomez, Samantha G.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {experiential learning, psychedelic policy, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic-assisted therapy, therapist effects, training},\n\tpages = {138--145},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Many authors assert that those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) likely benefit from having personal experiences with psychedelics (PEP) as part of their training. Meta-analytic results confirm advantages of experiential learning in other forms of training as well. Potential PAT clients, especially those who identify as members of underrepresented groups, report that PEP is important to them in their choice of guides. Establishing PAT's efficacy will require more trained professionals for generating appropriately powered clinical trials. Despite these rationales for PEP for trainees, prevalent legal prohibitions limit access to psychedelics, preventing trainees from obtaining experiences that many potential clients deem important. A randomized clinical trial comparing outcomes in those trained with PEP to those trained without the experience has intuitive appeal. Nevertheless, a close look at challenges related to design suggests that a definitive experiment would require more resources than almost every previous study of PAT or therapist effects. (Based on effect size estimates from other therapist effects, power analyses reveal that an experiment with 80-160 participants could offer meaningful data. An ideal design would require 80 therapists treating 30 clients each.) Underpowered designs, however, could lead to serious misinterpretations that would suggest that PEP fails to provide advantages. Given the severity of symptoms targeted by PAT, the current need for treatment providers (especially members of underrepresented groups), the rarity of serious negative consequences in supervised drug administration trials, and the low potential for PEP-induced symptoms of dependence, permitting trainees access likely would create more positives than harms.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Commentary: On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Commentary:Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_commentary_2024,\n\ttitle = {Commentary: {On} the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {Commentary},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1341566/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1341566},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is often accompanied by belief changes -notably, changes in beliefs about the nature of reality may occur. As one such example, individuals may initially believe in naturalism but come to endorse non-naturalistic beliefs such as dualism or theism after PAT. Addressing this possibility, Sjostedt-Hughes (2023) proposes the integration of metaphysics -the branch of philosophy concerned with the fundamental nature of reality-into PAT as an optional addition (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). Similarly, Gładziejewski (2023) has argued that metaphysics is inescapable within the context of PAT (Gładziejewski, 2023). How might we best address these metaphysical belief changes in the clinical setting? In this commentary, we respond to Sjostedt-Hughes\\&\\#39; arguments for the optional inclusion of metaphysics in PAT, and advocate for a pluralistic sense of secularism in the medical domain, which may entail not providing such a menu of metaphysical options.Akin to Sjostedt-Hughes, we acknowledge that the issue of metaphysical belief changes in clinical settings is one in need of addressing, and that such belief changes do arise. A number of studies have found evidence of these changes: Timmerman et al. found that psychedelics can alter metaphysical beliefs, with their results revealing belief shifts away from physicalist views and towards panpsychism and fatalism post-use (Timmerman et al., 2021). Similarly, a study from Nayak et al. found that a single psychedelic experience increased a range of non-physicalist beliefs (Nayak et al., 2023). However, a recent longitudinal study from Nayak et al o ers evidence that the issue of metaphysical belief change may not be as pressing as originally conceived, with their study nding little to no change in metaphysical beliefs, contrasting the results of previous cross-sectional studies (Nayak et al., 2023). Nonetheless, the question of how metaphysical belief change should be addressed in PAT is still one well worth exploring, as such belief change can and does occur.To brie y summarize, Sjostedt-Hughes proposes that there is a \\&quot;potential extra bene t to patients in PAT if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options\\&quot; during integration (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). He argues that these bene ts may came about as patients will have less reason to dismiss their experience as delusional once they realize that each metaphysical position has an established history, and that an optional metaphysics integration would amplify the signi cance of the therapeutic experience (given that the psychedelic experiences which appear to have the most therapeutic e cacy are metaphysical experiences) (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023).In addressing these metaphysical belief changes, it is important to note that physicians should not push a metaphysical (or religious) belief system onto their patients, nor should they attempt to in uence a patient\\&\\#39;s metaphysical beliefs in any medical setting. This is clearly articulated in the WPA Position Statement on Religion and Spirituality, which states that \\&quot;psychiatrists should not use their professional position for proselytizing for spiritual or secular worldviews\\&quot; (Moreira, 2016). However, patients may initiate discussions of metaphysical belief change, and seek guidance on this topic during PAT -how should this be addressed?As one prong of his argument, Sjostedt-Hughes conjectures an optional metaphysics integration would amplify the signi cance of the therapeutic experience (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). However, one should also take into consideration that this has been argued against by Letheby, who presents a compelling counterargument against the metaphysical belief theory of psychedelic e cacy (see Chapter 7, Letheby 2021). The metaphysical belief theory suggests that the primary therapeutic mechanism of psychedelics involves belief changes towards non-naturalism. Although we are unable to describe his arguments in depth here, Letheby refutes this view and proposes that metaphysical belief change can be viewed as a side-e ect of PAT, but not necessary for it. He additionally suggests that through a lens of alternations of the self, physicians can discuss these belief changes without placing them within a metaphysical framework (Letheby, 2021). Regarding the theory, it is additionally uncertain as to whether the psychedelic experience can provide evidence for metaphysical positions: in his seminal book \\&quot;The Varieties of Religious Experience\\&quot;, William James argues that mystical-type experiences cannot be said to provide evidence for non-naturalistic beliefs, and that such mystical experiences can be considered without considering their source, e.g. non-naturalistic or from one\\&\\#39;s brain (James, 1902;Yaden \\&amp; Newberg, 2022).Sjostedt-Hughes suggests that another reason to include metaphysics is that there may be less reason for the individual to reject the signi cance of their psychedelic experiences as delusional if they realize that each metaphysical position has an established history (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). Although recognizing the history of each metaphysical framework may be helpful, it is also worth considering that many of the metaphysical positions may be highly technical and alien to most individuals, possibly having the opposite e ect than Sjostedt-Hughes proposes. Moreover, although belief changes do happen, they are often of a relatively small magnitude: emphasizing them through a menu of metaphysical options, even if optional, may amplify these changes more than what would have happened otherwise. Another thread to explore may be whether individuals want to place their experience within an established metaphysical position -some studies of contemporary metaphysical beliefs suggest that individuals often do not want to belong to one group, instead borrowing from di erent practices and combining them (MacGregor, 2022).Finally, as Sjostedt-Hughes notes, it should be acknowledged that the psychologists, psychiatrists and other counselors involved in PAT have not often been trained in metaphysics (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023).Following the work of Palitsky and colleagues on the incorporation of spiritual, existential, religious, and theological (SERT) components in PAT, we advocate for belief changes of this nature to be addressed in a \\&quot;in a systematized, nonsectarian (ie, pluralistic), and scalable way\\&quot; (Palitsky, 2023) from individuals who have been trained in spiritual and religious competencies (Vieten \\&amp; Luko , 2022), although we agree with Sjostedt-Hughes (2023) that philosophers have an important role in such discussions about clinical competencies related to metaphysical belief changes as well. Such a pluralistic and systematized manner may involve responding to metaphysical belief changes when they emerge and are brought up by the patients, rather than providing a list of metaphysical beliefs. The presentation of a menu of metaphysical options for a patient to endorse may run the risk of imposing certain worldviews, or may inadvertently pressure them to place their experience within a metaphysical framework. To address these belief changes, clinicians may instead focus on supporting their patient in a more general way to emphasize the relevance of the experience to their own life and sense of self, and allow the patient to process their experience and contemplate their own conclusions regarding their belief changes, rather than emphasizing the metaphysical beliefs.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Bioethics, Metaphysics, Philosophy, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is often accompanied by belief changes -notably, changes in beliefs about the nature of reality may occur. As one such example, individuals may initially believe in naturalism but come to endorse non-naturalistic beliefs such as dualism or theism after PAT. Addressing this possibility, Sjostedt-Hughes (2023) proposes the integration of metaphysics -the branch of philosophy concerned with the fundamental nature of reality-into PAT as an optional addition (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). Similarly, Gładziejewski (2023) has argued that metaphysics is inescapable within the context of PAT (Gładziejewski, 2023). How might we best address these metaphysical belief changes in the clinical setting? In this commentary, we respond to Sjostedt-Hughes' arguments for the optional inclusion of metaphysics in PAT, and advocate for a pluralistic sense of secularism in the medical domain, which may entail not providing such a menu of metaphysical options.Akin to Sjostedt-Hughes, we acknowledge that the issue of metaphysical belief changes in clinical settings is one in need of addressing, and that such belief changes do arise. A number of studies have found evidence of these changes: Timmerman et al. found that psychedelics can alter metaphysical beliefs, with their results revealing belief shifts away from physicalist views and towards panpsychism and fatalism post-use (Timmerman et al., 2021). Similarly, a study from Nayak et al. found that a single psychedelic experience increased a range of non-physicalist beliefs (Nayak et al., 2023). However, a recent longitudinal study from Nayak et al o ers evidence that the issue of metaphysical belief change may not be as pressing as originally conceived, with their study nding little to no change in metaphysical beliefs, contrasting the results of previous cross-sectional studies (Nayak et al., 2023). Nonetheless, the question of how metaphysical belief change should be addressed in PAT is still one well worth exploring, as such belief change can and does occur.To brie y summarize, Sjostedt-Hughes proposes that there is a "potential extra bene t to patients in PAT if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options" during integration (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). He argues that these bene ts may came about as patients will have less reason to dismiss their experience as delusional once they realize that each metaphysical position has an established history, and that an optional metaphysics integration would amplify the signi cance of the therapeutic experience (given that the psychedelic experiences which appear to have the most therapeutic e cacy are metaphysical experiences) (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023).In addressing these metaphysical belief changes, it is important to note that physicians should not push a metaphysical (or religious) belief system onto their patients, nor should they attempt to in uence a patient's metaphysical beliefs in any medical setting. This is clearly articulated in the WPA Position Statement on Religion and Spirituality, which states that "psychiatrists should not use their professional position for proselytizing for spiritual or secular worldviews" (Moreira, 2016). However, patients may initiate discussions of metaphysical belief change, and seek guidance on this topic during PAT -how should this be addressed?As one prong of his argument, Sjostedt-Hughes conjectures an optional metaphysics integration would amplify the signi cance of the therapeutic experience (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). However, one should also take into consideration that this has been argued against by Letheby, who presents a compelling counterargument against the metaphysical belief theory of psychedelic e cacy (see Chapter 7, Letheby 2021). The metaphysical belief theory suggests that the primary therapeutic mechanism of psychedelics involves belief changes towards non-naturalism. Although we are unable to describe his arguments in depth here, Letheby refutes this view and proposes that metaphysical belief change can be viewed as a side-e ect of PAT, but not necessary for it. He additionally suggests that through a lens of alternations of the self, physicians can discuss these belief changes without placing them within a metaphysical framework (Letheby, 2021). Regarding the theory, it is additionally uncertain as to whether the psychedelic experience can provide evidence for metaphysical positions: in his seminal book "The Varieties of Religious Experience", William James argues that mystical-type experiences cannot be said to provide evidence for non-naturalistic beliefs, and that such mystical experiences can be considered without considering their source, e.g. non-naturalistic or from one's brain (James, 1902;Yaden & Newberg, 2022).Sjostedt-Hughes suggests that another reason to include metaphysics is that there may be less reason for the individual to reject the signi cance of their psychedelic experiences as delusional if they realize that each metaphysical position has an established history (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023). Although recognizing the history of each metaphysical framework may be helpful, it is also worth considering that many of the metaphysical positions may be highly technical and alien to most individuals, possibly having the opposite e ect than Sjostedt-Hughes proposes. Moreover, although belief changes do happen, they are often of a relatively small magnitude: emphasizing them through a menu of metaphysical options, even if optional, may amplify these changes more than what would have happened otherwise. Another thread to explore may be whether individuals want to place their experience within an established metaphysical position -some studies of contemporary metaphysical beliefs suggest that individuals often do not want to belong to one group, instead borrowing from di erent practices and combining them (MacGregor, 2022).Finally, as Sjostedt-Hughes notes, it should be acknowledged that the psychologists, psychiatrists and other counselors involved in PAT have not often been trained in metaphysics (Sjostedt-Hughes, 2023).Following the work of Palitsky and colleagues on the incorporation of spiritual, existential, religious, and theological (SERT) components in PAT, we advocate for belief changes of this nature to be addressed in a "in a systematized, nonsectarian (ie, pluralistic), and scalable way" (Palitsky, 2023) from individuals who have been trained in spiritual and religious competencies (Vieten & Luko , 2022), although we agree with Sjostedt-Hughes (2023) that philosophers have an important role in such discussions about clinical competencies related to metaphysical belief changes as well. Such a pluralistic and systematized manner may involve responding to metaphysical belief changes when they emerge and are brought up by the patients, rather than providing a list of metaphysical beliefs. The presentation of a menu of metaphysical options for a patient to endorse may run the risk of imposing certain worldviews, or may inadvertently pressure them to place their experience within a metaphysical framework. To address these belief changes, clinicians may instead focus on supporting their patient in a more general way to emphasize the relevance of the experience to their own life and sense of self, and allow the patient to process their experience and contemplate their own conclusions regarding their belief changes, rather than emphasizing the metaphysical beliefs.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic group-based integration: Ethical assessment and initial recommendations.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Propes, C.; Jacobs, E.; Earp, B. D.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Review of Psychiatry, 36(8): 891–901. 2024.\n ISBN: 0954-0261\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration: {Ethical} assessment and initial recommendations},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0954-0261},\n\tpages = {891--901},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics, meaningfulness, and the “proper scope” of medicine: continuing the conversation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Patch, K.; Earp, B. D.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 33(4): 601–607. 2024.\n ISBN: 0963-1801\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics, meaningfulness, and the “proper scope” of medicine: continuing the conversation},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tpublisher = {Cambridge University Press},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Patch, Kyle and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0963-1801},\n\tpages = {601--607},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Calder, A. E.; and Hasler, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Affective Disorders, 365: 258–264. 2024.\n ISBN: 0165-0327\n\n\n\n
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@article{calder_validation_2024,\n\ttitle = {Validation of the {Swiss} {Psychedelic} {Side} {Effects} {Inventory}: {Standardized} assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and {MDMA}},\n\tvolume = {365},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Calder, Abigail E. and Hasler, Gregor},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0165-0327},\n\tpages = {258--264},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Informed consent in psychedelic-assisted therapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bradberry, M. M.; Appelbaum, P. S.; and Gukasyan, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Harm Reduction,469–493. 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bradberry_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed consent in psychedelic-assisted therapy},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Harm Reduction},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Bradberry, Mazdak M. and Appelbaum, Paul S. and Gukasyan, Natalie},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {469--493},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The library is open: A scoping review on queer representation in psychedelic research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bartlett, A.; Christ, C.; Martins, B.; Saxberg, K.; and Ching, T. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Public Health, 12: 1472559. 2024.\n ISBN: 2296-2565\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bartlett_library_2024,\n\ttitle = {The library is open: {A} scoping review on queer representation in psychedelic research},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Public Health},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers Media SA},\n\tauthor = {Bartlett, Amy and Christ, Challian and Martins, Bradford and Saxberg, Kellen and Ching, Terence HW},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2296-2565},\n\tpages = {1472559},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Informed consent to psychedelic treatment—A work in progress.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 81(6). 2024.\n ISBN: 2168-622X\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{appelbaum_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed consent to psychedelic treatment—{A} work in progress},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2168-622X},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in US public confidence in science and opportunities for progress.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lupia, A.; Allison, D. B.; Jamieson, K. H.; Heimberg, J.; Skipper, M.; and Wolf, S. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume 121 National Academy of Sciences, 2024.\n Issue: 11 Pages: e2319488121 Publication Title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{lupia_trends_2024,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {US} public confidence in science and opportunities for progress},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tisbn = {0027-8424},\n\tpublisher = {National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Lupia, Arthur and Allison, David B. and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Heimberg, Jennifer and Skipper, Magdalena and Wolf, Susan M.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Issue: 11\nPages: e2319488121\nPublication Title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, W. R.; Sisti, D. A.; and Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature medicine, 30(1): 17–18. 2024.\n ISBN: 1078-8956\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{smith_safety_2024,\n\ttitle = {The safety of supported psilocybin use in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Nature medicine},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group US New York},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic A. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1078-8956},\n\tpages = {17--18},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics for acquired brain injury: a review of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Allen, J.; Dames, S. S.; Foldi, C. J.; and Shultz, S. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Molecular Psychiatry, 29(3): 671–685. March 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{allen_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics for acquired brain injury: a review of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1359-4184, 1476-5578},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics for acquired brain injury},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-023-02360-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41380-023-02360-0},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tjournal = {Molecular Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Allen, Josh and Dames, Shannon S. and Foldi, Claire J. and Shultz, Sandy R.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {671--685},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics in Psychedelic Science: Promises and Responsibilities.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. November 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sisti_ethics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Promises} and {Responsibilities}},\n\tissn = {1533-712X, 0271-0749},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics in Psychedelic Science: Promises and Responsibilities.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. November 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sisti_ethics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Promises} and {Responsibilities}},\n\tissn = {1533-712X, 0271-0749},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Informed Consent in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bradberry, M. M.; Appelbaum, P. S.; and Gukasyan, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In . Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InformedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{bradberry_informed_2024,\n\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/7854_2024_559},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/7854_2024_559},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\n\tauthor = {Bradberry, Mazdak M. and Appelbaum, Paul S. and Gukasyan, Natalie},\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, W. R.; Sisti, D. A.; and Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Medicine, 30(1): 17–18. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{smith_safety_2024,\n\ttitle = {The safety of supported psilocybin use in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1078-8956, 1546-170X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic A. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {17--18},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bellman, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cancers, 16(9): 1702. April 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ReviewPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bellman_review_2024,\n\ttitle = {Review of {Psilocybin} {Use} for {Depression} among {Cancer} {Patients} after {Approval} in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tcopyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n\tissn = {2072-6694},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/cancers16091702},\n\tabstract = {Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Cancers},\n\tauthor = {Bellman, Val},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1702},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: An e-Delphi study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korthuis, P. T.; Hoffman, K.; Wilson-Poe, A. R.; Luoma, J. B.; Bazinet, A.; Pertl, K.; Morgan, D. L.; Cook, R. R.; Bielavitz, S.; Myers, R.; Wolf, R. C.; McCarty, D.; and Stauffer, C. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 38(8): 761–768. August 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DevelopingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{korthuis_developing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: {An} e-{Delphi} study},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811241257839},\n\tabstract = {Background: \n              Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. \n             \n             \n              Aims: \n              To develop core measures of best practices. \n             \n             \n              Methods: \n              A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. \n             \n             \n              Results: \n              Experts ( n = 36; 53\\% female; 71\\% white; 56\\% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64\\%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67\\%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36\\%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. \n             \n             \n              Conclusion: \n              Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Korthuis, Philip Todd and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Luoma, Jason B. and Bazinet, Alissa and Pertl, Kellie and Morgan, David L. and Cook, Ryan R. and Bielavitz, Sarann and Myers, Renae and Wolf, Robert Cameron and McCarty, Dennis and Stauffer, Christopher S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {761--768},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background: Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. Aims: To develop core measures of best practices. Methods: A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. Results: Experts ( n = 36; 53% female; 71% white; 56% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. Conclusion: Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Developing an Ethics and Policy Framework for Psychedelic Clinical Care: A Consensus Statement.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McGuire, A. L.; Cohen, I. G.; Sisti, D.; Baggott, M.; Celidwen, Y.; Devenot, N.; Gracias, S.; Grob, C.; Harvey, I.; Kious, B.; Marks, M.; Mithoefer, M.; Nielson, E.; Öngür, D.; Pallas, A.; Peterson, A.; Schenberg, E. E.; Summergrad, P.; Waters, B.; Williams, M. T.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 7(6): e2414650. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DevelopingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mcguire_developing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}: {A} {Consensus} {Statement}},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\tshorttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},\n\tabstract = {As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-06-04},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {McGuire, Amy L. and Cohen, I. Glenn and Sisti, Dominic and Baggott, Matthew and Celidwen, Yuria and Devenot, Neşe and Gracias, Sabrina and Grob, Charles and Harvey, Ifetayo and Kious, Brent and Marks, Mason and Mithoefer, Michael and Nielson, Elizabeth and Öngür, Dost and Pallas, Alexandra and Peterson, Andrew and Schenberg, Eduardo E. and Summergrad, Paul and Waters, Brett and Williams, Monnica T. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {e2414650},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Robinson, C. L; Slitzky, M.; Schatman, M. E; Yong, R J.; Lehman, A. D; Kaynar, A. M.; Shivanekar, S. P; and Emerick, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Pain Research, 17: 4357–4364. December 2024.\n _eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{robinson_ethical_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {null},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tdoi = {10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Pain Research},\n\tpublisher = {Dove Medical Press},\n\tauthor = {Robinson, Christopher L and Slitzky, Matthew and Schatman, Michael E and Yong, R Jason and Lehman, April D and Kaynar, Ata Murat and Shivanekar, Sharvari P and Emerick, Trent},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tkeywords = {chronic pain, drug enforcement administration, ethics, psychedelics, research},\n\tpages = {4357--4364},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The role of expectations in transformative experiences.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Psychology, 37(5): 1091–1114. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_role_2024,\n\ttitle = {The role of expectations in transformative experiences},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-09-25},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1091--1114},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Review of Psychiatry,1–10. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PersonalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_personal_2024,\n\ttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?},\n\tissn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},\n\tshorttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-25},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HowPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_how_2024,\n\ttitle = {How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer},\n\tissn = {0963-1801},\n\turl = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9},\n\tabstract = {Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2024-09-30},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, D.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Experiential Training in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy: A Risk‐Benefit Analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rosenbaum, D.; Hare, C.; Hapke, E.; Herman, Y.; Abbey, S. E.; Sisti, D.; and Buchman, D. Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Hastings Center Report, 54(4): 32–46. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ExperientialPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rosenbaum_experiential_2024,\n\ttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}: {A} {Risk}‐{Benefit} {Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0093-0334, 1552-146X},\n\tshorttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/hast.1602},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies \n              .},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-08-14},\n\tjournal = {Hastings Center Report},\n\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Hare, Crystal and Hapke, Emma and Herman, Yarissa and Abbey, Susan E. and Sisti, Dominic and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {32--46},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies .\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics: Clinical and Ethical Implications.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Devenot, N.; Sisti, D.; Averill, L. A.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 67(1): 117–142. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Bio-Psycho-SpiritualPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{neitzke-spruill_bio-psycho-spiritual_2024,\n\ttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}: {Clinical} and {Ethical} {Implications}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-23},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Devenot, Nese and Sisti, Dominic and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {117--142},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: Psychedelics, virtual reality and AI.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gordon, E. C.; Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.; and Savulescu, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Bioethics,bioe.13374. November 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MoralPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gordon_moral_2024,\n\ttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: {Psychedelics}, virtual reality and {AI}},\n\tissn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},\n\tshorttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.13374},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of\n              moral\n              achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more\n              speculative\n              and\n              impractical\n              forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an\n              adjunctive\n              or\n              facilitative\n              , rather than a\n              determinative\n              , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Gordon, Emma C. and Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Savulescu, Julian},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {bioe.13374},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Abstract A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of moral achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more speculative and impractical forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an adjunctive or facilitative , rather than a determinative , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Hopkins-Oxford Psychedelics Ethics (HOPE) Working Group Consensus Statement.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Earp, B. D.; Appelbaum, P. S.; Bruce, L.; Cassidy, K.; Celidwen, Y.; Cheung, K.; Clancy, S. K.; Devenot, N.; Evans, J.; Lynch, H. F.; Friesen, P.; Romeu, A. G.; Gehani, N.; Maloof, M.; Marcus, O.; Martin Moen, O.; Mertens, M.; Nayak, S. M.; Noorani, T.; Patch, K.; Porsdam-Mann, S.; Raj, G.; Rajwani, K.; Ray, K.; Smith, W.; Villiger, D.; Levy, N.; Crisp, R.; Savulescu, J.; Singh, I.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 24(7): 6–12. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_hopkins-oxford_2024,\n\ttitle = {The {Hopkins}-{Oxford} {Psychedelics} {Ethics} ({HOPE}) {Working} {Group} {Consensus} {Statement}},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Appelbaum, Paul S. and Bruce, Lori and Cassidy, Ksenia and Celidwen, Yuria and Cheung, Katherine and Clancy, Sean K. and Devenot, Neşe and Evans, Jules and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Friesen, Phoebe and Romeu, Albert Garcia and Gehani, Neil and Maloof, Molly and Marcus, Olivia and Martin Moen, Ole and Mertens, Mayli and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Noorani, Tehseen and Patch, Kyle and Porsdam-Mann, Sebastian and Raj, Gokul and Rajwani, Khaleel and Ray, Keisha and Smith, William and Villiger, Daniel and Levy, Neil and Crisp, Roger and Savulescu, Julian and Singh, Ilina and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {6--12},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Psychedelic Experience as an Ethical Experience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ballesteros, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Lovering, R., editor(s), The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Psychoactive Drug Use, pages 383–401. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{lovering_psychedelic_2024,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Experience} as an {Ethical} {Experience}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-031-65789-4 978-3-031-65790-0},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tbooktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Philosophy} and {Psychoactive} {Drug} {Use}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},\n\tauthor = {Ballesteros, Virginia},\n\teditor = {Lovering, Rob},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {383--401},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n New Territory: Ethical Challenges Associated With MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hartstein, G. L.; and Menon, S. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal, 20(1): 19–22. September 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"NewPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hartstein_new_2024,\n\ttitle = {New {Territory}: {Ethical} {Challenges} {Associated} {With} {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {PTSD}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tshorttitle = {New {Territory}},\n\turl = {https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},\n\tabstract = {The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-11-12},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal},\n\tauthor = {Hartstein, G. Luke and Menon, Sahit N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {19--22},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilson-Poe, A.; Hoffman, K.; Pertl, K; Luoma, J.; Bazinet, A; Stauffer, C.; McCarty, D; and Korthuis, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,1–8. September 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PersonalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wilson-poe_personal_2024,\n\ttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}: {A} {Thematic} {Analysis} of {Qualitative} {Interviews} with {Psilocybin} {Experts}},\n\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-20},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Wilson-Poe, Ar and Hoffman, Ka and Pertl, K and Luoma, Jb and Bazinet, A and Stauffer, Cs and McCarty, D and Korthuis, Pt},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Therapist Sexual Misconduct and Other Adverse Experiences Among a Sample of Naturalistic Psychedelic Users.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kruger, D. J.; Aday, J. S.; Fields, C. W.; Kolbman, N.; Glynos, N.; Barron, J.; Herberholz, M.; and Boehnke, K. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine,psymed.2024.0011. September 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kruger_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapist} {Sexual} {Misconduct} and {Other} {Adverse} {Experiences} {Among} a {Sample} of {Naturalistic} {Psychedelic} {Users}},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\n\tissn = {2831-4425, 2831-4433},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-18},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Kruger, Daniel J. and Aday, Jacob S. and Fields, Christopher W. and Kolbman, Nicholas and Glynos, Nicolas and Barron, Julie and Herberholz, Moss and Boehnke, Kevin F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {psymed.2024.0011},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? Considering the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, K.; Elf, P.; and Isham, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 133: 104571. November 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{anderson_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? {Considering} the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world?},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-10},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Katie and Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {104571},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Responding to existential distress at the end of life: Psychedelics and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Emmerich, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 17(3): 37. December 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RespondingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{emmerich_responding_2024,\n\ttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life: {Psychedelics} and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5490, 1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or\n              realise\n              meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-08-27},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {37},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or realise meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Providers’ Perspective and Insights: A Qualitative Analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, C. L.; Sackett, N.; Stark, B. C.; Dinh, V.; Romesburg, E. W.; and Roll, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine. August 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"UnderstandingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{smith_understanding_2024,\n\ttitle = {Understanding {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} {Providers}’ {Perspective} and {Insights}: {A} {Qualitative} {Analysis}},\n\tissn = {2831-4425},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},\n\tabstract = {Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.},\n\turldate = {2024-08-27},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tpublisher = {Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers},\n\tauthor = {Smith, Crystal Lederhos and Sackett, Nathan and Stark, Brian Connor and Dinh, Victoria and Romesburg, Ellen Wager and Roll, John},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pedersen, M. M.; and Steglich-Petersen, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Psychology,1–19. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pedersen_social_2024,\n\ttitle = {On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-08-08},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Pedersen, Mette Marie and Steglich-Petersen, Asbjørn},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--19},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: How do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sznitman, S. R.; Broers, B.; Auer, R.; and Tal, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 131: 104521. September 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TakingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sznitman_taking_2024,\n\ttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: {How} do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?},\n\tvolume = {131},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-08-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Sznitman, Sharon R. and Broers, Barbara and Auer, Reto and Tal, Kali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {104521},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Golafshani, M.; Buchman, D. Z.; and Husain, M. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n npj Mental Health Research, 3(1): 34. July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DisabilityPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{golafshani_disability_2024,\n\ttitle = {Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2731-4251},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-07-21},\n\tjournal = {npj Mental Health Research},\n\tauthor = {Golafshani, Maryam and Buchman, Daniel Z. and Husain, M. Ishrat},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {34},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: An ethnographic study in the Southeastern United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gezon, L. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, -1(aop). May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Community-basedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gezon_community-based_2024,\n\ttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: {An} ethnographic study in the {Southeastern} {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\tshorttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00381},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2024-07-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Gezon, Lisa L.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Propes, C.; Jacobs, E.; Earp, B. D.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Review of Psychiatry,1–11. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations},\n\tissn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-19},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conceptualizing your new reality: Should philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Quasti, C.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, -1(aop). July 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ConceptualizingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{quasti_conceptualizing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality: {Should} philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\tshorttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00355},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2024-07-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Romeo, B.; Kervadec, E.; Fauvel, B.; Strika-Bruneau, L.; Amirouche, A.; Verroust, V.; Piolino, P.; and Benyamina, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatry Research, 335: 115880. May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SafetyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{romeo_safety_2024,\n\ttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: {A} meta-analysis and systematic review},\n\tvolume = {335},\n\tissn = {01651781},\n\tshorttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatry Research},\n\tauthor = {Romeo, B. and Kervadec, E. and Fauvel, B. and Strika-Bruneau, L. and Amirouche, A. and Verroust, V. and Piolino, P. and Benyamina, A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {115880},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kochevar, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Psychology,1–22. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ClarifyingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kochevar_clarifying_2024,\n\ttitle = {Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Kochevar, Christopher},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--22},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aday, J. S.; Boehnke, K. F.; Herberholz, M.; and Kruger, D. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, -1(aop). May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AttitudesPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{aday_attitudes_2024,\n\ttitle = {Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00354},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76\\%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61\\%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately \\$70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2024-06-23},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Boehnke, Kevin F. and Herberholz, Moss and Kruger, Daniel J.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately $70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Transformative Trip? Experiences of Psychedelic Use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Beit, C.; Robinson, J.; Blevins, K.; Reynolds, J.; Evans, N. G.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 17(2): 33. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{neitzke-spruill_transformative_2024,\n\ttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}? {Experiences} of {Psychedelic} {Use}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}?},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-06-23},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Robinson, Jill and Blevins, Kai and Reynolds, Joel and Evans, Nicholas G. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Agency, Decision Making, Moral Neuroenhancement, Psychedelic Retreats, Psychedelics, Transformative Experience},\n\tpages = {33},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zeller, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophical Psychology,1–32. June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{zeller_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-06-09},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Zeller, Maximiliano},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--32},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: Decreasing risk and increasing access, or missing the point?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pashdag, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies. May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Non-hallucinogenicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pashdag_non-hallucinogenic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: {Decreasing} risk and increasing access, or missing the point?},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00385},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn't go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, \n              what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?},\n\turldate = {2024-06-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Pashdag, Joanna},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Abstract Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn't go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Duggan, P.; and Walker, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Biochemist, 46(1): 6–10. March 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CouldPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{duggan_could_2024,\n\ttitle = {Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0954-982X, 1740-1194},\n\turl = {https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to},\n\tdoi = {10.1042/bio_2023_164},\n\tabstract = {A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-04-24},\n\tjournal = {The Biochemist},\n\tauthor = {Duggan, Peter and Walker, Scott},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {6--10},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Essentials of Informed Consent to Psychedelic Medicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.; Brendel, R. W.; Shachar, C.; and Cohen, I. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry. April 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EssentialsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marks_essentials_2024,\n\ttitle = {Essentials of {Informed} {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\n\tabstract = {Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.},\n\turldate = {2024-04-10},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Brendel, Rebecca W. and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Informed Consent to Psychedelic Treatment—A Work in Progress.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry. April 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InformedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{appelbaum_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Treatment}—{A} {Work} in {Progress}},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.},\n\turldate = {2024-04-10},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics in PERIL: The Commercial Determinants of Health, Financial Entanglements and Population Health Ethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buchman, D.; and Rosenbaum, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Public Health Ethics,phae002. March 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{buchman_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}: {The} {Commercial} {Determinants} of {Health}, {Financial} {Entanglements} and {Population} {Health} {Ethics}},\n\tissn = {1754-9973, 1754-9981},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/phe/phae002},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-03-05},\n\tjournal = {Public Health Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Buchman, Daniel and Rosenbaum, Daniel},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {phae002},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 67(1): 155–165. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ValuingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cheung_valuing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Valuing the {Acute} {Subjective} {Experience}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-23},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {155--165},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kious, B. M.; Peterson, A.; and McGuire, A. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 67(1): 143–154. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ArePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kious_are_2024,\n\ttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}? {Can} {We} {Consent} to {Them}?},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}?},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-23},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Kious, Brent M. and Peterson, Andrew and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {143--154},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Giving Consent to the Ineffable.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 17(1): 11. February 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"GivingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{villiger_giving_2024,\n\ttitle = {Giving {Consent} to the {Ineffable}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\n\tabstract = {A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Informed consent, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Rationality, Testimony, Transformative experience},\n\tpages = {11},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Informed Consent to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Ethical Considerations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lee, A.; Rosenbaum, D.; and Buchman, D. Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, (1-5). January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InformedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{lee_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}: {Ethical} {Considerations}},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937},\n\tnumber = {1-5},\n\tjournal = {The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Andrew and Rosenbaum, Daniel and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Simon, M. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropsychopharmacology, 49(1): 294–295. January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EnsuringPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{simon_ensuring_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tcopyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tissn = {1740-634X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Simon, Melissa A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},\n\tpages = {294--295},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.\n
