var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://bibbase.org/zotero/kc5251\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Cham\",\"title\":\"Humbug, the Council of Pharmacy and Chemistry, and the Origin of “The Blind Test” of Therapeutic Efficacy\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-030-29179-2\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17\",\"abstract\":\"This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-21\",\"booktitle\":\"Uncertainty in Pharmacology: Epistemology, Methods, and Decisions\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International Publishing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bennett\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaCaze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osimani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17\",\"pages\":\"397–416\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{holman_humbug_2020,\\n\\taddress = {Cham},\\n\\ttitle = {Humbug, the {Council} of {Pharmacy} and {Chemistry}, and the {Origin} of “{The} {Blind} {Test}” of {Therapeutic} {Efficacy}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-030-29179-2},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-21},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Uncertainty in {Pharmacology}: {Epistemology}, {Methods}, and {Decisions}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n\\tauthor = {Holman, Bennett},\\n\\teditor = {LaCaze, Adam and Osimani, Barbara},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},\\n\\tpages = {397--416},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Holman, B.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"LaCaze, A.\",\"Osimani, B.\"],\"key\":\"holman_humbug_2020\",\"id\":\"holman_humbug_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psilocybine services in Oregon: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists\",\"volume\":\"61\",\"issn\":\"1556-3650, 1556-9519\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psilocybine services in Oregon\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"Clinical Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudakin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"143–145\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sudakin_psilocybine_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists},\\n\\tvolume = {61},\\n\\tissn = {1556-3650, 1556-9519},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Clinical Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sudakin, Daniel L.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {143--145},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sudakin, D. L.\"],\"key\":\"sudakin_psilocybine_2023\",\"id\":\"sudakin_psilocybine_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The varieties of psychedelic law\",\"volume\":\"226\",\"issn\":\"00283908\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"109399\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marks_varieties_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {The varieties of psychedelic law},\\n\\tvolume = {226},\\n\\tissn = {00283908},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {109399},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marks, M.\"],\"key\":\"marks_varieties_2023\",\"id\":\"marks_varieties_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1078-8956, 1546-170X\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"Nature Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Appelbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"17–18\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_safety_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {The safety of supported psilocybin use in {Oregon}},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1078-8956, 1546-170X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic A. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {17--18},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, W. R.\",\"Sisti, D. A.\",\"Appelbaum, P. S.\"],\"key\":\"smith_safety_2024\",\"id\":\"smith_safety_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"copyright\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\",\"issn\":\"2072-6694\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/cancers16091702\",\"abstract\":\"Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"Cancers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bellman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Val\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1702\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bellman_review_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Review of {Psilocybin} {Use} for {Depression} among {Cancer} {Patients} after {Approval} in {Oregon}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tcopyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\\n\\tissn = {2072-6694},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/cancers16091702},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Cancers},\\n\\tauthor = {Bellman, Val},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1702},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bellman, V.\"],\"key\":\"bellman_review_2024\",\"id\":\"bellman_review_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: An e-Delphi study\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0269-8811, 1461-7285\",\"shorttitle\":\"Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services\",\"url\":\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/02698811241257839\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. Aims: To develop core measures of best practices. Methods: A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. Results: Experts ( n = 36; 53% female; 71% white; 56% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. Conclusion: Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philip\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson-Poe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrianne\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luoma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bazinet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pertl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morgan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bielavitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Myers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renae\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"Cameron\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dennis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stauffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"761–768\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{korthuis_developing_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: {An} e-{Delphi} study},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811241257839},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: \\n              Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. \\n             \\n             \\n              Aims: \\n              To develop core measures of best practices. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods: \\n              A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results: \\n              Experts ( n = 36; 53\\\\% female; 71\\\\% white; 56\\\\% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64\\\\%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67\\\\%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36\\\\%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusion: \\n              Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Korthuis, Philip Todd and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Luoma, Jason B. and Bazinet, Alissa and Pertl, Kellie and Morgan, David L. and Cook, Ryan R. and Bielavitz, Sarann and Myers, Renae and Wolf, Robert Cameron and McCarty, Dennis and Stauffer, Christopher S.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {761--768},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Wilson-Poe, A. R.\",\"Luoma, J. B.\",\"Bazinet, A.\",\"Pertl, K.\",\"Morgan, D. L.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Bielavitz, S.\",\"Myers, R.\",\"Wolf, R. C.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Stauffer, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"korthuis_developing_2024\",\"id\":\"korthuis_developing_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring?\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruce\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lori\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"59–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruce, Lori},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {59--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruce, L.\"],\"key\":\"bruce_psychedelics_2025\",\"id\":\"bruce_psychedelics_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"2168-622X\",\"url\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101\",\"abstract\":\"Importance Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. Objective To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. Evidence Review Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, psilocybin , MDMA , peyote , mescaline , ibogaine , LSD , ayahuasca , and DMT ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. Findings Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. Conclusions and Relevance Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siegel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joshua\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daily\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Demetrius\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nicol\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ginger\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"77\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{siegel_psychedelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Drug} {Legislative} {Reform} and {Legalization} in the {US}},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {2168-622X},\\n\\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101},\\n\\tabstract = {Importance \\n              Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. \\n             \\n             \\n              Objective \\n              To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. \\n             \\n             \\n              Evidence Review \\n               \\n                Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, \\n                psilocybin \\n                , \\n                MDMA \\n                , \\n                peyote \\n                , \\n                mescaline \\n                , \\n                ibogaine \\n                , \\n                LSD \\n                , \\n                ayahuasca \\n                , and \\n                DMT \\n                ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. \\n               \\n             \\n             \\n              Findings \\n              Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90\\\\%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36\\\\%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58\\\\%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23\\\\%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35\\\\%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions and Relevance \\n              Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Siegel, Joshua S. and Daily, James E. and Perry, Demetrius A. and Nicol, Ginger E.