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\n  \n 2023\n \n \n (88)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bremler, R.; Katati, N.; Shergill, P.; Erritzoe, D.; and Carhart-Harris, R. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 13(1): 15998. 2023.\n ISBN: 2045-2322\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{bremler_case_2023,\n\ttitle = {Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},\n\tauthor = {Bremler, Rebecka and Katati, Nancy and Shergill, Parvinder and Erritzoe, David and Carhart-Harris, Robin L.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2045-2322},\n\tpages = {15998},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wolfgang, A. S.; and Hoge, C. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(10): 513–532. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}: {Clinical}, {Legal}, and {Implementation} {Considerations}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1535-1645},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.\nRECENT FINDINGS: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted therapy have shown promising outcomes in efficacy, safety, tolerability, and durability for PTSD and depression, respectively. MDMA-assisted therapy is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on an Expanded Access ("compassionate use") basis for PTSD, with full approval projected for 2024. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is projected to be FDA-approved for depression soon thereafter. Other psychedelics are in earlier stages of development. The VA is currently conducting PAT clinical trials. Although there are clear legal pathways for the VA and DoD to conduct PAT trials, a number of implementation barriers exist, such as the very high number of clinical hours necessary to treat each patient, resource requirements to support treatment infrastructure, military-specific considerations, and the high level of evidence necessary for PAT to be recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Ongoing considerations are whether and how PAT will be made available to VA and DoD beneficiaries, feasibility and cost-effectiveness, and ethical safeguards that must be implemented to prioritize access to PAT given the likelihood of extremely limited initial availability. However, with imminent FDA approval of PATs and considerable national interest in these treatments, DoD and VA policymakers must be prepared with clearly delineated policies and plans for how these healthcare systems will approach PAT.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Current Psychiatry Reports},\n\tauthor = {Wolfgang, Aaron S. and Hoge, Charles W.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Hallucinogens, Humans, MDMA, Military, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Review, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans},\n\tpages = {513--532},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems. RECENT FINDINGS: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted therapy have shown promising outcomes in efficacy, safety, tolerability, and durability for PTSD and depression, respectively. MDMA-assisted therapy is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on an Expanded Access (\"compassionate use\") basis for PTSD, with full approval projected for 2024. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is projected to be FDA-approved for depression soon thereafter. Other psychedelics are in earlier stages of development. The VA is currently conducting PAT clinical trials. Although there are clear legal pathways for the VA and DoD to conduct PAT trials, a number of implementation barriers exist, such as the very high number of clinical hours necessary to treat each patient, resource requirements to support treatment infrastructure, military-specific considerations, and the high level of evidence necessary for PAT to be recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Ongoing considerations are whether and how PAT will be made available to VA and DoD beneficiaries, feasibility and cost-effectiveness, and ethical safeguards that must be implemented to prioritize access to PAT given the likelihood of extremely limited initial availability. However, with imminent FDA approval of PATs and considerable national interest in these treatments, DoD and VA policymakers must be prepared with clearly delineated policies and plans for how these healthcare systems will approach PAT.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{sjostedt-hughes_need_2023,\n\ttitle = {On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589},\n\tabstract = {The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the ‘Metaphysics Matrix’) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (‘MMQ’) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical – all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy – or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Metaphysics, Mysticism, Philosophy, Questionnaires, integration, ontology, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the ‘Metaphysics Matrix’) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (‘MMQ’) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical – all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy – or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Philosophy as a way of life, spiritual exercises, and palliative care.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sharpe, M.; and Nolan, R. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 29(7): 1171–1179. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{sharpe_philosophy_2023,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy as a way of life, spiritual exercises, and palliative care},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1365-2753},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jep.13902},\n\tabstract = {This paper proposes that resources from philosophy as a way of life (PWL), in particular the prescription of targeted 'spiritual exercises' (Hadot) can be used in palliative counselling, addressing Alexandrova's critique that philosophy as 'big picture' theories alone are insufficient. Part I shows how the disciplines of philosophy and medicine for a long time intersected, in particular in competing prescriptive notions of 'regimen' or 'way of life' (diaitês) in the ancient world, in which philosophy was considered widely as PWL. Part II applies PWL work on the ancient philosophical spiritual exercises to contemporary clinical settings. We show how six ancient spiritual exercises respond to patients' needs as persons, whose quality of life is importantly shaped by their beliefs and sense-making, as they face profound existential or spiritual challenges, as well as forms of physical disability and diminished capabilities which they may never have previously countenanced.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice},\n\tauthor = {Sharpe, Matt and Nolan, Robert P.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Counseling, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Palliative Care, Philosophy, Quality of Life, ancient medicine, palliative counselling, philosophy as a way of life, regimen, spiritual exercises},\n\tpages = {1171--1179},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n This paper proposes that resources from philosophy as a way of life (PWL), in particular the prescription of targeted 'spiritual exercises' (Hadot) can be used in palliative counselling, addressing Alexandrova's critique that philosophy as 'big picture' theories alone are insufficient. Part I shows how the disciplines of philosophy and medicine for a long time intersected, in particular in competing prescriptive notions of 'regimen' or 'way of life' (diaitês) in the ancient world, in which philosophy was considered widely as PWL. Part II applies PWL work on the ancient philosophical spiritual exercises to contemporary clinical settings. We show how six ancient spiritual exercises respond to patients' needs as persons, whose quality of life is importantly shaped by their beliefs and sense-making, as they face profound existential or spiritual challenges, as well as forms of physical disability and diminished capabilities which they may never have previously countenanced.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybin history, action and reaction: A narrative clinical review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sharma, P.; Nguyen, Q. A.; Matthews, S. J.; Carpenter, E.; Mathews, D. B.; Patten, C. A.; and Hammond, C. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(9): 849–865. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{sharma_psilocybin_2023,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin history, action and reaction: {A} narrative clinical review},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Psilocybin history, action and reaction},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811231190858},\n\tabstract = {Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used in religious and cultural ceremonies for centuries. Of late, psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received increased public interest as a novel drug for treating mood and substance use disorders (SUDs). In addition, in recent years, some states in the United States have legalized psilocybin for medical and recreational use. Given this, clinicians need to understand the potential benefits and risks related to using psilocybin for therapeutic purposes so that they can accurately advise patients. This expert narrative review summarizes the scientific basis and clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating psychiatric disorders and SUDs. The results of this review are structured as a more extensive discussion about psilocybin's history, putative mechanisms of action, and recent legislative changes to its legal status. There is modest evidence of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, early data suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may effectively reduce harmful drinking in patients with alcohol use disorders. The evidence further suggests psilocybin, when administered under supervision (psilocybin-assisted therapy), the side effects experienced are mild and transient. The occurrence of severe adverse events following psilocybin administration is uncommon. Still, a recent clinical trial found that individuals in the psilocybin arm had increased suicidal ideations and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. Given this, further investigation into the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy is warranted to determine which patient subgroups are most likely to benefit and which are most likely to experience adverse outcomes related to its use.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sharma, Pravesh and Nguyen, Quang Anh and Matthews, Sadie J. and Carpenter, Erin and Mathews, Douglas B. and Patten, Christi A. and Hammond, Christopher J.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Affect, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, clinical review, mental health, mushroom, psychopharmacology},\n\tpages = {849--865},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used in religious and cultural ceremonies for centuries. Of late, psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received increased public interest as a novel drug for treating mood and substance use disorders (SUDs). In addition, in recent years, some states in the United States have legalized psilocybin for medical and recreational use. Given this, clinicians need to understand the potential benefits and risks related to using psilocybin for therapeutic purposes so that they can accurately advise patients. This expert narrative review summarizes the scientific basis and clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating psychiatric disorders and SUDs. The results of this review are structured as a more extensive discussion about psilocybin's history, putative mechanisms of action, and recent legislative changes to its legal status. There is modest evidence of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, early data suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may effectively reduce harmful drinking in patients with alcohol use disorders. The evidence further suggests psilocybin, when administered under supervision (psilocybin-assisted therapy), the side effects experienced are mild and transient. The occurrence of severe adverse events following psilocybin administration is uncommon. Still, a recent clinical trial found that individuals in the psilocybin arm had increased suicidal ideations and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. Given this, further investigation into the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy is warranted to determine which patient subgroups are most likely to benefit and which are most likely to experience adverse outcomes related to its use.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Seybert, C.; Cotovio, G.; Madeira, L.; Ricou, M.; Pires, A. M.; and Oliveira-Maia, A. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Medicine, 29(9): 2167–2170. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{seybert_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1546-170X},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Seybert, Carolina and Cotovio, Gonçalo and Madeira, Luís and Ricou, Miguel and Pires, Ana Matos and Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Informed Consent, Mental Disorders, Mental Health},\n\tpages = {2167--2170},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ayahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruffell, S. G. D.; Crosland‐Wood, M.; Palmer, R.; Netzband, N.; Tsang, W.; Weiss, B.; Gandy, S.; Cowley‐Court, T.; Halman, A.; McHerron, D.; Jong, A.; Kennedy, T.; White, E.; Perkins, D.; Terhune, D. B.; and Sarris, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports, 2(4): e146. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Ayahuasca:Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ruffell_ayahuasca_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ayahuasca: {A} review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {2769-2558, 2769-2558},\n\tshorttitle = {Ayahuasca},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pcn5.146},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/pcn5.146},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              Ayahuasca is a psychedelic plant brew originating from the Amazon rainforest. It is formed from two basic components, the\n              Banisteriopsis caapi\n              vine and a plant containing the potent psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT), usually\n              Psychotria viridis\n              . Here we review the history of ayahuasca and describe recent work on its pharmacology, phenomenological responses, and clinical applications. There has been a significant increase in interest in ayahuasca since the turn of the millennium. Anecdotal evidence varies significantly, ranging from evangelical accounts to horror stories involving physical and psychological harm. The effects of the brew on personality and mental health outcomes are discussed in this review. Furthermore, phenomenological analyses of the ayahuasca experience are explored. Ayahuasca is a promising psychedelic agent that warrants greater empirical attention regarding its basic neurochemical mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic application.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports},\n\tauthor = {Ruffell, Simon G. D. and Crosland‐Wood, Max and Palmer, Rob and Netzband, Nige and Tsang, WaiFung and Weiss, Brandon and Gandy, Sam and Cowley‐Court, Tessa and Halman, Andreas and McHerron, Diana and Jong, Angelina and Kennedy, Tom and White, Eleanor and Perkins, Daniel and Terhune, Devin B. and Sarris, Jerome},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {e146},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Ayahuasca is a psychedelic plant brew originating from the Amazon rainforest. It is formed from two basic components, the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and a plant containing the potent psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT), usually Psychotria viridis . Here we review the history of ayahuasca and describe recent work on its pharmacology, phenomenological responses, and clinical applications. There has been a significant increase in interest in ayahuasca since the turn of the millennium. Anecdotal evidence varies significantly, ranging from evangelical accounts to horror stories involving physical and psychological harm. The effects of the brew on personality and mental health outcomes are discussed in this review. Furthermore, phenomenological analyses of the ayahuasca experience are explored. Ayahuasca is a promising psychedelic agent that warrants greater empirical attention regarding its basic neurochemical mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic application.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The “Third” Eye: Ethics of Video Recording in the Context of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Bioethics, 6(3-4): 8–15. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rajwani_third_2023,\n\ttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}: {Ethics} of {Video} {Recording} in the {Context} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2561-4665},\n\tshorttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}},\n\turl = {http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1108000ar},\n\tdoi = {10.7202/1108000ar},\n\tabstract = {In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.\n          , \n            Après des cas très médiatisés d’agressions sexuelles et d’autres comportements contraires à l’éthique de la part de thérapeutes, la recherche clinique récente sur les drogues psychédéliques a généralement rendu obligatoire l’enregistrement vidéo de toutes les séances de thérapie. Dans cet article, j’examine les questions éthiques liées à l’enregistrement vidéo dans le contexte unique des séances de thérapie psychédélique. Je commence par résumer les avantages et les risques importants liés à l’enregistrement vidéo, puis ensuite les préoccupations éthiques concernant l’enregistrement obligatoire des séances de thérapie psychédélique du point de vue du patient, et je soutiens que ces préoccupations doivent être prises au sérieux par les cliniciens et chercheurs. J’examine également le point de vue selon lequel l’enregistrement vidéo est essentiel pour la sécurité des cliniciens. Acceptant la légitimité des préoccupations des deux points de vue, j’expose quelques considérations de base sur le consentement éclairé qui pourraient générer un dialogue autour des préoccupations potentielles des patients. Je défends l’option de refuser, tant pour les patients que pour les cliniciens. En conclusion, je souligne l’importance de poursuivre l’enquête bioéthique critique et la recherche qualitative concernant les pratiques d’enregistrement vidéo dans le contexte des thérapies assistées par les psychédéliques.},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {8--15},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies. , Après des cas très médiatisés d’agressions sexuelles et d’autres comportements contraires à l’éthique de la part de thérapeutes, la recherche clinique récente sur les drogues psychédéliques a généralement rendu obligatoire l’enregistrement vidéo de toutes les séances de thérapie. Dans cet article, j’examine les questions éthiques liées à l’enregistrement vidéo dans le contexte unique des séances de thérapie psychédélique. Je commence par résumer les avantages et les risques importants liés à l’enregistrement vidéo, puis ensuite les préoccupations éthiques concernant l’enregistrement obligatoire des séances de thérapie psychédélique du point de vue du patient, et je soutiens que ces préoccupations doivent être prises au sérieux par les cliniciens et chercheurs. J’examine également le point de vue selon lequel l’enregistrement vidéo est essentiel pour la sécurité des cliniciens. Acceptant la légitimité des préoccupations des deux points de vue, j’expose quelques considérations de base sur le consentement éclairé qui pourraient générer un dialogue autour des préoccupations potentielles des patients. Je défends l’option de refuser, tant pour les patients que pour les cliniciens. En conclusion, je souligne l’importance de poursuivre l’enquête bioéthique critique et la recherche qualitative concernant les pratiques d’enregistrement vidéo dans le contexte des thérapies assistées par les psychédéliques.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Otterman, L. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 20(1): 31–39. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{otterman_research_2023,\n\ttitle = {Research into {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {Anorexia} {Nervosa} {Should} be {Funded}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1872-4353},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\n\tabstract = {Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Bioethical Inquiry},\n\tauthor = {Otterman, Lauren S.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Anorexia Nervosa, Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Female, Hallucinogens, Health research ethics, Humans, Informed consent, LSD, Male, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {31--39},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Belief changes associated with psychedelic use.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nayak, S. M.; Singh, M.; Yaden, D. B.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(1): 80–92. January 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{nayak_belief_2023,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {Belief changes associated with psychedelic use},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811221131989},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Psychedelic use is anecdotally associated with belief changes, although few studies have tested these claims.\nAIM: Characterize a broad range of psychedelic occasioned belief changes.\nSURVEY: A survey was conducted in 2374 respondents who endorsed having had a belief changing psychedelic experience. Participants rated their agreement with belief statements Before and After the psychedelic experience as well as at the time of survey administration.\nRESULTS: Factor analysis of 45 belief statements revealed five factors: "Dualism," "Paranormal/Spirituality," "Non-mammal consciousness," "Mammal consciousness," and "Superstition." Medium to large effect sizes from Before to After the experience were observed for increases in beliefs in "Dualism" (β = 0.72), "Paranormal/Spirituality" (β = 0.90), "Non-mammal consciousness" (β = 0.72), and "Mammal consciousness" (β = 0.74). In contrast, negligible changes were observed for "Superstition" (β = -0.18).). At the individual item level, increases in non-physicalist beliefs included belief in reincarnation, communication with the dead, existence of consciousness after death, telepathy, and consciousness of inanimate natural objects (e.g., rocks). The percentage of participants who identified as a "Believer (e.g., in Ultimate Reality, Higher Power, and/or God, etc.)" increased from 29\\% Before to 59\\% After." At both the factor and individual item level, higher ratings of mystical experience were associated with greater changes in beliefs. Belief changes assessed after the experience (an average 8.4 years) remained largely unchanged at the time of survey.\nCONCLUSIONS: A single psychedelic experience increased a range of non-physicalist beliefs as well as beliefs about consciousness, meaning, and purpose. Further, the magnitude of belief change is associated with qualitative features of the experience.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Nayak, Sandeep M. and Singh, Manvir and Yaden, David B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {5-HT2A receptor agonist, Consciousness, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psychedelics, Spiritual Therapies, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Surveys and Questionnaires, beliefs},\n\tpages = {80--92},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n BACKGROUND: Psychedelic use is anecdotally associated with belief changes, although few studies have tested these claims. AIM: Characterize a broad range of psychedelic occasioned belief changes. SURVEY: A survey was conducted in 2374 respondents who endorsed having had a belief changing psychedelic experience. Participants rated their agreement with belief statements Before and After the psychedelic experience as well as at the time of survey administration. RESULTS: Factor analysis of 45 belief statements revealed five factors: \"Dualism,\" \"Paranormal/Spirituality,\" \"Non-mammal consciousness,\" \"Mammal consciousness,\" and \"Superstition.\" Medium to large effect sizes from Before to After the experience were observed for increases in beliefs in \"Dualism\" (β = 0.72), \"Paranormal/Spirituality\" (β = 0.90), \"Non-mammal consciousness\" (β = 0.72), and \"Mammal consciousness\" (β = 0.74). In contrast, negligible changes were observed for \"Superstition\" (β = -0.18).). At the individual item level, increases in non-physicalist beliefs included belief in reincarnation, communication with the dead, existence of consciousness after death, telepathy, and consciousness of inanimate natural objects (e.g., rocks). The percentage of participants who identified as a \"Believer (e.g., in Ultimate Reality, Higher Power, and/or God, etc.)\" increased from 29% Before to 59% After.\" At both the factor and individual item level, higher ratings of mystical experience were associated with greater changes in beliefs. Belief changes assessed after the experience (an average 8.4 years) remained largely unchanged at the time of survey. CONCLUSIONS: A single psychedelic experience increased a range of non-physicalist beliefs as well as beliefs about consciousness, meaning, and purpose. Further, the magnitude of belief change is associated with qualitative features of the experience.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Studying Harms Is Key to Improving Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy-Participants Call for Changes to Research Landscape.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n McNamee, S.; Devenot, N.; and Buisson, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 80(5): 411–412. May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mcnamee_studying_2023,\n\ttitle = {Studying {Harms} {Is} {Key} to {Improving} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}-{Participants} {Call} for {Changes} to {Research} {Landscape}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {2168-6238},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {McNamee, Sarah and Devenot, Nese and Buisson, Meaghan},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, Research},\n\tpages = {411--412},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.; Kious, B. M.; Shachar, C.; and Cohen, I. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Mental Health. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IntroducingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marks_introducing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare},\n\turl = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Introducing-psychedelics-to-end-of-life-mental-Marks-Kious/3371d38dd11f50bf0c5afead48e9a4fa73918134},\n\tabstract = {The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Nature Mental Health},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Kious, Brent M. and Shachar, C. and Cohen, I. G.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychologists' and psychotherapists' knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding the therapeutic use of psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kucsera, A.; Suppes, T.; and Haug, N. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(6): 1369–1379. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kucsera_psychologists_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychologists' and psychotherapists' knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding the therapeutic use of psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1099-0879},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/cpp.2880},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study explored the current knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding psychedelics among mental health professionals in California, where state legislation to decriminalize psychedelics has been proposed.\nMETHOD: Two hundred thirty-seven mental health providers (74\\% female; mean age 54; 83\\% White; 46\\% psychologists) completed a 37-item online survey between November 2021 and February 2022, disseminated through local and state-wide professional organizations in California.\nRESULTS: Providers endorsed limited knowledge about the risks and benefits of psychedelic use (M = 4.7 and 5.4, respectively, with 10 = high knowledge) and inadequate knowledge to counsel patients on use (45\\%). Gaps in knowledge related to psychedelic drug scheduling and current use in clinical research were identified. Providers expressed support for additional psychedelic research (97\\%), approval of recreational (66\\%) and medical (91\\%) psychedelic use, belief in the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics (89\\%), and concerns about safety (33\\%) and potential psychiatric risks (27\\%). Results indicated that most providers discuss psychedelic use with patients (73\\%), yet many do not feel comfortable addressing the effects of use (49\\%). There were significant correlations between knowledge and attitudes towards psychedelics (r = 0.2, p = .006; r = 0.31, p {\\textless} .001) and attitudes and clinical practices (r = 0.34, p {\\textless} .001).\nCONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that providers are interested in psychedelic-assisted treatments and hold favourable attitudes towards the therapeutic use of psychedelics yet lack the knowledge to appropriately counsel patients, highlighting the need for additional provider education about psychedelics.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Clinical Psychology \\& Psychotherapy},\n\tauthor = {Kucsera, Aileen and Suppes, Trisha and Haug, Nancy A.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Emotions, Female, Hallucinogens, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Psychotherapists, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, knowledge, professional attitudes, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics, psychologists, psychotherapists},\n\tpages = {1369--1379},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n INTRODUCTION: This study explored the current knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding psychedelics among mental health professionals in California, where state legislation to decriminalize psychedelics has been proposed. METHOD: Two hundred thirty-seven mental health providers (74% female; mean age 54; 83% White; 46% psychologists) completed a 37-item online survey between November 2021 and February 2022, disseminated through local and state-wide professional organizations in California. RESULTS: Providers endorsed limited knowledge about the risks and benefits of psychedelic use (M = 4.7 and 5.4, respectively, with 10 = high knowledge) and inadequate knowledge to counsel patients on use (45%). Gaps in knowledge related to psychedelic drug scheduling and current use in clinical research were identified. Providers expressed support for additional psychedelic research (97%), approval of recreational (66%) and medical (91%) psychedelic use, belief in the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics (89%), and concerns about safety (33%) and potential psychiatric risks (27%). Results indicated that most providers discuss psychedelic use with patients (73%), yet many do not feel comfortable addressing the effects of use (49%). There were significant correlations between knowledge and attitudes towards psychedelics (r = 0.2, p = .006; r = 0.31, p \\textless .001) and attitudes and clinical practices (r = 0.34, p \\textless .001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that providers are interested in psychedelic-assisted treatments and hold favourable attitudes towards the therapeutic use of psychedelics yet lack the knowledge to appropriately counsel patients, highlighting the need for additional provider education about psychedelics.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kious, B.; Schwartz, Z.; and Lewis, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(1): 45–48. January 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kious_should_2023,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}? {Concerns} about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}?},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811221133461},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even "conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform". Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators' enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Kious, Brent and Schwartz, Zach and Lewis, Benjamin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Hallucinogens, Humans, MDMA, Psychedelic, Research Personnel, psilocybin, research ethics},\n\tpages = {45--48},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even \"conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform\". Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators' enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TransformativePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jacobs_transformative_2023,\n\ttitle = {Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333},\n\tabstract = {Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is increasing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul’s work on ‘Transformative Experience’, I argue that the acute and long-term effects repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the ‘peak’ or ‘mystical’ experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the longer-term shifts to outlooks, values and priorities that follow, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of decisionally competent patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent as we standardly deploy it as a legitimising process for clinical intervention. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent —avoiding unauthorised trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making— is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Consent, Informed Consent, Transformative experience, Value change, psychedelic, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is increasing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul’s work on ‘Transformative Experience’, I argue that the acute and long-term effects repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the ‘peak’ or ‘mystical’ experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the longer-term shifts to outlooks, values and priorities that follow, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of decisionally competent patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent as we standardly deploy it as a legitimising process for clinical intervention. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent —avoiding unauthorised trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making— is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Altered stakes: Identifying gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harrison, T. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(S1): 48–60. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AlteredPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{harrison_altered_2023,\n\ttitle = {Altered stakes: {Identifying} gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {Altered stakes},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00267},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              Background and aims\n              Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials.\n            \n            \n              Methods\n              \n                Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching\n                clinicaltrials.gov\n                . Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.”\n              \n            \n            \n              Results\n              Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials.\n            \n            \n              Conclusion\n              Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {48--60},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov . Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A survey of Australian psychiatrists' and psychiatry trainees' knowledge of and attitudes towards psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Grover, C.; Monds, L.; and Montebello, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 31(3): 329–335. June 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{grover_survey_2023,\n\ttitle = {A survey of {Australian} psychiatrists' and psychiatry trainees' knowledge of and attitudes towards psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1440-1665},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/10398562231155125},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess Australian psychiatrists' and psychiatry trainees' knowledge of and attitudes towards psychedelics as treatment for psychiatric disorders.\nMETHOD: Australian members of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists were invited to participate in an anonymous survey that ran from October 1 to November 30 2021. Participants were asked about their knowledge of the risks and benefits of, and attitudes towards, psychedelics, including the factors that influence those attitudes.\nRESULTS: Fifty-one doctors responded to the survey, and 38 completed all items. The majority were male, consultants and based primarily in New South Wales. Respondents reported awareness of the evidence demonstrating the benefits of psychedelics for most disorders; however most respondents, particularly females, perceived psychedelics as risky. Most considered themselves open-minded and believed psychedelics deserved further research.\nCONCLUSIONS: The poor response rate was a major limitation of this study. Our sample of Australian psychiatrists and trainees were enthusiastic about psychedelics as psychiatric treatment and were aware of some of the evidence demonstrating their efficacy. Safety continues to be a concern, despite growing evidence of their safety in therapeutic settings. Education about the evidence of their efficacy and the risks associated with their use is needed.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists},\n\tauthor = {Grover, Cameron and Monds, Lauren and Montebello, Mark},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Attitude of Health Personnel, Australia, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Surveys and Questionnaires, mental disorders, psychedelics, psychiatry, surveys, treatment},\n\tpages = {329--335},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n OBJECTIVE: To assess Australian psychiatrists' and psychiatry trainees' knowledge of and attitudes towards psychedelics as treatment for psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Australian members of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists were invited to participate in an anonymous survey that ran from October 1 to November 30 2021. Participants were asked about their knowledge of the risks and benefits of, and attitudes towards, psychedelics, including the factors that influence those attitudes. RESULTS: Fifty-one doctors responded to the survey, and 38 completed all items. The majority were male, consultants and based primarily in New South Wales. Respondents reported awareness of the evidence demonstrating the benefits of psychedelics for most disorders; however most respondents, particularly females, perceived psychedelics as risky. Most considered themselves open-minded and believed psychedelics deserved further research. CONCLUSIONS: The poor response rate was a major limitation of this study. Our sample of Australian psychiatrists and trainees were enthusiastic about psychedelics as psychiatric treatment and were aware of some of the evidence demonstrating their efficacy. Safety continues to be a concern, despite growing evidence of their safety in therapeutic settings. Education about the evidence of their efficacy and the risks associated with their use is needed.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Moving beyond a figurative psychedelic literacy: Metaphors of psychiatric symptoms in ayahuasca narratives.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gearin, A. K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 334: 116171. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MovingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{gearin_moving_2023,\n\ttitle = {Moving beyond a figurative psychedelic literacy: {Metaphors} of psychiatric symptoms in ayahuasca narratives},\n\tvolume = {334},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\tshorttitle = {Moving beyond a figurative psychedelic literacy},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953623005282},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116171},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Gearin, Alex K.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {116171},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n van Elk, M.; and Fried, E. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 13: 20451253231198466. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{van_elk_history_2023,\n\ttitle = {History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {2045-1253},\n\tshorttitle = {History repeating},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/20451253231198466},\n\tabstract = {Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today's problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {van Elk, Michiel and Fried, Eiko I.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {open science, psychedelics, psychotherapy, questionable research practices, validity},\n\tpages = {20451253231198466},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today's problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edelsohn, G. A.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 66(1): 129–144. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{edelsohn_past_2023,\n\ttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}: {Ethical} {Issues} in {Pediatric} {Psychedelics} {Research} and {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2023.0007},\n\tabstract = {Recent clinical trials of psychedelic drugs aim to treat a range of psychiatric conditions in adults. MDMA and psilocybin administered with psychotherapy have received FDA designation as "breakthrough therapies" for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) respectively. Given the potential benefit for minors burdened with many of the same disorders, calls to expand experimentation to minors are inevitable. This essay examines psychedelic research conducted on children from 1959 to 1974, highlighting methodological and ethical flaws. It provides ethics and policy recommendations for psychedelics research involving children and adolescents, including recognizing that the psychedelic experience is an ineffable one that makes informed proxy consent for parents, guardians, and others especially challenging. Psychedelic experiences are associated with novel benefits and risks, such as significant personality changes, shifts in fundamental values, and possible re-exposure to traumatic memories. These effects may alter the process of personality development in minors. Recommendations for ethically sound psychedelics research in minors include strict adherence to eligibility criteria, including a comprehensive family and individual psychiatric, substance use, and trauma history. An age-appropriate assent process that includes considerations related to the use of therapeutic touch should be developed. In addition, oversight by data safety monitoring boards and patient and family advocates, coupled with the adoption of pharmacoequity best practices, will help to ensure safety and fairness of psychedelics research in children.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Edelsohn, Gail A. and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Hallucinogens, Humans, Informed Consent, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psilocybin, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic},\n\tpages = {129--144},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Recent clinical trials of psychedelic drugs aim to treat a range of psychiatric conditions in adults. MDMA and psilocybin administered with psychotherapy have received FDA designation as \"breakthrough therapies\" for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) respectively. Given the potential benefit for minors burdened with many of the same disorders, calls to expand experimentation to minors are inevitable. This essay examines psychedelic research conducted on children from 1959 to 1974, highlighting methodological and ethical flaws. It provides ethics and policy recommendations for psychedelics research involving children and adolescents, including recognizing that the psychedelic experience is an ineffable one that makes informed proxy consent for parents, guardians, and others especially challenging. Psychedelic experiences are associated with novel benefits and risks, such as significant personality changes, shifts in fundamental values, and possible re-exposure to traumatic memories. These effects may alter the process of personality development in minors. Recommendations for ethically sound psychedelics research in minors include strict adherence to eligibility criteria, including a comprehensive family and individual psychiatric, substance use, and trauma history. An age-appropriate assent process that includes considerations related to the use of therapeutic touch should be developed. In addition, oversight by data safety monitoring boards and patient and family advocates, coupled with the adoption of pharmacoequity best practices, will help to ensure safety and fairness of psychedelics research in children.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n How Important Is a Guide Who Has Taken Psilocybin in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earleywine, M.; Low, F.; Altman, B. R.; and De Leo, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 55(1): 51–61. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earleywine_how_2023,\n\ttitle = {How {Important} {Is} a {Guide} {Who} {Has} {Taken} {Psilocybin} in {Psilocybin}-{Assisted} {Therapy} for {Depression}?},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {2159-9777},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2022.2047842},\n\tabstract = {Promising outcomes of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT) for depression have generated concerted efforts to replicate, extend, and refine protocols to maximize efficacy. Psychotherapy research reveals that clients benefit most when important components of treatment align with their personal preferences. One open question related to PAT concerns the importance of the psilocybin experience of the guides (trained professionals present during acute effects). We sought to assess the importance of a guide who had used psilocybin to potential clients with depressive symptoms. Over 800 MTurk respondents with depressive symptoms rated the import of a guide who had used psilocybin relative to alternative characteristics in guides and cognitive behavioral (CBT) therapists. Importance ratings for guides who had used psilocybin significantly exceeded the "somewhat important" level (50 on a 0-100 scale), other guide-related qualities, and comparable ratings for a cognitive behavioral therapist who shared demographics, had experience with depression and received cognitive therapy personally. People of color (those who are not Caucasian) and those who had previous therapy gave significantly higher importance ratings for guides who had used psilocybin. Participants who chose to list other qualities important for guides listed very similar ones for CBT therapists, often emphasizing proper training and an empathic demeanor. Guides who have used psilocybin, who inform clients of the fact, might have advantages for facilitating PAT's antidepressant effects, as least in a subset of clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Earleywine, Mitch and Low, Fiona and Altman, Brianna R. and De Leo, Joseph},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Antidepressive Agents, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Depression, Hallucinogenic drugs, Humans, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, clients, major depression, psilocybin, psilocybin-assisted therapy, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {51--61},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Promising outcomes of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT) for depression have generated concerted efforts to replicate, extend, and refine protocols to maximize efficacy. Psychotherapy research reveals that clients benefit most when important components of treatment align with their personal preferences. One open question related to PAT concerns the importance of the psilocybin experience of the guides (trained professionals present during acute effects). We sought to assess the importance of a guide who had used psilocybin to potential clients with depressive symptoms. Over 800 MTurk respondents with depressive symptoms rated the import of a guide who had used psilocybin relative to alternative characteristics in guides and cognitive behavioral (CBT) therapists. Importance ratings for guides who had used psilocybin significantly exceeded the \"somewhat important\" level (50 on a 0-100 scale), other guide-related qualities, and comparable ratings for a cognitive behavioral therapist who shared demographics, had experience with depression and received cognitive therapy personally. People of color (those who are not Caucasian) and those who had previous therapy gave significantly higher importance ratings for guides who had used psilocybin. Participants who chose to list other qualities important for guides listed very similar ones for CBT therapists, often emphasizing proper training and an empathic demeanor. Guides who have used psilocybin, who inform clients of the fact, might have advantages for facilitating PAT's antidepressant effects, as least in a subset of clients.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic literary studies and the poetics of disruption.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Devenot, N.; and Erving, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. June 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{devenot_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic literary studies and the poetics of disruption},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155908/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155908},\n\tabstract = {when studying the phenomena of conscious experience, many researchers presuppose that matter at the subatomic level constitutes the ground of reality and exists independently of human consciousness, that time and space are the necessary conditions of experience and exist independently of the mind, and that consciousness is ultimately reducible to the material structure and processes of the brain. Guided by these widespread and closely-held assumptions, scientists dedicate themselves to understanding the behavior of the material world-a world of matter and energy situated within time and space that unfolds according to established causal principles-while social scientists commonly explore human behavior within the ontological framework created by these assumptions. Consequently, the discursive practices used by these disciplines prioritize denotative language that suits the methods of empirical observation, mathematical logic, and the imperative for objectivity.As Alan Watts explores in The Joyous Cosmology, the English language emphasizes \\&quot;contrast and classification\\&quot; in its denotative uses, which subtly reinforces the notion that reality is reducible to singular, isolated, material parts (Watts 2013, 50). Although this view of reality often appears as inevitable and intuitive in ordinary states of consciousness, psychedelic experiences frequently catapult even staunch materialists into a perspective where reality is seen as a dynamic play of energy wherein usual categories of opposition-self/other, subject/object, mind/matter-dissolve into awareness of interrelated polarity. Given the persuasiveness and frequency of these sorts of experiences under the influence of psychedelics, it is unsurprising that a recent paper correlated psychedelic use with shifts away from \\&quot;hard materialist\\&quot; metaphysical beliefs (Timmermann et al. 2021). These experiences often contradict materialist assumptions and are thus ill-suited to the conventions of denotative language. To the extent the actual experience of these states are susceptible to description, they require highly figurative, connotative language rich in metaphor and suggestive symbolism. This sort of language is the domain of poetry and other verbal, pictorial, musical arts. The most successful literary and artistic renderings of psychedelic states work not by providing abstract, descriptive testimonies, but rather by disrupting our habitual patterns of cognition with an aesthetic that enacts the very experience it represents. One of the most paradigmatic examples of literary art that seeks to transform consciousness by wrenching it from the lethargy of custom can be found in the works of William Blake (1757-1827). Blake\\&\\#39;s expertise in rendering this poetics of disruption explains the deep impression he left-following Aldous Huxley\\&\\#39;s The Doors of Perception, which drew its title from Blake-on Beat Generation poets as well as writers, musicians, and artists of the 1960s psychedelic counterculture. Although present-day psychedelic researchers still allude to William Blake as a reference for describing psychedelic effects (Nutt 2021), few scholars within the contemporary research revival have investigated the reasons for Blake\\&\\#39;s artistic and literary appeal within psychedelia (for an early exception, see Boon 2002).Although Blake knew nothing of psychedelics, his artistic vision was rooted in an antimaterialist conviction that \\&quot;Mental Things are alone Real [;] Knows of its Dwelling Place[; it] is in Fallacy \\&amp; its Existence an Imposture\\&quot; (Blake 1997, 565) In its alignment with the premise of metaphysical idealism-i.e., that the ground of reality is mind, not matter-Blake\\&\\#39;s claim is congruent with recurring components of psychedelic phenomenology, wherein the material world is commonly seen to be the manifestation of mind rather than its cause. Blake\\&\\#39;s art thus attempts to draw its readers into a reality as foreign to the materialist zeitgeist of his times as the psychedelic explorer\\&\\#39;s experience is to the scientific norms of ours-a reality experienced as infinite consciousness unfolding in infinite modes of expression. His term for this engine of expression is \\&quot;Poetic Genius,\\&quot; which draws upon poesis (Greek for \\&quot;making\\&quot;) and the root gen found in the procreative sense of \\&quot;generate,\\&quot; \\&quot;genesis,\\&quot; \\&quot;generous,\\&quot; etc. Thus for Blake: \\&quot;The Poetic Genius is the true Man, and that the body or outward form of Man is derived from the Poetic Genius\\&quot; (Blake 1997, 1). Consequently, when Blake writes that his literary art intends to \\&quot;rouse the faculties to act,\\&quot; he aims for it to awaken the poetic genius in his readers so they may become aware that their perceptions are actively creative rather than passive receptions of sensory data emitted from the world of material objects. Thus the creative imagination, regarded with suspicion by Enlightenment rationalists for producing pleasing but meaningless chimeras, is for Blake the activity of the universal Poetic Genius as it instantiates in the activity of individual perception: \\&quot;But to the Eyes of the Man of Imagination Nature is Imagination itself. As a Man is So he Sees\\&quot; (Blake 1997, 702).To achieve this transformation of identity in his readers, Blake employs what W.J.T.Mitchell terms a \\&quot;composite art,\\&quot; one whose aesthetic hovers in the ambiguous interplay between its verbal and visual elements (Mitchell 2019). The verbal elements present a world of process whose only principle of permanence resides in the creative imagination that drives the process. The illustrations-which reject literal representation for suggestive symbolismunderscore the complete degree to which the visual world is subject to transformation by the 4 mind. The composite effect thus aims to awaken us from dogmatic, dualistic belief in an inert and separate material world by drawing our awareness to the processes by which consciousness-acting through the Poetic Genius of individuals-constitutes the ground of reality itself. It is important to note that this perspectival frame shift does not depend on any specific ontological commitments from the reader/experiencer; rather, psychedelics and psychedelic poetics alike provide lenses through which one can experience the world beyond the hegemonic and normalized confines of materialist assumptions.Plate 14 from The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) serves as a case study on Blake\\&\\#39;s approach to shifting reality frames through a poetics of disruption. Its famous line-\\&quot;If the doors of perception were cleansed, everything would appear to man as it is, infinite,\\&quot; which inspired both the title of Huxley\\&\\#39;s The Doors of Perception and the name of the psychedelic rock band \\&quot;The Doors\\&quot;-exemplifies the aim of his artistic enterprise to disrupt our habitual cognitive filters so that we may better understand who we really are, beyond inherited and societallyimposed assumptions (Blake 1997, 39). An illustration sits at the top of the plate depicting a human figure with arms outstretched, who appears to be flying directly at the reader. This figure hovers over and is partly immersed in flames that separate it from a stiffly prone, corpse-like human figure lying at right angles to the orientation of its airborne opposite. Beneath the illustration, the speaker declares, \\&quot;The ancient tradition that the world will be consumed in fire at the end of six thousand years is true, as I have heard from Hell\\&quot; (Blake 1997, 39). Rather than suggesting sympathy with \\&quot;Hell\\&quot; as traditionally conceived, other plates in this work reveal a context wherein flames suggest the living energy of creative imagination as the element of transformation. This symbolism informs the reader\\&\\#39;s interpretation of the speaker\\&\\#39;s proclamation: \\&quot;For the cherub with his flaming sword is hereby commanded to leave his guard at the tree of life, and when he does, the whole creation will appear infinite and holy, whereas it now appears finite and corrupt\\&quot; (Blake 1997, 39). With these words, Blake implies that the foretold apocalypse is the revelation-ever available to the Poetic Genius-that the world is not susceptible to destruction, for it is not ultimately material in nature. Rather, for Blake, the ontological basis of the world is mind, and the mind is not bound by the limits of time and space, nor by the laws of causality that govern the world of material appearance.Blake does not attempt to communicate this non-ordinary perspective through logical reasoning or according to the conventions of denotative and referential language. Instead, he implies that this revelation comes about by experiencing this very plate that enacts the transformation. It is by delighting in the sensual enjoyment of its aesthetic that readers are invited to expunge \\&quot;the notion that man has a body distinct from his soul,\\&quot; and realize that all bodies-indeed, all material appearances-are the playful activities of mind projected through the senses (Blake 1997, 39). The speaker then describes how they will bring about this shift in perspective-\\&quot;by printing in the infernal method, by corrosives, which in Hell [i.e., the domain of fire as creative energy] are salutary and medicinal, melting apparent surfaces away and displaying the infinite which was hid\\&quot; (Blake 1997, 39). The speaker here refers to Blake\\&\\#39;s method of relief printing, which reveals inherent form by a process of eliminating the dross that obscures it. The plate thus anticipates Marshall McLuhan\\&\\#39;s assertion that \\&quot;the medium is the message,\\&quot; since its use of acidic corrosives in the \\&quot;cleansing\\&quot; process allows the plate\\&\\#39;s verbal and visual images to emerge from their bondage within the blank copper plate (McLuhan 1994, 7). The words revealed through this process invite readers to perform a similar act of liberation, one that melts away the confines of time, space, and matter to reveal consciousness as infinite and eternal.The therapeutic effects of psychedelics are commonly associated with their ability to change the experiencer\\&\\#39;s usual self-understanding by clearing attachments, assumptions, and limiting habits of mind. Blake and Huxley both emphasize that our collective belief systems are reinforced and maintained by habitual uses of language. Thus by dissolving the customary boundaries between word and image, and between reader and experience, Blake\\&\\#39;s creative works enact the kind of paradigm shift away from entrenched beliefs that is commonly attributed to psychedelics. Using Blake\\&\\#39;s artistry as an example, we propose that psychedelic literary studies can contribute to psychedelic studies in several key ways. To the extent that psychedelics are regarded as \\&quot;experiential medicines,\\&quot; creative writers who embrace metaphor and connotation are well-positioned to communicate the contours of transformative (and potentially therapeutic) non-ordinary experiences. Further, the poetic strategies employed in the process of disrupting conventional frames are worth studying in order to understand and communicate the processes by which new methodological paradigms and ontological frameworks are adopted. Psychedelic users (including Huxley) commonly describe how non-ordinary experiences communicate a concept they might have already encountered in abstract terms, but did not truly understand until they shifted into a different (non-ordinary) mode of experience. There are aspects of psychedelic experience that can be more faithfully communicated through connotative poetics than by the conceptual abstractions that characterize scientific and social scientific discourse.As a discipline, literary studies has seen a recent explosion of interest in a number of fields that overlap with psychedelic studies. On the one hand is \\&quot;cognitive literary studies,\\&quot; which relates developments in neuroscience and psychology to the interpretation of literary texts.On the other hand are the medical or health humanities and its subfield, narrative medicine, which explores the importance of storytelling and sense-making for the wellbeing of individuals and their communities. Despite the prevalence of methodological and theoretical expertise relevant to the current concerns of psychedelic studies, literary studies remain underrepresented within psychedelic studies and the field\\&\\#39;s associated conferences and publications. Despite this latency-which has no doubt been influenced by underfunding and deprioritization of the study of literature more generally-poetics are crucial to mapping the phenomenology of psychedelic experiences, and the proliferation of literary experiments can begin to clarify themes once deemed ineffable or indescribable. Even when attempted descriptions are incomplete or imperfect, each new metaphor potentially functions as a useful tool for navigating and communicating future experiences, as Richard Doyle suggests in Darwin\\&\\#39;s Pharmacy (Doyle 2011). Since poetic creation of new linguistic tools can shape the contents and interpretations of future psychedelic experiences, poetry has been foundational to our understanding of their nature and will continue to influence the future of psychedelic science, whether or not that influence is acknowledged or institutionally supported.