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {77},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Siegel, J. S.\",\"Daily, J. E.\",\"Perry, D. A.\",\"Nicol, G. E.\"],\"key\":\"siegel_psychedelic_2023\",\"id\":\"siegel_psychedelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Two Models of Legalization of Psychedelic Substances: Reasons for Concern\",\"volume\":\"326\",\"issn\":\"0098-7484\",\"shorttitle\":\"Two Models of Legalization of Psychedelic Substances\",\"url\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jama.2021.12481\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"JAMA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Appelbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"697\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_two_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}: {Reasons} for {Concern}},\\n\\tvolume = {326},\\n\\tissn = {0098-7484},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}},\\n\\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2021.12481},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {697},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, W. R.\",\"Appelbaum, P. S.\"],\"key\":\"smith_two_2021\",\"id\":\"smith_two_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"State-Regulated Psychedelics on a Collision Course With FDA\",\"volume\":\"330\",\"issn\":\"0098-7484\",\"url\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jama.2023.24762\",\"abstract\":\"This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"24\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"JAMA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"2337\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marks_state-regulated_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {State-{Regulated} {Psychedelics} on a {Collision} {Course} {With} {FDA}},\\n\\tvolume = {330},\\n\\tissn = {0098-7484},\\n\\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2023.24762},\\n\\tabstract = {This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA},\\n\\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {2337},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marks, M.\"],\"key\":\"marks_state-regulated_2023\",\"id\":\"marks_state-regulated_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Findley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trevor\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"101–103\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Findley, Trevor},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {101--103},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Findley, T.\"],\"key\":\"findley_psychedelic_2025\",\"id\":\"findley_psychedelic_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs\",\"issn\":\"0279-1072, 2159-9777\",\"shorttitle\":\"Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luoma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson-Poe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrianne\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ximena\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bazinet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dennis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pertl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bielavitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gregoire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Devin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"Cameron\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Des\",\"Jarlais\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Don\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Harland\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stauffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"1–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{luoma_oregons_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}: {A} {Survey} of the {First} {Legal} {Psilocybin} {Facilitators} and {Their} {Training} {Programs}},\\n\\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\\n\\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Levander, Ximena A. and Bazinet, Alissa and Cook, Ryan R. and McCarty, Dennis and Pertl, Kellie and Bielavitz, Sarann and Gregoire, Devin and Wolf, R. Cameron and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Harrison, Harland V. and Stauffer, Christopher S. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {1--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luoma, J. B.\",\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Wilson-Poe, A. R.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Bazinet, A.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Pertl, K.\",\"Bielavitz, S.\",\"Gregoire, D.\",\"Wolf, R. C.\",\"Des Jarlais, D. C.\",\"Harrison, H. V.\",\"Stauffer, C. S.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"luoma_oregons_2025\",\"id\":\"luoma_oregons_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developing an Ethics and Policy Framework for Psychedelic Clinical Care: A Consensus Statement\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"2574-3805\",\"shorttitle\":\"Developing an Ethics and Policy Framework for Psychedelic Clinical Care\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\",\"abstract\":\"As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-04\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Network Open\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGuire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cohen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baggott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Celidwen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gracias\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabrina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grob\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ifetayo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kious\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mithoefer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nielson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Öngür\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dost\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pallas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eduardo\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Summergrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brett\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monnica\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"e2414650\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcguire_developing_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}: {A} {Consensus} {Statement}},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {2574-3805},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},\\n\\tabstract = {As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-04},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\\n\\tauthor = {McGuire, Amy L. and Cohen, I. Glenn and Sisti, Dominic and Baggott, Matthew and Celidwen, Yuria and Devenot, Neşe and Gracias, Sabrina and Grob, Charles and Harvey, Ifetayo and Kious, Brent and Marks, Mason and Mithoefer, Michael and Nielson, Elizabeth and Öngür, Dost and Pallas, Alexandra and Peterson, Andrew and Schenberg, Eduardo E. and Summergrad, Paul and Waters, Brett and Williams, Monnica T. and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {e2414650},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McGuire, A. L.\",\"Cohen, I. G.\",\"Sisti, D.\",\"Baggott, M.\",\"Celidwen, Y.\",\"Devenot, N.\",\"Gracias, S.\",\"Grob, C.\",\"Harvey, I.\",\"Kious, B.\",\"Marks, M.\",\"Mithoefer, M.\",\"Nielson, E.\",\"Öngür, D.\",\"Pallas, A.\",\"Peterson, A.\",\"Schenberg, E. E.\",\"Summergrad, P.\",\"Waters, B.\",\"Williams, M. T.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"mcguire_developing_2024\",\"id\":\"mcguire_developing_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distinctive But Not Exceptional: The Risks of Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Distinctive But Not Exceptional\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"Ethics, exceptionalism, informed consent, psychedelics, psychotherapy\",\"pages\":\"16–28\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cheung_distinctive_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}: {The} {Risks} of {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ethics, exceptionalism, informed consent, psychedelics, psychotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {16--28},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cheung, K.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Patch, K.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"cheung_distinctive_2025\",\"id\":\"cheung_distinctive_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ethics\",\"exceptionalism\",\"informed consent\",\"psychedelics\",\"psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Equipoise and Personal Experience: Maintaining Objectivity in Psychedelic Research\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Equipoise and Personal Experience\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeBonis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dunn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Walter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strouse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"74–76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{debonis_equipoise_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}: {Maintaining} {Objectivity} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {DeBonis, Katrina and Dunn, Walter and Strouse, Thomas},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {74--76},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"DeBonis, K.\",\"Dunn, W.\",\"Strouse, T.\"],\"key\":\"debonis_equipoise_2025\",\"id\":\"debonis_equipoise_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Berlin, Heidelberg\",\"title\":\"Ethical Aspects of Psychedelic-Assisted Treatments: An Overview\",\"shorttitle\":\"Ethical Aspects of Psychedelic-Assisted Treatments\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533\",\"abstract\":\"In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-11-12\",\"publisher\":\"Springer\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Poppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Repantis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dimitris\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"doi\":\"10.1007/7854_2024_533\",\"pages\":\"1–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{poppe_ethical_nodate,\\n\\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}: {An} {Overview}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533},\\n\\tabstract = {In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-11-12},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer},\\n\\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Repantis, Dimitris},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/7854_2024_533},\\n\\tpages = {1--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Poppe, C.\",\"Repantis, D.\"],\"key\":\"poppe_ethical_nodate\",\"id\":\"poppe_ethical_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings\",\"copyright\":\"© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.\",\"issn\":\"0306-6800, 1473-4257\",\"url\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/jme-2023-108943\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Medical Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nissan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Howe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edmund\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pmid\":\"37253556\",\"keywords\":\"Ethics, Military Personnel, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoener_ethical_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings},\\n\\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\\n\\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\\n\\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2023-108943},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoener, Scott and Wolfgang, Aaron and Nissan, David and Howe, Edmund},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpmid = {37253556},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ethics, Military Personnel, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoener, S.\",\"Wolfgang, A.\",\"Nissan, D.\",\"Howe, E.\"],\"key\":\"hoener_ethical_2023\",\"id\":\"hoener_ethical_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ethics\",\"Military Personnel\",\"Psychiatry\",\"Psychopharmacology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"null\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470\",\"doi\":\"10.2147/JPR.S491470\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Pain Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Robinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slitzky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schatman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"Jason\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lehman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaynar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ata\",\"Murat\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shivanekar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharvari\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emerick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trent\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Dove Medical Press _eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470\",\"keywords\":\"chronic pain, drug enforcement administration, ethics, psychedelics, research\",\"pages\":\"4357–4364\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{robinson_ethical_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {null},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2147/JPR.S491470},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Pain Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Robinson, Christopher L and Slitzky, Matthew and Schatman, Michael E and Yong, R Jason and Lehman, April D and Kaynar, Ata Murat and Shivanekar, Sharvari P and Emerick, Trent},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Dove Medical Press\\n\\\\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470},\\n\\tkeywords = {chronic pain, drug enforcement administration, ethics, psychedelics, research},\\n\\tpages = {4357--4364},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Robinson, C. L\",\"Slitzky, M.\",\"Schatman, M. E\",\"Yong, R J.\",\"Lehman, A. D\",\"Kaynar, A. M.\",\"Shivanekar, S. P\",\"Emerick, T.\"],\"key\":\"robinson_ethical_2024\",\"id\":\"robinson_ethical_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470\"},\"keyword\":[\"chronic pain\",\"drug enforcement administration\",\"ethics\",\"psychedelics\",\"research\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Wolves Among Sheep: Sexual Violations in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Wolves Among Sheep\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tahlia\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Faber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sonya\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manzar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fontaine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthieu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monnica\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"Professional-patient relationship, informed consent, mental illness, professional ethics, research ethics\",\"pages\":\"40–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrison_wolves_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}: {Sexual} {Violations} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R. and Faber, Sonya C. and Zare, Manzar and Fontaine, Matthieu and Williams, Monnica T.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {Professional-patient relationship, informed consent, mental illness, professional ethics, research ethics},\\n\\tpages = {40--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrison, T. R.\",\"Faber, S. C.\",\"Zare, M.\",\"Fontaine, M.\",\"Williams, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"harrison_wolves_2025\",\"id\":\"harrison_wolves_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\"},\"keyword\":[\"Professional-patient relationship\",\"informed consent\",\"mental illness\",\"professional ethics\",\"research ethics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the REBUS hypothesis\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"copyright\":\"© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.\",\"issn\":\"0306-6800, 1473-4257\",\"shorttitle\":\"With great power comes great vulnerability\",\"url\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/jme-2022-108816\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Medical Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trachsel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pmid\":\"37045591\",\"keywords\":\"ethics, informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy\",\"pages\":\"826–832\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villiger_great_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the {REBUS} hypothesis},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\\n\\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\\n\\tshorttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability},\\n\\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2022-108816},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel and Trachsel, Manuel},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpmid = {37045591},\\n\\tkeywords = {ethics, informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {826--832},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villiger, D.\",\"Trachsel, M.\"],\"key\":\"villiger_great_2023\",\"id\":\"villiger_great_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826\"},\"keyword\":[\"ethics\",\"informed consent\",\"psychiatry\",\"psychopharmacology\",\"psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1874-5504\",\"shorttitle\":\"When the Trial Ends\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\",\"abstract\":\"The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Neuroethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murphy-Beiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ashleigh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rouiller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spriggs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meg\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Clinical trials, Post-trial access, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Research ethics\",\"pages\":\"3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jacobs_when_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}: {The} {Case} for {Post}-{Trial} {Provisions} in {Clinical} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1874-5504},\\n\\tshorttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\\n\\tabstract = {The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Rouiller, Ian and Nutt, David and Spriggs, Meg J.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Clinical trials, Post-trial access, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Research ethics},\\n\\tpages = {3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jacobs, E.\",\"Murphy-Beiner, A.\",\"Rouiller, I.\",\"Nutt, D.\",\"Spriggs, M. J.\"],\"key\":\"jacobs_when_2023\",\"id\":\"jacobs_when_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\"},\"keyword\":[\"Clinical trials\",\"Post-trial access\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic\",\"Research ethics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"What good are psychedelic humanities?\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933\",\"abstract\":\"The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Langlitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicolas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{langlitz_what_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {What good are psychedelic humanities?},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933},\\n\\tabstract = {The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Langlitz, Nicolas},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Langlitz, N.\"],\"key\":\"langlitz_what_2023\",\"id\":\"langlitz_what_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"langlitz-whatgoodarepsychedelichumanities-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The role of expectations in transformative experiences\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0951-5089, 1465-394X\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-25\",\"journal\":\"Philosophical Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1091–1114\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villiger_role_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {The role of expectations in transformative experiences},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1091--1114},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villiger, D.