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe and Erving, George},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Alan Watts, Consciousness studies, Poetry, Psychedelic Literature, William Blake},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n when studying the phenomena of conscious experience, many researchers presuppose that matter at the subatomic level constitutes the ground of reality and exists independently of human consciousness, that time and space are the necessary conditions of experience and exist independently of the mind, and that consciousness is ultimately reducible to the material structure and processes of the brain. Guided by these widespread and closely-held assumptions, scientists dedicate themselves to understanding the behavior of the material world-a world of matter and energy situated within time and space that unfolds according to established causal principles-while social scientists commonly explore human behavior within the ontological framework created by these assumptions. Consequently, the discursive practices used by these disciplines prioritize denotative language that suits the methods of empirical observation, mathematical logic, and the imperative for objectivity.As Alan Watts explores in The Joyous Cosmology, the English language emphasizes "contrast and classification" in its denotative uses, which subtly reinforces the notion that reality is reducible to singular, isolated, material parts (Watts 2013, 50). Although this view of reality often appears as inevitable and intuitive in ordinary states of consciousness, psychedelic experiences frequently catapult even staunch materialists into a perspective where reality is seen as a dynamic play of energy wherein usual categories of opposition-self/other, subject/object, mind/matter-dissolve into awareness of interrelated polarity. Given the persuasiveness and frequency of these sorts of experiences under the influence of psychedelics, it is unsurprising that a recent paper correlated psychedelic use with shifts away from "hard materialist" metaphysical beliefs (Timmermann et al. 2021). These experiences often contradict materialist assumptions and are thus ill-suited to the conventions of denotative language. To the extent the actual experience of these states are susceptible to description, they require highly figurative, connotative language rich in metaphor and suggestive symbolism. This sort of language is the domain of poetry and other verbal, pictorial, musical arts. The most successful literary and artistic renderings of psychedelic states work not by providing abstract, descriptive testimonies, but rather by disrupting our habitual patterns of cognition with an aesthetic that enacts the very experience it represents. One of the most paradigmatic examples of literary art that seeks to transform consciousness by wrenching it from the lethargy of custom can be found in the works of William Blake (1757-1827). Blake's expertise in rendering this poetics of disruption explains the deep impression he left-following Aldous Huxley's The Doors of Perception, which drew its title from Blake-on Beat Generation poets as well as writers, musicians, and artists of the 1960s psychedelic counterculture. Although present-day psychedelic researchers still allude to William Blake as a reference for describing psychedelic effects (Nutt 2021), few scholars within the contemporary research revival have investigated the reasons for Blake's artistic and literary appeal within psychedelia (for an early exception, see Boon 2002).Although Blake knew nothing of psychedelics, his artistic vision was rooted in an antimaterialist conviction that "Mental Things are alone Real [;] Knows of its Dwelling Place[; it] is in Fallacy & its Existence an Imposture" (Blake 1997, 565) In its alignment with the premise of metaphysical idealism-i.e., that the ground of reality is mind, not matter-Blake's claim is congruent with recurring components of psychedelic phenomenology, wherein the material world is commonly seen to be the manifestation of mind rather than its cause. Blake's art thus attempts to draw its readers into a reality as foreign to the materialist zeitgeist of his times as the psychedelic explorer's experience is to the scientific norms of ours-a reality experienced as infinite consciousness unfolding in infinite modes of expression. His term for this engine of expression is "Poetic Genius," which draws upon poesis (Greek for "making") and the root gen found in the procreative sense of "generate," "genesis," "generous," etc. Thus for Blake: "The Poetic Genius is the true Man, and that the body or outward form of Man is derived from the Poetic Genius" (Blake 1997, 1). Consequently, when Blake writes that his literary art intends to "rouse the faculties to act," he aims for it to awaken the poetic genius in his readers so they may become aware that their perceptions are actively creative rather than passive receptions of sensory data emitted from the world of material objects. Thus the creative imagination, regarded with suspicion by Enlightenment rationalists for producing pleasing but meaningless chimeras, is for Blake the activity of the universal Poetic Genius as it instantiates in the activity of individual perception: "But to the Eyes of the Man of Imagination Nature is Imagination itself. As a Man is So he Sees" (Blake 1997, 702).To achieve this transformation of identity in his readers, Blake employs what W.J.T.Mitchell terms a "composite art," one whose aesthetic hovers in the ambiguous interplay between its verbal and visual elements (Mitchell 2019). The verbal elements present a world of process whose only principle of permanence resides in the creative imagination that drives the process. The illustrations-which reject literal representation for suggestive symbolismunderscore the complete degree to which the visual world is subject to transformation by the 4 mind. The composite effect thus aims to awaken us from dogmatic, dualistic belief in an inert and separate material world by drawing our awareness to the processes by which consciousness-acting through the Poetic Genius of individuals-constitutes the ground of reality itself. It is important to note that this perspectival frame shift does not depend on any specific ontological commitments from the reader/experiencer; rather, psychedelics and psychedelic poetics alike provide lenses through which one can experience the world beyond the hegemonic and normalized confines of materialist assumptions.Plate 14 from The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) serves as a case study on Blake's approach to shifting reality frames through a poetics of disruption. Its famous line-"If the doors of perception were cleansed, everything would appear to man as it is, infinite," which inspired both the title of Huxley's The Doors of Perception and the name of the psychedelic rock band "The Doors"-exemplifies the aim of his artistic enterprise to disrupt our habitual cognitive filters so that we may better understand who we really are, beyond inherited and societallyimposed assumptions (Blake 1997, 39). An illustration sits at the top of the plate depicting a human figure with arms outstretched, who appears to be flying directly at the reader. This figure hovers over and is partly immersed in flames that separate it from a stiffly prone, corpse-like human figure lying at right angles to the orientation of its airborne opposite. Beneath the illustration, the speaker declares, "The ancient tradition that the world will be consumed in fire at the end of six thousand years is true, as I have heard from Hell" (Blake 1997, 39). Rather than suggesting sympathy with "Hell" as traditionally conceived, other plates in this work reveal a context wherein flames suggest the living energy of creative imagination as the element of transformation. This symbolism informs the reader's interpretation of the speaker's proclamation: "For the cherub with his flaming sword is hereby commanded to leave his guard at the tree of life, and when he does, the whole creation will appear infinite and holy, whereas it now appears finite and corrupt" (Blake 1997, 39). With these words, Blake implies that the foretold apocalypse is the revelation-ever available to the Poetic Genius-that the world is not susceptible to destruction, for it is not ultimately material in nature. Rather, for Blake, the ontological basis of the world is mind, and the mind is not bound by the limits of time and space, nor by the laws of causality that govern the world of material appearance.Blake does not attempt to communicate this non-ordinary perspective through logical reasoning or according to the conventions of denotative and referential language. Instead, he implies that this revelation comes about by experiencing this very plate that enacts the transformation. It is by delighting in the sensual enjoyment of its aesthetic that readers are invited to expunge "the notion that man has a body distinct from his soul," and realize that all bodies-indeed, all material appearances-are the playful activities of mind projected through the senses (Blake 1997, 39). The speaker then describes how they will bring about this shift in perspective-"by printing in the infernal method, by corrosives, which in Hell [i.e., the domain of fire as creative energy] are salutary and medicinal, melting apparent surfaces away and displaying the infinite which was hid" (Blake 1997, 39). The speaker here refers to Blake's method of relief printing, which reveals inherent form by a process of eliminating the dross that obscures it. The plate thus anticipates Marshall McLuhan's assertion that "the medium is the message," since its use of acidic corrosives in the "cleansing" process allows the plate's verbal and visual images to emerge from their bondage within the blank copper plate (McLuhan 1994, 7). The words revealed through this process invite readers to perform a similar act of liberation, one that melts away the confines of time, space, and matter to reveal consciousness as infinite and eternal.The therapeutic effects of psychedelics are commonly associated with their ability to change the experiencer's usual self-understanding by clearing attachments, assumptions, and limiting habits of mind. Blake and Huxley both emphasize that our collective belief systems are reinforced and maintained by habitual uses of language. Thus by dissolving the customary boundaries between word and image, and between reader and experience, Blake's creative works enact the kind of paradigm shift away from entrenched beliefs that is commonly attributed to psychedelics. Using Blake's artistry as an example, we propose that psychedelic literary studies can contribute to psychedelic studies in several key ways. To the extent that psychedelics are regarded as "experiential medicines," creative writers who embrace metaphor and connotation are well-positioned to communicate the contours of transformative (and potentially therapeutic) non-ordinary experiences. Further, the poetic strategies employed in the process of disrupting conventional frames are worth studying in order to understand and communicate the processes by which new methodological paradigms and ontological frameworks are adopted. Psychedelic users (including Huxley) commonly describe how non-ordinary experiences communicate a concept they might have already encountered in abstract terms, but did not truly understand until they shifted into a different (non-ordinary) mode of experience. There are aspects of psychedelic experience that can be more faithfully communicated through connotative poetics than by the conceptual abstractions that characterize scientific and social scientific discourse.As a discipline, literary studies has seen a recent explosion of interest in a number of fields that overlap with psychedelic studies. On the one hand is "cognitive literary studies," which relates developments in neuroscience and psychology to the interpretation of literary texts.On the other hand are the medical or health humanities and its subfield, narrative medicine, which explores the importance of storytelling and sense-making for the wellbeing of individuals and their communities. Despite the prevalence of methodological and theoretical expertise relevant to the current concerns of psychedelic studies, literary studies remain underrepresented within psychedelic studies and the field's associated conferences and publications. Despite this latency-which has no doubt been influenced by underfunding and deprioritization of the study of literature more generally-poetics are crucial to mapping the phenomenology of psychedelic experiences, and the proliferation of literary experiments can begin to clarify themes once deemed ineffable or indescribable. Even when attempted descriptions are incomplete or imperfect, each new metaphor potentially functions as a useful tool for navigating and communicating future experiences, as Richard Doyle suggests in Darwin's Pharmacy (Doyle 2011). Since poetic creation of new linguistic tools can shape the contents and interpretations of future psychedelic experiences, poetry has been foundational to our understanding of their nature and will continue to influence the future of psychedelic science, whether or not that influence is acknowledged or institutionally supported.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Celidwen, Y.; Redvers, N.; Githaiga, C.; Calambás, J.; Añaños, K.; Chindoy, M. E.; Vitale, R.; Rojas, J. N.; Mondragón, D.; and Rosalío, Y. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet Regional Health–Americas, 18. 2023.\n ISBN: 2667-193X\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{celidwen_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical principles of traditional {Indigenous} medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Regional Health–Americas},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Celidwen, Yuria and Redvers, Nicole and Githaiga, Cicilia and Calambás, Janeth and Añaños, Karen and Chindoy, Miguel Evanjuanoy and Vitale, Riccardo and Rojas, Juan Nelson and Mondragón, Delores and Rosalío, Yuniur Vázquez},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2667-193X},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Avoiding the Premature Introduction of Psychedelic Medicines in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carter, A.; Graham, M.; Hall, W.; Barber, M.; and Gardner, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB neuroscience, 14(2): 129–131. 2023.\n ISBN: 2150-7740\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{carter_avoiding_2023,\n\ttitle = {Avoiding the {Premature} {Introduction} of {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {AJOB neuroscience},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Carter, Adrian and Graham, Myfanwy and Hall, Wayne and Barber, Michaela and Gardner, John},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2150-7740},\n\tpages = {129--131},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Personal psychedelic use is common among a sample of psychedelic therapists: Implications for research and practice.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aday, J. S.; Skiles, Z.; Eaton, N.; Fredenburg, L.; Pleet, M.; Mantia, J.; Bradley, E. R.; Fernandes-Osterhold, G.; and Woolley, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine, 1(1): 27–37. 2023.\n ISBN: 2831-4425\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{aday_personal_2023,\n\ttitle = {Personal psychedelic use is common among a sample of psychedelic therapists: {Implications} for research and practice},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tpublisher = {SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},\n\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Skiles, Zachary and Eaton, Noa and Fredenburg, Lisa and Pleet, Mollie and Mantia, Jessica and Bradley, Ellen R. and Fernandes-Osterhold, Gisele and Woolley, Joshua D.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2831-4425},\n\tpages = {27--37},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The perilous policy of Oregon's psilocybin services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holoyda, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume 51 2023.\n Issue: 2 Pages: 160-166 Publication Title: The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{holoyda_perilous_2023,\n\ttitle = {The perilous policy of {Oregon}'s psilocybin services},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tisbn = {1943-3662},\n\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Issue: 2\nPages: 160-166\nPublication Title: The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n State-regulated psychedelics on a collision course with FDA.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA, 330(24): 2337–2338. 2023.\n ISBN: 0098-7484\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marks_state-regulated_2023,\n\ttitle = {State-regulated psychedelics on a collision course with {FDA}},\n\tvolume = {330},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0098-7484},\n\tpages = {2337--2338},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n False or misleading claims in online direct-to-consumer ketamine advertising in Maryland.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Crane, M. A.; DiStefano, M. J.; and Moore, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 6(11): e2342210. 2023.\n ISBN: 2574-3805\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{crane_false_2023,\n\ttitle = {False or misleading claims in online direct-to-consumer ketamine advertising in {Maryland}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Crane, Matthew A. and DiStefano, Michael J. and Moore, Thomas J.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2574-3805},\n\tpages = {e2342210},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybine services in Oregon: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sudakin, D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clinical Toxicology, 61(3): 143–145. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsilocybinePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sudakin_psilocybine_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists},\n\tvolume = {61},\n\tissn = {1556-3650, 1556-9519},\n\tshorttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Clinical Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Sudakin, Daniel L.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {143--145},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The varieties of psychedelic law.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropharmacology, 226: 109399. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marks_varieties_2023,\n\ttitle = {The varieties of psychedelic law},\n\tvolume = {226},\n\tissn = {00283908},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {109399},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Siegel, J. S.; Daily, J. E.; Perry, D. A.; and Nicol, G. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 80(1): 77. January 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{siegel_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Drug} {Legislative} {Reform} and {Legalization} in the {US}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101},\n\tabstract = {Importance \n              Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. \n             \n             \n              Objective \n              To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. \n             \n             \n              Evidence Review \n               \n                Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, \n                psilocybin \n                , \n                MDMA \n                , \n                peyote \n                , \n                mescaline \n                , \n                ibogaine \n                , \n                LSD \n                , \n                ayahuasca \n                , and \n                DMT \n                ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. \n               \n             \n             \n              Findings \n              Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90\\%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36\\%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58\\%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23\\%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35\\%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions and Relevance \n              Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Siegel, Joshua S. and Daily, James E. and Perry, Demetrius A. and Nicol, Ginger E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {77},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Importance Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. Objective To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. Evidence Review Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, psilocybin , MDMA , peyote , mescaline , ibogaine , LSD , ayahuasca , and DMT ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. Findings Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. Conclusions and Relevance Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n State-Regulated Psychedelics on a Collision Course With FDA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA, 330(24): 2337. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"State-RegulatedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marks_state-regulated_2023,\n\ttitle = {State-{Regulated} {Psychedelics} on a {Collision} {Course} {With} {FDA}},\n\tvolume = {330},\n\tissn = {0098-7484},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2023.24762},\n\tabstract = {This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {2337},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hoener, S.; Wolfgang, A.; Nissan, D.; and Howe, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics. May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hoener_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2023-108943},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Hoener, Scott and Wolfgang, Aaron and Nissan, David and Howe, Edmund},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Military Personnel, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the REBUS hypothesis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.; and Trachsel, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics, 49(12): 826–832. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"WithPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{villiger_great_2023,\n\ttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the {REBUS} hypothesis},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\tshorttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2022-108816},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel and Trachsel, Manuel},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {ethics, informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {826--832},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Murphy-Beiner, A.; Rouiller, I.; Nutt, D.; and Spriggs, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 17(1): 3. November 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"WhenPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jacobs_when_2023,\n\ttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}: {The} {Case} for {Post}-{Trial} {Provisions} in {Clinical} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\n\tabstract = {The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Rouiller, Ian and Nutt, David and Spriggs, Meg J.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trials, Post-trial access, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Research ethics},\n\tpages = {3},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n What good are psychedelic humanities?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Langlitz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"WhatPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{langlitz_what_2023,\n\ttitle = {What good are psychedelic humanities?},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933},\n\tabstract = {The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Langlitz, Nicolas},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On the Edges: The Ethics of Human Studies with Psychedelic Substances.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n da Costa, S. C.; and Sofuoglu, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Roberts, L. W., editor(s), Ethics and Clinical Neuroinnovation: Fundamentals, Stakeholders, Case Studies, and Emerging Issues, pages 153–171. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{da_costa_edges_2023,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {On the {Edges}: {The} {Ethics} of {Human} {Studies} with {Psychedelic} {Substances}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-031-14339-7},\n\tshorttitle = {On the {Edges}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},\n\tabstract = {Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tbooktitle = {Ethics and {Clinical} {Neuroinnovation}: {Fundamentals}, {Stakeholders}, {Case} {Studies}, and {Emerging} {Issues}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {da Costa, Sabrina Correa and Sofuoglu, Mehmet},\n\teditor = {Roberts, Laura Weiss},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Hallucinogens, Human research, LSD, MDMA, Methodology, Novel psychoactive agents, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychedelics, Regulatory constraints},\n\tpages = {153--171},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n [Ethics in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy].\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thorens, G.; Penzenstadler, L.; Seragnoli, F.; Rothen, S.; Qusaj, V.; and Zullino, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Revue medicale suisse, 19(838): 1508–1512. August 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"[EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{thorens_ethics_2023,\n\ttitle = {[{Ethics} in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy]},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1660-9379},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508},\n\tdoi = {10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508},\n\tabstract = {This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.},\n\tlanguage = {fre},\n\tnumber = {838},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Revue medicale suisse},\n\tauthor = {Thorens, Gabriel and Penzenstadler, Louise and Seragnoli, Federico and Rothen, Stéphane and Qusaj, Visar and Zullino, Daniele},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1508--1512},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) – Companion document.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n of Canada, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n March 2023.\n Last Modified: 2023-03-13\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@misc{government_of_canada_artificial_2023,\n\ttitle = {The {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Data} {Act} ({AIDA}) – {Companion} document},\n\turl = {https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document},\n\tabstract = {Table of contents\n\n\n\tIntroduction\n\n\t\n\t\tCanada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape\n\t\tWhy now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada\n\t\tCanada's approach and consultation timeline\n\t\n\t\n\tHow the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work\n\t\n\t\tHigh-impact AI systems: considerations and sys},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-07-27},\n\tpublisher = {Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada},\n\tauthor = {Government of Canada},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Last Modified: 2023-03-13},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Table of contents Introduction Canada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape Why now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada Canada's approach and consultation timeline How the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work High-impact AI systems: considerations and sys\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n House, T. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n July 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FACTPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@misc{house_fact_2023,\n\ttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}: {Biden}-{Harris} {Administration} {Secures} {Voluntary} {Commitments} from {Leading} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Companies} to {Manage} the {Risks} {Posed} by {AI}},\n\tshorttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}},\n\turl = {https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/},\n\tabstract = {Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2024-07-27},\n\tjournal = {The White House},\n\tauthor = {House, The White},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n of the President, E. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report November 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Safe,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@techreport{executive_office_of_the_president_safe_2023,\n\ttitle = {Safe, {Secure}, and {Trustworthy} {Development} and {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}},\n\turl = {https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-27},\n\tauthor = {Executive Office of the President},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Negative mystical experiences: Why methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Oliver, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(3): 158–160. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"NegativePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{oliver_negative_2023,\n\ttitle = {Negative mystical experiences: {Why} methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {Negative mystical experiences},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00286},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-03-29},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Oliver, Dax},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {158--160},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Otterman, L. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 20(1): 31–39. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ResearchPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{otterman_research_2023,\n\ttitle = {Research into {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {Anorexia} {Nervosa} {Should} be {Funded}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1872-4353},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\n\tabstract = {Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Bioethical Inquiry},\n\tauthor = {Otterman, Lauren S.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Health research ethics, Informed consent, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {31--39},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. The case from psychedelic studies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hauskeller, C.; Artinian, T.; Fiske, A.; Schwarz Marin, E.; González Romero, O. S.; Luna, L. E.; Crickmore, J.; and Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 48(5): 732–751. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DecolonizationPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hauskeller_decolonization_2023,\n\ttitle = {Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. {The} case from psychedelic studies},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Hauskeller, Christine and Artinian, Taline and Fiske, Amelia and Schwarz Marin, Ernesto and González Romero, Osiris Sinuhé and Luna, Luis Eduardo and Crickmore, Joseph and Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {732--751},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Beyond the psychedelic hype: Exploring the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davies, J.; Pace, B. A.; and Devenot, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(S1): 9–21. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"BeyondPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{davies_beyond_2023,\n\ttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype: {Exploring} the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tshorttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00273},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Davies, James and Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {9--21},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: The need for phenomenology.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Miceli McMillan, R.; and Fernandez, A. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(6): 783–788. June 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"UnderstandingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{miceli_mcmillan_understanding_2023,\n\ttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: {The} need for phenomenology},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0004-8674, 1440-1614},\n\tshorttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00048674221139962},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Australian \\& New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Miceli McMillan, Riccardo and Fernandez, Anthony Vincent},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {783--788},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Altered States to Metaphysics: The Epistemic Status of Psychedelic-induced Metaphysical Beliefs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gładziejewski, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Review of Philosophy and Psychology. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gladziejewski_altered_2023,\n\ttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}: {The} {Epistemic} {Status} of {Psychedelic}-induced {Metaphysical} {Beliefs}},\n\tissn = {1878-5166},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Review of Philosophy and Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Gładziejewski, Paweł},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {DMT, LSD, Metaphysical beliefs, Mystical experience, Predictive processing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, REBUS},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sjostedt-hughes_need_2023,\n\ttitle = {On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589},\n\tabstract = {The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Research and Therapeutic Practices: Embracing Communities, Groups, and Traditional Knowledge.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Magar, V.; Urrutia, J.; and Anderson, B. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 55(5): 519–522. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{magar_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}: {Embracing} {Communities}, {Groups}, and {Traditional} {Knowledge}},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Magar, Veronica and Urrutia, Julian and Anderson, Brian T.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {519--522},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Barriers and Facilitators to the Equitable Access of Psychedelic Medical Care and Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rudolph, K. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 136–138. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"BarriersPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rudolph_barriers_2023,\n\ttitle = {Barriers and {Facilitators} to the {Equitable} {Access} of {Psychedelic} {Medical} {Care} and {Research} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Rudolph, Kaila A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {136--138},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marcus, O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 48(5): 712–731. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"‘Everybody’sPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marcus_everybodys_2023,\n\ttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\tshorttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Marcus, Olivia},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {712--731},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Avoiding the Premature Introduction of Psychedelic Medicines in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carter, A.; Graham, M.; Hall, W.; Barber, M.; and Gardner, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 129–131. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AvoidingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{carter_avoiding_2023,\n\ttitle = {Avoiding the {Premature} {Introduction} of {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Carter, Adrian and Graham, Myfanwy and Hall, Wayne and Barber, Michaela and Gardner, John},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {129--131},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Marks, M.; Kious, B.; Shachar, C.; and Cohen, I. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Mental Health, 1(12): 920–922. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IntroducingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{marks_introducing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tcopyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},\n\tissn = {2731-6076},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1},\n\tabstract = {Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Nature Mental Health},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Kious, Brent and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trial design, Geriatrics, Patient education, Policy, Quality of life},\n\tpages = {920--922},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Peer support and psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Skiles, Z.; Dixon, J. R.; Friedrich, D.; Reed, D.; and Stauffer, C. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 9(5): 80–87. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PeerPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{skiles_peer_2023,\n\ttitle = {Peer support and psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {2368-7924, 2368-7924},\n\turl = {https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},\n\tdoi = {10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},\n\tabstract = {LAY SUMMARY \n            The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). \n          ,  \n            The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health},\n\tauthor = {Skiles, Zachary and Dixon, James R. and Friedrich, Dan and Reed, Donny and Stauffer, Christopher S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {80--87},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n LAY SUMMARY The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). , The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Journey to Narayama: Cultural Complexities, Psychedelics and Dementia.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ozeki-Hayashi, R.; and Wilkinson, D. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 145–147. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"JourneyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{ozeki-hayashi_journey_2023,\n\ttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}: {Cultural} {Complexities}, {Psychedelics} and {Dementia}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\tshorttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Ozeki-Hayashi, Reina and Wilkinson, Dominic Jc},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {145--147},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Philosophy and psychedelics: Frameworks for exceptional experience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dowie, T.; and Tempone-Wiltshire, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(2): 143–150. June 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PhilosophyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{dowie_philosophy_2023,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics: {Frameworks} for exceptional experience},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tshorttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00283},\n\tabstract = {Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Dowie, Tra-ill and Tempone-Wiltshire, Julien},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {143--150},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Seybert, C.; Cotovio, G.; Madeira, L.; Ricou, M.; Pires, A. M.; and Oliveira-Maia, A. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Medicine, 29(9): 2167–2170. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{seybert_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tcopyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},\n\tissn = {1546-170X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5},\n\tabstract = {Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Seybert, Carolina and Cotovio, Gonçalo and Madeira, Luís and Ricou, Miguel and Pires, Ana Matos and Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Medical ethics, Medical research},\n\tpages = {2167--2170},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Toward a Broader Psychedelic Bioethics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Yaden, D. B.; and Earp, B. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 126–129. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TowardPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_toward_2023,\n\ttitle = {Toward a {Broader} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Yaden, David Bryce and Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {126--129},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Research for Dementia Risks Perpetuating Structural Failures and Inadequacies in Aged Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Soofi, H.; and Forlini, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 131–134. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{soofi_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} for {Dementia} {Risks} {Perpetuating} {Structural} {Failures} and {Inadequacies} in {Aged} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Soofi, Hojjat and Forlini, Cynthia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {131--134},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Black, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14: 1159843. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"LifeboatPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{black_lifeboat_2023,\n\ttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Black, Taylor},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1159843},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Aesthetics and the Body without Organs at the Limits of Perception.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pisters, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Deleuze and Guattari Studies, 17(4): 583–603. November 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pisters_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Aesthetics} and the {Body} without {Organs} at the {Limits} of {Perception}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {2398-9777, 2398-9785},\n\turl = {https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},\n\tdoi = {10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},\n\tabstract = {This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Deleuze and Guattari Studies},\n\tauthor = {Pisters, Patricia},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {583--603},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Establishing an Ethics for Psychedelic Psychiatry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holoyda, B.; and Kiani, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatric Services, 74(8): 789–789. August 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EstablishingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{holoyda_establishing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Establishing an {Ethics} for {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1075-2730},\n\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\n\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian and Kiani, Cameron},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {789--789},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Moving Forward by Looking Back: Critiques of Commercialized Mindfulness and the Future of (Commercialized) Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Elf, P.; Isham, A.; and Leoni, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals, 65(1): 33–62. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MovingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{elf_moving_2023,\n\ttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}: {Critiques} of {Commercialized} {Mindfulness} and the {Future} of ({Commercialized}) {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},\n\tissn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},\n\tshorttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}},\n\turl = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33},\n\tdoi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.33},\n\tabstract = {Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},\n\tauthor = {Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy and Leoni, Dario},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {capitalism, commercialization, environment, health, meditation, mindfulness, mystical experiences, neoliberalism, psychedelics, self-transcendent experiences, well-being},\n\tpages = {33--62},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n TESCREAL hallucinations: Psychedelic and AI hype as inequality engines.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Devenot, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(S1): 22–39. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TESCREALPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{devenot_tescreal_2023,\n\ttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations: {Psychedelic} and {AI} hype as inequality engines},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00292},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Background and Aims \n              While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n              My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. \n             \n             \n              Results \n              Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {22--39},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract Background and Aims While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. Methods My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. Results Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. Conclusions This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cultural Biases and Psychedelic Experiences: Western Scientific Perspectives about Amazonian Mestizo Therapeutic Traditions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dubbini, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 8(3): 1–23. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CulturalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{dubbini_cultural_2023,\n\ttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}: {Western} {Scientific} {Perspectives} about {Amazonian} {Mestizo} {Therapeutic} {Traditions}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}},\n\turl = {https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035},\n\tdoi = {10.21926/obm.icm.2303035},\n\tabstract = {This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Dubbini, Alberto},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1--23},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Corporadelic Set and Setting: On the Consequences of Psychedelic Commodification.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hartogsohn, I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals, 65(1): 131–140. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hartogsohn_corporadelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}: {On} the {Consequences} of {Psychedelic} {Commodification}},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},\n\tissn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}},\n\turl = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131},\n\tdoi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.131},\n\tabstract = {The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics.\nBuilding on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},\n\tauthor = {Hartogsohn, Ido},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {capitalism, corporadelics, medicalization, neo-liberalism, psychedelics, set and setting},\n\tpages = {131--140},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics. Building on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCarroll, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 48(5): 752–767. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MysticizingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mccarroll_mysticizing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\tshorttitle = {Mysticizing medicine},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {McCarroll, Valeria},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {752--767},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n González Romero, O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CognitivePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gonzalez_romero_cognitive_2023,\n\ttitle = {Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996},\n\tabstract = {This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {González Romero, Osiris},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wolfgang, A. S.; and Hoge, C. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(10): 513–532. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Psychedelic-AssistedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}: {Clinical}, {Legal}, and {Implementation} {Considerations}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1535-1645},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\n\tabstract = {This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Current Psychiatry Reports},\n\tauthor = {Wolfgang, Aaron S. and Hoge, Charles W.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {MDMA, Military, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Review, Veterans},\n\tpages = {513--532},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Harnessing placebo: Lessons from psychedelic science.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pronovost-Morgan, C.; Hartogsohn, I.; and Ramaekers, J. G\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(9): 866–875. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HarnessingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pronovost-morgan_harnessing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Harnessing placebo: {Lessons} from psychedelic science},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Harnessing placebo},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811231182602},\n\tabstract = {The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Pronovost-Morgan, Chloé and Hartogsohn, Ido and Ramaekers, Johannes G},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {866--875},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Commercialization: A Wide-Spanning Overview of the Emerging Psychedelic Industry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Aday, J. S.; Barnett, B. S.; Grossman, D.; Murnane, K. S.; Nichols, C. D.; and Hendricks, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Medicine, 1(3): 150–165. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{aday_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}: {A} {Wide}-{Spanning} {Overview} of the {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Industry}},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {2831-4425},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},\n\tabstract = {Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Barnett, Brian S. and Grossman, Dan and Murnane, Kevin S. and Nichols, Charles D. and Hendricks, Peter S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {commercialization, ethics, history, industry, psychedelics, review},\n\tpages = {150--165},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van Elk, M.; and Fried, E. I.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 13: 20451253231198466. January 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HistoryPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{van_elk_history_2023,\n\ttitle = {History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {2045-1253, 2045-1261},\n\tshorttitle = {History repeating},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/20451253231198466},\n\tabstract = {Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Van Elk, Michiel and Fried, Eiko I.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {20451253231198466},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Considerations at the Intersection Between Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy and Medical Assistance in Dying.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rosenbaum, D.; Cho, M.; Schneider, E.; Hales, S.; and Buchman, D. Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 139–141. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rosenbaum_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} at the {Intersection} {Between} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} and {Medical} {Assistance} in {Dying}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Cho, Matthew and Schneider, Evan and Hales, Sarah and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {139--141},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist’s Training?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Emmerich, N.; and Humphries, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,1–10. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{emmerich_is_2023,\n\ttitle = {Is the {Requirement} for {First}-{Person} {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Drugs} a {Justified} {Component} of a {Psychedelic} {Therapist}’s {Training}?},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000099},\n\tabstract = {Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan and Humphries, Bryce},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {psychedelic experience, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, training},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Critical Doses: Nurturing Diversity in Psychedelic Studies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hauskeller, C.; and Schwarz, C. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 48(5): 697–711. December 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CriticalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hauskeller_critical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Critical {Doses}: {Nurturing} {Diversity} in {Psychedelic} {Studies}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\tshorttitle = {Critical {Doses}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Hauskeller, Christine and Schwarz, Claudia Gertraud},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {697--711},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ARC: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Spriggs, M. J.; Murphy-Beiner, A.; Murphy, R.; Bornemann, J.; Thurgur, H.; and Schlag, A. K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ARC:Paper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{spriggs_arc_2023,\n\ttitle = {{ARC}: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {{ARC}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115},\n\tabstract = {The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Spriggs, Meg J. and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Murphy, Roberta and Bornemann, Julia and Thurgur, Hannah and Schlag, Anne K.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the “Proper Scope” of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheung, K.; Patch, K.; Earp, B. D.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,1–7. June 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Psychedelics,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{cheung_psychedelics_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}: {Continuing} the {Conversation}},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000270},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Patch, Kyle and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics of Psychedelic Use in Psychiatry and Beyond—Drawing upon Legal, Social and Clinical Challenges.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Azevedo, N.; Oliveira Da Silva, M.; and Madeira, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophies, 8(5): 76. October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{azevedo_ethics_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethics of {Psychedelic} {Use} in {Psychiatry} and {Beyond}—{Drawing} upon {Legal}, {Social} and {Clinical} {Challenges}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2409-9287},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/philosophies8050076},\n\tabstract = {Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophies},\n\tauthor = {Azevedo, Nuno and Oliveira Da Silva, Miguel and Madeira, Luís},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {cultural, ethics, informed consent, legislation, psychedelic-assisted therapy},\n\tpages = {76},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kious, B.; Schwartz, Z.; and Lewis, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(1): 45–48. January 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ShouldPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kious_should_2023,\n\ttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}? {Concerns} about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}?},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811221133461},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Kious, Brent and Schwartz, Zach and Lewis, Benjamin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {45--48},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Celidwen, Y.; Redvers, N.; Githaiga, C.; Calambás, J.; Añaños, K.; Chindoy, M. E.; Vitale, R.; Rojas, J. N.; Mondragón, D.; Rosalío, Y. V.; and Sacbajá, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 18: 100410. February 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{celidwen_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical principles of traditional {Indigenous} medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {2667193X},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Regional Health - Americas},\n\tauthor = {Celidwen, Yuria and Redvers, Nicole and Githaiga, Cicilia and Calambás, Janeth and Añaños, Karen and Chindoy, Miguel Evanjuanoy and Vitale, Riccardo and Rojas, Juan Nelson and Mondragón, Delores and Rosalío, Yuniur Vázquez and Sacbajá, Angelina},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {100410},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine and Research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Peterson, A.; Largent, E. A.; Lynch, H. F.; Karlawish, J.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2): 107–123. April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"JourneyingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{peterson_journeying_2023,\n\ttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}: {Ethics} of {Psychedelic} {Medicine} and {Research} for {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\tshorttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Largent, Emily A. and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Karlawish, Jason and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {107--123},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The “Third” Eye: Ethics of Video Recording in the Context of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 6(3-4): 8–15. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rajwani_third_2023,\n\ttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}: {Ethics} of {Video} {Recording} in the {Context} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2561-4665},\n\tshorttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}},\n\turl = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/},\n\tdoi = {10.7202/1108000ar},\n\tabstract = {In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {MDMA, bioethics of technology, bioéthique des technologies, enregistrement vidéo, philosophie de la psychiatrie, philosophy of psychiatry, psychedelic therapy, thérapie psychédélique, video recording},\n\tpages = {8--15},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Studying Harms Is Key to Improving Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy—Participants Call for Changes to Research Landscape.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McNamee, S.; Devenot, N.; and Buisson, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 80(5): 411–412. May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"StudyingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mcnamee_studying_2023,\n\ttitle = {Studying {Harms} {Is} {Key} to {Improving} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}—{Participants} {Call} for {Changes} to {Research} {Landscape}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\n\tabstract = {Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {McNamee, Sarah and Devenot, Neşe and Buisson, Meaghan},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {411--412},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psilocybin: The most effective moral bio‐enhancer?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rakić, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Bioethics, 37(7): 683–689. September 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Psilocybin:Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rakic_psilocybin_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin: {The} most effective moral bio‐enhancer?},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},\n\tshorttitle = {Psilocybin},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.13196},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Rakić, Vojin},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {683--689},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Abstract This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edelsohn, G. A.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 66(1): 129–144. March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PastPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{edelsohn_past_2023,\n\ttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}: {Ethical} {Issues} in {Pediatric} {Psychedelics} {Research} and {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2023.0007},\n\tabstract = {ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Edelsohn, Gail A. and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {129--144},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical and Practical Considerations for the Use of Psychedelics in Psychiatry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Barber, G. S.; and Dike, C. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatric Services, 74(8): 838–846. August 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{barber_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical and {Practical} {Considerations} for the {Use} of {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1075-2730},\n\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},\n\tabstract = {In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\n\tauthor = {Barber, Gregory S. and Dike, Charles C.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Equity, Ethics, Informed consent, Patient safety, Psychedelics, Psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {838--846},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Altered stakes: Identifying gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harrison, T. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(S1): 48–60. November 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AlteredPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{harrison_altered_2023,\n\ttitle = {Altered stakes: {Identifying} gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tshorttitle = {Altered stakes},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00267},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {48--60},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TransformativePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_transformative_2023,\n\ttitle = {Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333},\n\tabstract = {Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.\n