\"],\"key\":\"villiger_role_2024\",\"id\":\"villiger_role_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Supportive Touch in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neitzke-Spruill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Logan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Averill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynnette\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGuire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"Psychiatry/Psychology, professional ethics, research ethics\",\"pages\":\"29–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Supportive {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {Psychiatry/Psychology, professional ethics, research ethics},\\n\\tpages = {29--39},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Neitzke-Spruill, L.\",\"Beit, C.\",\"Averill, L. A.\",\"McGuire, A. L.\"],\"key\":\"neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025\",\"id\":\"neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\"},\"keyword\":[\"Psychiatry/Psychology\",\"professional ethics\",\"research ethics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Pain Gap: Epistemic Justice in Psychedelic Ethics\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"The Pain Gap\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kempner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schindler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emmanuelle\",\"A.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"3–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kempner_pain_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}: {Epistemic} {Justice} in {Psychedelic} {Ethics}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Kempner, Joanna and Schindler, Emmanuelle A. D.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {3--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kempner, J.\",\"Schindler, E. A. D.\"],\"key\":\"kempner_pain_2025\",\"id\":\"kempner_pain_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Right-Wing Psychedelia: Case Studies in Cultural Plasticity and Political Pluripotency\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"shorttitle\":\"Right-Wing Psychedelia\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185\",\"abstract\":\"Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person's fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pace_right-wing_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}: {Case} {Studies} in {Cultural} {Plasticity} and {Political} {Pluripotency}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person's fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pace, B. A.\",\"Devenot, N.\"],\"key\":\"pace_right-wing_2021\",\"id\":\"pace_right-wing_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pace-devenot-rightwingpsychedeliacasestudiesinculturalplasticityandpoliticalpluripotency-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Relationality and Ethics in MDMA-Assisted Therapy\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beachy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jamie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Willa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chantelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingmar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"C.\",\"O’Donnell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kelley\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"67–71\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{beachy_relationality_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Relationality and {Ethics} in {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Beachy, Jamie and Hall, Willa and Thomas, Chantelle and Gorman, Ingmar and C. O’Donnell, Kelley},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {67--71},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Beachy, J.\",\"Hall, W.\",\"Thomas, C.\",\"Gorman, I.\",\"C. O’Donnell, K.\"],\"key\":\"beachy_relationality_2025\",\"id\":\"beachy_relationality_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: What Can be Learned from a Historical Analysis of General Anesthesia and Surgery?\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics and Psychotherapy\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stauffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"Scott\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"56–58\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stauffer_psychedelics_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}: {What} {Can} be {Learned} from a {Historical} {Analysis} of {General} {Anesthesia} and {Surgery}?},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Stauffer, Christopher Scott},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {56--58},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stauffer, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"stauffer_psychedelics_2025\",\"id\":\"stauffer_psychedelics_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring?\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruce\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lori\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"59–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruce, Lori},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {59--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruce, L.\"],\"key\":\"bruce_psychedelics_2025-1\",\"id\":\"bruce_psychedelics_2025-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Medicine Exceptionalism\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cohen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"FDA, MDMA, Psychedelics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychotherapy\",\"pages\":\"6–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cohen_psychedelic_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Medicine} {Exceptionalism}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Cohen, I. Glenn and Marks, Mason},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {FDA, MDMA, Psychedelics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {6--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cohen, I. G.\",\"Marks, M.\"],\"key\":\"cohen_psychedelic_2025\",\"id\":\"cohen_psychedelic_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398\"},\"keyword\":[\"FDA\",\"MDMA\",\"Psychedelics\",\"informed consent\",\"psilocybin\",\"psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism, Indigeneity, and the War on Drugs: Antiracism and Decolonizing Psychedelic Plant Medicine\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism, Indigeneity, and the War on Drugs\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaughan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Skylar\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"James\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"71–73\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gaughan_psychedelic_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}: {Antiracism} and {Decolonizing} {Psychedelic} {Plant} {Medicine}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Gaughan, Skylar J. and James, Jennifer E.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {71--73},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gaughan, S. J.\",\"James, J. E.\"],\"key\":\"gaughan_psychedelic_2025\",\"id\":\"gaughan_psychedelic_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Ethics Beside Institutions\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blevins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\",\"River\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"65–67\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blevins_psychedelic_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} {Beside} {Institutions}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Blevins, Kai River},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {65--67},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blevins, K. R.\"],\"key\":\"blevins_psychedelic_2025\",\"id\":\"blevins_psychedelic_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?\",\"issn\":\"0954-0261, 1369-1627\",\"shorttitle\":\"Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-25\",\"journal\":\"International Review of Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villiger_personal_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?},\\n\\tissn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-25},\\n\\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villiger, D.\"],\"key\":\"villiger_personal_2024\",\"id\":\"villiger_personal_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Cham\",\"title\":\"On the Edges: The Ethics of Human Studies with Psychedelic Substances\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-031-14339-7\",\"shorttitle\":\"On the Edges\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9\",\"abstract\":\"Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"booktitle\":\"Ethics and Clinical Neuroinnovation: Fundamentals, Stakeholders, Case Studies, and Emerging Issues\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International Publishing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"da\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabrina\",\"Correa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sofuoglu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehmet\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"Weiss\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9\",\"keywords\":\"Ethics, Hallucinogens, Human research, LSD, MDMA, Methodology, Novel psychoactive agents, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychedelics, Regulatory constraints\",\"pages\":\"153–171\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{da_costa_edges_2023,\\n\\taddress = {Cham},\\n\\ttitle = {On the {Edges}: {The} {Ethics} of {Human} {Studies} with {Psychedelic} {Substances}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-031-14339-7},\\n\\tshorttitle = {On the {Edges}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},\\n\\tabstract = {Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Ethics and {Clinical} {Neuroinnovation}: {Fundamentals}, {Stakeholders}, {Case} {Studies}, and {Emerging} {Issues}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n\\tauthor = {da Costa, Sabrina Correa and Sofuoglu, Mehmet},\\n\\teditor = {Roberts, Laura Weiss},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ethics, Hallucinogens, Human research, LSD, MDMA, Methodology, Novel psychoactive agents, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychedelics, Regulatory constraints},\\n\\tpages = {153--171},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"da Costa, S. C.\",\"Sofuoglu, M.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Roberts, L. W.\"],\"key\":\"da_costa_edges_2023\",\"id\":\"da_costa_edges_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ethics\",\"Hallucinogens\",\"Human research\",\"LSD\",\"MDMA\",\"Methodology\",\"Novel psychoactive agents\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"Psychedelics\",\"Regulatory constraints\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Measuring and Understanding the Meaning of Exceptionalism to Bolster Ethics Oversight of Psychedelics Research\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheinerman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naomi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Erickson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"87–89\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{scheinerman_measuring_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Measuring and {Understanding} the {Meaning} of {Exceptionalism} to {Bolster} {Ethics} {Oversight} of {Psychedelics} {Research}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Scheinerman, Naomi and Erickson, Claire},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {87--89},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Scheinerman, N.\",\"Erickson, C.\"],\"key\":\"scheinerman_measuring_2025\",\"id\":\"scheinerman_measuring_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is There a Right to Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy?\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopeikin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zak\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"80–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kopeikin_is_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Is {There} a {Right} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}?},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Kopeikin, Zak A.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {80--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kopeikin, Z. A.\"],\"key\":\"kopeikin_is_2025\",\"id\":\"kopeikin_is_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Managing the Hope and Hype of Psychedelics\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keisha\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"1–2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ray_managing_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Managing the {Hope} and {Hype} of {Psychedelics}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Ray, Keisha},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {1--2},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ray, K.\"],\"key\":\"ray_managing_2025\",\"id\":\"ray_managing_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Focused Bodywork as Facilitated Communication: Cautionary Perspectives on Touch in Psychedelic Therapy\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Focused Bodywork as Facilitated Communication\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"61–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{devenot_focused_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}: {Cautionary} {Perspectives} on {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {61--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Devenot, N.\"],\"key\":\"devenot_focused_2025\",\"id\":\"devenot_focused_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer\",\"issn\":\"0963-1801\",\"url\":\"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9\",\"abstract\":\"Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.\",\"language\":\"English\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-30\",\"journal\":\"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villiger_how_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer},\\n\\tissn = {0963-1801},\\n\\turl = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9},\\n\\tabstract = {Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.},\\n\\tlanguage = {English},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Villiger, D.},\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villiger, D.\"],\"key\":\"villiger_how_2024\",\"id\":\"villiger_how_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villiger-howtomakepsychedelicassistedtherapysafer-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Experiential Training in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy: A Risk‐Benefit Analysis\",\"volume\":\"54\",\"issn\":\"0093-0334, 1552-146X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Experiential Training in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/hast.1602\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies .\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-14\",\"journal\":\"Hastings Center Report\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Crystal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hapke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yarissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abbey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"32–46\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rosenbaum_experiential_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}: {A} {Risk}‐{Benefit} {Analysis}},\\n\\tvolume = {54},\\n\\tissn = {0093-0334, 1552-146X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/hast.1602},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n             \\n              Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies \\n              .},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-14},\\n\\tjournal = {Hastings Center Report},\\n\\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Hare, Crystal and Hapke, Emma and Herman, Yarissa and Abbey, Susan E. and Sisti, Dominic and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {32--46},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rosenbaum, D.\",\"Hare, C.\",\"Hapke, E.\",\"Herman, Y.\",\"Abbey, S. E.\",\"Sisti, D.\",\"Buchman, D. Z.\"],\"key\":\"rosenbaum_experiential_2024\",\"id\":\"rosenbaum_experiential_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethics Without Borders: Modernizing Care Beyond Traditional Clinical Approaches\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Ethics Without Borders\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gehani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"77–80\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gehani_ethics_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}: {Modernizing} {Care} {Beyond} {Traditional} {Clinical} {Approaches}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Gehani, Neil},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {77--80},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gehani, N.\"],\"key\":\"gehani_ethics_2025\",\"id\":\"gehani_ethics_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"[Ethics in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy]\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1660-9379\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508\",\"doi\":\"10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508\",\"abstract\":\"This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.\",\"language\":\"fre\",\"number\":\"838\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Revue medicale suisse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thorens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gabriel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Penzenstadler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Louise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seragnoli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Federico\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rothen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stéphane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qusaj\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Visar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zullino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniele\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pmid\":\"37610195\",\"pages\":\"1508–1512\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thorens_ethics_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {[{Ethics} in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy]},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1660-9379},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508},\\n\\tdoi = {10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508},\\n\\tabstract = {This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.},\\n\\tlanguage = {fre},\\n\\tnumber = {838},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Revue medicale suisse},\\n\\tauthor = {Thorens, Gabriel and Penzenstadler, Louise and Seragnoli, Federico and Rothen, Stéphane and Qusaj, Visar and Zullino, Daniele},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpmid = {37610195},\\n\\tpages = {1508--1512},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thorens, G.\",\"Penzenstadler, L.\",\"Seragnoli, F.\",\"Rothen, S.\",\"Qusaj, V.\",\"Zullino, D.\"],\"key\":\"thorens_ethics_2023\",\"id\":\"thorens_ethics_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Continuity in Claims of Exception in Biomedical Technologies\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moses\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Callie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tumilty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"89–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moses_continuity_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Continuity in {Claims} of {Exception} in {Biomedical} {Technologies}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Moses, Jacob D. and Rich, Miriam and Terris, Callie and Tumilty, Emma},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {89--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Moses, J. D.\",\"Rich, M.\",\"Terris, C.\",\"Tumilty, E.\"],\"key\":\"moses_continuity_2025\",\"id\":\"moses_continuity_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Critiquing Medical Exceptionalism: Toward a Transcultural Psychedelic Bioethics\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"shorttitle\":\"Critiquing Medical Exceptionalism\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rajwani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Khaleel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"84–87\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rajwani_critiquing_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}: {Toward} a {Transcultural} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {84--87},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rajwani, K.