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\n  \n 2022\n \n \n (43)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n What conceptual metaphors appear in texts on psychedelics and medicine? Corpus-based cognitive study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bryła, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Respectus Philologicus, (42 (47)): 154–166. 2022.\n ISBN: 1392-8295\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bryla_what_2022,\n\ttitle = {What conceptual metaphors appear in texts on psychedelics and medicine? {Corpus}-based cognitive study},\n\tnumber = {42 (47)},\n\tjournal = {Respectus Philologicus},\n\tpublisher = {Vilniaus Universiteto Leidykla},\n\tauthor = {Bryła, Milena},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1392-8295},\n\tpages = {154--166},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Preparing for the Bursting of the Psychedelic Hype Bubble.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yaden, D. B.; Potash, J. B.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA psychiatry, 79(10): 943–944. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yaden_preparing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Preparing for the {Bursting} of the {Psychedelic} {Hype} {Bubble}},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tissn = {2168-6238},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {JAMA psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Potash, James B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans},\n\tpages = {943--944},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yaden, D. B.; Earp, B. D.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics: CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics committees, 31(4): 464–471. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yaden_ethical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Issues} {Regarding} {Nonsubjective} {Psychedelics} as {Standard} of {Care}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1469-2147},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200007X},\n\tabstract = {Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential "nonsubjective" psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics: CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics committees},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Earp, Brian D. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Mental Disorders, Standard of Care, bioethics, hallucinogens, psychedelics, psychiatry},\n\tpages = {464--471},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential \"nonsubjective\" psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Deceiving Research Participants: Is It Inconsistent With Valid Consent?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wendler, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 47(4): 558–571. August 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DeceivingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{wendler_deceiving_2022,\n\ttitle = {Deceiving {Research} {Participants}: {Is} {It} {Inconsistent} {With} {Valid} {Consent}?},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0360-5310},\n\tshorttitle = {Deceiving {Research} {Participants}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhac014},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhac014},\n\tabstract = {It is widely assumed that the use of deception in research is always inconsistent with obtaining valid consent. In addition, guidelines and regulations permit research without valid consent only when it poses no greater than minimal risk. Current practice thus prohibits studies that use deception and pose greater than minimal risk, including studies that rely on deceptive methods to evaluate experimental treatments. To assess whether these prohibitions are justified, the present paper evaluates five arguments that might be thought to support the assumption that deception is always inconsistent with valid consent. Analysis of these arguments reveals that deception is frequently, but not always, inconsistent with obtaining valid consent for research. This conclusion suggests that, in order to avoid unnecessarily blocking valuable research, current policies and practice should be revised to recognize the conditions under which the use of deception can be consistent with obtaining research participants’ valid consent.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Wendler, David},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {558--571},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n It is widely assumed that the use of deception in research is always inconsistent with obtaining valid consent. In addition, guidelines and regulations permit research without valid consent only when it poses no greater than minimal risk. Current practice thus prohibits studies that use deception and pose greater than minimal risk, including studies that rely on deceptive methods to evaluate experimental treatments. To assess whether these prohibitions are justified, the present paper evaluates five arguments that might be thought to support the assumption that deception is always inconsistent with valid consent. Analysis of these arguments reveals that deception is frequently, but not always, inconsistent with obtaining valid consent for research. This conclusion suggests that, in order to avoid unnecessarily blocking valuable research, current policies and practice should be revised to recognize the conditions under which the use of deception can be consistent with obtaining research participants’ valid consent.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Comparing clinical trial population representativeness to real-world populations: an external validity analysis encompassing 43 895 trials and 5 685 738 individuals across 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions in England.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tan, Y. Y.; Papez, V.; Chang, W. H.; Mueller, S. H.; Denaxas, S.; and Lai, A. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet. Healthy Longevity, 3(10): e674–e689. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{tan_comparing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Comparing clinical trial population representativeness to real-world populations: an external validity analysis encompassing 43 895 trials and 5 685 738 individuals across 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions in {England}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2666-7568},\n\tshorttitle = {Comparing clinical trial population representativeness to real-world populations},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00186-6},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) inform prescription guidelines, but stringent eligibility criteria exclude individuals with vulnerable characteristics, which we define as comorbidities, concomitant medication use, and vulnerabilities due to age. Poor external validity can result in inadequate treatment decision information. Our first aim was to quantify the extent of exclusion of individuals with vulnerable characteristics from RCTs for all prescription drugs. Our second aim was to quantify the prevalence of individuals with vulnerable characteristics from population electronic health records who are actively prescribed such drugs. In tandem, these two aims will allow us to assess the representativeness between RCT and real-world populations and identify vulnerable populations potentially at risk of inadequate treatment decision information. When a vulnerable population is highly excluded from RCTs but has a high prevalence of individuals actively being prescribed the same medication, there is likely to be a gap in treatment decision information. Our third aim was to investigate the use of real-world evidence in contributing towards quantifying missing treatment risk or benefit through an observational study.\nMETHODS: We extracted RCTs from ClinicalTrials.gov from its inception to April 28, 2021, and primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Gold database from Jan 1, 1998, to Dec 31, 2020. We referred to the British National Formulary to classify prescription drugs into drug categories. We conducted descriptive analyses and quantified RCT exclusion and prevalence of individuals with vulnerable characteristics for comparison to identify populations without treatment decision information. Exclusion and prevalence were assessed separately for different age groups, individual clinical specialities, and for quantities of concomitant conditions by clinical specialities, where multimorbidity was defined as having two or more clinical specialties, and medications prescribed, where polypharmacy was defined as having five or more medications prescribed. Population trends of individuals with multimorbidity or polypharmacy were assessed separately by age group. We conducted an observational cohort study to validate the use of real-world evidence in contributing towards quantifying treatment risk or benefit for patients with dementia on anti-dementia drugs with and without a contraindicated clinical speciality. To do so, we identified the clinical specialities that anti-dementia drug RCTs highly excluded yet had corresponding high prevalence in the real-world population, forming the groups with highest risk of having scarce treatment decision information. Cox regression was used to assess if the risk of mortality outcomes differs between both groups.\nFINDINGS: 43 895 RCTs from ClinicalTrials.gov and 5 685 738 million individuals from primary care records were used. We considered 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions across 13 drug-category cohorts. For the descriptive analyses, the median RCT exclusion proportion across 13 drug categories was 81·5\\% (IQR 76·7-85·5) for adolescents (aged {\\textless}18 years), 26·3\\% (IQR 21·0-29·5) for individuals older than 60 years, 40·5\\% (IQR 33·7-43·0) for individuals older than 70 years, and 52·9\\% (IQR 47·1-56·0) for individuals older than 80 years. Multimorbidity had a median exclusion proportion of 91·1\\% (IQR 88·9-91·8) and median prevalence of 41·0\\% (IQR 34·9-46·0). Concomitant medication use had a median exclusion proportion of 52·5\\% (IQR 50·0-53·7) and a median prevalence of 94·3\\% (IQR 84·3-97·2), and polypharmacy had a median prevalence of 47·7\\% (IQR 38·0-56·1). Population trends show increasing multimorbidity with age and consistently high polypharmacy across age groups. Populations with cardiovascular or otorhinolaryngological comorbidities had the highest risk of having scarce treatment decision information. For the observational study, populations with cardiovascular or psychiatric comorbidities had highest risk of having scarce treatment decision information. Patients with dementia with an anti-dementia prescription and contraindicated cardiovascular condition had a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1·20 [95\\% CI 1·13-1·28 ; p{\\textless}0·0001]) compared with patients with dementia without a contraindicated cardiovascular condition. Patients with dementia with comorbid delirium (HR 1·25 [95\\% CI 1·06-1·48]; p{\\textless}0·0088), intellectual disability (HR 2·72 [95\\% CI 1·53-4·81]; p=0·0006), and schizophrenia and schizotypal delusional disorders (HR 1·36 [95\\% CI 1·02-1·82]; p=0·036) had a higher risk of mortality compared with patients with dementia without these conditions.\nINTERPRETATION: Overly stringent RCT exclusion criteria do not appropriately account for the heterogeneity of vulnerable characteristics observed in real-world populations. Treatment decision information is scarce for such individuals, which might affect health outcomes. We discuss the challenges facing the inclusivity of such individuals and highlight the strength of real-world evidence as an integrative solution in complementing RCTs and increasing the completeness of evidence-based medicine assessments in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment decisions.\nFUNDING: Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Academy of Medical Sciences, and the University College London Overseas Research Scholarship.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet. Healthy Longevity},\n\tauthor = {Tan, Yen Yi and Papez, Vaclav and Chang, Wai Hoong and Mueller, Stefanie H. and Denaxas, Spiros and Lai, Alvina G.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Dementia, England, Humans, Middle Aged, Multimorbidity, Patient Participation, Polypharmacy, Prescription Drugs, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Reproducibility of Results},\n\tpages = {e674--e689},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n BACKGROUND: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) inform prescription guidelines, but stringent eligibility criteria exclude individuals with vulnerable characteristics, which we define as comorbidities, concomitant medication use, and vulnerabilities due to age. Poor external validity can result in inadequate treatment decision information. Our first aim was to quantify the extent of exclusion of individuals with vulnerable characteristics from RCTs for all prescription drugs. Our second aim was to quantify the prevalence of individuals with vulnerable characteristics from population electronic health records who are actively prescribed such drugs. In tandem, these two aims will allow us to assess the representativeness between RCT and real-world populations and identify vulnerable populations potentially at risk of inadequate treatment decision information. When a vulnerable population is highly excluded from RCTs but has a high prevalence of individuals actively being prescribed the same medication, there is likely to be a gap in treatment decision information. Our third aim was to investigate the use of real-world evidence in contributing towards quantifying missing treatment risk or benefit through an observational study. METHODS: We extracted RCTs from ClinicalTrials.gov from its inception to April 28, 2021, and primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Gold database from Jan 1, 1998, to Dec 31, 2020. We referred to the British National Formulary to classify prescription drugs into drug categories. We conducted descriptive analyses and quantified RCT exclusion and prevalence of individuals with vulnerable characteristics for comparison to identify populations without treatment decision information. Exclusion and prevalence were assessed separately for different age groups, individual clinical specialities, and for quantities of concomitant conditions by clinical specialities, where multimorbidity was defined as having two or more clinical specialties, and medications prescribed, where polypharmacy was defined as having five or more medications prescribed. Population trends of individuals with multimorbidity or polypharmacy were assessed separately by age group. We conducted an observational cohort study to validate the use of real-world evidence in contributing towards quantifying treatment risk or benefit for patients with dementia on anti-dementia drugs with and without a contraindicated clinical speciality. To do so, we identified the clinical specialities that anti-dementia drug RCTs highly excluded yet had corresponding high prevalence in the real-world population, forming the groups with highest risk of having scarce treatment decision information. Cox regression was used to assess if the risk of mortality outcomes differs between both groups. FINDINGS: 43 895 RCTs from ClinicalTrials.gov and 5 685 738 million individuals from primary care records were used. We considered 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions across 13 drug-category cohorts. For the descriptive analyses, the median RCT exclusion proportion across 13 drug categories was 81·5% (IQR 76·7-85·5) for adolescents (aged \\textless18 years), 26·3% (IQR 21·0-29·5) for individuals older than 60 years, 40·5% (IQR 33·7-43·0) for individuals older than 70 years, and 52·9% (IQR 47·1-56·0) for individuals older than 80 years. Multimorbidity had a median exclusion proportion of 91·1% (IQR 88·9-91·8) and median prevalence of 41·0% (IQR 34·9-46·0). Concomitant medication use had a median exclusion proportion of 52·5% (IQR 50·0-53·7) and a median prevalence of 94·3% (IQR 84·3-97·2), and polypharmacy had a median prevalence of 47·7% (IQR 38·0-56·1). Population trends show increasing multimorbidity with age and consistently high polypharmacy across age groups. Populations with cardiovascular or otorhinolaryngological comorbidities had the highest risk of having scarce treatment decision information. For the observational study, populations with cardiovascular or psychiatric comorbidities had highest risk of having scarce treatment decision information. Patients with dementia with an anti-dementia prescription and contraindicated cardiovascular condition had a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1·20 [95% CI 1·13-1·28 ; p\\textless0·0001]) compared with patients with dementia without a contraindicated cardiovascular condition. Patients with dementia with comorbid delirium (HR 1·25 [95% CI 1·06-1·48]; p\\textless0·0088), intellectual disability (HR 2·72 [95% CI 1·53-4·81]; p=0·0006), and schizophrenia and schizotypal delusional disorders (HR 1·36 [95% CI 1·02-1·82]; p=0·036) had a higher risk of mortality compared with patients with dementia without these conditions. INTERPRETATION: Overly stringent RCT exclusion criteria do not appropriately account for the heterogeneity of vulnerable characteristics observed in real-world populations. Treatment decision information is scarce for such individuals, which might affect health outcomes. We discuss the challenges facing the inclusivity of such individuals and highlight the strength of real-world evidence as an integrative solution in complementing RCTs and increasing the completeness of evidence-based medicine assessments in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment decisions. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Academy of Medical Sciences, and the University College London Overseas Research Scholarship.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Strauss, D.; de la Salle, S.; Sloshower, J.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics, 48(10): 728. September 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{strauss_research_2022,\n\ttitle = {Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1473-4257},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\n\tabstract = {There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950-1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Strauss, Dana and de la Salle, Sara and Sloshower, Jordan and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {minorities, psychology, research ethics, research on special populations},\n\tpages = {728},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950-1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n MDMA-assisted psychotherapy; Inclusion of transgender and gender diverse people in the frontiers of PTSD treatment trials.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Stauffer, C. S.; Brown, M. R.; Adams, D.; Cassity, M.; and Sevelius, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MDMA-assistedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{stauffer_mdma-assisted_2022,\n\ttitle = {{MDMA}-assisted psychotherapy; {Inclusion} of transgender and gender diverse people in the frontiers of {PTSD} treatment trials},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.932605/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.932605},\n\tabstract = {Introduction: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience stigma, discrimination, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at higher rates compared to the general population; however, TGD people have been underrepresented in PTSD research. Clinical trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy demonstrate promising safety and efficacy for the treatment of PTSD. Issues related to equitable access, power imbalances in the therapeutic relationship, and vulnerable states of consciousness occasioned by MDMA are magnified when working with people affected by structural vulnerabilities and health disparities, and community engagement in research planning and implementation is essential. To inform the inclusion and safety of TGD people in future MDMA-assisted psychotherapy research, the aims of the current study were to: characterize TGD experiences with trauma-related mental health care, assess openness of TGD people to participate in experimental PTSD research, and to gather specific feedback on protocol design for conducting MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with TGD people.Materials \\& Methods: We conducted 3 virtual focus group discussions with 5-6 participants each (N=17). Eligible TGD participants had a history of receiving trauma-related mental health care. Each focus group discussion was facilitated by two licensed clinicians who identified as TGD. Qualitative data analysis was conducted via an iterative process of identification of recurrent patterns and themes.Results: We have identified several key issues TGD people face when seeking and engaging in trauma-related mental health care, including barriers to receiving adequate gender-affirming and trauma-informed mental health care and frustration with providers lacking cultural humility. Suggested amendments to MDMA-assisted psychotherapy protocols include: routine collection of trans-inclusive gender identity data, implementing an explicit gender-affirming treatment approach, ensuring a culturally safe setting, and diversifying co-therapy dyads.Discussion: The inclusion of TGD voices in early conversations about emerging experimental PTSD interventions promotes equitable access, in the context of health and healthcare disparities, and helps researchers understand the needs of the community and tailor research to meet those needs. Through an ongoing conversation with the TGD community, we aim to incorporate a gender-affirming approach into existing research protocols and inform future applications of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in addressing the effects of minority stress and boosting resilience.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Stauffer, Christopher S. and Brown, Melanie R. and Adams, Dee and Cassity, Marca and Sevelius, Jae},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MDMA), Focus group (FG), Gender identity (MeSH), Hallucinogens, Health Equity (MeSH), MDMA, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, N-methyl-3, PTSD, Sexual and gender minorities (SGMs), Stress disorders, Transgender persons, gender diverse, nonbinary, post-traumatic},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Introduction: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience stigma, discrimination, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at higher rates compared to the general population; however, TGD people have been underrepresented in PTSD research. Clinical trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy demonstrate promising safety and efficacy for the treatment of PTSD. Issues related to equitable access, power imbalances in the therapeutic relationship, and vulnerable states of consciousness occasioned by MDMA are magnified when working with people affected by structural vulnerabilities and health disparities, and community engagement in research planning and implementation is essential. To inform the inclusion and safety of TGD people in future MDMA-assisted psychotherapy research, the aims of the current study were to: characterize TGD experiences with trauma-related mental health care, assess openness of TGD people to participate in experimental PTSD research, and to gather specific feedback on protocol design for conducting MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with TGD people.Materials & Methods: We conducted 3 virtual focus group discussions with 5-6 participants each (N=17). Eligible TGD participants had a history of receiving trauma-related mental health care. Each focus group discussion was facilitated by two licensed clinicians who identified as TGD. Qualitative data analysis was conducted via an iterative process of identification of recurrent patterns and themes.Results: We have identified several key issues TGD people face when seeking and engaging in trauma-related mental health care, including barriers to receiving adequate gender-affirming and trauma-informed mental health care and frustration with providers lacking cultural humility. Suggested amendments to MDMA-assisted psychotherapy protocols include: routine collection of trans-inclusive gender identity data, implementing an explicit gender-affirming treatment approach, ensuring a culturally safe setting, and diversifying co-therapy dyads.Discussion: The inclusion of TGD voices in early conversations about emerging experimental PTSD interventions promotes equitable access, in the context of health and healthcare disparities, and helps researchers understand the needs of the community and tailor research to meet those needs. Through an ongoing conversation with the TGD community, we aim to incorporate a gender-affirming approach into existing research protocols and inform future applications of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in addressing the effects of minority stress and boosting resilience.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics as Standard of Care? Many Questions Remain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rasmussen, K.; and Olson, D. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 31(4): 477–481. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{rasmussen_psychedelics_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}? {Many} {Questions} {Remain}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200010X},\n\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\%3Acambridge.org\\%3Aid\\%3Aarticle\\%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Rasmussen, Kurt and Olson, David E.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {477--481},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n //static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Should Adolescents be Included in Emerging Psychedelic Research?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Bioethics, 5(2): 36. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ShouldPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{rajwani_should_2022,\n\ttitle = {Should {Adolescents} be {Included} in {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Research}?},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2561-4665},\n\turl = {http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1089784ar},\n\tdoi = {10.7202/1089784ar},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {36},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Skip the Trip? Five Arguments on the Use of Nonhallucinogenic Psychedelics in Psychiatry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Peterson, A.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 31(4): 472–476. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SkipPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{peterson_skip_2022,\n\ttitle = {Skip the {Trip}? {Five} {Arguments} on the {Use} of {Nonhallucinogenic} {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Skip the {Trip}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180122000081},\n\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\%3Acambridge.org\\%3Aid\\%3Aarticle\\%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {472--476},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n //static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use (MDMA and psilocybin) and psychological distress and suicidality.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jones, G. M.; and Nock, M. K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 12: 16976. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RacePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jones_race_2022,\n\ttitle = {Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use ({MDMA} and psilocybin) and psychological distress and suicidality},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9551032/},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-022-18645-3},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds have been linked to salutary mental health outcomes in both naturalistic and clinical settings; however, current research on psychedelics suffers from a lack of inclusion and focus on racial and ethnic minorities. Thus, the goal of our study was to assess whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations that naturalistic lifetime MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use and psilocybin use share with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality (ideation and planning). Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2008–2019) (N = 484,732), we conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to conduct interaction tests and to assess the associations that MDMA use and psilocybin use share with the aforementioned outcomes for each racial and ethnic group. Race and ethnicity significantly moderated the associations between MDMA and psilocybin use and psychological distress and suicidality. For White participants, MDMA and psilocybin use conferred lowered odds of all distress and suicidality outcomes. For racial and ethnic minority participants, the associations between psychedelic use and suicidality were far fewer. These findings invite further research into the impact of race, ethnicity, and other identity factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, sexual/gender minority status) on the effects of psychedelic substances.},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Jones, Grant M. and Nock, Matthew K.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {16976},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelic compounds have been linked to salutary mental health outcomes in both naturalistic and clinical settings; however, current research on psychedelics suffers from a lack of inclusion and focus on racial and ethnic minorities. Thus, the goal of our study was to assess whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations that naturalistic lifetime MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use and psilocybin use share with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality (ideation and planning). Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2008–2019) (N = 484,732), we conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to conduct interaction tests and to assess the associations that MDMA use and psilocybin use share with the aforementioned outcomes for each racial and ethnic group. Race and ethnicity significantly moderated the associations between MDMA and psilocybin use and psychological distress and suicidality. For White participants, MDMA and psilocybin use conferred lowered odds of all distress and suicidality outcomes. For racial and ethnic minority participants, the associations between psychedelic use and suicidality were far fewer. These findings invite further research into the impact of race, ethnicity, and other identity factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, sexual/gender minority status) on the effects of psychedelic substances.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Safety pharmacology of acute LSD administration in healthy subjects.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holze, F.; Caluori, T. V.; Vizeli, P.; and Liechti, M. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychopharmacology, 239(6): 1893–1905. June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{holze_safety_2022,\n\ttitle = {Safety pharmacology of acute {LSD} administration in healthy subjects},\n\tvolume = {239},\n\tissn = {1432-2072},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00213-021-05978-6},\n\tabstract = {RATIONALE: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used in psychiatric and psychological research and investigated as a potential treatment for medical and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cluster headache.\nOBJECTIVES: Safety data on clinical safety are available from small studies but not from larger samples. We report safety pharmacology data from a large pooled study sample on acute effects of LSD in healthy subjects.\nMETHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis of four double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover studies that included a total of 83 healthy subjects and 131 single-dose administrations of LSD. LSD administrations were matched to dose groups according to measured LSD peak plasma concentrations to adjust for uncertainties in the correct LSD dose in some studies. Single doses were 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg of LSD base. We investigated subjective effects (self-rated any drug effect, good drug effect, bad drug effect, and anxiety), blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, duration of the acute LSD response, acute (12 h) and subacute (24 h) adverse effects, reports of flashbacks, and liver and kidney function before and after the studies.\nRESULTS: LSD dose-dependently increased subjective, physiologic, and adverse effects. The dose-response curves for the proportions of subjects with a certain amount of a subjective effect were steeper and reached a higher maximum for positive acute subjective effects compared with negative acute subjective effects. Maximal ratings of {\\textgreater} 50\\% good drug effects were reached in 37\\%, 91\\%, 96\\%, and 91\\% of the LSD administrations at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg. Maximal ratings of {\\textgreater} 50\\% bad drug effects were reached in 0\\%, 9\\%, 27\\%, 31\\% at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Mean ratings of Oceanic Boundlessness were 10\\%, 25\\%, 41\\%, and 44\\%, and mean ratings of Anxious Ego-Dissolution were 3.4\\%, 13\\%, 20\\%, and 22\\% at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. The physiologic effects of LSD were moderate. None of the subjects had systolic blood pressure {\\textgreater} 180 mmHg at any time. Peak heart rate {\\textgreater} 100 beats/min was observed in 0\\%, 6\\%, 20\\%, and 25\\% of the subjects at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Maximal heart rates of 129 and 121 beats/min were observed in one subject at the 50 and 200 µg doses, respectively. Peak body temperature {\\textgreater} 38° was observed in 0\\%, 11\\%, 7\\%, and 34\\% at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Mean acute adverse effect scores on the List of Complaints were 5.6, 9.2, 12, and 13 at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Kidney and liver function parameters were unaltered. Six subjects reported transient flashback phenomena.\nCONCLUSIONS: The single-dose administration of LSD is safe in regard to acute psychological and physical harm in healthy subjects in a controlled research setting.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Holze, Friederike and Caluori, Toya V. and Vizeli, Patrick and Liechti, Matthias E.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Blood pressure, Concentration, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Flashback, Hallucinogens, Healthy Volunteers, Heart Rate, Heart rate, Humans, LSD, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Safety, Subjective effects},\n\tpages = {1893--1905},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n RATIONALE: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used in psychiatric and psychological research and investigated as a potential treatment for medical and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cluster headache. OBJECTIVES: Safety data on clinical safety are available from small studies but not from larger samples. We report safety pharmacology data from a large pooled study sample on acute effects of LSD in healthy subjects. METHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis of four double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover studies that included a total of 83 healthy subjects and 131 single-dose administrations of LSD. LSD administrations were matched to dose groups according to measured LSD peak plasma concentrations to adjust for uncertainties in the correct LSD dose in some studies. Single doses were 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg of LSD base. We investigated subjective effects (self-rated any drug effect, good drug effect, bad drug effect, and anxiety), blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, duration of the acute LSD response, acute (12 h) and subacute (24 h) adverse effects, reports of flashbacks, and liver and kidney function before and after the studies. RESULTS: LSD dose-dependently increased subjective, physiologic, and adverse effects. The dose-response curves for the proportions of subjects with a certain amount of a subjective effect were steeper and reached a higher maximum for positive acute subjective effects compared with negative acute subjective effects. Maximal ratings of \\textgreater 50% good drug effects were reached in 37%, 91%, 96%, and 91% of the LSD administrations at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg. Maximal ratings of \\textgreater 50% bad drug effects were reached in 0%, 9%, 27%, 31% at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Mean ratings of Oceanic Boundlessness were 10%, 25%, 41%, and 44%, and mean ratings of Anxious Ego-Dissolution were 3.4%, 13%, 20%, and 22% at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. The physiologic effects of LSD were moderate. None of the subjects had systolic blood pressure \\textgreater 180 mmHg at any time. Peak heart rate \\textgreater 100 beats/min was observed in 0%, 6%, 20%, and 25% of the subjects at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Maximal heart rates of 129 and 121 beats/min were observed in one subject at the 50 and 200 µg doses, respectively. Peak body temperature \\textgreater 38° was observed in 0%, 11%, 7%, and 34% at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Mean acute adverse effect scores on the List of Complaints were 5.6, 9.2, 12, and 13 at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg, respectively. Kidney and liver function parameters were unaltered. Six subjects reported transient flashback phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: The single-dose administration of LSD is safe in regard to acute psychological and physical harm in healthy subjects in a controlled research setting.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goodwin, G. M.; Aaronson, S. T.; Alvarez, O.; Arden, P. C.; Baker, A.; Bennett, J. C.; Bird, C.; Blom, R. E.; Brennan, C.; Brusch, D.; Burke, L.; Campbell-Coker, K.; Carhart-Harris, R.; Cattell, J.; Daniel, A.; DeBattista, C.; Dunlop, B. W.; Eisen, K.; Feifel, D.; Forbes, M.; Haumann, H. M.; Hellerstein, D. J.; Hoppe, A. I.; Husain, M. I.; Jelen, L. A.; Kamphuis, J.; Kawasaki, J.; Kelly, J. R.; Key, R. E.; Kishon, R.; Peck, S. K.; Knight, G.; Koolen, M. H. B.; Lean, M.; Licht, R. W.; Maples-Keller, J. L.; Mars, J.; Marwood, L.; McElhiney, M. C.; Miller, T. L.; Mirow, A.; Mistry, S.; Mletzko-Crowe, T.; Modlin, L. N.; Nielsen, R. E.; Nielson, E. M.; Offerhaus, S. R.; O’Keane, V.; Páleníček, T.; Printz, D.; Rademaker, M. C.; Reemst, A. v.; Reinholdt, F.; Repantis, D.; Rucker, J.; Rudow, S.; Ruffell, S.; Rush, A. J.; Schoevers, R. A.; Seynaeve, M.; Shao, S.; Soares, J. C.; Somers, M.; Stansfield, S. C.; Sterling, D.; Strockis, A.; Tsai, J.; Visser, L.; Wahba, M.; Williams, S.; Young, A. H.; Ywema, P.; Zisook, S.; and Malievskaia, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n New England Journal of Medicine, 387(18): 1637–1648. November 2022.\n _eprint: https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Single-DosePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{goodwin_single-dose_2022,\n\ttitle = {Single-{Dose} {Psilocybin} for a {Treatment}-{Resistant} {Episode} of {Major} {Depression}},\n\tvolume = {387},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMoa2206443},\n\tabstract = {A single 25-mg dose of psilocybin was more effective than a 1-mg dose at alleviating treatment-resistant depression over a period of 3 weeks. The effect was attenuated at 12 weeks.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {New England Journal of Medicine},\n\tpublisher = {Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tauthor = {Goodwin, Guy M. and Aaronson, Scott T. and Alvarez, Oscar and Arden, Peter C. and Baker, Annie and Bennett, James C. and Bird, Catherine and Blom, Renske E. and Brennan, Christine and Brusch, Donna and Burke, Lisa and Campbell-Coker, Kete and Carhart-Harris, Robin and Cattell, Joseph and Daniel, Aster and DeBattista, Charles and Dunlop, Boadie W. and Eisen, Katherine and Feifel, David and Forbes, MacKenzie and Haumann, Hannah M. and Hellerstein, David J. and Hoppe, Astrid I. and Husain, Muhammad I. and Jelen, Luke A. and Kamphuis, Jeanine and Kawasaki, Julie and Kelly, John R. and Key, Richard E. and Kishon, Ronit and Peck, Stephanie Knatz and Knight, Gemma and Koolen, Martijn H. B. and Lean, Melanie and Licht, Rasmus W. and Maples-Keller, Jessica L. and Mars, Jan and Marwood, Lindsey and McElhiney, Martin C. and Miller, Tammy L. and Mirow, Arvin and Mistry, Sunil and Mletzko-Crowe, Tanja and Modlin, Liam N. and Nielsen, René E. and Nielson, Elizabeth M. and Offerhaus, Sjoerd R. and O’Keane, Veronica and Páleníček, Tomáš and Printz, David and Rademaker, Marleen C. and Reemst, Aumer van and Reinholdt, Frederick and Repantis, Dimitris and Rucker, James and Rudow, Samuel and Ruffell, Simon and Rush, A. John and Schoevers, Robert A. and Seynaeve, Mathieu and Shao, Samantha and Soares, Jair C. and Somers, Metten and Stansfield, Susan C. and Sterling, Diane and Strockis, Aaron and Tsai, Joyce and Visser, Lucy and Wahba, Mourad and Williams, Samuel and Young, Allan H. and Ywema, Paula and Zisook, Sidney and Malievskaia, Ekaterina},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443},\n\tpages = {1637--1648},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n A single 25-mg dose of psilocybin was more effective than a 1-mg dose at alleviating treatment-resistant depression over a period of 3 weeks. The effect was attenuated at 12 weeks.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ermakova, A. O.; Dunbar, F.; Rucker, J.; and Johnson, M. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(3): 273–294. March 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{ermakova_narrative_2022,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {A narrative synthesis of research with 5-{MeO}-{DMT}},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811211050543},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a naturally occurring, short-acting psychedelic tryptamine, produced by a variety of plant and animal species. Plants containing 5-MeO-DMT have been used throughout history for ritual and spiritual purposes. The aim of this article is to review the available literature about 5-MeO-DMT and inform subsequent clinical development.\nMETHODS: We searched PubMed database for articles about 5-MeO-DMT. Search results were cross-checked against earlier reviews and reference lists were hand searched. Findings were synthesised using a narrative synthesis approach. This review covers the pharmacology, chemistry and metabolism of 5-MeO-DMT, as well epidemiological studies, and reported adverse and beneficial effects.\nRESULTS: 5-MeO-DMT is serotonergic agonist, with highest affinity for 5-HT1A receptors. It was studied in a variety of animal models, but clinical studies with humans are lacking. Epidemiological studies indicate that, like other psychedelics, 5-MeO-DMT induces profound alterations in consciousness (including mystical experiences), with potential beneficial long-term effects on mental health and well-being.\nCONCLUSION: 5-MeO-DMT is a potentially useful addition to the psychedelic pharmacopoeia because of its short duration of action, relative lack of visual effects and putatively higher rates of ego-dissolution and mystical experiences. We conclude that further clinical exploration is warranted, using similar precautions as with other classic psychedelics.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Ermakova, Anna O. and Dunbar, Fiona and Rucker, James and Johnson, Matthew W.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {5-MeO-DMT, 5-methoxy-N, Animals, Hallucinogens, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, N-dimethyltryptamine, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, classic psychedelic, hallucinogen, tryptamine},\n\tpages = {273--294},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n BACKGROUND: 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a naturally occurring, short-acting psychedelic tryptamine, produced by a variety of plant and animal species. Plants containing 5-MeO-DMT have been used throughout history for ritual and spiritual purposes. The aim of this article is to review the available literature about 5-MeO-DMT and inform subsequent clinical development. METHODS: We searched PubMed database for articles about 5-MeO-DMT. Search results were cross-checked against earlier reviews and reference lists were hand searched. Findings were synthesised using a narrative synthesis approach. This review covers the pharmacology, chemistry and metabolism of 5-MeO-DMT, as well epidemiological studies, and reported adverse and beneficial effects. RESULTS: 5-MeO-DMT is serotonergic agonist, with highest affinity for 5-HT1A receptors. It was studied in a variety of animal models, but clinical studies with humans are lacking. Epidemiological studies indicate that, like other psychedelics, 5-MeO-DMT induces profound alterations in consciousness (including mystical experiences), with potential beneficial long-term effects on mental health and well-being. CONCLUSION: 5-MeO-DMT is a potentially useful addition to the psychedelic pharmacopoeia because of its short duration of action, relative lack of visual effects and putatively higher rates of ego-dissolution and mystical experiences. We conclude that further clinical exploration is warranted, using similar precautions as with other classic psychedelics.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic perceptions: mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Corrigan, K.; Haran, M.; McCandliss, C.; McManus, R.; Cleary, S.; Trant, R.; Kelly, Y.; Ledden, K.; Rush, G.; O’Keane, V.; and Kelly, J. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Irish Journal of Medical Science, 191(3): 1385–1397. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{corrigan_psychedelic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic perceptions: mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy},\n\tvolume = {191},\n\tissn = {0021-1265},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic perceptions},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8205319/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2},\n\tabstract = {Introduction\nDespite the rapid advance of psychedelic science and possible translation of psychedelic therapy into the psychiatric clinic, very little is known about mental health service user attitudes.\n\nObjectives\nTo explore mental health service user attitudes to psychedelics and psilocybin therapy.\n\nMethods\nA questionnaire capturing demographics, diagnoses, previous psychedelic and other drug use, and attitudes to psychedelics and psilocybin therapy was distributed to mental health service users.\n\nResults\nNinety-nine participants completed the survey (52\\% female, mean age 42 years). The majority (72\\%) supported further research, with 59\\% supporting psilocybin as a medical treatment. A total of 27\\% previously used recreational psilocybin, with a male preponderance (p = 0.01). Younger age groups, those with previous psychedelic experience, and those with non-religious beliefs were more likely to have favourable attitudes towards psilocybin. A total of 55\\% of the total sample would accept as a treatment if doctor recommended, whereas 20\\% would not. Fewer people with depression/anxiety had used recreational psychedelics (p = 0.03) but were more likely to support government funded studies (p = 0.02). A minority (5\\%) of people with conditions (psychosis and bipolar disorder) that could be exacerbated by psilocybin thought it would be useful for them. One fifth of the total sample viewed psychedelics as addictive and unsafe even under medical supervision. Concerns included fear of adverse effects, lack of knowledge, insufficient research, illegality, and relapse if medications were discontinued.\n\nConclusions\nThe majority supported further research into psilocybin therapy. Younger people, those with previous recreational psychedelic experience, and those with non-religious beliefs were more likely to have favourable attitudes towards psilocybin therapy.\n\nSupplementary information\nThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Irish Journal of Medical Science},\n\tauthor = {Corrigan, Kate and Haran, Maeve and McCandliss, Conor and McManus, Roisin and Cleary, Shannon and Trant, Rebecca and Kelly, Yazeed and Ledden, Kathryn and Rush, Gavin and O’Keane, Veronica and Kelly, John R.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {1385--1397},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Introduction Despite the rapid advance of psychedelic science and possible translation of psychedelic therapy into the psychiatric clinic, very little is known about mental health service user attitudes. Objectives To explore mental health service user attitudes to psychedelics and psilocybin therapy. Methods A questionnaire capturing demographics, diagnoses, previous psychedelic and other drug use, and attitudes to psychedelics and psilocybin therapy was distributed to mental health service users. Results Ninety-nine participants completed the survey (52% female, mean age 42 years). The majority (72%) supported further research, with 59% supporting psilocybin as a medical treatment. A total of 27% previously used recreational psilocybin, with a male preponderance (p = 0.01). Younger age groups, those with previous psychedelic experience, and those with non-religious beliefs were more likely to have favourable attitudes towards psilocybin. A total of 55% of the total sample would accept as a treatment if doctor recommended, whereas 20% would not. Fewer people with depression/anxiety had used recreational psychedelics (p = 0.03) but were more likely to support government funded studies (p = 0.02). A minority (5%) of people with conditions (psychosis and bipolar disorder) that could be exacerbated by psilocybin thought it would be useful for them. One fifth of the total sample viewed psychedelics as addictive and unsafe even under medical supervision. Concerns included fear of adverse effects, lack of knowledge, insufficient research, illegality, and relapse if medications were discontinued. Conclusions The majority supported further research into psilocybin therapy. Younger people, those with previous recreational psychedelic experience, and those with non-religious beliefs were more likely to have favourable attitudes towards psilocybin therapy. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n What conceptual metaphors appear in texts on psychedelics and medicine? Corpus-based cognitive study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bryła, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Respectus Philologicus, (42 (47)): 154–166. 2022.\n ISBN: 1392-8295\n\n\n\n
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@article{bryla_what_2022,\n\ttitle = {What conceptual metaphors appear in texts on psychedelics and medicine? {Corpus}-based cognitive study},\n\tnumber = {42 (47)},\n\tjournal = {Respectus Philologicus},\n\tpublisher = {Vilniaus Universiteto Leidykla},\n\tauthor = {Bryła, Milena},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1392-8295},\n\tpages = {154--166},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Breeksema, J. J.; Kuin, B. W.; Kamphuis, J.; van den Brink, W.; Vermetten, E.; and Schoevers, R. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(10): 1100–1117. 2022.\n ISBN: 0269-8811\n\n\n\n
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@article{breeksema_adverse_2022,\n\ttitle = {Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and {MDMA}: {A} mixed-methods systematic review},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England},\n\tauthor = {Breeksema, Joost J. and Kuin, Bouwe W. and Kamphuis, Jeanine and van den Brink, Wim and Vermetten, Eric and Schoevers, Robert A.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0269-8811},\n\tpages = {1100--1117},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schimmers, N.; Breeksema, J. J.; Smith-Apeldoorn, S. Y.; Veraart, J.; van den Brink, W.; and Schoevers, R. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychopharmacology, 239(1): 15–33. 2022.\n ISBN: 0033-3158\n\n\n\n
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@article{schimmers_psychedelics_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {239},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Psychopharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Schimmers, Nina and Breeksema, Joost J. and Smith-Apeldoorn, Sanne Y. and Veraart, Jolien and van den Brink, Wim and Schoevers, Robert A.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0033-3158},\n\tpages = {15--33},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic research and the real world.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature, 609(7929): S95–S95. September 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{appelbaum_psychedelic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic research and the real world},\n\tvolume = {609},\n\tcopyright = {2022 Springer Nature Limited},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02875-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/d41586-022-02875-6},\n\tabstract = {Clinical trials of psychedelic drugs impose constraints that make it difficult to judge how effective they will be in treating people.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7929},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Nature},\n\tauthor = {Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Drug discovery, Ethics, Medical research, Psychiatric disorders},\n\tpages = {S95--S95},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Clinical trials of psychedelic drugs impose constraints that make it difficult to judge how effective they will be in treating people.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Underground to Mainstream: Establishing a Medical Lexicon for Psychedelic Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beswerchij, A.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13: 870507. June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{beswerchij_underground_2022,\n\ttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}: {Establishing} a {Medical} {Lexicon} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507},\n\tabstract = {We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.},\n\turldate = {2024-04-24},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Beswerchij, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {870507},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Qualitative Inquiry into Ethical Relationship and Boundary-Setting in Underground Psychedelic Healing - ProQuest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brennan, W. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ph.D. Thesis, Fordham University, 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@phdthesis{brennan_qualitative_2022,\n\ttitle = {A {Qualitative} {Inquiry} into {Ethical} {Relationship} and {Boundary}-{Setting} in {Underground} {Psychedelic} {Healing} - {ProQuest}},\n\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},\n\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tschool = {Fordham University},\n\tauthor = {Brennan, William Thomas},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ona, G.; Kohek, M.; and Bouso, J. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n New Ideas in Psychology, 67: 100967. December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{ona_illusion_2022,\n\ttitle = {The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0732-118X},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967},\n\tabstract = {While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {New Ideas in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Ona, Genís and Kohek, Maja and Bouso, José Carlos},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, MDMA, Methodology, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {100967},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Knowing and being known: Psychedelic–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fischman, L. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"KnowingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{fischman_knowing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Knowing and being known: {Psychedelic}–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Knowing and being known},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495},\n\tabstract = {Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Fischman, Lawrence G.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Belief Now, True Belief Later: The Epistemic Advantage of Self-Related Insights in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Caporuscio, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, 3. April 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"BeliefPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{caporuscio_belief_2022,\n\ttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}: {The} {Epistemic} {Advantage} of {Self}-{Related} {Insights} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Chiara Caporuscio},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\tshorttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310},\n\tabstract = {Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Caporuscio, Chiara},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {First-person authority, Insight, Integration, Psychedelic Therapy, Psychedelics, Self-Shaping},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Through the Psychedelic Looking-Glass: The Importance of Phenomenal Transparency in Psychedelic Transformation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lyon, A.; and Farennikova, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, 3. April 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThroughPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{lyon_through_2022,\n\ttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}: {The} {Importance} of {Phenomenal} {Transparency} in {Psychedelic} {Transformation}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Aidan Lyon, Anya Farennikova},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\tshorttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323},\n\tabstract = {What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Lyon, Aidan and Farennikova, Anya},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Phenomenal transparency, Psychedelic experience, Psychotherapy},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics Favour Understanding Rather Than Knowledge.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fink, S. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, 3. April 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{fink_psychedelics_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics {Favour} {Understanding} {Rather} {Than} {Knowledge}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Sascha Benjamin Fink},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264},\n\tabstract = {Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Fink, Sascha Benjamin},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Epistemic Benefits, Epistemic Standards, Epistemology, Knowledge, Philosophy, Process of Discovery, Process of Justification, Psychedelics, REBUS Model, Understanding},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Preparing for the Bursting of the Psychedelic Hype Bubble.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yaden, D. B.; Potash, J. B.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 79(10): 943–944. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PreparingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yaden_preparing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Preparing for the {Bursting} of the {Psychedelic} {Hype} {Bubble}},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Potash, James B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {943--944},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bodnar, K. J.; and Peter, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Faintuch, J.; and Faintuch, S., editor(s), Integrity of Scientific Research: Fraud, Misconduct and Fake News in the Academic, Medical and Social Environment, pages 227–234. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Regulatory,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{bodnar_regulatory_2022,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Regulatory, {Ethical} and {Political} {Challenges} of {Experimentation} with {LSD} on {Human} {Subjects}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-99680-2},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},\n\tabstract = {The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tbooktitle = {Integrity of {Scientific} {Research}: {Fraud}, {Misconduct} and {Fake} {News} in the {Academic}, {Medical} and {Social} {Environment}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Bodnar, Kristof Janos and Peter, Szabina},\n\teditor = {Faintuch, Joel and Faintuch, Salomão},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {FDA, LSD, Laing, MKUltra, Psychedelics, Research ethics},\n\tpages = {227--234},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Need for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Black Community and the Burdens of Its Provision.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, D. T.; Faber, S. C.; Buchanan, N. T.; Foster, D.; and Green, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{smith_need_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Need} for {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy} in the {Black} {Community} and the {Burdens} of {Its} {Provision}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Smith, Darron T. and Faber, Sonya C. and Buchanan, NiCole T. and Foster, Dale and Green, Lilith},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schenberg, E. E.; and Gerber, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Transcultural Psychiatry, 59(5): 610–624. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"OvercomingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{schenberg_overcoming_2022,\n\ttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: {Towards} ethical and sustainable regulation},\n\tvolume = {59},\n\tissn = {1363-4615, 1461-7471},\n\tshorttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/13634615211062962},\n\tabstract = {After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca's molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Transcultural Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman and Gerber, Konstantin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {610--624},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca's molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Skip the Trip? Five Arguments on the Use of Nonhallucinogenic Psychedelics in Psychiatry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Peterson, A.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 31(4): 472–476. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SkipPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{peterson_skip_2022,\n\ttitle = {Skip the {Trip}? {Five} {Arguments} on the {Use} of {Nonhallucinogenic} {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Skip the {Trip}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180122000081},\n\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\%3Acambridge.org\\%3Aid\\%3Aarticle\\%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {472--476},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n //static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Physical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies: An Agenda for Inclusive Research and Practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mintz, K. T.; Gammer, B.; Khan, A. J.; Shaub, G.; Levine, S.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PhysicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mintz_physical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}: {An} {Agenda} for {Inclusive} {Research} and {Practice}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458},\n\tabstract = {Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Mintz, Kevin T. and Gammer, Brinn and Khan, Amanda J. and Shaub, Gretchen and Levine, Steven and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Presence, Trust, and Empathy: Preferred Characteristics of Psychedelic Carers.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thal, S.; Engel, L. B.; and Bright, S. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Humanistic Psychology,002216782210813. March 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Presence,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{thal_presence_2022,\n\ttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}: {Preferred} {Characteristics} of {Psychedelic} {Carers}},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\tshorttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678221081380},\n\tabstract = {Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Thal, Sascha and Engel, Liam B. and Bright, Stephen J.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {002216782210813},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Indigenous Philosophies and the \"Psychedelic Renaissance\".\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, K.; Romero, O. S. G.; Braunstein, M.; and Brant, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Anthropology of Consciousness, 33(2): 506–527. September 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IndigenousPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{williams_indigenous_2022,\n\ttitle = {Indigenous {Philosophies} and the "{Psychedelic} {Renaissance}"},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {1053-4202, 1556-3537},\n\turl = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/anoc.12161},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Anthropology of Consciousness},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Keith and Romero, Osiris Sinuhé González and Braunstein, Michelle and Brant, Suzanne},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {506--527},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics as Standard of Care? Many Questions Remain.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rasmussen, K.; and Olson, D. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 31(4): 477–481. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rasmussen_psychedelics_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}? {Many} {Questions} {Remain}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200010X},\n\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\%3Acambridge.org\\%3Aid\\%3Aarticle\\%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Rasmussen, Kurt and Olson, David E.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {477--481},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n //static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Philosophy and classic psychedelics: A review of some emerging themes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Letheby, C.; and Mattu, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 5(3): 166–175. January 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PhilosophyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{letheby_philosophy_2022,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics: {A} review of some emerging themes},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tshorttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00191},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris and Mattu, Jaipreet},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {166--175},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Belouin, S. J.; Averill, L. A.; Henningfield, J. E.; Xenakis, S. N.; Donato, I.; Grob, C. S.; Berger, A.; Magar, V.; Danforth, A. L.; and Anderson, B. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropharmacology, 219: 109214. November 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PolicyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{belouin_policy_2022,\n\ttitle = {Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines},\n\tvolume = {219},\n\tissn = {0028-3908},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214},\n\tabstract = {There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Belouin, Sean J. and Averill, Lynnette A. and Henningfield, Jack E. and Xenakis, Stephen N. and Donato, Ingrid and Grob, Charles S. and Berger, Ann and Magar, Veronica and Danforth, Alicia L. and Anderson, Brian T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, MDMA, Policy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},\n\tpages = {109214},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Strauss, D.; De La Salle, S.; Sloshower, J.; and Williams, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics, 48(10): 728–737. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ResearchPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{strauss_research_2022,\n\ttitle = {Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\n\tabstract = {There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Strauss, Dana and De La Salle, Sara and Sloshower, Jordan and Williams, Monnica T},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {728--737},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McMillan, R. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Medical Humanities, 48(3): 269–272. September 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mcmillan_psychedelic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {1468-215X, 1473-4265},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic injustice},\n\turl = {https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medhum-2021-012299},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Medical Humanities},\n\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {health policy, medical ethics/bioethics, patient narratives, psychiatry, psychology},\n\tpages = {269--272},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yaden, D. B.; Earp, B. D.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 31(4): 464–471. October 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yaden_ethical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Issues} {Regarding} {Nonsubjective} {Psychedelics} as {Standard} of {Care}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200007X},\n\tabstract = {Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Earp, Brian D. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {bioethics, hallucinogens, psychedelics, psychiatry},\n\tpages = {464--471},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Should Adolescents be Included in Emerging Psychedelic Research?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rajwani, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 5(2): 36–43. 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ShouldPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{rajwani_should_2022,\n\ttitle = {Should {Adolescents} be {Included} in {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Research}?},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2561-4665},\n\turl = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/},\n\tdoi = {10.7202/1089784ar},\n\tabstract = {Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {LSD, MDMA, adolescent mental health, adolescent psychiatry, ketamine, kétamine, psilocybin, psilocybine, psychedelic research, psychedelic therapy, psychiatrie des adolescents, recherche sur les psychédéliques, santé mentale des adolescents, thérapie psychédélique},\n\tpages = {36--43},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trust and Psychedelic Moral Enhancement.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gordon, E. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroethics, 15(2): 19. May 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TrustPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gordon_trust_2022,\n\ttitle = {Trust and {Psychedelic} {Moral} {Enhancement}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},\n\tabstract = {Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Gordon, Emma C.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bioethics, Human enhancement, Moral enhancement, Trust},\n\tpages = {19},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, W. R.; and Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropharmacology, 216: 109165. September 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"NovelPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{smith_novel_2022,\n\ttitle = {Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances},\n\tvolume = {216},\n\tissn = {0028-3908},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165},\n\tabstract = {Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {109165},\n}\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.\n