\"],\"key\":\"rajwani_critiquing_2025\",\"id\":\"rajwani_critiquing_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics: Clinical and Ethical Implications\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"1529-8795\",\"shorttitle\":\"Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics\",\"url\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715\",\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-02-23\",\"journal\":\"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neitzke-Spruill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Logan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nese\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Averill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynnette\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGuire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"117–142\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{neitzke-spruill_bio-psycho-spiritual_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}: {Clinical} and {Ethical} {Implications}},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {1529-8795},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}},\\n\\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715},\\n\\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-02-23},\\n\\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Devenot, Nese and Sisti, Dominic and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {117--142},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Neitzke-Spruill, L.\",\"Devenot, N.\",\"Sisti, D.\",\"Averill, L. A.\",\"McGuire, A. L.\"],\"key\":\"neitzke-spruill_bio-psycho-spiritual_2024\",\"id\":\"neitzke-spruill_bio-psycho-spiritual_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Narrative Hermeneutics and Bioethics: Understanding the Psychedelic Value Changes\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"shorttitle\":\"Narrative Hermeneutics and Bioethics\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kähönen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juuso\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Janhonen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Räsänen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joona\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39804308\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\",\"pages\":\"125–128\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kahonen_narrative_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}: {Understanding} the {Psychedelic} {Value} {Changes}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Kähönen, Juuso and Janhonen, Joel and Räsänen, Joona},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpmid = {39804308},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\\\& Francis\\n\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\\n\\tpages = {125--128},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kähönen, J.\",\"Janhonen, J.\",\"Räsänen, J.\"],\"key\":\"kahonen_narrative_2025\",\"id\":\"kahonen_narrative_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Letter to the Editor\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39432318\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\",\"pages\":\"W1–W2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baker_letter_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Letter to the {Editor}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Baker, Robert},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpmid = {39432318},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\\\& Francis\\n\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\\n\\tpages = {W1--W2},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baker, R.\"],\"key\":\"baker_letter_2025\",\"id\":\"baker_letter_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baker-lettertotheeditor-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"From Safe Touch to Sexual Abuse: Walking the Tightrope of Patient Safety in Psychedelic Therapy\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"shorttitle\":\"From Safe Touch to Sexual Abuse\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\",\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39804319\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\",\"pages\":\"123–125\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yang_safe_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}: {Walking} the {Tightrope} of {Patient} {Safety} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\tshorttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Yang, Y. 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L.\",\"Yasin, H.\"],\"key\":\"de_matas_embracing_2025\",\"id\":\"de_matas_embracing_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Ethics in Palliative Care\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keenan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palitsky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dunlop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boadie\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"H.\",\"Grant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zarrabi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ali\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39804326\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\",\"pages\":\"95–98\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{davis_psychedelic_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Davis, Keenan and Palitsky, Roman and Dunlop, Boadie W. and H. 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J.\"],\"key\":\"davis_psychedelic_2025\",\"id\":\"davis_psychedelic_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Same Same but Different: On Psychedelic Exceptionalism\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"shorttitle\":\"Same Same but Different\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39804321\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\",\"pages\":\"92–95\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villiger_same_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}: {On} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpmid = {39804321},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\\\& Francis\\n\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\\n\\tpages = {92--95},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villiger, D.\"],\"key\":\"villiger_same_2025\",\"id\":\"villiger_same_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exceptional Stigma: Parallels Between Marginalized Groups and Psychedelic Medicine\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"shorttitle\":\"Exceptional Stigma\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikaela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jackson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grayson\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carpenter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Campo-Engelstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39804312\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\",\"pages\":\"110–112\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_exceptional_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}: {Parallels} {Between} {Marginalized} {Groups} and {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Susan and Kim, Mikaela and Jackson, Grayson R. and Carpenter, Hannah and Campo-Engelstein, Lisa},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpmid = {39804312},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\\\& Francis\\n\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\\n\\tpages = {110--112},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, S.\",\"Kim, M.\",\"Jackson, G. R.\",\"Carpenter, H.\",\"Campo-Engelstein, L.\"],\"key\":\"lee_exceptional_2025\",\"id\":\"lee_exceptional_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Irreversibility of Transformative Experience as a Criterion for Exceptionalism\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shevchenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lavrentyeva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sofya\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pmid\":\"39804327\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\",\"pages\":\"103–104\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shevchenko_irreversibility_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Irreversibility of {Transformative} {Experience} as a {Criterion} for {Exceptionalism}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Shevchenko, Sergei and Lavrentyeva, Sofya},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpmid = {39804327},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\\\& Francis\\n\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\\n\\tpages = {103--104},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shevchenko, S.\",\"Lavrentyeva, S.\"],\"key\":\"shevchenko_irreversibility_2025\",\"id\":\"shevchenko_irreversibility_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is it Really All about the Money? Reconsidering Non-Financial Interests in Medical Research\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"copyright\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms\",\"issn\":\"1073-1105, 1748-720X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Is it Really All about the Money?\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x\",\"abstract\":\"Conflicts of interest have been reduced to financial conflicts. The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new rules for managing conflicts of interest in medical research, the first major change to the regulations in over 15 years, address only financial ties. Although several commentators urged that the regulations also cover non-financial interests, the Department of Health and Human Services declined to do so. Similarly, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) influential 2009 Conflict of Interest Report focuses almost exclusively on financial conflicts. Institutional policies at academic medical centers and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals also primarily emphasize financial ties. Even broadly worded rules are applied more readily to financial ties than non-financial interests, such as the regulations that restrict institutional review board (IRB) members with conflicting interests from participating in protocol reviews.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-02\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"467–481\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{saver_is_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Is it {Really} {All} about the {Money}? {Reconsidering} {Non}-{Financial} {Interests} in {Medical} {Research}},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tcopyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},\\n\\tissn = {1073-1105, 1748-720X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Is it {Really} {All} about the {Money}?},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Conflicts of interest have been reduced to financial conflicts. The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new rules for managing conflicts of interest in medical research, the first major change to the regulations in over 15 years, address only financial ties. Although several commentators urged that the regulations also cover non-financial interests, the Department of Health and Human Services declined to do so. Similarly, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) influential 2009 Conflict of Interest Report focuses almost exclusively on financial conflicts. Institutional policies at academic medical centers and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals also primarily emphasize financial ties. Even broadly worded rules are applied more readily to financial ties than non-financial interests, such as the regulations that restrict institutional review board (IRB) members with conflicting interests from participating in protocol reviews.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Law, Medicine \\\\& Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Saver, Richard S.},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {467--481},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Saver, R. S.\"],\"key\":\"saver_is_2012\",\"id\":\"saver_is_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Protecting and promoting editorial independence\",\"volume\":\"226\",\"issn\":\"0007-1250, 1472-1465\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article\",\"doi\":\"10.1192/bjp.2024.6\",\"abstract\":\"Summary We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-31\",\"journal\":\"The British Journal of Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kamaldeep\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"O'Brien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aileen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Upthegrove\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexander\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Soomro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mustafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Newton-Howes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Giles\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Broome\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forrester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Casey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doherty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaufman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kenneth\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"4–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhui_protecting_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Protecting and promoting editorial independence},\\n\\tvolume = {226},\\n\\tissn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1192/bjp.2024.6},\\n\\tabstract = {Summary \\n            We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-31},\\n\\tjournal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhui, Kamaldeep and O'Brien, Aileen and Upthegrove, Rachel and Tsai, Alexander C. and Soomro, Mustafa and Newton-Howes, Giles and Broome, Matthew R. and Forrester, Andrew and Casey, Patricia and Doherty, Anne M. and Lee, William and Kaufman, Kenneth R.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {4--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhui, K.\",\"O'Brien, A.\",\"Upthegrove, R.\",\"Tsai, A. C.\",\"Soomro, M.\",\"Newton-Howes, G.\",\"Broome, M. R.\",\"Forrester, A.\",\"Casey, P.\",\"Doherty, A. M.\",\"Lee, W.\",\"Kaufman, K. R.\"],\"key\":\"bhui_protecting_2025\",\"id\":\"bhui_protecting_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Mail - Katherine Cheung - Outlook\",\"url\":\"https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-16\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_mail_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Mail - {Katherine} {Cheung} - {Outlook}},\\n\\turl = {https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_mail_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_mail_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-mailkatherinecheungoutlook\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor\",\"copyright\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/\",\"issn\":\"1044-5463, 1557-8992\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology\",\"url\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082\",\"doi\":\"10.1089/cap.2024.0082\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-09\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sutherland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isabella\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming-Fen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Croarkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"cap.2024.0082\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sutherland_psychedelic_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}: {Considering} {Safety}, {Ethics}, and {Scientific} {Rigor}},\\n\\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\\n\\tissn = {1044-5463, 1557-8992},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen and Croarkin, Paul E.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {cap.2024.0082},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sutherland, I.\",\"Ho, M.\",\"Croarkin, P. E.\"],\"key\":\"sutherland_psychedelic_2025\",\"id\":\"sutherland_psychedelic_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: Psychedelics, virtual reality and AI\",\"issn\":\"0269-9702, 1467-8519\",\"shorttitle\":\"Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/bioe.13374\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of moral achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more speculative and impractical forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an adjunctive or facilitative , rather than a determinative , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savulescu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"bioe.13374\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gordon_moral_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: {Psychedelics}, virtual reality and {AI}},\\n\\tissn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.13374},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            \\n              A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of\\n              moral\\n              achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more\\n              speculative\\n              and\\n              impractical\\n              forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an\\n              adjunctive\\n              or\\n              facilitative\\n              , rather than a\\n              determinative\\n              , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Gordon, Emma C. and Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Savulescu, Julian},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {bioe.13374},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gordon, E. C.\",\"Cheung, K.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Savulescu, J.\"],\"key\":\"gordon_moral_2024\",\"id\":\"gordon_moral_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Hopkins-Oxford Psychedelics Ethics (HOPE) Working Group Consensus Statement\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Appelbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruce\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lori\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cassidy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ksenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Celidwen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clancy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jules\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lynch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holly\",\"Fernandez\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friesen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phoebe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romeu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albert\",\"Garcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gehani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maloof\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Molly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marcus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olivia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\",\"Moen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ole\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mertens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mayli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nayak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandeep\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noorani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tehseen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Porsdam-Mann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sebastian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raj\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gokul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rajwani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Khaleel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keisha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crisp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savulescu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Singh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ilina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"6–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jacobs_hopkins-oxford_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Hopkins}-{Oxford} {Psychedelics} {Ethics} ({HOPE}) {Working} {Group} {Consensus} {Statement}},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Appelbaum, Paul S. and Bruce, Lori and Cassidy, Ksenia and Celidwen, Yuria and Cheung, Katherine and Clancy, Sean K. and Devenot, Neşe and Evans, Jules and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Friesen, Phoebe and Romeu, Albert Garcia and Gehani, Neil and Maloof, Molly and Marcus, Olivia and Martin Moen, Ole and Mertens, Mayli and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Noorani, Tehseen and Patch, Kyle and Porsdam-Mann, Sebastian and Raj, Gokul and Rajwani, Khaleel and Ray, Keisha and Smith, William and Villiger, Daniel and Levy, Neil and Crisp, Roger and Savulescu, Julian and Singh, Ilina and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {6--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jacobs, E.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Appelbaum, P. S.\",\"Bruce, L.\",\"Cassidy, K.\",\"Celidwen, Y.\",\"Cheung, K.\",\"Clancy, S. K.\",\"Devenot, N.\",\"Evans, J.\",\"Lynch, H. F.\",\"Friesen, P.\",\"Romeu, A. G.\",\"Gehani, N.\",\"Maloof, M.\",\"Marcus, O.\",\"Martin Moen, O.\",\"Mertens, M.\",\"Nayak, S. M.\",\"Noorani, T.\",\"Patch, K.\",\"Porsdam-Mann, S.\",\"Raj, G.\",\"Rajwani, K.\",\"Ray, K.\",\"Smith, W.\",\"Villiger, D.\",\"Levy, N.\",\"Crisp, R.