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\n  \n 2021\n \n \n (30)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yaden, D. B.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2): 568–572. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yaden_subjective_2021,\n\ttitle = {The {Subjective} {Effects} of {Psychedelics} {Are} {Necessary} for {Their} {Enduring} {Therapeutic} {Effects}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194},\n\tabstract = {Classic psychedelics produce altered states of consciousness that individuals often interpret as meaningful experiences. Across a number of human studies, when the participant-rated intensity of the overall drug effects are statistically controlled for, certain subjective effects predict therapeutic and other desirable outcomes. Underlying neurobiological mechanisms are likely necessary but not sufficient to confer full and enduring beneficial effects. We propose that the subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring beneficial effects and that these subjective effects account for the majority of their benefit.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {ACS Pharmacology \\& Translational Science},\n\tpublisher = {American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {568--572},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Classic psychedelics produce altered states of consciousness that individuals often interpret as meaningful experiences. Across a number of human studies, when the participant-rated intensity of the overall drug effects are statistically controlled for, certain subjective effects predict therapeutic and other desirable outcomes. Underlying neurobiological mechanisms are likely necessary but not sufficient to confer full and enduring beneficial effects. We propose that the subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring beneficial effects and that these subjective effects account for the majority of their benefit.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics: Building Bridges and Addressing Potential Challenges Ahead.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, M. L.; Korevaar, D.; Harvey, R.; Fitzgerald, P. B.; Liknaitzky, P.; O'Carroll, S.; Puspanathan, P.; Ross, M.; Strauss, N.; and Bennett-Levy, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. November 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TranslatingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{williams_translating_2021,\n\ttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}: {Building} {Bridges} and {Addressing} {Potential} {Challenges} {Ahead}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738},\n\tabstract = {Research to explore the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the global shutdown of clinical research for almost forty years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients hope that further interruptions to research will be avoided, and that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. Researchers are currently focused on late-phase clinical trials, with relatively little consideration given to longer-term goals such as translation to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers met for a series of workshops to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified. Analysis led to some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, strategic planning and professional cohesion are likely to be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia.Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Martin L. and Korevaar, Diana and Harvey, Renee and Fitzgerald, Paul B. and Liknaitzky, Paul and O'Carroll, Sean and Puspanathan, Prashanth and Ross, Margaret and Strauss, Nigel and Bennett-Levy, James},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Depression, Mental Health, Trauma, clinical research, community clinics, psilocybin, psychedelics, translation},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Research to explore the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the global shutdown of clinical research for almost forty years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients hope that further interruptions to research will be avoided, and that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. Researchers are currently focused on late-phase clinical trials, with relatively little consideration given to longer-term goals such as translation to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers met for a series of workshops to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified. Analysis led to some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, strategic planning and professional cohesion are likely to be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia.Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A narrative review of the pharmacological, cultural and psychological literature on ibogaine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Underwood, M. S.; Bright, S. J.; and Les Lancaster, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 5(1): 44–54. May 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{underwood_narrative_2021,\n\ttitle = {A narrative review of the pharmacological, cultural and psychological literature on ibogaine},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/1/article-p44.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00152},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid contained in the West African plant\n              Tabernanthe iboga\n              . Although preliminary, evidence suggests that ibogaine could be effective in the treatment of certain substance use disorders, specifically opioid use disorder. This narrative review concentrated on the pharmacological, cultural and psychological aspects of ibogaine that contribute to its reputed effectiveness with a specific focus on the ibogaine state of consciousness. Although the exact pharmacological mechanisms for ibogaine are still speculative, the literature highlighted its role as an NMDA antagonist in the effective treatment of substance use disorders. The cultural aspects associated with the use of ibogaine pose questions around the worldview of participants as experienced in the traditional and western contexts, which future research should clarify. From a psychological perspective, the theory that the ibogaine state of consciousness resembles REM sleep is questionable due to evidence that indicated ibogaine supressed REM sleep, and contradictory evidence in relation to learning and memory. The suggested classification of the ibogaine experience as oneirophrenic also seems inadequate as it only describes the first phase of the ibogaine experience. The ibogaine experience does however present characteristics consistent with holotropic states of consciousness, and future research could focus on exploring and potentially classifying the state of consciousness induced by ibogaine as holotropic.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Underwood, Martie S. and Bright, Stephen J. and Les Lancaster, B.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {44--54},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid contained in the West African plant Tabernanthe iboga . Although preliminary, evidence suggests that ibogaine could be effective in the treatment of certain substance use disorders, specifically opioid use disorder. This narrative review concentrated on the pharmacological, cultural and psychological aspects of ibogaine that contribute to its reputed effectiveness with a specific focus on the ibogaine state of consciousness. Although the exact pharmacological mechanisms for ibogaine are still speculative, the literature highlighted its role as an NMDA antagonist in the effective treatment of substance use disorders. The cultural aspects associated with the use of ibogaine pose questions around the worldview of participants as experienced in the traditional and western contexts, which future research should clarify. From a psychological perspective, the theory that the ibogaine state of consciousness resembles REM sleep is questionable due to evidence that indicated ibogaine supressed REM sleep, and contradictory evidence in relation to learning and memory. The suggested classification of the ibogaine experience as oneirophrenic also seems inadequate as it only describes the first phase of the ibogaine experience. The ibogaine experience does however present characteristics consistent with holotropic states of consciousness, and future research could focus on exploring and potentially classifying the state of consciousness induced by ibogaine as holotropic.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Timmermann, C.; Kettner, H.; Letheby, C.; Roseman, L.; Rosas, F. E.; and Carhart-Harris, R. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific Reports, 11(1): 22166. November 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{timmermann_psychedelics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {2021 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01209-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2},\n\tabstract = {Can the use of psychedelic drugs induce lasting changes in metaphysical beliefs? While it is popularly believed that they can, this question has never been formally tested. Here we exploited a large sample derived from prospective online surveying to determine whether and how beliefs concerning the nature of reality, consciousness, and free-will, change after psychedelic use. Results revealed significant shifts away from ‘physicalist’ or ‘materialist’ views, and towards panpsychism and fatalism, post use. With the exception of fatalism, these changes endured for at least 6 months, and were positively correlated with the extent of past psychedelic-use and improved mental-health outcomes. Path modelling suggested that the belief-shifts were moderated by impressionability at baseline and mediated by perceived emotional synchrony with others during the psychedelic experience. The observed belief-shifts post-psychedelic-use were consolidated by data from an independent controlled clinical trial. Together, these findings imply that psychedelic-use may causally influence metaphysical beliefs—shifting them away from ‘hard materialism’. We discuss whether these apparent effects are contextually independent.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Timmermann, Christopher and Kettner, Hannes and Letheby, Chris and Roseman, Leor and Rosas, Fernando E. and Carhart-Harris, Robin L.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Human behaviour, Randomized controlled trials, Social behaviour},\n\tpages = {22166},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Can the use of psychedelic drugs induce lasting changes in metaphysical beliefs? While it is popularly believed that they can, this question has never been formally tested. Here we exploited a large sample derived from prospective online surveying to determine whether and how beliefs concerning the nature of reality, consciousness, and free-will, change after psychedelic use. Results revealed significant shifts away from ‘physicalist’ or ‘materialist’ views, and towards panpsychism and fatalism, post use. With the exception of fatalism, these changes endured for at least 6 months, and were positively correlated with the extent of past psychedelic-use and improved mental-health outcomes. Path modelling suggested that the belief-shifts were moderated by impressionability at baseline and mediated by perceived emotional synchrony with others during the psychedelic experience. The observed belief-shifts post-psychedelic-use were consolidated by data from an independent controlled clinical trial. Together, these findings imply that psychedelic-use may causally influence metaphysical beliefs—shifting them away from ‘hard materialism’. We discuss whether these apparent effects are contextually independent.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics May Not Be Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Olson, D. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS pharmacology & translational science, 4(2): 563–567. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{olson_subjective_2021,\n\ttitle = {The {Subjective} {Effects} of {Psychedelics} {May} {Not} {Be} {Necessary} for {Their} {Enduring} {Therapeutic} {Effects}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2575-9108},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00192},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics represent one of the most promising classes of experimental medicines for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders due to their ability to promote neural plasticity and produce both rapid and sustained therapeutic effects following a single administration. Conventional wisdom holds that peak mystical experiences induced by psychedelics are a critical component of their therapeutic mechanisms of action, though evidence supporting that claim is largely correlational. Here, I present data suggesting that the subjective effects induced by psychedelics may not be necessary to produce long-lasting changes in mood and behavior. Understanding the role of subjective effects in the therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics will have important implications for both basic neuroscience and for increasing patient access to the next generation of medicines developed as a result of psychedelic research.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {ACS pharmacology \\& translational science},\n\tauthor = {Olson, David E.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {563--567},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelics represent one of the most promising classes of experimental medicines for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders due to their ability to promote neural plasticity and produce both rapid and sustained therapeutic effects following a single administration. Conventional wisdom holds that peak mystical experiences induced by psychedelics are a critical component of their therapeutic mechanisms of action, though evidence supporting that claim is largely correlational. Here, I present data suggesting that the subjective effects induced by psychedelics may not be necessary to produce long-lasting changes in mood and behavior. Understanding the role of subjective effects in the therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics will have important implications for both basic neuroscience and for increasing patient access to the next generation of medicines developed as a result of psychedelic research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mitchell, J. M.; Bogenschutz, M.; Lilienstein, A.; Harrison, C.; Kleiman, S.; Parker-Guilbert, K.; Ot’alora G., M.; Garas, W.; Paleos, C.; Gorman, I.; Nicholas, C.; Mithoefer, M.; Carlin, S.; Poulter, B.; Mithoefer, A.; Quevedo, S.; Wells, G.; Klaire, S. S.; van der Kolk, B.; Tzarfaty, K.; Amiaz, R.; Worthy, R.; Shannon, S.; Woolley, J. D.; Marta, C.; Gelfand, Y.; Hapke, E.; Amar, S.; Wallach, Y.; Brown, R.; Hamilton, S.; Wang, J. B.; Coker, A.; Matthews, R.; de Boer, A.; Yazar-Klosinski, B.; Emerson, A.; and Doblin, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Medicine, 27(6): 1025–1033. June 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MDMA-assistedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mitchell_mdma-assisted_2021,\n\ttitle = {{MDMA}-assisted therapy for severe {PTSD}: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tcopyright = {2021 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply},\n\tissn = {1546-170X},\n\tshorttitle = {{MDMA}-assisted therapy for severe {PTSD}},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01336-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3},\n\tabstract = {Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents a major public health problem for which currently available treatments are modestly effective. We report the findings of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-site phase 3 clinical trial (NCT03537014) to test the efficacy and safety of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for the treatment of patients with severe PTSD, including those with common comorbidities such as dissociation, depression, a history of alcohol and substance use disorders, and childhood trauma. After psychiatric medication washout, participants (n = 90) were randomized 1:1 to receive manualized therapy with MDMA or with placebo, combined with three preparatory and nine integrative therapy sessions. PTSD symptoms, measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5, the primary endpoint), and functional impairment, measured with the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS, the secondary endpoint) were assessed at baseline and at 2 months after the last experimental session. Adverse events and suicidality were tracked throughout the study. MDMA was found to induce significant and robust attenuation in CAPS-5 score compared with placebo (P {\\textless} 0.0001, d = 0.91) and to significantly decrease the SDS total score (P = 0.0116, d = 0.43). The mean change in CAPS-5 scores in participants completing treatment was −24.4 (s.d. 11.6) in the MDMA group and −13.9 (s.d. 11.5) in the placebo group. MDMA did not induce adverse events of abuse potential, suicidality or QT prolongation. These data indicate that, compared with manualized therapy with inactive placebo, MDMA-assisted therapy is highly efficacious in individuals with severe PTSD, and treatment is safe and well-tolerated, even in those with comorbidities. We conclude that MDMA-assisted therapy represents a potential breakthrough treatment that merits expedited clinical evaluation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Mitchell, Jennifer M. and Bogenschutz, Michael and Lilienstein, Alia and Harrison, Charlotte and Kleiman, Sarah and Parker-Guilbert, Kelly and Ot’alora G., Marcela and Garas, Wael and Paleos, Casey and Gorman, Ingmar and Nicholas, Christopher and Mithoefer, Michael and Carlin, Shannon and Poulter, Bruce and Mithoefer, Ann and Quevedo, Sylvestre and Wells, Gregory and Klaire, Sukhpreet S. and van der Kolk, Bessel and Tzarfaty, Keren and Amiaz, Revital and Worthy, Ray and Shannon, Scott and Woolley, Joshua D. and Marta, Cole and Gelfand, Yevgeniy and Hapke, Emma and Amar, Simon and Wallach, Yair and Brown, Randall and Hamilton, Scott and Wang, Julie B. and Coker, Allison and Matthews, Rebecca and de Boer, Alberdina and Yazar-Klosinski, Berra and Emerson, Amy and Doblin, Rick},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Drug development, Phase III trials},\n\tpages = {1025--1033},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents a major public health problem for which currently available treatments are modestly effective. We report the findings of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-site phase 3 clinical trial (NCT03537014) to test the efficacy and safety of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for the treatment of patients with severe PTSD, including those with common comorbidities such as dissociation, depression, a history of alcohol and substance use disorders, and childhood trauma. After psychiatric medication washout, participants (n = 90) were randomized 1:1 to receive manualized therapy with MDMA or with placebo, combined with three preparatory and nine integrative therapy sessions. PTSD symptoms, measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5, the primary endpoint), and functional impairment, measured with the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS, the secondary endpoint) were assessed at baseline and at 2 months after the last experimental session. Adverse events and suicidality were tracked throughout the study. MDMA was found to induce significant and robust attenuation in CAPS-5 score compared with placebo (P \\textless 0.0001, d = 0.91) and to significantly decrease the SDS total score (P = 0.0116, d = 0.43). The mean change in CAPS-5 scores in participants completing treatment was −24.4 (s.d. 11.6) in the MDMA group and −13.9 (s.d. 11.5) in the placebo group. MDMA did not induce adverse events of abuse potential, suicidality or QT prolongation. These data indicate that, compared with manualized therapy with inactive placebo, MDMA-assisted therapy is highly efficacious in individuals with severe PTSD, and treatment is safe and well-tolerated, even in those with comorbidities. We conclude that MDMA-assisted therapy represents a potential breakthrough treatment that merits expedited clinical evaluation.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n How psychedelic researchers' self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people's perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Forstmann, M.; and Sagioglou, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Public Understanding of Science, 30(3): 302–318. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{forstmann_how_2021,\n\taddress = {Bristol, England},\n\ttitle = {How psychedelic researchers' self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people's perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1361-6609},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0963662520981728},\n\tabstract = {Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public's evaluation of researchers' scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people's assessment of a fictitious researcher's integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants' personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Public Understanding of Science},\n\tauthor = {Forstmann, Matthias and Sagioglou, Christina},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, Humans, Research Personnel, Substance-Related Disorders, drugs, lay perceptions, psychedelics, research quality, researcher integrity, stereotypes},\n\tpages = {302--318},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public's evaluation of researchers' scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people's assessment of a fictitious researcher's integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants' personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Co-design of Guidance for Patient and Public Involvement in Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Close, J. B.; Bornemann, J.; Piggin, M.; Jayacodi, S.; Luan, L. X.; Carhart-Harris, R.; and Spriggs, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Co-designPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{close_co-design_2021,\n\ttitle = {Co-design of {Guidance} for {Patient} and {Public} {Involvement} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727496/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727496},\n\tabstract = {Within the context of scientific research, patient and public involvement (PPI) is defined as research performed ‘with’ or ‘by’ patients and members of the public, rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. When carried out systematically and thoughtfully, PPI has the potential to strengthen the quality and impact of research by fostering accountability, transparency, and relevance. There exist numerous guidelines, frameworks and tools for supporting PPI, however, these do not account for the unique challenges faced in psychedelic research. This paper describes the co-design of guidance intended to help build, evaluate and improve PPI in psychedelic research. A steering group was formed to design and run a co-design workshop alongside public collaborators. Insights from this workshop were analysed and refined into a comprehensive and readily usable guide for planning PPI specific to the field of psychedelic research. Core values emerging from the process focused on the essential importance of trust, learning, purpose and inclusivity. It is hoped that this guidance will be a starting point for incorporating PPI in future psychedelic research, so that it can grow and adapt as this burgeoning field of research progresses.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Close, James B. and Bornemann, Julia and Piggin, Maria and Jayacodi, Sandra and Luan, Lisa Xiaolu and Carhart-Harris, Robin and Spriggs, Meg Jo},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Involvement, PPI, Patient, Research, guideline, psychedelics, public, strategy},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Within the context of scientific research, patient and public involvement (PPI) is defined as research performed ‘with’ or ‘by’ patients and members of the public, rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. When carried out systematically and thoughtfully, PPI has the potential to strengthen the quality and impact of research by fostering accountability, transparency, and relevance. There exist numerous guidelines, frameworks and tools for supporting PPI, however, these do not account for the unique challenges faced in psychedelic research. This paper describes the co-design of guidance intended to help build, evaluate and improve PPI in psychedelic research. A steering group was formed to design and run a co-design workshop alongside public collaborators. Insights from this workshop were analysed and refined into a comprehensive and readily usable guide for planning PPI specific to the field of psychedelic research. Core values emerging from the process focused on the essential importance of trust, learning, purpose and inclusivity. It is hoped that this guidance will be a starting point for incorporating PPI in future psychedelic research, so that it can grow and adapt as this burgeoning field of research progresses.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Politics of Objectivity: Biomedicine’s Attempts to Grapple with “non-financial” Conflicts of Interest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Grundy, Q.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science and Engineering Ethics, 27(3): 37. June 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{grundy_politics_2021,\n\ttitle = {A {Politics} of {Objectivity}: {Biomedicine}’s {Attempts} to {Grapple} with “non-financial” {Conflicts} of {Interest}},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1353-3452, 1471-5546},\n\tshorttitle = {A {Politics} of {Objectivity}},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11948-021-00315-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11948-021-00315-8},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n\tjournal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Grundy, Quinn},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {37},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics for brain injury: a mini-review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Khan, M.; Carter, G. T.; Aggarwal, S. K.; and Holland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Neurology, 12: 685085. 2021.\n ISBN: 1664-2295\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{khan_psychedelics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics for brain injury: a mini-review},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Neurology},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers Media SA},\n\tauthor = {Khan, Mia and Carter, Gregory T. and Aggarwal, Sunil K. and Holland, Julie},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1664-2295},\n\tpages = {685085},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n An Overview of Legal Issues and Regulations Affecting CBD-Based Franchise Systems.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Conwell, A.; and Fichter, C. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Franchise LJ, 41: 543. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{conwell_overview_2021,\n\ttitle = {An {Overview} of {Legal} {Issues} and {Regulations} {Affecting} {CBD}-{Based} {Franchise} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tjournal = {Franchise LJ},\n\tpublisher = {HeinOnline},\n\tauthor = {Conwell, Aly and Fichter, Caroline B.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {543},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Two Models of Legalization of Psychedelic Substances: Reasons for Concern.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, W. R.; and Appelbaum, P. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA, 326(8): 697. August 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TwoPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{smith_two_2021,\n\ttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}: {Reasons} for {Concern}},\n\tvolume = {326},\n\tissn = {0098-7484},\n\tshorttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2021.12481},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {697},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Right-Wing Psychedelia: Case Studies in Cultural Plasticity and Political Pluripotency.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pace, B. A.; and Devenot, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 12. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Right-WingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pace_right-wing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}: {Case} {Studies} in {Cultural} {Plasticity} and {Political} {Pluripotency}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185},\n\tabstract = {Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person's fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person's fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: Sentiment and frequency (1989-2020).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Oliver, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry, 3(3): 20–28. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{oliver_newspaper_2021,\n\ttitle = {Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: {Sentiment} and frequency (1989-2020)},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Oliver, Dax},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {20--28},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring Moral Bio-enhancement through Psilocybin-Facilitated Prosocial Effects.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lange, V.; and Marie, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Cognition & Neuroethics. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ExploringPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{lange_exploring_2021,\n\ttitle = {Exploring {Moral} {Bio}-enhancement through {Psilocybin}-{Facilitated} {Prosocial} {Effects}},\n\turl = {https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:154294470},\n\tlanguage = {fr},\n\turldate = {2024-02-12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Cognition \\& Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Lange, Victor and Marie, Sidsel},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Justice Requires Ending the War on Drugs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earp, B. D.; Lewis, J.; Hart, C. L.; with Bioethicists; and for Drug Policy Reform, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(4): 4–19. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RacialPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earp_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Justice} {Requires} {Ending} the {War} on {Drugs}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Lewis, Jonathan and Hart, Carl L. and {with Bioethicists and Allied Professionals for Drug Policy Reform}},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {4--19},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Culture, Context, and Community in Contemporary Psychedelic Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earp, B. D.; and Yaden, D. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 28(3): 217–221. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Culture,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{earp_culture_2021,\n\ttitle = {Culture, {Context}, and {Community} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1086-3303},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0033},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\& Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {217--221},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics in Psychiatry—Keeping the Renaissance From Going Off the Rails.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yaden, D. B.; Yaden, M. E.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 78(5): 469–470. May 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{yaden_psychedelics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in {Psychiatry}—{Keeping} the {Renaissance} {From} {Going} {Off} the {Rails}},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},\n\tabstract = {There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Yaden, Mary E. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {469--470},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gerber, K.; Flores, I. G.; Ruiz, A. C.; Ali, I.; Ginsberg, N. L.; and Schenberg, E. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2): 573–577. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gerber_ethical_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Concerns} about {Psilocybin} {Intellectual} {Property}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2575-9108, 2575-9108},\n\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {ACS Pharmacology \\& Translational Science},\n\tauthor = {Gerber, Konstantin and Flores, Inti García and Ruiz, Angela Christina and Ali, Ismail and Ginsberg, Natalie Lyla and Schenberg, Eduardo E.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {573--577},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Epistemology: William James and the “Noetic Quality” of Mystical Experience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cole-Turner, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Religions, 12(12): 1058. December 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cole-turner_psychedelic_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}: {William} {James} and the “{Noetic} {Quality}” of {Mystical} {Experience}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2077-1444},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/rel12121058},\n\tabstract = {William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Religions},\n\tauthor = {Cole-Turner, Ron},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {William James, mystical experience, mystical experience questionnaire, mystical states, noetic quality, psilocybin, psychedelic experience, psychedelics, religious experience},\n\tpages = {1058},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Philosophy of Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Letheby, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Oxford University Press, 2021.\n Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ\n\n\n\n
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\n 
@book{letheby_philosophy_2021,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy of {Psychedelics}},\n\tisbn = {9780198843122},\n\tabstract = {Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by "mystical" experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality?  This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism.  Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this "Comforting Delusion Objection" to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists.  Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tpublisher = {Oxford University Press},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ},\n\tkeywords = {Medical / Psychiatry / General, Medical / Psychiatry / Psychopharmacology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Mind \\& Body, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Cognitive Psychology \\& Cognition, Psychology / General, Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by \"mystical\" experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality? This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism. Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this \"Comforting Delusion Objection\" to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists. Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Containment Matters: Set and Setting in Contemporary Psychedelic Psychiatry.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorani, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 28(3): 201–216. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ContainmentPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{noorani_containment_2021,\n\ttitle = {Containment {Matters}: {Set} and {Setting} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1086-3303},\n\tshorttitle = {Containment {Matters}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0032},\n\tabstract = {ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\& Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {201--216},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics: Building Bridges and Addressing Potential Challenges Ahead.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, M. L.; Korevaar, D.; Harvey, R.; Fitzgerald, P. B.; Liknaitzky, P.; O'Carroll, S.; Puspanathan, P.; Ross, M.; Strauss, N.; and Bennett-Levy, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TranslatingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{williams_translating_2021,\n\ttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}: {Building} {Bridges} and {Addressing} {Potential} {Challenges} {Ahead}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738},\n\tabstract = {Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Martin L. and Korevaar, Diana and Harvey, Renee and Fitzgerald, Paul B. and Liknaitzky, Paul and O'Carroll, Sean and Puspanathan, Prashanth and Ross, Margaret and Strauss, Nigel and Bennett-Levy, James},\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Forstmann, M.; and Sagioglou, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Public Understanding of Science, 30(3): 302–318. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HowPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{forstmann_how_2021,\n\ttitle = {How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0963-6625, 1361-6609},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0963662520981728},\n\tabstract = {Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Public Understanding of Science},\n\tauthor = {Forstmann, Matthias and Sagioglou, Christina},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {302--318},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gearin, A. K; and Devenot, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(6): 917–935. November 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gearin_psychedelic_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1367-8779, 1460-356X},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/13678779211019424},\n\tabstract = {Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Cultural Studies},\n\tauthor = {Gearin, Alex K and Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {917--935},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Ethic of Access: An AIDS Activist Won Public Access to Experimental Therapies, and This Must Now Extend to Psychedelics for Mental Illness.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Campbell, M.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{campbell_ethic_2021,\n\ttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}: {An} {AIDS} {Activist} {Won} {Public} {Access} to {Experimental} {Therapies}, and {This} {Must} {Now} {Extend} to {Psychedelics} for {Mental} {Illness}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626},\n\tabstract = {If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Campbell, Morgan and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McMillan, R. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 5(2): 57–64. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"GlobalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mcmillan_global_2021,\n\ttitle = {Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00188},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {57--64},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pilecki, B.; Luoma, J. B.; Bathje, G. J.; Rhea, J.; and Narloch, V. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Harm Reduction Journal, 18(1): 40. April 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{pilecki_ethical_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1477-7517},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients' use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduction Journal},\n\tauthor = {Pilecki, Brian and Luoma, Jason B. and Bathje, Geoff J. and Rhea, Joseph and Narloch, Vilmarie Fraguada},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Harm reduction, Psychedelic integration, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {40},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients' use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Qualitative Exploration of Relational Ethical Challenges and Practices in Psychedelic Healing.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brennan, W.; Jackson, M. A.; MacLean, K.; and Ponterotto, J. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Humanistic Psychology,002216782110452. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{brennan_qualitative_2021,\n\ttitle = {A {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Relational} {Ethical} {Challenges} and {Practices} in {Psychedelic} {Healing}},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678211045265},\n\tabstract = {As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Brennan, William and Jackson, Margo A. and MacLean, Katherine and Ponterotto, Joseph G.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {002216782110452},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, W. R.; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(12): 807–814. December 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{smith_ethics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106070},\n\tabstract = {Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, research ethics},\n\tpages = {807--814},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.\n
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\n  \n 2020\n \n \n (21)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Culturally informed research design issues in a study for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, M. T.; Reed, S.; and Aggarwal, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1): 40–50. March 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CulturallyPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{williams_culturally_2020,\n\tchapter = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\ttitle = {Culturally informed research design issues in a study for {MDMA}-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\turl = {https://www.akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p40.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.016},\n\tabstract = {Recent research suggests that psychedelic drugs can be powerful agents of change when utilized in conjunction with psychotherapy. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy has been studied as a means of helping people overcome posttraumatic stress disorder, believed to work by reducing fear of traumatic memories and increasing feelings of trust and compassion toward others, without inhibiting access to difficult emotions. However, research studies for psychedelic psychotherapies have largely excluded people of color, leaving important questions unaddressed for these populations. At the University of Connecticut, we participated as a study site in a MAPS-sponsored, FDA-reviewed Phase 2 open-label multisite study, with a focus on providing culturally informed care to people of color. We discuss the development of a study site focused on the ethnic minority trauma experience, including assessment of racial trauma, design of informed consent documents to improve understanding and acceptability to people of color, diversification of the treatment team, ongoing training for team members, validation of participant experiences of racial oppression at a cultural and individual level, examination of the setting and music used during sessions for cultural congruence, training for the independent rater pool, community outreach, and institutional resistance. We also discuss next steps in ensuring that access to culturally informed care is prioritized as MDMA and other psychedelics move into late phase trials, including the importance of diverse sites and training focused on therapy providers of color.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tpublisher = {Akadémiai Kiadó},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Monnica T. and Reed, Sara and Aggarwal, Ritika},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {MDMA, PTSD, methodology, psychedelic, race, racial trauma},\n\tpages = {40--50},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Recent research suggests that psychedelic drugs can be powerful agents of change when utilized in conjunction with psychotherapy. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy has been studied as a means of helping people overcome posttraumatic stress disorder, believed to work by reducing fear of traumatic memories and increasing feelings of trust and compassion toward others, without inhibiting access to difficult emotions. However, research studies for psychedelic psychotherapies have largely excluded people of color, leaving important questions unaddressed for these populations. At the University of Connecticut, we participated as a study site in a MAPS-sponsored, FDA-reviewed Phase 2 open-label multisite study, with a focus on providing culturally informed care to people of color. We discuss the development of a study site focused on the ethnic minority trauma experience, including assessment of racial trauma, design of informed consent documents to improve understanding and acceptability to people of color, diversification of the treatment team, ongoing training for team members, validation of participant experiences of racial oppression at a cultural and individual level, examination of the setting and music used during sessions for cultural congruence, training for the independent rater pool, community outreach, and institutional resistance. We also discuss next steps in ensuring that access to culturally informed care is prioritized as MDMA and other psychedelics move into late phase trials, including the importance of diverse sites and training focused on therapy providers of color.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, W. R; and Sisti, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of medical ethics,medethics–2020–106070. May 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{smith_ethics_2020,\n\ttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin},\n\tissn = {0306-6800},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9202314/},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106070},\n\tabstract = {Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience typically includes features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others, and encountering “deep” reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview., Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks requiring an enhanced informed consent process, moving beyond what is typical for most psychiatric interventions. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly-controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Journal of medical ethics},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {medethics--2020--106070},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience typically includes features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others, and encountering “deep” reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview., Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks requiring an enhanced informed consent process, moving beyond what is typical for most psychiatric interventions. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly-controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Safeguarding Against Sexual Misconduct.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shalowitz, D. I.; and Anderson, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Obstetrics and Gynecology, 135(1): 6–8. January 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{shalowitz_safeguarding_2020,\n\ttitle = {Safeguarding {Against} {Sexual} {Misconduct}},\n\tvolume = {135},\n\tissn = {1873-233X},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/AOG.0000000000003633},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Obstetrics and Gynecology},\n\tauthor = {Shalowitz, David I. and Anderson, Ted L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Problem Behavior, Sex Offenses, Sexual Behavior},\n\tpages = {6--8},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic crossings: American mental health and LSD in the 1970s.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Richert, L.; and Dyck, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Medical Humanities, 46(3): 184–191. September 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{richert_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic crossings: {American} mental health and {LSD} in the 1970s},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1468-215X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic crossings},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476284/},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medhum-2018-011593},\n\tabstract = {This article places a spotlight on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and American mental health in the 1970s, an era in which psychedelic science was far from settled and researchers continued to push the limits of regulation, resist change and attempt to revolutionise the mental health market-place. The following pages reveal some of the connections between mental health, LSD and the wider setting, avoiding both ascension and declension narratives. We offer a renewed approach to a substance, LSD, which bridged the gap between biomedical understandings of ‘health’ and ‘cure’ and the subjective needs of the individual. Garnering much attention, much like today, LSD created a cross-over point that brought together the humanities and arts, social sciences, health policy, medical education, patient experience and the public at large. It also divided opinion. This study draws on archival materials, medical literature and popular culture to understand the dynamics of psychedelic crossings as a means of engendering a fresh approach to cultural and countercultural-based healthcare during the 1970s.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Medical Humanities},\n\tauthor = {Richert, Lucas and Dyck, Erika},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {184--191},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n This article places a spotlight on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and American mental health in the 1970s, an era in which psychedelic science was far from settled and researchers continued to push the limits of regulation, resist change and attempt to revolutionise the mental health market-place. The following pages reveal some of the connections between mental health, LSD and the wider setting, avoiding both ascension and declension narratives. We offer a renewed approach to a substance, LSD, which bridged the gap between biomedical understandings of ‘health’ and ‘cure’ and the subjective needs of the individual. Garnering much attention, much like today, LSD created a cross-over point that brought together the humanities and arts, social sciences, health policy, medical education, patient experience and the public at large. It also divided opinion. This study draws on archival materials, medical literature and popular culture to understand the dynamics of psychedelic crossings as a means of engendering a fresh approach to cultural and countercultural-based healthcare during the 1970s.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice’s Looking Glass.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Petranker, R.; Anderson, T.; and Farb, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 11. July 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{petranker_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}: {Polishing} {Alice}’s {Looking} {Glass}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tpublisher = {Frontiers},\n\tauthor = {Petranker, Rotem and Anderson, Thomas and Farb, Norman},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Checklist, LSD, Open Science, Psychology, Research practices and methods, Transparency, clinical trials, psilocybin, psychedelics, replicability},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davis, A. K.; Clifton, J. M.; Weaver, E. G.; Hurwitz, E. S.; Johnson, M. W.; and Griffiths, R. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(9): 1008–1020. September 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{davis_survey_2020,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled {N},{N}-dimethyltryptamine: {Phenomenology}, interpretation, and enduring effects},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled {N},{N}-dimethyltryptamine},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0269881120916143},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Experiences of having an encounter with seemingly autonomous entities are sometimes reported after inhaling N,N-dimethyltryptamine.\nAIM: The study characterized the subjective phenomena, interpretation, and persisting changes that people attribute to N,N-dimethyltryptamine-occasioned entity encounter experiences.\nMETHODS: Two thousand, five hundred and sixty-one individuals (mean age 32 years; 77\\% male) completed an online survey about their single most memorable entity encounter after taking N,N-dimethyltryptamine.\nRESULTS: Respondents reported the primary senses involved in the encounter were visual and extrasensory (e.g. telepathic). The most common descriptive labels for the entity were being, guide, spirit, alien, and helper. Although 41\\% of respondents reported fear during the encounter, the most prominent emotions both in the respondent and attributed to the entity were love, kindness, and joy. Most respondents endorsed that the entity had the attributes of being conscious, intelligent, and benevolent, existed in some real but different dimension of reality, and continued to exist after the encounter. Respondents endorsed receiving a message (69\\%) or a prediction about the future (19\\%) from the experience. More than half of those who identified as atheist before the experience no longer identified as atheist afterwards. The experiences were rated as among the most meaningful, spiritual, and psychologically insightful lifetime experiences, with persisting positive changes in life satisfaction, purpose, and meaning attributed to the experiences.\nCONCLUSION: N,N-dimethyltryptamine-occasioned entity encounter experiences have many similarities to non-drug entity encounter experiences such as those described in religious, alien abduction, and near-death contexts. Aspects of the experience and its interpretation produced profound and enduring ontological changes in worldview.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Davis, Alan K. and Clifton, John M. and Weaver, Eric G. and Hurwitz, Ethan S. and Johnson, Matthew W. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Emotions, Female, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Psychedelic, Young Adult, entity encounter, subjective effects, survey},\n\tpages = {1008--1020},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n BACKGROUND: Experiences of having an encounter with seemingly autonomous entities are sometimes reported after inhaling N,N-dimethyltryptamine. AIM: The study characterized the subjective phenomena, interpretation, and persisting changes that people attribute to N,N-dimethyltryptamine-occasioned entity encounter experiences. METHODS: Two thousand, five hundred and sixty-one individuals (mean age 32 years; 77% male) completed an online survey about their single most memorable entity encounter after taking N,N-dimethyltryptamine. RESULTS: Respondents reported the primary senses involved in the encounter were visual and extrasensory (e.g. telepathic). The most common descriptive labels for the entity were being, guide, spirit, alien, and helper. Although 41% of respondents reported fear during the encounter, the most prominent emotions both in the respondent and attributed to the entity were love, kindness, and joy. Most respondents endorsed that the entity had the attributes of being conscious, intelligent, and benevolent, existed in some real but different dimension of reality, and continued to exist after the encounter. Respondents endorsed receiving a message (69%) or a prediction about the future (19%) from the experience. More than half of those who identified as atheist before the experience no longer identified as atheist afterwards. The experiences were rated as among the most meaningful, spiritual, and psychologically insightful lifetime experiences, with persisting positive changes in life satisfaction, purpose, and meaning attributed to the experiences. CONCLUSION: N,N-dimethyltryptamine-occasioned entity encounter experiences have many similarities to non-drug entity encounter experiences such as those described in religious, alien abduction, and near-death contexts. Aspects of the experience and its interpretation produced profound and enduring ontological changes in worldview.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Assessing concordance of financial conflicts of interest disclosures with payments’ databases: a systematic survey of the health literature.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n El-Rayess, H.; Khamis, A. M.; Haddad, S.; Ghaddara, H. A.; Hakoum, M.; Ichkhanian, Y.; Bejjani, M.; and Akl, E. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 127: 19–28. November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AssessingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{el-rayess_assessing_2020,\n\ttitle = {Assessing concordance of financial conflicts of interest disclosures with payments’ databases: a systematic survey of the health literature},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {0895-4356},\n\tshorttitle = {Assessing concordance of financial conflicts of interest disclosures with payments’ databases},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435619311369},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.040},\n\tabstract = {Objectives\nThe objective of the study is to review the literature for studies that assessed the concordance of financial conflicts of interest disclosures with payments’ databases and evaluate their methods.\nStudy Design and Setting\nWe conducted a systematic survey of the health literature to identify eligible studies. We searched both Medline and EMBASE up to February 2017. We conducted study selection, data abstraction, and methodological quality assessment in duplicate and independently using standardized forms. We subcategorized ‘nonconcordant disclosures’ as either ‘partially nonconcordant’ or ‘completely nonconcordant’. The main outcome was the percentage of authors with ‘nonconcordant’ disclosures. We summarized results by three levels of analysis: authors, companies, and studies.\nResults\nWe identified 27 eligible journal articles. The top two types of documents assessed were published articles (n = 13) and published guidelines (n = 9). The most commonly used payment database was the Open Payments Database (n = 16). The median percentage of authors with ‘nonconcordant’ disclosures was 81\\%; the median percentage was 43\\% for ‘completely nonconcordant’ disclosures. The percentage of ‘nonconcordant’ conflict of interest (COI) reporting by companies varied between 23\\% and 85\\%. The methods of concordance assessment, as well as the labeling and definitions of assessed outcomes varied widely across the included studies. We judged three of the included studies as high-quality studies.\nConclusion\nUnderreporting of health science researchers’ financial COIs is pervasive. Studies assessing COI underreporting suffer from a number of limitations that could have overestimated their findings.},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {El-Rayess, Hebah and Khamis, Assem M. and Haddad, Sara and Ghaddara, Hussein Abou and Hakoum, Maram and Ichkhanian, Yervant and Bejjani, Michael and Akl, Elie A.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Concordance, Conflict of interest verification, Disclosure accuracy, Financial conflict of interest, Financial disclosures, Open Payments Data, Systematic review},\n\tpages = {19--28},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Objectives The objective of the study is to review the literature for studies that assessed the concordance of financial conflicts of interest disclosures with payments’ databases and evaluate their methods. Study Design and Setting We conducted a systematic survey of the health literature to identify eligible studies. We searched both Medline and EMBASE up to February 2017. We conducted study selection, data abstraction, and methodological quality assessment in duplicate and independently using standardized forms. We subcategorized ‘nonconcordant disclosures’ as either ‘partially nonconcordant’ or ‘completely nonconcordant’. The main outcome was the percentage of authors with ‘nonconcordant’ disclosures. We summarized results by three levels of analysis: authors, companies, and studies. Results We identified 27 eligible journal articles. The top two types of documents assessed were published articles (n = 13) and published guidelines (n = 9). The most commonly used payment database was the Open Payments Database (n = 16). The median percentage of authors with ‘nonconcordant’ disclosures was 81%; the median percentage was 43% for ‘completely nonconcordant’ disclosures. The percentage of ‘nonconcordant’ conflict of interest (COI) reporting by companies varied between 23% and 85%. The methods of concordance assessment, as well as the labeling and definitions of assessed outcomes varied widely across the included studies. We judged three of the included studies as high-quality studies. Conclusion Underreporting of health science researchers’ financial COIs is pervasive. Studies assessing COI underreporting suffer from a number of limitations that could have overestimated their findings.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conflict of interest as ethical shorthand: understanding the range and nature of “non-financial conflict of interest” in biomedicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Grundy, Q.; Mayes, C.; Holloway, K.; Mazzarello, S.; Thombs, B. D.; and Bero, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 120: 1–7. April 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ConflictPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{grundy_conflict_2020,\n\ttitle = {Conflict of interest as ethical shorthand: understanding the range and nature of “non-financial conflict of interest” in biomedicine},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {0895-4356},\n\tshorttitle = {Conflict of interest as ethical shorthand},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435619305566},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.12.014},\n\tabstract = {Objectives\nThe aim of the study was to identify the range of issues labeled as “non-financial conflicts of interest” in biomedicine, articulate the associated concerns, and analyze the implications of defining these issues as conflicts of interest.\nStudy Design and Setting\nThis was a qualitative study, triangulating data from three purposively sampled sources: (1) literature, (2) policies, and (3) interviews. Participants were corresponding authors of sampled literature (December 2017 to January 2019). A critical, interpretive approach served as the analytic strategy.\nResults\nA total of 99 articles provided the sampling frame; we recruited 16 participants and sampled 20 policies. Participants labeled a wide range of personal attributes, social relationships, professional experiences, intellectual endeavors, and financial interests as “non-financial conflicts of interest.” Despite a lack of consensus regarding the nature of the problem, many “non-financial” interests are currently subject to policy action. The term serves as ethical shorthand to describe the ways that (1) “strong beliefs,” (2) “predetermined views,” (3) experiences, and (4) relationships shape evidence-led processes.\nConclusion\nExpansion of the definition of conflict of interest to include non-financial interests may have unintended consequences, including exclusion of diverse perspectives. Problems labeled “non-financial conflicts of interest” should be defined in terms of what they are rather than what they are not (i.e., “non”-financial). We suggest instead, preventing financial conflicts of interest and ensuring inclusive and equitable representation within evidence-based processes.},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Grundy, Quinn and Mayes, Christopher and Holloway, Kelly and Mazzarello, Sasha and Thombs, Brett D. and Bero, Lisa},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical guidelines, Conflict of interest, Disclosure, Non-financial interests, Qualitative methods, Systematic reviews},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Objectives The aim of the study was to identify the range of issues labeled as “non-financial conflicts of interest” in biomedicine, articulate the associated concerns, and analyze the implications of defining these issues as conflicts of interest. Study Design and Setting This was a qualitative study, triangulating data from three purposively sampled sources: (1) literature, (2) policies, and (3) interviews. Participants were corresponding authors of sampled literature (December 2017 to January 2019). A critical, interpretive approach served as the analytic strategy. Results A total of 99 articles provided the sampling frame; we recruited 16 participants and sampled 20 policies. Participants labeled a wide range of personal attributes, social relationships, professional experiences, intellectual endeavors, and financial interests as “non-financial conflicts of interest.” Despite a lack of consensus regarding the nature of the problem, many “non-financial” interests are currently subject to policy action. The term serves as ethical shorthand to describe the ways that (1) “strong beliefs,” (2) “predetermined views,” (3) experiences, and (4) relationships shape evidence-led processes. Conclusion Expansion of the definition of conflict of interest to include non-financial interests may have unintended consequences, including exclusion of diverse perspectives. Problems labeled “non-financial conflicts of interest” should be defined in terms of what they are rather than what they are not (i.e., “non”-financial). We suggest instead, preventing financial conflicts of interest and ensuring inclusive and equitable representation within evidence-based processes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conflict of interest as ethical shorthand: understanding the range and nature of “non-financial conflict of interest” in biomedicine.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Grundy, Q.; Mayes, C.; Holloway, K.; Mazzarello, S.; Thombs, B. D.; and Bero, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 120: 1–7. April 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ConflictPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{grundy_conflict_2020,\n\ttitle = {Conflict of interest as ethical shorthand: understanding the range and nature of “non-financial conflict of interest” in biomedicine},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {0895-4356},\n\tshorttitle = {Conflict of interest as ethical shorthand},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435619305566},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.12.014},\n\tabstract = {Objectives\nThe aim of the study was to identify the range of issues labeled as “non-financial conflicts of interest” in biomedicine, articulate the associated concerns, and analyze the implications of defining these issues as conflicts of interest.\nStudy Design and Setting\nThis was a qualitative study, triangulating data from three purposively sampled sources: (1) literature, (2) policies, and (3) interviews. Participants were corresponding authors of sampled literature (December 2017 to January 2019). A critical, interpretive approach served as the analytic strategy.\nResults\nA total of 99 articles provided the sampling frame; we recruited 16 participants and sampled 20 policies. Participants labeled a wide range of personal attributes, social relationships, professional experiences, intellectual endeavors, and financial interests as “non-financial conflicts of interest.” Despite a lack of consensus regarding the nature of the problem, many “non-financial” interests are currently subject to policy action. The term serves as ethical shorthand to describe the ways that (1) “strong beliefs,” (2) “predetermined views,” (3) experiences, and (4) relationships shape evidence-led processes.\nConclusion\nExpansion of the definition of conflict of interest to include non-financial interests may have unintended consequences, including exclusion of diverse perspectives. Problems labeled “non-financial conflicts of interest” should be defined in terms of what they are rather than what they are not (i.e., “non”-financial). We suggest instead, preventing financial conflicts of interest and ensuring inclusive and equitable representation within evidence-based processes.},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Grundy, Quinn and Mayes, Christopher and Holloway, Kelly and Mazzarello, Sasha and Thombs, Brett D. and Bero, Lisa},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical guidelines, Conflict of interest, Disclosure, Non-financial interests, Qualitative methods, Systematic reviews},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Objectives The aim of the study was to identify the range of issues labeled as “non-financial conflicts of interest” in biomedicine, articulate the associated concerns, and analyze the implications of defining these issues as conflicts of interest. Study Design and Setting This was a qualitative study, triangulating data from three purposively sampled sources: (1) literature, (2) policies, and (3) interviews. Participants were corresponding authors of sampled literature (December 2017 to January 2019). A critical, interpretive approach served as the analytic strategy. Results A total of 99 articles provided the sampling frame; we recruited 16 participants and sampled 20 policies. Participants labeled a wide range of personal attributes, social relationships, professional experiences, intellectual endeavors, and financial interests as “non-financial conflicts of interest.” Despite a lack of consensus regarding the nature of the problem, many “non-financial” interests are currently subject to policy action. The term serves as ethical shorthand to describe the ways that (1) “strong beliefs,” (2) “predetermined views,” (3) experiences, and (4) relationships shape evidence-led processes. Conclusion Expansion of the definition of conflict of interest to include non-financial interests may have unintended consequences, including exclusion of diverse perspectives. Problems labeled “non-financial conflicts of interest” should be defined in terms of what they are rather than what they are not (i.e., “non”-financial). We suggest instead, preventing financial conflicts of interest and ensuring inclusive and equitable representation within evidence-based processes.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Neuroenhancement for sale: assessing the website claims of neurofeedback providers in the USA.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wexler, A.; Nagappan, A.; Kopyto, D.; and Choi, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 4(4): 379–388. 2020.\n ISBN: 2509-3290\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{wexler_neuroenhancement_2020,\n\ttitle = {Neuroenhancement for sale: assessing the website claims of neurofeedback providers in the {USA}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Cognitive Enhancement},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Wexler, Anna and Nagappan, Ashwini and Kopyto, Deena and Choi, Rebekah},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2509-3290},\n\tpages = {379--388},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Humbug, the Council of Pharmacy and Chemistry, and the Origin of “The Blind Test” of Therapeutic Efficacy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holman, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In LaCaze, A.; and Osimani, B., editor(s), Uncertainty in Pharmacology: Epistemology, Methods, and Decisions, pages 397–416. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Humbug,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{holman_humbug_2020,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Humbug, the {Council} of {Pharmacy} and {Chemistry}, and the {Origin} of “{The} {Blind} {Test}” of {Therapeutic} {Efficacy}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-29179-2},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},\n\tabstract = {This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-21},\n\tbooktitle = {Uncertainty in {Pharmacology}: {Epistemology}, {Methods}, and {Decisions}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Holman, Bennett},\n\teditor = {LaCaze, Adam and Osimani, Barbara},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {397--416},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Transgressions and Boundary Violations in Ayahuasca Healing Contexts: A Mixed Methods Study - ProQuest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brown, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ph.D. Thesis, Califonia Institute of Integral Studies, 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@phdthesis{brown_ethical_2020,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}: {A} {Mixed} {Methods} {Study} - {ProQuest}},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}},\n\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y},\n\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tschool = {Califonia Institute of Integral Studies},\n\tauthor = {Brown, Jessica},\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Making psychedelics into medicines: The politics and paradoxes of medicalization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorani, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1): 34–39. March 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MakingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{noorani_making_2020,\n\ttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines: {The} politics and paradoxes of medicalization},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tshorttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.018},\n\tabstract = {This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {34--39},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Experience and the Narrative Self: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Amada, N.; Lea, T.; Letheby, C.; and Shane, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Consciousness Studies, 27(9-10): 6–33. January 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{amada_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}: {An} {Exploratory} {Qualitative} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}},\n\tabstract = {It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted\nfrom, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to\nself-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a\ncornerstone of psychedelics' therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.},\n\tnumber = {9-10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},\n\tauthor = {Amada, N. and Lea, T. and Letheby, C. and Shane, J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {6--33},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted from, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to self-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a cornerstone of psychedelics' therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Being for no-one: Psychedelic experience and minimal subjectivity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Letheby, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, 1(I): 1–26. March 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"BeingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{letheby_being_2020,\n\ttitle = {Being for no-one: {Psychedelic} experience and minimal subjectivity},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Chris Letheby},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\tshorttitle = {Being for no-one},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47},\n\tabstract = {Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon \\&amp; Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP.\nI argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness.\nOne possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {I},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {5-MeO-DMT, DMT, consciousness, for-me-ness, hallucinogen, psychedelics, self, self-awareness, self-consciousness, subjectivity},\n\tpages = {1--26},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon & Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP. I argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness. One possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n George, J. R.; Michaels, T. I.; Sevelius, J.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1): 4–15. March 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{george_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework: {A} call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tshorttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.015},\n\tabstract = {In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {George, Jamilah R. and Michaels, Timothy I. and Sevelius, Jae and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {4--15},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, B. T; Danforth, A. L; and Grob, C. S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10): 829–830. October 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{anderson_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {22150366},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic medicine},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Brian T and Danforth, Alicia L and Grob, Charles S},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {829--830},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice’s Looking Glass.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Petranker, R.; Anderson, T.; and Farb, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Frontiers in Psychology, 11. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{petranker_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}: {Polishing} {Alice}’s {Looking} {Glass}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Petranker, Rotem and Anderson, Thomas and Farb, Norman},\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Compassionate use of psychedelics.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Greif, A.; and Šurkala, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 23(3): 485–496. September 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CompassionatePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{greif_compassionate_2020,\n\ttitle = {Compassionate use of psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1572-8633},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},\n\tabstract = {In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},\n\tauthor = {Greif, Adam and Šurkala, Martin},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Compassionate use, Epistemic harm, Ethics, Naturalism, Psychedelic, Uncertainty},\n\tpages = {485--496},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McMillan, R. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics. November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PrescribingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{mcmillan_prescribing_2020,\n\ttitle = {Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\tshorttitle = {Prescribing meaning},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106619},\n\tabstract = {The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {enhancement, neuroethics, philosophical ethics, psychiatry, psychopharmacology},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Psychiatry: Preparing for Novel Treatments Involving Altered States of Consciousness.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holoyda, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatric Services, 71(12): 1297–1299. December 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{holoyda_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}: {Preparing} for {Novel} {Treatments} {Involving} {Altered} {States} of {Consciousness}},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {1075-2730},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}},\n\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},\n\tabstract = {The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\n\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {LSD, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, psychedelic psychiatry, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics},\n\tpages = {1297--1299},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.\n
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\n  \n 2019\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Survey of subjective \"God encounter experiences\": Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Griffiths, R. R.; Hurwitz, E. S.; Davis, A. K.; Johnson, M. W.; and Jesse, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PloS One, 14(4): e0214377. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{griffiths_survey_2019,\n\ttitle = {Survey of subjective "{God} encounter experiences": {Comparisons} among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, {LSD}, ayahuasca, or {DMT}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Survey of subjective "{God} encounter experiences"},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0214377},\n\tabstract = {Naturally occurring and psychedelic drug-occasioned experiences interpreted as personal encounters with God are well described but have not been systematically compared. In this study, five groups of individuals participated in an online survey with detailed questions characterizing the subjective phenomena, interpretation, and persisting changes attributed to their single most memorable God encounter experience (n = 809 Non-Drug, 1184 psilocybin, 1251 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 435 ayahuasca, and 606 N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)). Analyses of differences in experiences were adjusted statistically for demographic differences between groups. The Non-Drug Group was most likely to choose "God" as the best descriptor of that which was encountered while the psychedelic groups were most likely to choose "Ultimate Reality." Although there were some other differences between non-drug and the combined psychedelic group, as well as between the four psychedelic groups, the similarities among these groups were most striking. Most participants reported vivid memories of the encounter experience, which frequently involved communication with something having the attributes of being conscious, benevolent, intelligent, sacred, eternal, and all-knowing. The encounter experience fulfilled a priori criteria for being a complete mystical experience in approximately half of the participants. More than two-thirds of those who identified as atheist before the experience no longer identified as atheist afterwards. These experiences were rated as among the most personally meaningful and spiritually significant lifetime experiences, with moderate to strong persisting positive changes in life satisfaction, purpose, and meaning attributed to these experiences. Among the four groups of psychedelic users, the psilocybin and LSD groups were most similar and the ayahuasca group tended to have the highest rates of endorsing positive features and enduring consequences of the experience. Future exploration of predisposing factors and phenomenological and neural correlates of such experiences may provide new insights into religious and spiritual beliefs that have been integral to shaping human culture since time immemorial.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {PloS One},\n\tauthor = {Griffiths, Roland R. and Hurwitz, Ethan S. and Davis, Alan K. and Johnson, Matthew W. and Jesse, Robert},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Banisteriopsis, Emotions, Fear, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Intelligence, Internet, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Male, Middle Aged, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Psilocybin, Psychometrics, Religion, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {e0214377},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Naturally occurring and psychedelic drug-occasioned experiences interpreted as personal encounters with God are well described but have not been systematically compared. In this study, five groups of individuals participated in an online survey with detailed questions characterizing the subjective phenomena, interpretation, and persisting changes attributed to their single most memorable God encounter experience (n = 809 Non-Drug, 1184 psilocybin, 1251 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 435 ayahuasca, and 606 N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)). Analyses of differences in experiences were adjusted statistically for demographic differences between groups. The Non-Drug Group was most likely to choose \"God\" as the best descriptor of that which was encountered while the psychedelic groups were most likely to choose \"Ultimate Reality.\" Although there were some other differences between non-drug and the combined psychedelic group, as well as between the four psychedelic groups, the similarities among these groups were most striking. Most participants reported vivid memories of the encounter experience, which frequently involved communication with something having the attributes of being conscious, benevolent, intelligent, sacred, eternal, and all-knowing. The encounter experience fulfilled a priori criteria for being a complete mystical experience in approximately half of the participants. More than two-thirds of those who identified as atheist before the experience no longer identified as atheist afterwards. These experiences were rated as among the most personally meaningful and spiritually significant lifetime experiences, with moderate to strong persisting positive changes in life satisfaction, purpose, and meaning attributed to these experiences. Among the four groups of psychedelic users, the psilocybin and LSD groups were most similar and the ayahuasca group tended to have the highest rates of endorsing positive features and enduring consequences of the experience. Future exploration of predisposing factors and phenomenological and neural correlates of such experiences may provide new insights into religious and spiritual beliefs that have been integral to shaping human culture since time immemorial.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disclosure of interests and management of conflicts of interest in clinical guidelines and guidance statements: methods from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Qaseem, A.; Wilt, T. J.; and Physicians*, C. G. C. o. t. A. C. o.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of internal medicine, 171(5): 354–361. 2019.\n ISBN: 0003-4819\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{qaseem_disclosure_2019,\n\ttitle = {Disclosure of interests and management of conflicts of interest in clinical guidelines and guidance statements: methods from the {Clinical} {Guidelines} {Committee} of the {American} {College} of {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Annals of internal medicine},\n\tpublisher = {American College of Physicians},\n\tauthor = {Qaseem, Amir and Wilt, Timothy J. and Physicians*, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0003-4819},\n\tpages = {354--361},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of different financial competing interest statements on readers’ perceptions of clinical educational articles: a randomised controlled trial.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schroter, S.; Pakpoor, J.; Morris, J.; Chew, M.; and Godlee, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMJ open, 9(2): e025029. 2019.\n ISBN: 2044-6055\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{schroter_effect_2019,\n\ttitle = {Effect of different financial competing interest statements on readers’ perceptions of clinical educational articles: a randomised controlled trial},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {BMJ open},\n\tpublisher = {British Medical Journal Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Schroter, Sara and Pakpoor, Julia and Morris, Julie and Chew, Mabel and Godlee, Fiona},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 2044-6055},\n\tpages = {e025029},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Signaling the trustworthiness of science.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jamieson, K. H.; McNutt, M.; Kiermer, V.; and Sever, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(39): 19231–19236. 2019.\n ISBN: 0027-8424\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{jamieson_signaling_2019,\n\ttitle = {Signaling the trustworthiness of science},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tnumber = {39},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tpublisher = {National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and McNutt, Marcia and Kiermer, Veronique and Sever, Richard},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0027-8424},\n\tpages = {19231--19236},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhancing Equality.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Giubilini, A.; and Minerva, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 44(3): 335–354. May 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EnhancingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{giubilini_enhancing_2019,\n\ttitle = {Enhancing {Equality}},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tcopyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\\_access/funder\\_policies/chorus/standard\\_publication\\_model},\n\tissn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhz002},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Giubilini, Alberto and Minerva, Francesca},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {335--354},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects: a historical and ethical review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bodnár, K. J.; and Kakuk, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 22(2): 327–337. June 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ResearchPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{bodnar_research_2019,\n\ttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects: a historical and ethical review},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1572-8633},\n\tshorttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},\n\tabstract = {In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},\n\tauthor = {Bodnár, Kristóf János and Kakuk, Péter},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trial, LSD research, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychedelic research, Research ethics},\n\tpages = {327--337},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Peterson, A.; Tagliazucchi, E.; and Weijer, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2019(1): niz013. January 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{peterson_ethics_2019,\n\ttitle = {The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness},\n\tvolume = {2019},\n\tissn = {2057-2107},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/nc/niz013},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuroscience of Consciousness},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Tagliazucchi, Enzo and Weijer, Charles},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {niz013},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Abstract This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.\n
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\n  \n 2018\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rucker, J. J.; Iliff, J.; and Nutt, D. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropharmacology, 142: 200–218. 2018.\n ISBN: 0028-3908\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{rucker_psychiatry_2018,\n\ttitle = {Psychiatry \\& the psychedelic drugs. {Past}, present \\& future},\n\tvolume = {142},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Rucker, James JH and Iliff, Jonathan and Nutt, David J.},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0028-3908},\n\tpages = {200--218},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Michaels, T. I.; Purdon, J.; Collins, A.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC psychiatry, 18(1): 245. July 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{michaels_inclusion_2018,\n\ttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1471-244X},\n\tshorttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.\nMETHODS: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 1993 to 2017 was conducted to evaluate ethnoracial differences in inclusion and effective methods of recruiting peopple of color.\nRESULTS: Of the 18 studies that met full criteria (n = 282 participants), 82.3\\% of the participants were non-Hispanic White, 2.5\\% were African-American, 2.1\\% were of Latino origin, 1.8\\% were of Asian origin, 4.6\\% were of indigenous origin, 4.6\\% were of mixed race, 1.8\\% identified their race as "other," and the ethnicity of 8.2\\% of participants was unknown. There were no significant differences in recruitment methodologies between those studies that had higher ({\\textgreater} 20\\%) rates of inclusion.\nCONCLUSIONS: As minorities are greatly underrepresented in psychedelic medicine studies, reported treatment outcomes may not generalize to all ethnic and cultural groups. Inclusion of minorities in futures studies and improved recruitment strategies are necessary to better understand the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in people of color and provide all with equal opportunities for involvement in this potentially promising treatment paradigm.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {BMC psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Michaels, Timothy I. and Purdon, Jennifer and Collins, Alexis and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Black or African American, Ethnic differences, Ethnicity, Female, Hallucinogens, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders, Minority Groups, Minority recruitment, People of color, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Racial Groups, Research Design, United States},\n\tpages = {245},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n BACKGROUND: Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples. METHODS: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 1993 to 2017 was conducted to evaluate ethnoracial differences in inclusion and effective methods of recruiting peopple of color. RESULTS: Of the 18 studies that met full criteria (n = 282 participants), 82.3% of the participants were non-Hispanic White, 2.5% were African-American, 2.1% were of Latino origin, 1.8% were of Asian origin, 4.6% were of indigenous origin, 4.6% were of mixed race, 1.8% identified their race as \"other,\" and the ethnicity of 8.2% of participants was unknown. There were no significant differences in recruitment methodologies between those studies that had higher (\\textgreater 20%) rates of inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: As minorities are greatly underrepresented in psychedelic medicine studies, reported treatment outcomes may not generalize to all ethnic and cultural groups. Inclusion of minorities in futures studies and improved recruitment strategies are necessary to better understand the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in people of color and provide all with equal opportunities for involvement in this potentially promising treatment paradigm.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Public health journals’ requirements for authors to disclose funding and conflicts of interest: a cross-sectional study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Daou, K. N.; Hakoum, M. B.; Khamis, A. M.; Bou-Karroum, L.; Ali, A.; Habib, J. R.; Semaan, A. T.; Guyatt, G.; and Akl, E. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC public health, 18(1): 533. 2018.\n ISBN: 1471-2458\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{daou_public_2018,\n\ttitle = {Public health journals’ requirements for authors to disclose funding and conflicts of interest: a cross-sectional study},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {BMC public health},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Daou, Karim N. and Hakoum, Maram B. and Khamis, Assem M. and Bou-Karroum, Lama and Ali, Ahmed and Habib, Joseph R. and Semaan, Aline T. and Guyatt, Gordon and Akl, Elie A.},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1471-2458},\n\tpages = {533},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Science denial across the political divide: Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to deny attitude-inconsistent science.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Washburn, A. N.; and Skitka, L. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(8): 972–980. 2018.\n ISBN: 1948-5506\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{washburn_science_2018,\n\ttitle = {Science denial across the political divide: {Liberals} and conservatives are similarly motivated to deny attitude-inconsistent science},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},\n\tpublisher = {Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},\n\tauthor = {Washburn, Anthony N. and Skitka, Linda J.},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1948-5506},\n\tpages = {972--980},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Relationships among conspiratorial beliefs, conservatism and climate scepticism across nations.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hornsey, M. J.; Harris, E. A.; and Fielding, K. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Climate Change, 8(7): 614–620. 2018.\n ISBN: 1758-678X\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hornsey_relationships_2018,\n\ttitle = {Relationships among conspiratorial beliefs, conservatism and climate scepticism across nations},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Nature Climate Change},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},\n\tauthor = {Hornsey, Matthew J. and Harris, Emily A. and Fielding, Kelly S.},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1758-678X},\n\tpages = {614--620},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dos Santos, R. G.; Bouso, J. C.; Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á.; and Hallak, J. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 11(9): 889–902. 2018.\n ISBN: 1751-2433\n\n\n\n
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@article{dos_santos_efficacy_2018,\n\ttitle = {Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Expert review of clinical pharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Dos Santos, Rafael G. and Bouso, José Carlos and Alcázar-Córcoles, Miguel Ángel and Hallak, Jaime EC},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1751-2433},\n\tpages = {889--902},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Moral Enhancement Can Kill.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Crutchfield, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 43(5): 568–584. September 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MoralPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{crutchfield_moral_2018,\n\ttitle = {Moral {Enhancement} {Can} {Kill}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tcopyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\\_access/funder\\_policies/chorus/standard\\_publication\\_model},\n\tissn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhy020},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Crutchfield, Parker},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {568--584},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n “To learn healing knowledge”: Philosophy, psychedelic studies and transformation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pittaway, D. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n South African Journal of Philosophy, 37(4): 438–451. October 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"“ToPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{pittaway_learn_2018,\n\ttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”: {Philosophy}, psychedelic studies and transformation},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0258-0136, 2073-4867},\n\tshorttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {South African Journal of Philosophy},\n\tauthor = {Pittaway, David A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {438--451},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nielson, E. M.; and Guss, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 2(2): 64–73. December 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{nielson_influence_2018,\n\ttitle = {The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2018.009},\n\tabstract = {Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Nielson, Elizabeth M. and Guss, Jeffrey},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {64--73},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Michaels, T. I.; Purdon, J.; Collins, A.; and Williams, M. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMC Psychiatry, 18(1): 245. July 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"InclusionPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{michaels_inclusion_2018,\n\ttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1471-244X},\n\tshorttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\n\tabstract = {Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {BMC Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Michaels, Timothy I. and Purdon, Jennifer and Collins, Alexis and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnic differences, Minority recruitment, People of color, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {245},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Placebo Problems: Boundary Work in the Psychedelic Science Renaissance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hendy, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Labate, B. C.; and Cavnar, C., editor(s), Plant Medicines, Healing and Psychedelic Science: Cultural Perspectives, pages 151–166. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PlaceboPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{hendy_placebo_2018,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Placebo {Problems}: {Boundary} {Work} in the {Psychedelic} {Science} {Renaissance}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-319-76720-8},\n\tshorttitle = {Placebo {Problems}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},\n\tabstract = {The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tbooktitle = {Plant {Medicines}, {Healing} and {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Cultural} {Perspectives}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Hendy, Katherine},\n\teditor = {Labate, Beatriz Caiuby and Cavnar, Clancy},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Active Placebo, Clinical Researchers, Psilocybin, Psychedelic Research, Psychedelic Therapy},\n\tpages = {151--166},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic Moral Enhancement.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Earp, B. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, 83: 415–439. October 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{earp_psychedelic_2018,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Moral} {Enhancement}},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1358-2461, 1755-3555},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S1358246118000474},\n\tabstract = {The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {415--439},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.\n
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\n  \n 2017\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Safety pharmacology of acute MDMA administration in healthy subjects.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Vizeli, P.; and Liechti, M. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(5): 576–588. May 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{vizeli_safety_2017,\n\taddress = {Oxford, England},\n\ttitle = {Safety pharmacology of acute {MDMA} administration in healthy subjects},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1461-7285},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0269881117691569},\n\tabstract = {3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is being investigated in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. The present study characterized the safety pharmacology of single-dose administrations of MDMA (75 or 125 mg) using data from nine double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies performed in the same laboratory in a total of 166 healthy subjects. The duration of the subjective effects was 4.2 ± 1.3 h (range: 1.4-8.2 h). The 125 mg dose of MDMA produced greater 'good drug effect' ratings than 75 mg. MDMA produced moderate and transient 'bad drug effect' ratings, which were greater in women than in men. MDMA increased systolic blood pressure to {\\textgreater}160 mmHg, heart rate {\\textgreater}100 beats/min, and body temperature {\\textgreater}38°C in 33\\%, 29\\% and 19\\% of the subjects, respectively. These proportions of subjects with hypertension ({\\textgreater}160 mmHg), tachycardia, and body temperature {\\textgreater}38°C were all significantly greater after 125 mg MDMA compared with the 75 mg dose. Acute and subacute adverse effects of MDMA as assessed by the List of Complaints were dose-dependent and more frequent in females. MDMA did not affect liver or kidney function at EOS 29 ± 22 days after use. No serious adverse events occurred. In conclusion, MDMA produced predominantly acute positive subjective drug effects. Bad subjective drug effects and other adverse effects were significantly more common in women. MDMA administration was overall safe in physically and psychiatrically healthy subjects and in a medical setting. However, the risks of MDMA are likely higher in patients with cardiovascular disease and remain to be investigated in patients with psychiatric disorders.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Vizeli, Patrick and Liechti, Matthias E.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hallucinogens, Healthy Volunteers, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Phase I, Psychomotor Performance, adverse effect, human, safety},\n\tpages = {576--588},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is being investigated in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. The present study characterized the safety pharmacology of single-dose administrations of MDMA (75 or 125 mg) using data from nine double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies performed in the same laboratory in a total of 166 healthy subjects. The duration of the subjective effects was 4.2 ± 1.3 h (range: 1.4-8.2 h). The 125 mg dose of MDMA produced greater 'good drug effect' ratings than 75 mg. MDMA produced moderate and transient 'bad drug effect' ratings, which were greater in women than in men. MDMA increased systolic blood pressure to \\textgreater160 mmHg, heart rate \\textgreater100 beats/min, and body temperature \\textgreater38°C in 33%, 29% and 19% of the subjects, respectively. These proportions of subjects with hypertension (\\textgreater160 mmHg), tachycardia, and body temperature \\textgreater38°C were all significantly greater after 125 mg MDMA compared with the 75 mg dose. Acute and subacute adverse effects of MDMA as assessed by the List of Complaints were dose-dependent and more frequent in females. MDMA did not affect liver or kidney function at EOS 29 ± 22 days after use. No serious adverse events occurred. In conclusion, MDMA produced predominantly acute positive subjective drug effects. Bad subjective drug effects and other adverse effects were significantly more common in women. MDMA administration was overall safe in physically and psychiatrically healthy subjects and in a medical setting. However, the risks of MDMA are likely higher in patients with cardiovascular disease and remain to be investigated in patients with psychiatric disorders.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Modern Clinical Research on LSD.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liechti, M. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(11): 2114–2127. October 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ModernPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{liechti_modern_2017,\n\ttitle = {Modern {Clinical} {Research} on {LSD}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tcopyright = {2017 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {1740-634X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/npp201786},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/npp.2017.86},\n\tabstract = {All modern clinical studies using the classic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy subjects or patients in the last 25 years are reviewed herein. There were five recent studies in healthy participants and one in patients. In a controlled setting, LSD acutely induced bliss, audiovisual synesthesia, altered meaning of perceptions, derealization, depersonalization, and mystical experiences. These subjective effects of LSD were mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor. LSD increased feelings of closeness to others, openness, trust, and suggestibility. LSD impaired the recognition of sad and fearful faces, reduced left amygdala reactivity to fearful faces, and enhanced emotional empathy. LSD increased the emotional response to music and the meaning of music. LSD acutely produced deficits in sensorimotor gating, similar to observations in schizophrenia. LSD had weak autonomic stimulant effects and elevated plasma cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin levels. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance studies showed that LSD acutely reduced the integrity of functional brain networks and increased connectivity between networks that normally are more dissociated. LSD increased functional thalamocortical connectivity and functional connectivity of the primary visual cortex with other brain areas. The latter effect was correlated with subjective hallucinations. LSD acutely induced global increases in brain entropy that were associated with greater trait openness 14 days later. In patients with anxiety associated with life-threatening disease, anxiety was reduced for 2 months after two doses of LSD. In medical settings, no complications of LSD administration were observed. These data should contribute to further investigations of the therapeutic potential of LSD in psychiatry.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Liechti, Matthias E.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical pharmacology, Drug development, Drug therapy, Experimental models of disease, Mechanism of action, Psychiatric disorders, Translational research},\n\tpages = {2114--2127},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n All modern clinical studies using the classic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy subjects or patients in the last 25 years are reviewed herein. There were five recent studies in healthy participants and one in patients. In a controlled setting, LSD acutely induced bliss, audiovisual synesthesia, altered meaning of perceptions, derealization, depersonalization, and mystical experiences. These subjective effects of LSD were mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor. LSD increased feelings of closeness to others, openness, trust, and suggestibility. LSD impaired the recognition of sad and fearful faces, reduced left amygdala reactivity to fearful faces, and enhanced emotional empathy. LSD increased the emotional response to music and the meaning of music. LSD acutely produced deficits in sensorimotor gating, similar to observations in schizophrenia. LSD had weak autonomic stimulant effects and elevated plasma cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin levels. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance studies showed that LSD acutely reduced the integrity of functional brain networks and increased connectivity between networks that normally are more dissociated. LSD increased functional thalamocortical connectivity and functional connectivity of the primary visual cortex with other brain areas. The latter effect was correlated with subjective hallucinations. LSD acutely induced global increases in brain entropy that were associated with greater trait openness 14 days later. In patients with anxiety associated with life-threatening disease, anxiety was reduced for 2 months after two doses of LSD. In medical settings, no complications of LSD administration were observed. These data should contribute to further investigations of the therapeutic potential of LSD in psychiatry.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing bias and conflict of interest among biomedical researchers.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bero, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Jama, 317(17): 1723–1724. 2017.\n ISBN: 0098-7484\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bero_addressing_2017,\n\ttitle = {Addressing bias and conflict of interest among biomedical researchers},\n\tvolume = {317},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Jama},\n\tauthor = {Bero, Lisa},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0098-7484},\n\tpages = {1723--1724},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Requirements of health policy and services journals for authors to disclose financial and non-financial conflicts of interest: a cross-sectional study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Khamis, A. M.; Hakoum, M. B.; Bou-Karroum, L.; Habib, J. R.; Ali, A.; Guyatt, G.; El-Jardali, F.; and Akl, E. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health research policy and systems, 15(1): 80. 2017.\n ISBN: 1478-4505\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{khamis_requirements_2017,\n\ttitle = {Requirements of health policy and services journals for authors to disclose financial and non-financial conflicts of interest: a cross-sectional study},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Health research policy and systems},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Khamis, Assem M. and Hakoum, Maram B. and Bou-Karroum, Lama and Habib, Joseph R. and Ali, Ahmed and Guyatt, Gordon and El-Jardali, Fadi and Akl, Elie A.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1478-4505},\n\tpages = {80},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Perceived conflict of interest in health science partnerships.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Besley, J. C.; McCright, A. M.; Zahry, N. R.; Elliott, K. C.; Kaminski, N. E.; and Martin, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS One, 12(4): e0175643. 2017.\n ISBN: 1932-6203\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{besley_perceived_2017,\n\ttitle = {Perceived conflict of interest in health science partnerships},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},\n\tauthor = {Besley, John C. and McCright, Aaron M. and Zahry, Nagwan R. and Elliott, Kevin C. and Kaminski, Norbert E. and Martin, Joseph D.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1932-6203},\n\tpages = {e0175643},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Murray, T. H.; and Chuan, V. T.,\n editors.\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon, 2017.\n OCLC: 1175921806\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{murray_ethics_2017,\n\taddress = {Abingdon, Oxon},\n\ttitle = {The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement},\n\tisbn = {978-1-00-010894-1},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of 'natural' talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Routledge},\n\teditor = {Murray, Thomas H. and Chuan, Voo Teck},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1175921806},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of 'natural' talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bøhling, F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 49: 133–143. November 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bohling_psychedelic_2017,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures: {An} affective understanding of the joys of tripping},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017},\n\tabstract = {Background\nThis paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality.\nMethods\nIn the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping.\nResults\nThe analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act.\nConclusion\nIn conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Bøhling, Frederik},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Affect theory, Alcohol and other drugs, Deleuze, Pleasure, Psychedelic drugs, Trip reports},\n\tpages = {133--143},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background This paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality. Methods In the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping. Results The analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act. Conclusion In conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Phelps, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(5): 450–487. September 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DevelopingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{phelps_developing_2017,\n\ttitle = {Developing {Guidelines} and {Competencies} for the {Training} of {Psychedelic} {Therapists}},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0022167817711304},\n\tabstract = {Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Phelps, Janis},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tpages = {450--487},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.\n
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\n  \n 2016\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nichols, D. E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2): 264–355. April 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{nichols_psychedelics_2016,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1521-0081},\n\tdoi = {10.1124/pr.115.011478},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain's default mode network.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Pharmacological Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Nichols, David E.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Hallucinogens, Humans, Models, Animal, Psychotic Disorders, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Sleep, Time Perception, Visual Perception},\n\tpages = {264--355},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n
\n Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain's default mode network.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Patient comfort with audio or video recording of their psychotherapy sessions: Relation to symptomatology, treatment refusal, duration, and outcome.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Briggie, A. M.; Hilsenroth, M. J.; Conway, F.; Muran, J. C.; and Jackson, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47(1): 66. 2016.\n ISBN: 1939-1323\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{briggie_patient_2016,\n\ttitle = {Patient comfort with audio or video recording of their psychotherapy sessions: {Relation} to symptomatology, treatment refusal, duration, and outcome.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Professional Psychology: Research and Practice},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychological Association},\n\tauthor = {Briggie, Alexis M. and Hilsenroth, Mark J. and Conway, Francine and Muran, J. Christopher and Jackson, Jonathan M.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1939-1323},\n\tpages = {66},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Relationship between Research Outcomes and Risk of Bias, Study Sponsorship, and Author Financial Conflicts of Interest in Reviews of the Effects of Artificially Sweetened Beverages on Weight Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Reviews.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mandrioli, D.; Kearns, C. E.; and Bero, L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 11(9): e0162198. September 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RelationshipPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{mandrioli_relationship_2016,\n\ttitle = {Relationship between {Research} {Outcomes} and {Risk} of {Bias}, {Study} {Sponsorship}, and {Author} {Financial} {Conflicts} of {Interest} in {Reviews} of the {Effects} of {Artificially} {Sweetened} {Beverages} on {Weight} {Outcomes}: {A} {Systematic} {Review} of {Reviews}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Relationship between {Research} {Outcomes} and {Risk} of {Bias}, {Study} {Sponsorship}, and {Author} {Financial} {Conflicts} of {Interest} in {Reviews} of the {Effects} of {Artificially} {Sweetened} {Beverages} on {Weight} {Outcomes}},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162198},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0162198},\n\tabstract = {Background Artificially sweetened beverage consumption has steadily increased in the last 40 years. Several reviews examining the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight outcomes have discrepancies in their results and conclusions. Objectives To determine whether risk of bias, results, and conclusions of reviews of effects of artificially sweetened beverage consumption on weight outcomes differ depending on review sponsorship and authors’ financial conflicts of interest. Methods We performed a systematic review of reviews of the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight. Two assessors independently screened articles for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risks of bias. We compared risk of bias, results and conclusions of reviews by different industry sponsors, authors’ financial conflict of interest and journal sponsor. We also report the concordance between review results and conclusions. Results Artificial sweetener industry sponsored reviews were more likely to have favorable results (3/4) than non-industry sponsored reviews (1/23), RR: 17.25 (95\\% CI: 2.34 to 127.29), as well as favorable conclusions (4/4 vs. 15/23), RR: 1.52 (95\\% CI: 1.14 to 2.06). All reviews funded by competitor industries reported unfavorable conclusions (4/4). In 42\\% of the reviews (13/31), authors’ financial conflicts of interest were not disclosed. Reviews performed by authors that had a financial conflict of interest with the food industry (disclosed in the article or not) were more likely to have favorable conclusions (18/22) than reviews performed by authors without conflicts of interest (4/9), RR: 7.36 (95\\% CI: 1.15 to 47.22). Risk of bias was similar and high in most of the reviews. Conclusions Review sponsorship and authors’ financial conflicts of interest introduced bias affecting the outcomes of reviews of artificially sweetened beverage effects on weight that could not be explained by other sources of bias.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science},\n\tauthor = {Mandrioli, Daniele and Kearns, Cristin E. and Bero, Lisa A.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Beverages, Body mass index, Body weight, Conflicts of interest, Finance, Government funding of science, Medical risk factors, Obesity},\n\tpages = {e0162198},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Background Artificially sweetened beverage consumption has steadily increased in the last 40 years. Several reviews examining the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight outcomes have discrepancies in their results and conclusions. Objectives To determine whether risk of bias, results, and conclusions of reviews of effects of artificially sweetened beverage consumption on weight outcomes differ depending on review sponsorship and authors’ financial conflicts of interest. Methods We performed a systematic review of reviews of the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight. Two assessors independently screened articles for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risks of bias. We compared risk of bias, results and conclusions of reviews by different industry sponsors, authors’ financial conflict of interest and journal sponsor. We also report the concordance between review results and conclusions. Results Artificial sweetener industry sponsored reviews were more likely to have favorable results (3/4) than non-industry sponsored reviews (1/23), RR: 17.25 (95% CI: 2.34 to 127.29), as well as favorable conclusions (4/4 vs. 15/23), RR: 1.52 (95% CI: 1.14 to 2.06). All reviews funded by competitor industries reported unfavorable conclusions (4/4). In 42% of the reviews (13/31), authors’ financial conflicts of interest were not disclosed. Reviews performed by authors that had a financial conflict of interest with the food industry (disclosed in the article or not) were more likely to have favorable conclusions (18/22) than reviews performed by authors without conflicts of interest (4/9), RR: 7.36 (95% CI: 1.15 to 47.22). Risk of bias was similar and high in most of the reviews. Conclusions Review sponsorship and authors’ financial conflicts of interest introduced bias affecting the outcomes of reviews of artificially sweetened beverage effects on weight that could not be explained by other sources of bias.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Requirements of clinical journals for authors’ disclosure of financial and non-financial conflicts of interest: a cross sectional study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shawwa, K.; Kallas, R.; Koujanian, S.; Agarwal, A.; Neumann, I.; Alexander, P.; Tikkinen, K. A.; Guyatt, G.; and Akl, E. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS One, 11(3): e0152301. 2016.\n ISBN: 1932-6203\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{shawwa_requirements_2016,\n\ttitle = {Requirements of clinical journals for authors’ disclosure of financial and non-financial conflicts of interest: a cross sectional study},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},\n\tauthor = {Shawwa, Khaled and Kallas, Romy and Koujanian, Serge and Agarwal, Arnav and Neumann, Ignacio and Alexander, Paul and Tikkinen, Kari AO and Guyatt, Gordon and Akl, Elie A.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1932-6203},\n\tpages = {e0152301},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Why having a (nonfinancial) interest is not a conflict of interest.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bero, L. A.; and Grundy, Q.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLoS biology, 14(12): e2001221. 2016.\n ISBN: 1544-9173\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bero_why_2016,\n\ttitle = {Why having a (nonfinancial) interest is not a conflict of interest},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {PLoS biology},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},\n\tauthor = {Bero, Lisa A. and Grundy, Quinn},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1544-9173},\n\tpages = {e2001221},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Letheby, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Consciousness and Cognition, 39: 28–37. January 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{letheby_epistemic_2016,\n\ttitle = {The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {1053-8100},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012},\n\tabstract = {One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Consciousness and Cognition},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Altered states of consciousness, Epistemic innocence, Epistemology, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mystical experience, Naturalism, Philosophy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},\n\tpages = {28--37},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: Reimagining drug policy through the prism of human rights.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Walsh, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 29: 80–87. March 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PsychedelicsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{walsh_psychedelics_2016,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: {Reimagining} drug policy through the prism of human rights},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025},\n\tabstract = {This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual's actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Walsh, Charlotte},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Cognitive liberty, Drug policy, Human rights, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {80--87},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual's actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.\n
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\n  \n 2015\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A literature review on the representativeness of randomized controlled trial samples and implications for the external validity of trial results.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kennedy-Martin, T.; Curtis, S.; Faries, D.; Robinson, S.; and Johnston, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Trials, 16: 495. November 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{kennedy-martin_literature_2015,\n\ttitle = {A literature review on the representativeness of randomized controlled trial samples and implications for the external validity of trial results},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1745-6215},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13063-015-1023-4},\n\tabstract = {Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are conducted under idealized and rigorously controlled conditions that may compromise their external validity. A literature review was conducted of published English language articles that reported the findings of studies assessing external validity by a comparison of the patient sample included in RCTs reporting on pharmaceutical interventions with patients from everyday clinical practice. The review focused on publications in the fields of cardiology, mental health, and oncology. A range of databases were interrogated (MEDLINE; EMBASE; Science Citation Index; Cochrane Methodology Register). Double-abstract review and data extraction were performed as per protocol specifications. Out of 5,456 de-duplicated abstracts, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria (cardiology, n = 20; mental health, n = 17; oncology, n = 15). Studies either performed an analysis of the baseline characteristics (demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical parameters) of RCT-enrolled patients compared with a real-world population, or assessed the proportion of real-world patients who would have been eligible for RCT inclusion following the application of RCT inclusion/exclusion criteria. Many of the included studies concluded that RCT samples are highly selected and have a lower risk profile than real-world populations, with the frequent exclusion of elderly patients and patients with co-morbidities. Calculation of ineligibility rates in individual studies showed that a high proportion of the general disease population was often excluded from trials. The majority of studies (n = 37 [71.2 \\%]) explicitly concluded that RCT samples were not broadly representative of real-world patients and that this may limit the external validity of the RCT. Authors made a number of recommendations to improve external validity. Findings from this review indicate that there is a need to improve the external validity of RCTs such that physicians treating patients in real-world settings have the appropriate evidence on which to base their clinical decisions. This goal could be achieved by trial design modification to include a more representative patient sample and by supplementing RCT evidence with data generated from observational studies. In general, a thoughtful approach to clinical evidence generation is required in which the trade-offs between internal and external validity are considered in a holistic and balanced manner.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Trials},\n\tauthor = {Kennedy-Martin, Tessa and Curtis, Sarah and Faries, Douglas and Robinson, Susan and Johnston, Joseph},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Cardiology, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Medical Oncology, Mental Health Services, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design, Treatment Outcome},\n\tpages = {495},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are conducted under idealized and rigorously controlled conditions that may compromise their external validity. A literature review was conducted of published English language articles that reported the findings of studies assessing external validity by a comparison of the patient sample included in RCTs reporting on pharmaceutical interventions with patients from everyday clinical practice. The review focused on publications in the fields of cardiology, mental health, and oncology. A range of databases were interrogated (MEDLINE; EMBASE; Science Citation Index; Cochrane Methodology Register). Double-abstract review and data extraction were performed as per protocol specifications. Out of 5,456 de-duplicated abstracts, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria (cardiology, n = 20; mental health, n = 17; oncology, n = 15). Studies either performed an analysis of the baseline characteristics (demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical parameters) of RCT-enrolled patients compared with a real-world population, or assessed the proportion of real-world patients who would have been eligible for RCT inclusion following the application of RCT inclusion/exclusion criteria. Many of the included studies concluded that RCT samples are highly selected and have a lower risk profile than real-world populations, with the frequent exclusion of elderly patients and patients with co-morbidities. Calculation of ineligibility rates in individual studies showed that a high proportion of the general disease population was often excluded from trials. The majority of studies (n = 37 [71.2 %]) explicitly concluded that RCT samples were not broadly representative of real-world patients and that this may limit the external validity of the RCT. Authors made a number of recommendations to improve external validity. Findings from this review indicate that there is a need to improve the external validity of RCTs such that physicians treating patients in real-world settings have the appropriate evidence on which to base their clinical decisions. This goal could be achieved by trial design modification to include a more representative patient sample and by supplementing RCT evidence with data generated from observational studies. In general, a thoughtful approach to clinical evidence generation is required in which the trade-offs between internal and external validity are considered in a holistic and balanced manner.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A systematic appraisal of allegiance effect in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dragioti, E.; Dimoliatis, I.; Fountoulakis, K. N.; and Evangelou, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of General Psychiatry, 14: 25. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{dragioti_systematic_2015,\n\ttitle = {A systematic appraisal of allegiance effect in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1744-859X},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12991-015-0063-1},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Experimenter's allegiance (EA) refers to a personal confidence of the superiority of a specific psychotherapy treatment. This factor has been linked with larger treatment effects in favor of the preferred treatment. However, various studies have displayed contradictory results between EA and the pattern of treatment effects.\nAIMS: Using a systematic approach followed by meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the impact of an allegiance effect on the results of psychotherapeutic studies.\nMETHOD: We considered the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different types of psychotherapies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Eligible articles included meta-analyses of RCTs with at least one study showing evidence of EA (i.e., allegiant study). Effect sizes in allegiant RCTs were compared with non-allegiant using random and fixed models and a summary relative odds ratio (ROR) were calculated. Heterogeneity was quantified with the I (2) metric.\nRESULTS: A total of 30 meta-analyses including 240 RCTs were analyzed. The summary ROR was 1.31 [(95 \\% confidence interval (CI: 1.03-1.66) P = 0.30, I (2) = 53 \\%] indicating larger effects when allegiance exists. The impact of allegiance did not differ significantly (P {\\textgreater} 0.05) when we compared psychiatric versus medical outcomes. Allegiance effect was significant for all forms of psychotherapy except for cognitive behavioral therapy. Moreover, the impact of allegiance was significant only when the treatment integrity of delivered psychotherapy was not assessed. Allegiance effect was even stronger where the experimenter was also both the developer of the preferred treatment and supervised or trained the therapists. No significant differences were found between allegiant and non-allegiant studies in terms of overall quality of studies.\nCONCLUSIONS: Experimenter's allegiance influences the effect sizes of psychotherapy RCTs and can be considered non-financial conflict of interest introducing a form of optimism bias, especially since blinding is problematic in this kind of research. A clear reporting of EA in every single study should be given an opportunity to investigators of minimizing its overestimation effects.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Annals of General Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Dragioti, Elena and Dimoliatis, Ioannis and Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. and Evangelou, Evangelos},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Allegiance effect, Experimenter’s allegiance, Non-financial conflict of interest, Optimism bias, Psychotherapy, Systematic bias},\n\tpages = {25},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n BACKGROUND: Experimenter's allegiance (EA) refers to a personal confidence of the superiority of a specific psychotherapy treatment. This factor has been linked with larger treatment effects in favor of the preferred treatment. However, various studies have displayed contradictory results between EA and the pattern of treatment effects. AIMS: Using a systematic approach followed by meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the impact of an allegiance effect on the results of psychotherapeutic studies. METHOD: We considered the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different types of psychotherapies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Eligible articles included meta-analyses of RCTs with at least one study showing evidence of EA (i.e., allegiant study). Effect sizes in allegiant RCTs were compared with non-allegiant using random and fixed models and a summary relative odds ratio (ROR) were calculated. Heterogeneity was quantified with the I (2) metric. RESULTS: A total of 30 meta-analyses including 240 RCTs were analyzed. The summary ROR was 1.31 [(95 % confidence interval (CI: 1.03-1.66) P = 0.30, I (2) = 53 %] indicating larger effects when allegiance exists. The impact of allegiance did not differ significantly (P \\textgreater 0.05) when we compared psychiatric versus medical outcomes. Allegiance effect was significant for all forms of psychotherapy except for cognitive behavioral therapy. Moreover, the impact of allegiance was significant only when the treatment integrity of delivered psychotherapy was not assessed. Allegiance effect was even stronger where the experimenter was also both the developer of the preferred treatment and supervised or trained the therapists. No significant differences were found between allegiant and non-allegiant studies in terms of overall quality of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Experimenter's allegiance influences the effect sizes of psychotherapy RCTs and can be considered non-financial conflict of interest introducing a form of optimism bias, especially since blinding is problematic in this kind of research. A clear reporting of EA in every single study should be given an opportunity to investigators of minimizing its overestimation effects.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A systematic appraisal of allegiance effect in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dragioti, E.; Dimoliatis, I.; Fountoulakis, K. N.; and Evangelou, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of General Psychiatry, 14(1): 25. September 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"APaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{dragioti_systematic_2015,\n\ttitle = {A systematic appraisal of allegiance effect in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1744-859X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-015-0063-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12991-015-0063-1},\n\tabstract = {Experimenter’s allegiance (EA) refers to a personal confidence of the superiority of a specific psychotherapy treatment. This factor has been linked with larger treatment effects in favor of the preferred treatment. However, various studies have displayed contradictory results between EA and the pattern of treatment effects.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Annals of General Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Dragioti, Elena and Dimoliatis, Ioannis and Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. and Evangelou, Evangelos},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Allegiance effect, Experimenter’s allegiance, Non-financial conflict of interest, Optimism bias, Psychotherapy, Systematic bias},\n\tpages = {25},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Experimenter’s allegiance (EA) refers to a personal confidence of the superiority of a specific psychotherapy treatment. This factor has been linked with larger treatment effects in favor of the preferred treatment. However, various studies have displayed contradictory results between EA and the pattern of treatment effects.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of Cochrane Reviews: a mixed-methods evaluation of outputs from Cochrane Review Groups supported by the National Institute for Health Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bunn, F.; Trivedi, D.; Alderson, P.; Hamilton, L.; Martin, A.; Pinkney, E.; and Iliffe, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Technology Assessment, 19(28): 1–100. April 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ThePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bunn_impact_2015,\n\ttitle = {The impact of {Cochrane} {Reviews}: a mixed-methods evaluation of outputs from {Cochrane} {Review} {Groups} supported by the {National} {Institute} for {Health} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1366-5278, 2046-4924},\n\tshorttitle = {The impact of {Cochrane} {Reviews}},\n\turl = {https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta19280/},\n\tdoi = {10.3310/hta19280},\n\tabstract = {Background\n              The last few decades have seen a growing emphasis on evidence-informed decision-making in health care. Systematic reviews, such as those produced by Cochrane, have been a key component of this movement. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Systematic Review Programme currently supports 20 Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs) in the UK and it is important that this funding represents value for money.\n            \n            \n              Aims and objectives\n              The overall aim was to identify the impacts and likely impacts on health care, patient outcomes and value for money of Cochrane Reviews published by 20 NIHR-funded CRGs during the years 2007–11.\n            \n            \n              Design\n              We sent questionnaires to CRGs and review authors, undertook interviews with guideline developers (GDs) and used bibliometrics and documentary review to get an overview of CRG impact and to evaluate the impact of a sample of 60 Cochrane Reviews. The evaluation was guided by a framework with four categories (knowledge production, research targeting, informing policy development and impact on practice/services).\n            \n            \n              Results\n              A total of 3187 new and updated reviews were published on the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between 2007 and 2011, 1502 (47\\%) of which were produced by the 20 CRGs funded by the NIHR. We found 40 examples where reviews appeared to have influenced primary research and reviews had contributed to the creation of new knowledge and stimulated debate. Twenty-seven of the 60 reviews had 100 or more citations in Google Scholar™ (Google, CA, USA). Overall, 483 systematic reviews had been cited in 247 sets of guidance. This included 62 sets of international guidance, 175 sets of national guidance (87 from the UK) and 10 examples of local guidance. Evidence from the interviews suggested that Cochrane Reviews often play an instrumental role in informing guidance, although reviews being a poor fit with guideline scope or methods, reviews being out of date and a lack of communication between CRGs and GDs were barriers to their use. Cochrane Reviews appeared to have led to a number of benefits to the health service including safer or more appropriate use of medication or other health technologies or the identification of new effective drugs or treatments. However, whether or not these changes were directly as a result of the Cochrane Review and not the result of subsequent clinical guidance was difficult to judge. Potential benefits of Cochrane Reviews included economic benefits through budget savings or the release of funds, improvements in clinical quality, the reduction in the use of unproven or unnecessary procedures and improvements in patient and carer experiences.\n            \n            \n              Conclusions\n              This study identified a number of impacts and likely impacts of Cochrane Reviews. The clearest impacts of Cochrane Reviews are on research targeting and health-care policy, with less evidence of a direct impact on clinical practice and the organisation and delivery of NHS services. Although it is important for researchers to consider how they might increase the influence of their work, such impacts are difficult to measure. More work is required to develop suitable methods for defining and quantifying the impact of research.\n            \n            \n              Funding\n              The NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {28},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n\tjournal = {Health Technology Assessment},\n\tauthor = {Bunn, Frances and Trivedi, Daksha and Alderson, Phil and Hamilton, Laura and Martin, Alice and Pinkney, Emma and Iliffe, Steve},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {1--100},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background The last few decades have seen a growing emphasis on evidence-informed decision-making in health care. Systematic reviews, such as those produced by Cochrane, have been a key component of this movement. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Systematic Review Programme currently supports 20 Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs) in the UK and it is important that this funding represents value for money. Aims and objectives The overall aim was to identify the impacts and likely impacts on health care, patient outcomes and value for money of Cochrane Reviews published by 20 NIHR-funded CRGs during the years 2007–11. Design We sent questionnaires to CRGs and review authors, undertook interviews with guideline developers (GDs) and used bibliometrics and documentary review to get an overview of CRG impact and to evaluate the impact of a sample of 60 Cochrane Reviews. The evaluation was guided by a framework with four categories (knowledge production, research targeting, informing policy development and impact on practice/services). Results A total of 3187 new and updated reviews were published on the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between 2007 and 2011, 1502 (47%) of which were produced by the 20 CRGs funded by the NIHR. We found 40 examples where reviews appeared to have influenced primary research and reviews had contributed to the creation of new knowledge and stimulated debate. Twenty-seven of the 60 reviews had 100 or more citations in Google Scholar™ (Google, CA, USA). Overall, 483 systematic reviews had been cited in 247 sets of guidance. This included 62 sets of international guidance, 175 sets of national guidance (87 from the UK) and 10 examples of local guidance. Evidence from the interviews suggested that Cochrane Reviews often play an instrumental role in informing guidance, although reviews being a poor fit with guideline scope or methods, reviews being out of date and a lack of communication between CRGs and GDs were barriers to their use. Cochrane Reviews appeared to have led to a number of benefits to the health service including safer or more appropriate use of medication or other health technologies or the identification of new effective drugs or treatments. However, whether or not these changes were directly as a result of the Cochrane Review and not the result of subsequent clinical guidance was difficult to judge. Potential benefits of Cochrane Reviews included economic benefits through budget savings or the release of funds, improvements in clinical quality, the reduction in the use of unproven or unnecessary procedures and improvements in patient and carer experiences. Conclusions This study identified a number of impacts and likely impacts of Cochrane Reviews. The clearest impacts of Cochrane Reviews are on research targeting and health-care policy, with less evidence of a direct impact on clinical practice and the organisation and delivery of NHS services. Although it is important for researchers to consider how they might increase the influence of their work, such impacts are difficult to measure. More work is required to develop suitable methods for defining and quantifying the impact of research. Funding The NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The conspiracy-effect: Exposure to conspiracy theories (about global warming) decreases pro-social behavior and science acceptance.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Van der Linden, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Personality and individual differences, 87: 171–173. 2015.\n ISBN: 0191-8869\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{van_der_linden_conspiracy-effect_2015,\n\ttitle = {The conspiracy-effect: {Exposure} to conspiracy theories (about global warming) decreases pro-social behavior and science acceptance},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tjournal = {Personality and individual differences},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Van der Linden, Sander},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0191-8869},\n\tpages = {171--173},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n THE PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHEDELIC TRANSFORMATION.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Letheby, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Consciousness Studies, 22(9-10): 170–193. January 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{letheby_philosophy_2015,\n\ttitle = {{THE} {PHILOSOPHY} {OF} {PSYCHEDELIC} {TRANSFORMATION}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tabstract = {Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic\ntransformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy\nof (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject's psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of\nthe (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.},\n\tnumber = {9-10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, C.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {170--193},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic transformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy of (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject's psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of the (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Noumenautics: Metaphysics ? Meta-Ethics ? Psychedelics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sjöstedt-H, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychedelic Press, Falmouth, UK, 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{sjostedt-h_noumenautics_2015,\n\taddress = {Falmouth, UK},\n\ttitle = {Noumenautics: {Metaphysics} ? {Meta}-{Ethics} ? {Psychedelics}},\n\tshorttitle = {Noumenautics},\n\tpublisher = {Psychedelic Press},\n\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-H, Peter},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 2014\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transformative Experience.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Paul, L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Oxford University Press, November 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"TransformativePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{paul_transformative_2014,\n\ttitle = {Transformative {Experience}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-19-871795-9},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/book/7934},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717959.001.0001},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tpublisher = {Oxford University Press},\n\tauthor = {Paul, L. A.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Handbook of inter-rater reliability: The definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gwet, K. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advanced Analytics, LLC, 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{gwet_handbook_2014,\n\ttitle = {Handbook of inter-rater reliability: {The} definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters},\n\tisbn = {0-9708062-8-0},\n\tpublisher = {Advanced Analytics, LLC},\n\tauthor = {Gwet, Kilem L.},\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 2013\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The use of deception in public health behavioral intervention trials: a case study of three online alcohol trials.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n McCambridge, J.; Kypri, K.; Bendtsen, P.; and Porter, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The American journal of bioethics: AJOB, 13(11): 39–47. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{mccambridge_use_2013,\n\ttitle = {The use of deception in public health behavioral intervention trials: a case study of three online alcohol trials},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {The use of deception in public health behavioral intervention trials},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2013.839751},\n\tabstract = {Some public health behavioral intervention research studies involve deception. A methodological imperative to minimize bias can be in conflict with the ethical principle of informed consent. As a case study, we examine the specific forms of deception used in three online randomized controlled trials evaluating brief alcohol interventions. We elaborate our own decision making about the use of deception in these trials, and present our ongoing findings and uncertainties. We discuss the value of the approach of pragmatism for examining these kinds of ethical issues that can arise in research on public health interventions.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of bioethics: AJOB},\n\tauthor = {McCambridge, Jim and Kypri, Kypros and Bendtsen, Preben and Porter, John},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Alcohol Drinking, Deception, Decision Making, Ethics, Research, Humans, Informed Consent, Patient Selection, Personal Autonomy, Public Health, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research Design, Research Subjects},\n\tpages = {39--47},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Some public health behavioral intervention research studies involve deception. A methodological imperative to minimize bias can be in conflict with the ethical principle of informed consent. As a case study, we examine the specific forms of deception used in three online randomized controlled trials evaluating brief alcohol interventions. We elaborate our own decision making about the use of deception in these trials, and present our ongoing findings and uncertainties. We discuss the value of the approach of pragmatism for examining these kinds of ethical issues that can arise in research on public health interventions.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A randomized-controlled trial of using a book of metaphors to reconceptualize pain and decrease catastrophizing in people with chronic pain.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gallagher, L.; McAuley, J.; and Moseley, G. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Clinical Journal of Pain, 29(1): 20–25. January 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{gallagher_randomized-controlled_2013,\n\ttitle = {A randomized-controlled trial of using a book of metaphors to reconceptualize pain and decrease catastrophizing in people with chronic pain},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1536-5409},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/AJP.0b013e3182465cf7},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Reconceptualization of pain and reduction of pain-related catastrophizing are primary objectives in chronic pain rehabilitation. Teaching people about the underlying biology of pain has been shown to facilitate these objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate whether written metaphor and story can be used to increase knowledge of the biology of pain and reduce pain-related catastrophizing.\nMETHODS: In this randomized single-blind partial cross-over controlled trial, 79 people with chronic pain received either a booklet of metaphors and stories conveying key pain biology concepts or a booklet containing advice on how to manage chronic pain according to established cognitive-behavioral principles. The primary outcome variables, pain biology knowledge and catastrophizing, were measured before randomization, at 3 weeks and at 3 months, at which time the control group was crossed over to receive the metaphors and stories booklet. Pain and disability were secondary outcome variables.\nRESULTS: The Metaphors group showed larger changes in both variables (time × group interactions: P {\\textless} 0.01, effect size Cohen d = 0.7 for catastrophizing and 1.7 for pain biology knowledge). Gains were maintained for at least 3 months. Changes were replicated in the Advice group when crossed over. There was no change in pain or self-reported disability in either group.\nDISCUSSION: We conclude that providing educational material through metaphor and story can assist patients to reconceptualize pain and reduce catastrophizing. Metaphor and story could be used as a precurser to other interventions that target functional capacity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The Clinical Journal of Pain},\n\tauthor = {Gallagher, Laura and McAuley, James and Moseley, G. Lorimer},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Catastrophization, Chronic Pain, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Metaphor, Middle Aged, Pamphlets, Patient Education as Topic, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {20--25},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n OBJECTIVES: Reconceptualization of pain and reduction of pain-related catastrophizing are primary objectives in chronic pain rehabilitation. Teaching people about the underlying biology of pain has been shown to facilitate these objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate whether written metaphor and story can be used to increase knowledge of the biology of pain and reduce pain-related catastrophizing. METHODS: In this randomized single-blind partial cross-over controlled trial, 79 people with chronic pain received either a booklet of metaphors and stories conveying key pain biology concepts or a booklet containing advice on how to manage chronic pain according to established cognitive-behavioral principles. The primary outcome variables, pain biology knowledge and catastrophizing, were measured before randomization, at 3 weeks and at 3 months, at which time the control group was crossed over to receive the metaphors and stories booklet. Pain and disability were secondary outcome variables. RESULTS: The Metaphors group showed larger changes in both variables (time × group interactions: P \\textless 0.01, effect size Cohen d = 0.7 for catastrophizing and 1.7 for pain biology knowledge). Gains were maintained for at least 3 months. Changes were replicated in the Advice group when crossed over. There was no change in pain or self-reported disability in either group. DISCUSSION: We conclude that providing educational material through metaphor and story can assist patients to reconceptualize pain and reduce catastrophizing. Metaphor and story could be used as a precurser to other interventions that target functional capacity.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Psychedelic Future of the Mind: How Entheogens Are Enhancing Cognition, Boosting Intelligence, and Raising Values.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Roberts, T. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Simon and Schuster, January 2013.\n Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@book{roberts_psychedelic_2013,\n\ttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}: {How} {Entheogens} {Are} {Enhancing} {Cognition}, {Boosting} {Intelligence}, and {Raising} {Values}},\n\tisbn = {9781594775024},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}},\n\tabstract = {Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity  • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation  • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values  • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death  As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well--from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values.  Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity--a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness.  Our psychedelic future is on the horizon--a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit--and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tpublisher = {Simon and Schuster},\n\tauthor = {Roberts, Thomas B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ},\n\tkeywords = {Body, Mind \\& Spirit / Entheogens \\& Visionary Substances, Body, Mind \\& Spirit / New Thought, Medical / Psychiatry / General},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well–from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values. Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity–a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness. Our psychedelic future is on the horizon–a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit–and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.\n
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\n  \n 2012\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Primary study authors of significant studies are more likely to believe that a strong association exists in a heterogeneous meta-analysis compared with methodologists.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Panagiotou, O. A.; and Ioannidis, J. P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(7): 740–747. July 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{panagiotou_primary_2012,\n\ttitle = {Primary study authors of significant studies are more likely to believe that a strong association exists in a heterogeneous meta-analysis compared with methodologists},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tissn = {1878-5921},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.008},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the interpretation of a highly heterogeneous meta-analysis by authors of primary studies and by methodologists.\nSTUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We surveyed the authors of studies on the association between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and prostate cancer, and 20 meta-analysis methodologists. Authors and methodologists presented with the respective meta-analysis results were queried about the effect size and potential causality of the association. We evaluated whether author responses correlated with the number of IGF-related articles they had published and their study results included in the meta-analysis. We also compared authors' and methodologists' responses.\nRESULTS: Authors who had published more IGF-related papers offered more generous effect size estimates for the association (ρ(s)=0.61, P=0.01) and higher likelihood that the odds ratio (OR) was greater than 1.20 (ρ(s)=0.63, P=0.01). Authors who had published themselves studies with statistically significant effects for a positive association were more likely to believe that the true OR is greater than 1.20 compared with methodologists (median likelihood 50\\% versus 2.5\\%, P=0.01).\nCONCLUSION: Researchers are influenced by their own investment in the field, when interpreting a meta-analysis that includes their own study. Authors who published significant results are more likely to believe that a strong association exists compared with methodologists.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Panagiotou, Orestis A. and Ioannidis, John P. A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Algorithms, Biomarkers, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Odds Ratio, Prostatic Neoplasms, Research Design},\n\tpages = {740--747},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n OBJECTIVE: To assess the interpretation of a highly heterogeneous meta-analysis by authors of primary studies and by methodologists. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We surveyed the authors of studies on the association between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and prostate cancer, and 20 meta-analysis methodologists. Authors and methodologists presented with the respective meta-analysis results were queried about the effect size and potential causality of the association. We evaluated whether author responses correlated with the number of IGF-related articles they had published and their study results included in the meta-analysis. We also compared authors' and methodologists' responses. RESULTS: Authors who had published more IGF-related papers offered more generous effect size estimates for the association (ρ(s)=0.61, P=0.01) and higher likelihood that the odds ratio (OR) was greater than 1.20 (ρ(s)=0.63, P=0.01). Authors who had published themselves studies with statistically significant effects for a positive association were more likely to believe that the true OR is greater than 1.20 compared with methodologists (median likelihood 50% versus 2.5%, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Researchers are influenced by their own investment in the field, when interpreting a meta-analysis that includes their own study. Authors who published significant results are more likely to believe that a strong association exists compared with methodologists.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The use of metaphor in discourse about cancer: a review of the literature.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Harrington, K. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(4): 408–412. August 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{harrington_use_2012,\n\ttitle = {The use of metaphor in discourse about cancer: a review of the literature},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1538-067X},\n\tshorttitle = {The use of metaphor in discourse about cancer},\n\tdoi = {10.1188/12.CJON.408-412},\n\tabstract = {Imagery and metaphors are used throughout health communication and can be particularly powerful in discourse about cancer. Providers, patients, and the media may use descriptive language to convey the impact and experience of the disease. This article reviews the literature on metaphor in discourse about cancer and its effects. Also, the positive and negative effects of popular cancer-related imagery, such as military and journey metaphors, are explored. Metaphor can be used in nursing, through thoughtful use of imagery, to improve patient-centered care. By noting the imagery used by patients to describe their experiences with cancer, nurses can find a common language for connecting with patients and can advocate for greater awareness and more sensitive communication by other healthcare providers.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing},\n\tauthor = {Harrington, Kristine J.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Communication, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Metaphor, Neoplasms, Nurse-Patient Relations, Oncology Nursing, Patient Care Team, Quality of Life},\n\tpages = {408--412},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Imagery and metaphors are used throughout health communication and can be particularly powerful in discourse about cancer. Providers, patients, and the media may use descriptive language to convey the impact and experience of the disease. This article reviews the literature on metaphor in discourse about cancer and its effects. Also, the positive and negative effects of popular cancer-related imagery, such as military and journey metaphors, are explored. Metaphor can be used in nursing, through thoughtful use of imagery, to improve patient-centered care. By noting the imagery used by patients to describe their experiences with cancer, nurses can find a common language for connecting with patients and can advocate for greater awareness and more sensitive communication by other healthcare providers.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Much ado about deception: Consequences of deceiving research participants in the social sciences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Barrera, D.; and Simpson, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sociological Methods & Research, 41(3): 383–413. 2012.\n ISBN: 0049-1241\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{barrera_much_2012,\n\ttitle = {Much ado about deception: {Consequences} of deceiving research participants in the social sciences},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Sociological Methods \\& Research},\n\tpublisher = {Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},\n\tauthor = {Barrera, Davide and Simpson, Brent},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0049-1241},\n\tpages = {383--413},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Author’s specialty and conflicts of interest contribute to conflicting guidelines for screening mammography.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Norris, S. L.; Burda, B. U.; Holmer, H. K.; Ogden, L. A.; Fu, R.; Bero, L.; Schünemann, H.; and Deyo, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(7): 725–733. July 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Author’sPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{norris_authors_2012,\n\ttitle = {Author’s specialty and conflicts of interest contribute to conflicting guidelines for screening mammography},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tissn = {0895-4356},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435611003933},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.12.011},\n\tabstract = {Objective\nTo examine the relationship between guideline panel members’ conflicts of interest and guideline recommendations on screening mammography in asymptomatic, average-risk women aged 40–49 years.\nStudy Design and Setting\nWe searched the National Guideline Clearinghouse and MEDLINE for relevant guidelines published between January 2005 and June 2011. We examined the disclosures and specialties of the lead and secondary authors of these guidelines, as well as the publications of the lead authors.\nResults\nTwelve guidelines were identified with a total of 178 physician authors from a broad range of specialties. Of the four guidelines not recommending routine screening, none had a radiologist member, whereas of the eight guidelines recommending routine screening, five had a radiologist member (comparison of the proportions, P=0.05). A guideline with radiologist authors was more likely to recommend routine screening (odds ratio=6.05, 95\\% confidence interval=0.57–∞, P=0.14). The proportion of primary care physicians on guideline panels recommending routine vs. nonroutine screening was significantly different (38\\% vs. 90\\% of authors; P=0.01). The odds of a recommendation in favor of routine screening were related to the number of recent publications on breast disease diagnosis and treatment by the lead guideline author (P=0.02).\nConclusion\nRecommendations regarding mammography screening in this target population may reflect the specialty and intellectual interests of the guideline authors.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Norris, Susan L. and Burda, Brittany U. and Holmer, Haley K. and Ogden, Lauren A. and Fu, Rongwei and Bero, Lisa and Schünemann, Holger and Deyo, Richard},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Bias, Clinical practice guidelines, Conflict of interest, Mammography, Physician specialty, Screening},\n\tpages = {725--733},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Objective To examine the relationship between guideline panel members’ conflicts of interest and guideline recommendations on screening mammography in asymptomatic, average-risk women aged 40–49 years. Study Design and Setting We searched the National Guideline Clearinghouse and MEDLINE for relevant guidelines published between January 2005 and June 2011. We examined the disclosures and specialties of the lead and secondary authors of these guidelines, as well as the publications of the lead authors. Results Twelve guidelines were identified with a total of 178 physician authors from a broad range of specialties. Of the four guidelines not recommending routine screening, none had a radiologist member, whereas of the eight guidelines recommending routine screening, five had a radiologist member (comparison of the proportions, P=0.05). A guideline with radiologist authors was more likely to recommend routine screening (odds ratio=6.05, 95% confidence interval=0.57–∞, P=0.14). The proportion of primary care physicians on guideline panels recommending routine vs. nonroutine screening was significantly different (38% vs. 90% of authors; P=0.01). The odds of a recommendation in favor of routine screening were related to the number of recent publications on breast disease diagnosis and treatment by the lead guideline author (P=0.02). Conclusion Recommendations regarding mammography screening in this target population may reflect the specialty and intellectual interests of the guideline authors.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Primary study authors of significant studies are more likely to believe that a strong association exists in a heterogeneous meta-analysis compared with methodologists.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Panagiotou, O. A.; and Ioannidis, J. P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(7): 740–747. July 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PrimaryPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{panagiotou_primary_2012,\n\ttitle = {Primary study authors of significant studies are more likely to believe that a strong association exists in a heterogeneous meta-analysis compared with methodologists},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tissn = {0895-4356},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435612000273},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.008},\n\tabstract = {Objective\nTo assess the interpretation of a highly heterogeneous meta-analysis by authors of primary studies and by methodologists.\nStudy Design and Setting\nWe surveyed the authors of studies on the association between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and prostate cancer, and 20 meta-analysis methodologists. Authors and methodologists presented with the respective meta-analysis results were queried about the effect size and potential causality of the association. We evaluated whether author responses correlated with the number of IGF-related articles they had published and their study results included in the meta-analysis. We also compared authors’ and methodologists’ responses.\nResults\nAuthors who had published more IGF-related papers offered more generous effect size estimates for the association (ρs=0.61, P=0.01) and higher likelihood that the odds ratio (OR) was greater than 1.20 (ρs=0.63, P=0.01). Authors who had published themselves studies with statistically significant effects for a positive association were more likely to believe that the true OR is greater than 1.20 compared with methodologists (median likelihood 50\\% versus 2.5\\%, P=0.01).\nConclusion\nResearchers are influenced by their own investment in the field, when interpreting a meta-analysis that includes their own study. Authors who published significant results are more likely to believe that a strong association exists compared with methodologists.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Panagiotou, Orestis A. and Ioannidis, John P. A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Confirmation bias, Heterogeneity, Interpretive bias, Meta-analysis, Observational studies, Prior assumptions},\n\tpages = {740--747},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Objective To assess the interpretation of a highly heterogeneous meta-analysis by authors of primary studies and by methodologists. Study Design and Setting We surveyed the authors of studies on the association between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and prostate cancer, and 20 meta-analysis methodologists. Authors and methodologists presented with the respective meta-analysis results were queried about the effect size and potential causality of the association. We evaluated whether author responses correlated with the number of IGF-related articles they had published and their study results included in the meta-analysis. We also compared authors’ and methodologists’ responses. Results Authors who had published more IGF-related papers offered more generous effect size estimates for the association (ρs=0.61, P=0.01) and higher likelihood that the odds ratio (OR) was greater than 1.20 (ρs=0.63, P=0.01). Authors who had published themselves studies with statistically significant effects for a positive association were more likely to believe that the true OR is greater than 1.20 compared with methodologists (median likelihood 50% versus 2.5%, P=0.01). Conclusion Researchers are influenced by their own investment in the field, when interpreting a meta-analysis that includes their own study. Authors who published significant results are more likely to believe that a strong association exists compared with methodologists.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Is It Really All about the Money? Reconsidering Non-Financial Interests in Medical Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saver, R. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 40(3): 467–481. 2012.\n _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{saver_is_2012,\n\ttitle = {Is {It} {Really} {All} about the {Money}? {Reconsidering} {Non}-{Financial} {Interests} in {Medical} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tcopyright = {© 2012 American Society of Law, Medicine \\& Ethics, Inc.},\n\tissn = {1748-720X},\n\tshorttitle = {Is {It} {Really} {All} about the {Money}?},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x},\n\tabstract = {Concern about financial conflicts crowds out sufficient consideration of other interests that may bias research conduct. Regulations, institutional policies, and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals all primarily focus on financial ties. But why? Economic gain is not the only powerful influence. This article argues that we under-prioritize non-financial interests in the regulation of medical research. It critiques the usual reasons given for regulating financial and non-financial interests differently — that the interests contrast in terms of tangibility, that financial interests are optional, and that financial interests can be efficiently carved out as a discrete area of focus. Moreover, disparate regulatory treatment seems inattentive to the very similar social and psychological forces that animate the bias effect of both financial and non-financial interests and fails to account for how financial and non-financial interests synergistically interact. Under-prioritization of non-financial interests threatens to erode public trust and creates negative spillover effects that weaken financial conflicts regulation. Optimal regulation requires a more integrated, balanced, and proportionate response to secondary interests in medical research.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Law, Medicine \\& Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Saver, Richard S.},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x},\n\tpages = {467--481},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Concern about financial conflicts crowds out sufficient consideration of other interests that may bias research conduct. Regulations, institutional policies, and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals all primarily focus on financial ties. But why? Economic gain is not the only powerful influence. This article argues that we under-prioritize non-financial interests in the regulation of medical research. It critiques the usual reasons given for regulating financial and non-financial interests differently — that the interests contrast in terms of tangibility, that financial interests are optional, and that financial interests can be efficiently carved out as a discrete area of focus. Moreover, disparate regulatory treatment seems inattentive to the very similar social and psychological forces that animate the bias effect of both financial and non-financial interests and fails to account for how financial and non-financial interests synergistically interact. Under-prioritization of non-financial interests threatens to erode public trust and creates negative spillover effects that weaken financial conflicts regulation. Optimal regulation requires a more integrated, balanced, and proportionate response to secondary interests in medical research.\n
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\n  \n 2011\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Reasons why post-trial access to trial drugs should, or need not be ensured to research participants: a systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sofaer, N.; and Strech, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Public health ethics, 4(2): 160–184. 2011.\n ISBN: 1754-9981\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{sofaer_reasons_2011,\n\ttitle = {Reasons why post-trial access to trial drugs should, or need not be ensured to research participants: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Public health ethics},\n\tpublisher = {Oxford University Press},\n\tauthor = {Sofaer, Neema and Strech, Daniel},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1754-9981},\n\tpages = {160--184},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n When Sunlight Fails to Disinfect: Understanding the Perverse Effects of Disclosing Conflicts of Interest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cain, D. M.; Loewenstein, G.; and Moore, D. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Consumer Research, 37(5): 836–857. February 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"WhenPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{cain_when_2011,\n\ttitle = {When {Sunlight} {Fails} to {Disinfect}: {Understanding} the {Perverse} {Effects} of {Disclosing} {Conflicts} of {Interest}},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0093-5301},\n\tshorttitle = {When {Sunlight} {Fails} to {Disinfect}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1086/656252},\n\tdoi = {10.1086/656252},\n\tabstract = {Disclosure is often proposed as a remedy for conflicts of interest, but it can backfire, hurting those whom it is intended to protect. Building on our prior research, we introduce a conceptual model of disclosure’s effects on advisors and advice recipients that helps to explain when and why it backfires. Studies 1 and 2 examine psychological mechanisms (strategic exaggeration, moral licensing) by which disclosure can lead advisors to give more-biased advice. Study 3 shows that disclosure backfires when advice recipients who receive disclosure fail to sufficiently discount and thus fail to mitigate the adverse effects of disclosure on advisor bias. Study 4 identifies one remedy for inadequate discounting of biased advice: explicitly and simultaneously contrasting biased advice with unbiased advice.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Consumer Research},\n\tauthor = {Cain, Daylian M. and Loewenstein, George and Moore, Don A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {836--857},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Disclosure is often proposed as a remedy for conflicts of interest, but it can backfire, hurting those whom it is intended to protect. Building on our prior research, we introduce a conceptual model of disclosure’s effects on advisors and advice recipients that helps to explain when and why it backfires. Studies 1 and 2 examine psychological mechanisms (strategic exaggeration, moral licensing) by which disclosure can lead advisors to give more-biased advice. Study 3 shows that disclosure backfires when advice recipients who receive disclosure fail to sufficiently discount and thus fail to mitigate the adverse effects of disclosure on advisor bias. Study 4 identifies one remedy for inadequate discounting of biased advice: explicitly and simultaneously contrasting biased advice with unbiased advice.\n
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\n\n\n
\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Conflict of Interest in Clinical Practice Guideline Development: A Systematic Review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Norris, S. L.; Holmer, H. K.; Ogden, L. A.; and Burda, B. U.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n PLOS ONE, 6(10): e25153. October 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ConflictPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{norris_conflict_2011,\n\ttitle = {Conflict of {Interest} in {Clinical} {Practice} {Guideline} {Development}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Conflict of {Interest} in {Clinical} {Practice} {Guideline} {Development}},\n\turl = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0025153},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0025153},\n\tabstract = {Background There is an emerging literature on the existence and effect of industry relationships on physician and researcher behavior. Much less is known, however, about the effects of these relationships and other conflicts of interest (COI) on clinical practice guideline (CPG) development and recommendations. We performed a systematic review of the prevalence of COI and its effect on CPG recommendations. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched Medline (1980 to March, 2011) for studies that examined the effect of COI on CPG development and/or recommendations. Data synthesis was qualitative. Twelve studies fulfilled inclusion criteria; 9 were conducted in the US. All studies reported on financial relationships of CPG authors with the pharmaceutical industry; 1 study also examined relationships with diagnostic testing and insurance companies. The majority of guidelines had authors with industry affiliations, including consultancies (authors with relationship, range 6–80\\%); research support (4–78\\%); equity/stock ownership (2–17\\%); or any COI (56–87\\%). Four studies reported multiple types of financial interactions for individual authors (number of types per author: range 2 to 10 or more). Data on the effect of COI on CPG recommendations were confined to case studies wherein authors with specific financial ties appeared to benefit from the related CPG recommendations. In a single study, few authors believed that their relationships influenced their recommendations. No studies reported on intellectual COI in CPGs. Conclusions/Significance There are limited data describing the high prevalence of COI among CPG authors, and only case studies of the effect of COI on CPG recommendations. Further research is needed to explore this potential source of bias.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tpublisher = {Public Library of Science},\n\tauthor = {Norris, Susan L. and Holmer, Haley K. and Ogden, Lauren A. and Burda, Brittany U.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Conflicts of interest, Diagnostic medicine, Finance, Health economics, Physicians, Screening guidelines, Systematic reviews, Treatment guidelines},\n\tpages = {e25153},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Background There is an emerging literature on the existence and effect of industry relationships on physician and researcher behavior. Much less is known, however, about the effects of these relationships and other conflicts of interest (COI) on clinical practice guideline (CPG) development and recommendations. We performed a systematic review of the prevalence of COI and its effect on CPG recommendations. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched Medline (1980 to March, 2011) for studies that examined the effect of COI on CPG development and/or recommendations. Data synthesis was qualitative. Twelve studies fulfilled inclusion criteria; 9 were conducted in the US. All studies reported on financial relationships of CPG authors with the pharmaceutical industry; 1 study also examined relationships with diagnostic testing and insurance companies. The majority of guidelines had authors with industry affiliations, including consultancies (authors with relationship, range 6–80%); research support (4–78%); equity/stock ownership (2–17%); or any COI (56–87%). Four studies reported multiple types of financial interactions for individual authors (number of types per author: range 2 to 10 or more). Data on the effect of COI on CPG recommendations were confined to case studies wherein authors with specific financial ties appeared to benefit from the related CPG recommendations. In a single study, few authors believed that their relationships influenced their recommendations. No studies reported on intellectual COI in CPGs. Conclusions/Significance There are limited data describing the high prevalence of COI among CPG authors, and only case studies of the effect of COI on CPG recommendations. Further research is needed to explore this potential source of bias.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhancement, Autonomy, and Authenticity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Juth, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Savulescu, J.; Meulen, R. T.; and Kahane, G., editor(s), Enhancing Human Capacities, pages 34–48. Wiley, 1 edition, March 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Enhancement,Paper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{savulescu_enhancement_2011,\n\tedition = {1},\n\ttitle = {Enhancement, {Autonomy}, and {Authenticity}},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley},\n\tauthor = {Juth, Niklas},\n\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {34--48},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Physical Enhancement: What Baseline, Whose Judgment?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holm, S.; and McNamee, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Savulescu, J.; Meulen, R. T.; and Kahane, G., editor(s), Enhancing Human Capacities, pages 291–303. Wiley, 1 edition, March 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PhysicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,\n\tedition = {1},\n\ttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}: {What} {Baseline}, {Whose} {Judgment}?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\n\tshorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley},\n\tauthor = {Holm, Søren and McNamee, Mike},\n\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {291--303},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Physical Enhancement: The State of the Art.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Miah, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Savulescu, J.; Meulen, R. T.; and Kahane, G., editor(s), Enhancing Human Capacities, pages 266–273. Wiley, 1 edition, March 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PhysicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,\n\tedition = {1},\n\ttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}: {The} {State} of the {Art}},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\n\tshorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley},\n\tauthor = {Miah, Andy},\n\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {266--273},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 2010\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Science and Technology Indicators.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Foundation, N. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"SciencePaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@techreport{national_science_foundation_science_2010,\n\ttitle = {Science and {Technology} {Indicators}},\n\turl = {https://www.heri.ucla.edu/PDFs/NSB.pdf(open in a new window)},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n\tauthor = {National Science Foundation},\n\tyear = {2010},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Managing financial and nonfinancial conflicts of interest in healthcare delivery.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kesselheim, A. S.; and Maisel, W. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American journal of Therapeutics, 17(4): 440–443. 2010.\n ISBN: 1075-2765\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kesselheim_managing_2010,\n\ttitle = {Managing financial and nonfinancial conflicts of interest in healthcare delivery},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {American journal of Therapeutics},\n\tpublisher = {LWW},\n\tauthor = {Kesselheim, Aaron S. and Maisel, William H.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 1075-2765},\n\tpages = {440--443},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of disclosing financial ties in research and clinical care: a systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Licurse, A.; Barber, E.; Joffe, S.; and Gross, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Archives of internal medicine, 170(8): 675–682. 2010.\n ISBN: 0003-9926\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{licurse_impact_2010,\n\ttitle = {The impact of disclosing financial ties in research and clinical care: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {170},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Archives of internal medicine},\n\tpublisher = {American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Licurse, Adam and Barber, Emma and Joffe, Steve and Gross, Cary},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0003-9926},\n\tpages = {675--682},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of disclosing financial ties in research and clinical care: a systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Licurse, A.; Barber, E.; Joffe, S.; and Gross, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Archives of internal medicine, 170(8): 675–682. 2010.\n ISBN: 0003-9926\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{licurse_impact_2010,\n\ttitle = {The impact of disclosing financial ties in research and clinical care: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {170},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Archives of internal medicine},\n\tpublisher = {American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Licurse, Adam and Barber, Emma and Joffe, Steve and Gross, Cary},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0003-9926},\n\tpages = {675--682},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 2009\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trust not in money: The effect of financial conflict of interest disclosure on dietary behavioural intention.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goodwin, R. E.; and Mullan, B. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n British Food Journal, 111(5): 408–420. 2009.\n ISBN: 0007-070X\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{goodwin_trust_2009,\n\ttitle = {Trust not in money: {The} effect of financial conflict of interest disclosure on dietary behavioural intention},\n\tvolume = {111},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {British Food Journal},\n\tpublisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},\n\tauthor = {Goodwin, R. E. and Mullan, B. A.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0007-070X},\n\tpages = {408--420},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Reframing the Good Death: Enhancing Choice in Dying, Neuroscience, End-of-Life Research and the Potential of Psychedelics in Palliative Care.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mackenzie, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Law, Mind and Brain. Routledge, 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{mackenzie_reframing_2009,\n\ttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}: {Enhancing} {Choice} in {Dying}, {Neuroscience}, {End}-of-{Life} {Research} and the {Potential} of {Psychedelics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\n\tisbn = {9781315591636},\n\tshorttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}},\n\tabstract = {This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician's obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one's dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.},\n\tbooktitle = {Law, {Mind} and {Brain}},\n\tpublisher = {Routledge},\n\tauthor = {Mackenzie, Robin},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician's obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one's dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.\n
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\n  \n 2008\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sessa, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8): 821–827. November 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"IsPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sessa_is_2008,\n\ttitle = {Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0269881108091597},\n\tabstract = {Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today's current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sessa, B.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {821--827},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today's current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.\n
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\n  \n 2006\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n
\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cognitive and subjective acute dose effects of intramuscular ketamine in healthy adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lofwall, M. R.; Griffiths, R. R.; and Mintzer, M. Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14(4): 439–449. November 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{lofwall_cognitive_2006,\n\ttitle = {Cognitive and subjective acute dose effects of intramuscular ketamine in healthy adults},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1064-1297},\n\tdoi = {10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.439},\n\tabstract = {Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. Given the purported role of the NMDA receptor in long-term potentiation, the primary purpose of the present study was to further understand the dose-related effects of ketamine on memory. The study was also designed to provide information about the relative effects of ketamine on memory versus nonmemory effects and to more fully characterize ketamine's overall pattern and time course of effects. Single intramuscular injections of ketamine (0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg) were administered to 18 healthy adult volunteers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Word lists were used to evaluate episodic memory (free recall, recognition memory, source memory) and metamemory. Working memory, time estimation, psychomotor performance, and subjective effects were assessed repeatedly for 5 hours after drug administration. Ketamine selectively impaired encoding (as measured by free recall) while sparing retrieval, working memory while sparing attention, and digit symbol substitution task speed while sparing accuracy. Ketamine did not significantly impair recognition or source memory, metamemory, or time estimation. There were no hallucinations or increases in mystical experiences with ketamine. Memory measures were less sensitive to ketamine effects than subjective or psychomotor measures. Subjective effects lasted longer than memory and most psychomotor impairments. Ketamine produces selective, transient, dose- and time-related effects. In conjunction with previous studies of drugs with different mechanisms of actions, the observed selectivity of effects enhances the understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying memory, attention, psychomotor performance, and subjective experience.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Lofwall, Michelle R. and Griffiths, Roland R. and Mintzer, Miriam Z.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Double-Blind Method, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Ketamine, Male, Memory, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Middle Aged, Music, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Recognition, Psychology, Time Perception},\n\tpages = {439--449},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. Given the purported role of the NMDA receptor in long-term potentiation, the primary purpose of the present study was to further understand the dose-related effects of ketamine on memory. The study was also designed to provide information about the relative effects of ketamine on memory versus nonmemory effects and to more fully characterize ketamine's overall pattern and time course of effects. Single intramuscular injections of ketamine (0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg) were administered to 18 healthy adult volunteers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Word lists were used to evaluate episodic memory (free recall, recognition memory, source memory) and metamemory. Working memory, time estimation, psychomotor performance, and subjective effects were assessed repeatedly for 5 hours after drug administration. Ketamine selectively impaired encoding (as measured by free recall) while sparing retrieval, working memory while sparing attention, and digit symbol substitution task speed while sparing accuracy. Ketamine did not significantly impair recognition or source memory, metamemory, or time estimation. There were no hallucinations or increases in mystical experiences with ketamine. Memory measures were less sensitive to ketamine effects than subjective or psychomotor measures. Subjective effects lasted longer than memory and most psychomotor impairments. Ketamine produces selective, transient, dose- and time-related effects. In conjunction with previous studies of drugs with different mechanisms of actions, the observed selectivity of effects enhances the understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying memory, attention, psychomotor performance, and subjective experience.\n
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\n  \n 2004\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disclosing conflicts of interest to research subjects: An ethical and legal analysis.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Resnik, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Accountability in Research: Policies and Quality Assurance, 11(2): 141–159. 2004.\n ISBN: 0898-9621\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{resnik_disclosing_2004,\n\ttitle = {Disclosing conflicts of interest to research subjects: {An} ethical and legal analysis},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Accountability in Research: Policies and Quality Assurance},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},\n\tauthor = {Resnik, David},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0898-9621},\n\tpages = {141--159},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Relationship between conflicts of interest and research results.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Friedman, L. S.; and Richter, E. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(1): 51–56. January 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"RelationshipPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{friedman_relationship_2004,\n\ttitle = {Relationship between conflicts of interest and research results},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1525-1497},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30617.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30617.x},\n\tabstract = {CONTEXT: To date, research regarding the influence of conflicts of interest on the presentation of findings by researchers has been limited.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Friedman, Lee S. and Richter, Elihu D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {biomedical ethics, conflict of interest, funding, publication bias, research},\n\tpages = {51--56},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n CONTEXT: To date, research regarding the influence of conflicts of interest on the presentation of findings by researchers has been limited.\n
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\n  \n 2003\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n \n
\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bekelman, J. E.; Li, Y.; and Gross, C. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Jama, 289(4): 454–465. 2003.\n ISBN: 0098-7484\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bekelman_scope_2003,\n\ttitle = {Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {289},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Jama},\n\tpublisher = {American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Bekelman, Justin E. and Li, Yan and Gross, Cary P.},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0098-7484},\n\tpages = {454--465},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lexchin, J.; Bero, L. A.; Djulbegovic, B.; and Clark, O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n BMJ, 326(7400): 1167–1170. May 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PharmaceuticalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{lexchin_pharmaceutical_2003,\n\tchapter = {Paper},\n\ttitle = {Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review},\n\tvolume = {326},\n\tcopyright = {© 2003 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.},\n\tissn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},\n\tshorttitle = {Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality},\n\turl = {https://www.bmj.com/content/326/7400/1167},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167},\n\tabstract = {Objective To investigate whether funding of drug studies by the pharmaceutical industry is associated with outcomes that are favourable to the funder and whether the methods of trials funded by pharmaceutical companies differ from the methods in trials with other sources of support.\nMethods Medline (January 1966 to December 2002) and Embase (January 1980 to December 2002) searches were supplemented with material identified in the references and in the authors' personal files. Data were independently abstracted by three of the authors and disagreements were resolved by consensus.\nResults 30 studies were included. Research funded by drug companies was less likely to be published than research funded by other sources. Studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies were more likely to have outcomes favouring the sponsor than were studies with other sponsors (odds ratio 4.05; 95\\% confidence interval 2.98 to 5.51; 18 comparisons). None of the 13 studies that analysed methods reported that studies funded by industry was of poorer quality.\nConclusion Systematic bias favours products which are made by the company funding the research. Explanations include the selection of an inappropriate comparator to the product being investigated and publication bias.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7400},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {BMJ},\n\tpublisher = {British Medical Journal Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Lexchin, Joel and Bero, Lisa A. and Djulbegovic, Benjamin and Clark, Otavio},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {1167--1170},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Objective To investigate whether funding of drug studies by the pharmaceutical industry is associated with outcomes that are favourable to the funder and whether the methods of trials funded by pharmaceutical companies differ from the methods in trials with other sources of support. Methods Medline (January 1966 to December 2002) and Embase (January 1980 to December 2002) searches were supplemented with material identified in the references and in the authors' personal files. Data were independently abstracted by three of the authors and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results 30 studies were included. Research funded by drug companies was less likely to be published than research funded by other sources. Studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies were more likely to have outcomes favouring the sponsor than were studies with other sponsors (odds ratio 4.05; 95% confidence interval 2.98 to 5.51; 18 comparisons). None of the 13 studies that analysed methods reported that studies funded by industry was of poorer quality. Conclusion Systematic bias favours products which are made by the company funding the research. Explanations include the selection of an inappropriate comparator to the product being investigated and publication bias.\n
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\n\n\n
\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bekelman, J. E.; Li, Y.; and Gross, C. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA, 289(4): 454–465. January 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ScopePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{bekelman_scope_2003,\n\ttitle = {Scope and {Impact} of {Financial} {Conflicts} of {Interest} in {Biomedical} {Research}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {289},\n\tissn = {0098-7484},\n\tshorttitle = {Scope and {Impact} of {Financial} {Conflicts} of {Interest} in {Biomedical} {Research}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.4.454},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.289.4.454},\n\tabstract = {Despite increasing awareness about the potential impact of financial conflicts of interest on biomedical research, no comprehensive synthesis of the body of evidence relating to financial conflicts of interest has been performed.To review original, quantitative studies on the extent, impact, and management of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research.Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (January 1980-October 2002), the Web of Science citation database, references of articles, letters, commentaries, editorials, and books and by contacting experts.All English-language studies containing original, quantitative data on financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions were included. A total of 1664 citations were screened, 144 potentially eligible full articles were retrieved, and 37 studies met our inclusion criteria.One investigator (J.E.B.) extracted data from each of the 37 studies. The main outcomes were the prevalence of specific types of industry relationships, the relation between industry sponsorship and study outcome or investigator behavior, and the process for disclosure, review, and management of financial conflicts of interest.Approximately one fourth of investigators have industry affiliations, and roughly two thirds of academic institutions hold equity in start-ups that sponsor research performed at the same institutions. Eight articles, which together evaluated 1140 original studies, assessed the relation between industry sponsorship and outcome in original research. Aggregating the results of these articles showed a statistically significant association between industry sponsorship and pro-industry conclusions (pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, 3.60; 95\\% confidence interval, 2.63-4.91). Industry sponsorship was also associated with restrictions on publication and data sharing. The approach to managing financial conflicts varied substantially across academic institutions and peer-reviewed journals.Financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions are widespread. Conflicts of interest arising from these ties can influence biomedical research in important ways.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Bekelman, Justin E. and Li, Yan and Gross, Cary P.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {454--465},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Despite increasing awareness about the potential impact of financial conflicts of interest on biomedical research, no comprehensive synthesis of the body of evidence relating to financial conflicts of interest has been performed.To review original, quantitative studies on the extent, impact, and management of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research.Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (January 1980-October 2002), the Web of Science citation database, references of articles, letters, commentaries, editorials, and books and by contacting experts.All English-language studies containing original, quantitative data on financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions were included. A total of 1664 citations were screened, 144 potentially eligible full articles were retrieved, and 37 studies met our inclusion criteria.One investigator (J.E.B.) extracted data from each of the 37 studies. The main outcomes were the prevalence of specific types of industry relationships, the relation between industry sponsorship and study outcome or investigator behavior, and the process for disclosure, review, and management of financial conflicts of interest.Approximately one fourth of investigators have industry affiliations, and roughly two thirds of academic institutions hold equity in start-ups that sponsor research performed at the same institutions. Eight articles, which together evaluated 1140 original studies, assessed the relation between industry sponsorship and outcome in original research. Aggregating the results of these articles showed a statistically significant association between industry sponsorship and pro-industry conclusions (pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, 3.60; 95% confidence interval, 2.63-4.91). Industry sponsorship was also associated with restrictions on publication and data sharing. The approach to managing financial conflicts varied substantially across academic institutions and peer-reviewed journals.Financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions are widespread. Conflicts of interest arising from these ties can influence biomedical research in important ways.\n
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\n  \n 2001\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Riba, J.; Rodríguez-Fornells, A.; Urbano, G.; Morte, A.; Antonijoan, R.; Montero, M.; Callaway, J. C.; and Barbanoj, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychopharmacology, 154(1): 85–95. February 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{riba_subjective_2001,\n\ttitle = {Subjective effects and tolerability of the {South} {American} psychoactive beverage {Ayahuasca} in healthy volunteers},\n\tvolume = {154},\n\tissn = {0033-3158},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s002130000606},\n\tabstract = {RATIONALE: Ayahuasca is a South American psychoactive beverage that contains the naturally occurring psychedelic agent N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). This "tea" has been used for centuries in religious and medicinal contexts in the rain forest areas of South America and is presently gaining the attention of psychedelic users in North America and Europe.\nOBJECTIVES: In the present study, the psychological effects and tolerability of ayvahuasca were assessed.\nMETHODS: Three increasing doses of encapsulated freeze-dried ayahuasca (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg DMT/kg body weight) were administered to six healthy male volunteers with prior experience in the use of this tea, in a single-blind crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial.\nRESULTS: Ayahuasca produced significant dose-dependent increases in five of the six subscales of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale, in the LSD, MBG, and A scales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory, and in the "liking", "good effects" and "high" visual analogue scales. Psychological effects were first noted after 30-60 min, peaked between 60-120 min, and were resolved by 240 min. The tea was well tolerated from a cardiovascular point of view, with a trend toward increase for systolic blood pressure. Modified physical sensations and nausea were the most frequently reported somatic-dysphoric effects. The overall experience was regarded as pleasant and satisfactory by five of the six volunteers, while one volunteer experienced an intensely dysphoric reaction with transient disorientation and anxiety at the medium dose and voluntarily withdrew from the study.\nCONCLUSIONS: Ayahuasca can be described as inducing changes in the perceptual, affective, cognitive, and somatic spheres, with a combination of stimulatory and visual psychoactive effects of longer duration and milder intensity than those previously reported for intravenously administered DMT.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Riba, J. and Rodríguez-Fornells, A. and Urbano, G. and Morte, A. and Antonijoan, R. and Montero, M. and Callaway, J. C. and Barbanoj, M. J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Hallucinogens, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Plant Extracts, Plants, Single-Blind Method, South America},\n\tpages = {85--95},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n RATIONALE: Ayahuasca is a South American psychoactive beverage that contains the naturally occurring psychedelic agent N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). This \"tea\" has been used for centuries in religious and medicinal contexts in the rain forest areas of South America and is presently gaining the attention of psychedelic users in North America and Europe. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, the psychological effects and tolerability of ayvahuasca were assessed. METHODS: Three increasing doses of encapsulated freeze-dried ayahuasca (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg DMT/kg body weight) were administered to six healthy male volunteers with prior experience in the use of this tea, in a single-blind crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial. RESULTS: Ayahuasca produced significant dose-dependent increases in five of the six subscales of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale, in the LSD, MBG, and A scales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory, and in the \"liking\", \"good effects\" and \"high\" visual analogue scales. Psychological effects were first noted after 30-60 min, peaked between 60-120 min, and were resolved by 240 min. The tea was well tolerated from a cardiovascular point of view, with a trend toward increase for systolic blood pressure. Modified physical sensations and nausea were the most frequently reported somatic-dysphoric effects. The overall experience was regarded as pleasant and satisfactory by five of the six volunteers, while one volunteer experienced an intensely dysphoric reaction with transient disorientation and anxiety at the medium dose and voluntarily withdrew from the study. CONCLUSIONS: Ayahuasca can be described as inducing changes in the perceptual, affective, cognitive, and somatic spheres, with a combination of stimulatory and visual psychoactive effects of longer duration and milder intensity than those previously reported for intravenously administered DMT.\n
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\n  \n 1997\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Illusions of reality: a history of deception in social psychology.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korn, J. H.,\n editor.\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n State University of New York Press, Albany, 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{korn_illusions_1997,\n\taddress = {Albany},\n\ttitle = {Illusions of reality: a history of deception in social psychology},\n\tisbn = {978-0-7914-3307-2 978-0-585-09286-7},\n\tshorttitle = {Illusions of reality},\n\tabstract = {Varieties of deception -- The growth of deception -- Social psychology becomes experimental -- Lewin's legacy -- Military deception -- A voice of independence -- Leon Festinger, the seminal theorist -- Stanley Milgram and the illusion of obedience -- The stage production era -- Questions of right and wrong -- Deception in psychology and American culture -- The power of positive illusions},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {State University of New York Press},\n\teditor = {Korn, James H.},\n\tyear = {1997},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Varieties of deception – The growth of deception – Social psychology becomes experimental – Lewin's legacy – Military deception – A voice of independence – Leon Festinger, the seminal theorist – Stanley Milgram and the illusion of obedience – The stage production era – Questions of right and wrong – Deception in psychology and American culture – The power of positive illusions\n
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\n  \n 1993\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding financial conflicts of interest.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thompson, D. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(8): 573–576. August 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{thompson_understanding_1993,\n\ttitle = {Understanding financial conflicts of interest},\n\tvolume = {329},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJM199308193290812},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {The New England Journal of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Thompson, D. F.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {1993},\n\tkeywords = {Conflict of Interest, Economics, Medical, Ethics, Medical, Physicians, Referral and Consultation, Research, United States},\n\tpages = {573--576},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thompson, D. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n New England Journal of Medicine, 329(8): 573–576. August 1993.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"UnderstandingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{thompson_understanding_1993,\n\ttitle = {Understanding {Financial} {Conflicts} of {Interest}},\n\tvolume = {329},\n\tissn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406},\n\turl = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199308193290812},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJM199308193290812},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2026-05-28},\n\tjournal = {New England Journal of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Thompson, Dennis F.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {1993},\n\tpages = {573--576},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 1990\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n High agreement but low kappa: I. The problems of two paradoxes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Feinstein, A. R.; and Cicchetti, D. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of clinical epidemiology, 43(6): 543–549. 1990.\n ISBN: 0895-4356\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{feinstein_high_1990,\n\ttitle = {High agreement but low kappa: {I}. {The} problems of two paradoxes},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of clinical epidemiology},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Feinstein, Alvan R. and Cicchetti, Domenic V.},\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0895-4356},\n\tpages = {543--549},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n  \n 1988\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evolving Ethics in Psychedelic Drug Taking.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Smith, E. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Drug Issues, 18(2): 201–214. April 1988.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EvolvingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{smith_evolving_1988,\n\ttitle = {Evolving {Ethics} in {Psychedelic} {Drug} {Taking}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {0022-0426, 1945-1369},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/002204268801800207},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Drug Issues},\n\tauthor = {Smith, Elvin D.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1988},\n\tpages = {201--214},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.\n
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\n  \n 1976\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n MDA-assisted psychotherapy with neurotic outpatients: a pilot study.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yensen, R.; Di Leo, F. B.; Rhead, J. C.; Richards, W. A.; Soskin, R. A.; Turek, B.; and Kurland, A. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163(4): 233–245. October 1976.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{yensen_mda-assisted_1976,\n\ttitle = {{MDA}-assisted psychotherapy with neurotic outpatients: a pilot study},\n\tvolume = {163},\n\tissn = {0022-3018},\n\tshorttitle = {{MDA}-assisted psychotherapy with neurotic outpatients},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/00005053-197610000-00002},\n\tabstract = {Ten neurotic patients (five males and five females) were treated over a period of 2 to 6 months (mean, 4.1) as outpatients. The study allowed for a maximum of 75 hours of psychotherapy (mean, 51.55 hours). During the course of treatment, two to four (mean, 3.5) administrations of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) were employed as adjunctive aids in an effort to enhance the psychotherapeutic process. The mean duration of the drug sessions was 8 hours (range, 6 to 14 hours). The first administration of MDA took place when, in the therapist's judgment, sufficient rapport had been established with the patient. All patients received an initial dose of 75 mg of MDA; subsequent dosage was allowed to range up to 200 mg. On these occasions, the drug appeared to be well tolerated with no serious side effects or complications observed. Psychometric assessments were obtained pre- and post-treatment, employing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Wittenborn Psychiatric Rating Scales (WPRS), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). In addition, follow-up evaluations were obtained 6 months after the termination of therapy by the use of the MMPI, WPRS, BPRS, and a Social History Questionnaire (SHQ) which had also been administered before treatment was initiated. Clinically, the impression was obtained that psychotherapy and the adjunctive use of MDA appeared to facilitate improvement in these patients. This impression was substantiated by significant reductions in scores on the psychometric assessments measuring depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive traits. The meaures evaluating the sense of well-being and self-actualization also were encouraging. Although some of the patients were not as responsive as others, there were no observations to suggest that the condition of any of these patients had become worse.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease},\n\tauthor = {Yensen, R. and Di Leo, F. B. and Rhead, J. C. and Richards, W. A. and Soskin, R. A. and Turek, B. and Kurland, A. A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {1976},\n\tkeywords = {Adjustment Disorders, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Emotions, Female, Guilt, Humans, Hysteria, Male, Middle Aged, Neurotic Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Brief, Self Concept, Time Factors, Time Perception},\n\tpages = {233--245},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Ten neurotic patients (five males and five females) were treated over a period of 2 to 6 months (mean, 4.1) as outpatients. The study allowed for a maximum of 75 hours of psychotherapy (mean, 51.55 hours). During the course of treatment, two to four (mean, 3.5) administrations of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) were employed as adjunctive aids in an effort to enhance the psychotherapeutic process. The mean duration of the drug sessions was 8 hours (range, 6 to 14 hours). The first administration of MDA took place when, in the therapist's judgment, sufficient rapport had been established with the patient. All patients received an initial dose of 75 mg of MDA; subsequent dosage was allowed to range up to 200 mg. On these occasions, the drug appeared to be well tolerated with no serious side effects or complications observed. Psychometric assessments were obtained pre- and post-treatment, employing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Wittenborn Psychiatric Rating Scales (WPRS), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). In addition, follow-up evaluations were obtained 6 months after the termination of therapy by the use of the MMPI, WPRS, BPRS, and a Social History Questionnaire (SHQ) which had also been administered before treatment was initiated. Clinically, the impression was obtained that psychotherapy and the adjunctive use of MDA appeared to facilitate improvement in these patients. This impression was substantiated by significant reductions in scores on the psychometric assessments measuring depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive traits. The meaures evaluating the sense of well-being and self-actualization also were encouraging. Although some of the patients were not as responsive as others, there were no observations to suggest that the condition of any of these patients had become worse.\n
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\n  \n undefined\n \n \n (17)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Parallel-access compounds: unregulated availability as a consideration in research ethics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Palmer, E.; and Morgan, C\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Medical Ethics: Practical Bioethics.. .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_parallel-access_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Parallel-access compounds: unregulated availability as a consideration in research ethics},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics: Practical Bioethics.},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Palmer, E.R and Morgan, C},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n As psychedelic treatments get leaner, patients' social environments deserve attention.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jacobs, E.; Roullier, I.; Watts, R; and Wells, H\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{jacobs_as_nodate,\n\ttitle = {As psychedelic treatments get leaner, patients' social environments deserve attention},\n\tpublisher = {Canadian Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Roullier, Ian and Watts, R and Wells, H},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The ethical significance of poetic and aesthetic modalities in psychedelic-assisted therapy and research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hoeg, M.; Porsdam Mann, S.; Register, C.; Cheung, K.; Yaden, D. B; and Earp, B. D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{hoeg_ethical_nodate,\n\ttitle = {The ethical significance of poetic and aesthetic modalities in psychedelic-assisted therapy and research},\n\tauthor = {Hoeg, Mette and Porsdam Mann, Sebastian and Register, Christopher and Cheung, Katherine and Yaden, David B and Earp, Brian D},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Psychedelics and Suggestibility: What the Evidence Does and Does Not Show.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nayak, S. M.; Nielsen Dick, M.; Jacobs, E.; Babcock, J.; and Yaden, D. B\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{nayak_psychedelics_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics and {Suggestibility}: {What} the {Evidence} {Does} and {Does} {Not} {Show}},\n\tauthor = {Nayak, Sandeep M. and Nielsen Dick, Matthew and Jacobs, Edward and Babcock, Jake and Yaden, David B},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villiger, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 36(8): 869–878. .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"PersonalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{villiger_personal_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0954-0261},\n\tshorttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11854054/},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\n\tabstract = {Personal psychedelic experience is common among psychedelic therapists and often considered to be a necessary aspect of training: only personal psychedelic experience allows psychedelic therapists to properly guide patients through their own psychedelic experience, to truly understand that experience, and to help them integrate it into their lives. But is this really true? The present paper examines the value of therapists’ personal psychedelic experience, why this value may be higher than that of personal experience with other psychotropic drugs, and whether it justifies a requirement of personal psychedelic experience for psychedelic therapists. The analysis, which also considers the literature on therapists’ personal experience with the mental disorder being treated or with psychotherapy, concludes that the current evidence does not justify making personal psychedelic(-like) experience a requirement for psychedelic therapists. However, because therapists’ personal psychedelic experience can be valuable to both therapists and patients, and because the likelihood of harm is very low, psychedelic therapists should be given the opportunity to have a psychedelic experience during their training.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2026-07-15},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tpages = {869--878},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
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\n Personal psychedelic experience is common among psychedelic therapists and often considered to be a necessary aspect of training: only personal psychedelic experience allows psychedelic therapists to properly guide patients through their own psychedelic experience, to truly understand that experience, and to help them integrate it into their lives. But is this really true? The present paper examines the value of therapists’ personal psychedelic experience, why this value may be higher than that of personal experience with other psychotropic drugs, and whether it justifies a requirement of personal psychedelic experience for psychedelic therapists. The analysis, which also considers the literature on therapists’ personal experience with the mental disorder being treated or with psychotherapy, concludes that the current evidence does not justify making personal psychedelic(-like) experience a requirement for psychedelic therapists. However, because therapists’ personal psychedelic experience can be valuable to both therapists and patients, and because the likelihood of harm is very low, psychedelic therapists should be given the opportunity to have a psychedelic experience during their training.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Social-spatial conflations: The modulation of mind perception in Psychedelic, Religious, Spiritual, and Mystical (PRSM) Experiences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Graziosi, M.; Nayak, S.; Singh, M.; and Yaden, D. B\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In The Oxford Handbook of Psychedelic, Religious, Spiritual, and Mystical Experiences. Online Edition edition, .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{graziosi_social-spatial_nodate,\n\tedition = {Online Edition},\n\ttitle = {Social-spatial conflations: {The} modulation of mind perception in {Psychedelic}, {Religious}, {Spiritual}, and {Mystical} ({PRSM}) {Experiences}.},\n\tbooktitle = {The {Oxford} {Handbook} of {Psychedelic}, {Religious}, {Spiritual}, and {Mystical} {Experiences}},\n\tauthor = {Graziosi, Marianna and Nayak, Sandeep and Singh, Manvir and Yaden, David B},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Author Responsibilities—Disclosure of Financial and Non-Financial Relationships and Activities, and Conflicts of Interest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ICMJE\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AuthorPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@misc{icmje_author_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Author {Responsibilities}—{Disclosure} of {Financial} and {Non}-{Financial} {Relationships} and {Activities}, and {Conflicts} of {Interest}},\n\turl = {https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/author-responsibilities--conflicts-of-interest.html},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n\tauthor = {ICMJE},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Competing interests \\textbar Nature.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CompetingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@misc{noauthor_competing_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Competing interests {\\textbar} {Nature}},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/nature/editorial-policies/competing-interests},\n\turldate = {2026-05-27},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An Overview of Legal Issues and Regulations Affecting CBD Based Franchise Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Conwell, A.; and Fichter, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Franchise Law Journal, 41: 543–571. .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"AnPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{conwell_overview_nodate,\n\ttitle = {An  {Overview}  of  {Legal}  {Issues}   and  {Regulations}  {Affecting}   {CBD} {Based}  {Franchise}  {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\turl = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/fchlj41&i=577},\n\tjournal = {Franchise Law Journal},\n\tauthor = {Conwell, Aly and Fichter, Caroline},\n\tpages = {543--571},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Data Dashboard.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Services, O. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"DataPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{oregon_psilocybin_services_data_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Data {Dashboard}},\n\turl = {https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/PREVENTIONWELLNESS/Pages/Psilocybin-Data-Dashboard.aspx},\n\turldate = {2026-05-17},\n\tauthor = {Oregon Psilocybin Services},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Guruism and Cultic Social Dynamics in Psychedelic Practices and Organisations.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Evans, J.; and Adams, J. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In pages 1–17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"GuruismPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{evans_guruism_nodate,\n\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\n\ttitle = {Guruism and {Cultic} {Social} {Dynamics} in {Psychedelic} {Practices} and {Organisations}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_535},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/7854_2024_535},\n\tabstract = {This chapter explores the risks of guruism and cultic social dynamics in organisations that work with psychedelic drugs, which include therapist offices, clinics, research departments, retreat centres, training programmes, NGOs, underground ceremonies and new religious movements. It has been hypothesised, and argued by experienced practitioners, that psychedelics can increase suggestibility, amplify transference and facilitate an intense form of projective mechanisms in the recipients. They may thereby lead to ego-inflation and feelings of grandiosity and omnipotence in those giving the drugs and intensify cultic social dynamics in psychedelic communities – all of which can create conditions that make cases of harm and misconduct more likely to occur and go unreported. This chapter briefly introduces the terms ‘guruism’ and ‘cultic social dynamics’ and how these dynamics can lead to harm and abuse and then discusses how psychedelic drugs might amplify these processes, before outlining possible safeguards.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-10-08},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Evans, Jules and Adams, Joseph Holcomb},\n\tkeywords = {Cults, Ethics, Guruism, Psychedelic, Suggestibility},\n\tpages = {1--17},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n This chapter explores the risks of guruism and cultic social dynamics in organisations that work with psychedelic drugs, which include therapist offices, clinics, research departments, retreat centres, training programmes, NGOs, underground ceremonies and new religious movements. It has been hypothesised, and argued by experienced practitioners, that psychedelics can increase suggestibility, amplify transference and facilitate an intense form of projective mechanisms in the recipients. They may thereby lead to ego-inflation and feelings of grandiosity and omnipotence in those giving the drugs and intensify cultic social dynamics in psychedelic communities – all of which can create conditions that make cases of harm and misconduct more likely to occur and go unreported. This chapter briefly introduces the terms ‘guruism’ and ‘cultic social dynamics’ and how these dynamics can lead to harm and abuse and then discusses how psychedelic drugs might amplify these processes, before outlining possible safeguards.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n High Hopes: Legal and Ethical Issues with Post-Trial Access to Psychedelic Drugs.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Terris, C.; and Tumilty, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Health Care Law & Policy. .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"HighPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{terris_high_nodate,\n\ttitle = {High {Hopes}: {Legal} and {Ethical} {Issues} with {Post}-{Trial} {Access} to {Psychedelic} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/hclwpo28&i=1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-08},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Health Care Law \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Terris, Callie and Tumilty, Emily},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ethical Aspects of Psychedelic-Assisted Treatments: An Overview.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Poppe, C.; and Repantis, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In pages 1–16. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, .\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EthicalPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@incollection{poppe_ethical_nodate,\n\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}: {An} {Overview}},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/7854_2024_533},\n\tabstract = {In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-11-12},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Repantis, Dimitris},\n\tpages = {1--16},\n}\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mail - Katherine Cheung - Outlook.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"MailPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_mail_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Mail - {Katherine} {Cheung} - {Outlook}},\n\turl = {https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D},\n\turldate = {2025-01-16},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Full article: Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FullPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_full_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Full article: {Ethical} {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract},\n\turldate = {2024-12-20},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Problem Set 1.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"ProblemPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{noauthor_problem_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Problem {Set} 1},\n\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook},\n\tlanguage = {en-GB},\n\turldate = {2024-09-03},\n\tjournal = {Google Docs},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n From Acid Revolution to Entheogenic Evolution: Psychedelic Philosophy in the Sixties and Beyond - ProQuest.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FromPaper\n  \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@misc{noauthor_acid_nodate,\n\ttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}: {Psychedelic} {Philosophy} in the {Sixties} and {Beyond} - {ProQuest}},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}},\n\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587},\n\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\n\tlanguage = {fr},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\n
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