\",\"Savulescu, J.\",\"Singh, I.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"jacobs_hopkins-oxford_2024\",\"id\":\"jacobs_hopkins-oxford_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Cham\",\"title\":\"The Psychedelic Experience as an Ethical Experience\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-031-65789-4 978-3-031-65790-0\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"booktitle\":\"The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Psychoactive Drug Use\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Nature Switzerland\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballesteros\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lovering\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rob\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2024\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20\",\"pages\":\"383–401\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{lovering_psychedelic_2024,\\n\\taddress = {Cham},\\n\\ttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Experience} as an {Ethical} {Experience}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-031-65789-4 978-3-031-65790-0},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tbooktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Philosophy} and {Psychoactive} {Drug} {Use}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},\\n\\tauthor = {Ballesteros, Virginia},\\n\\teditor = {Lovering, Rob},\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},\\n\\tpages = {383--401},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ballesteros, V.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Lovering, R.\"],\"key\":\"lovering_psychedelic_2024\",\"id\":\"lovering_psychedelic_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"From Isolation to Social (and Psychedelic) Integration: A Sociology of Collective Effervescence and Therapeutic Community in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0141-9889, 1467-9566\",\"shorttitle\":\"From Isolation to Social (and Psychedelic) Integration\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/1467-9566.13872\",\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20 th ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today's resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim's theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"Sociology of Health & Illness\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jarrett\",\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"e13872\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rose_isolation_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}: {A} {Sociology} of {Collective} {Effervescence} and {Therapeutic} {Community} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0141-9889, 1467-9566},\\n\\tshorttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/1467-9566.13872},\\n\\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\\n            \\n              There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20\\n              th\\n              ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today's resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim's theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Sociology of Health \\\\& Illness},\\n\\tauthor = {Rose, Jarrett Robert},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {e13872},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rose, J. R.\"],\"key\":\"rose_isolation_2025\",\"id\":\"rose_isolation_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Birth of the Psychedelic Industry: Capitalising on the Psychedelic Renaissance\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"2770-2030, 2770-2030\",\"shorttitle\":\"The Birth of the Psychedelic Industry\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/fhu2.70004\",\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"Future Humanities\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minsu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sofia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"e70004\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yoo_birth_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}: {Capitalising} on the {Psychedelic} {Renaissance}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {2770-2030, 2770-2030},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/fhu2.70004},\\n\\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\\n            The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Future Humanities},\\n\\tauthor = {Yoo, Minsu and Sakopoulos, Sofia},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {e70004},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yoo, M.\",\"Sakopoulos, S.\"],\"key\":\"yoo_birth_2025\",\"id\":\"yoo_birth_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: From ethics to regulation and equity\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"0924977X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliveira-Maia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albino\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seybert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"67–68\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: {From} ethics to regulation and equity},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {0924977X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Oliveira-Maia, Albino J. and Seybert, Carolina},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {67--68},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Oliveira-Maia, A. J.\",\"Seybert, C.\"],\"key\":\"oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025\",\"id\":\"oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethics in Psychedelic Science: Promises and Responsibilities\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1533-712X, 0271-0749\",\"shorttitle\":\"Ethics in Psychedelic Science\",\"url\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-01-03\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"1–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sisti_ethics_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Promises} and {Responsibilities}},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1533-712X, 0271-0749},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-01-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {1--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"sisti_ethics_2025\",\"id\":\"sisti_ethics_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Full article: Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract\",\"urldate\":\"2024-12-20\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_full_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Full article: {Ethical} {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract},\\n\\turldate = {2024-12-20},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_full_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_full_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-fullarticleethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New Territory: Ethical Challenges Associated With MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"shorttitle\":\"New Territory\",\"url\":\"https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108\",\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108\",\"abstract\":\"The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-11-12\",\"journal\":\"American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"Luke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Menon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sahit\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"19–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hartstein_new_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {New {Territory}: {Ethical} {Challenges} {Associated} {With} {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {PTSD}},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tshorttitle = {New {Territory}},\\n\\turl = {https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},\\n\\tabstract = {The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-11-12},\\n\\tjournal = {American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Hartstein, G. Luke and Menon, Sahit N.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {19--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hartstein, G. L.\",\"Menon, S. N.\"],\"key\":\"hartstein_new_2024\",\"id\":\"hartstein_new_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts\",\"issn\":\"0279-1072, 2159-9777\",\"shorttitle\":\"Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-20\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson-Poe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pertl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luoma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jb\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bazinet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stauffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pt\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wilson-poe_personal_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}: {A} {Thematic} {Analysis} of {Qualitative} {Interviews} with {Psilocybin} {Experts}},\\n\\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\\n\\tauthor = {Wilson-Poe, Ar and Hoffman, Ka and Pertl, K and Luoma, Jb and Bazinet, A and Stauffer, Cs and McCarty, D and Korthuis, Pt},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wilson-Poe, A.\",\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Pertl, K\",\"Luoma, J.\",\"Bazinet, A\",\"Stauffer, C.\",\"McCarty, D\",\"Korthuis, P.\"],\"key\":\"wilson-poe_personal_2024\",\"id\":\"wilson-poe_personal_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Therapist Sexual Misconduct and Other Adverse Experiences Among a Sample of Naturalistic Psychedelic Users\",\"copyright\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/\",\"issn\":\"2831-4425, 2831-4433\",\"url\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011\",\"doi\":\"10.1089/psymed.2024.0011\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-18\",\"journal\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kruger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aday\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fields\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolbman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Glynos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicolas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herberholz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Moss\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boehnke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"psymed.2024.0011\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kruger_psychedelic_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapist} {Sexual} {Misconduct} and {Other} {Adverse} {Experiences} {Among} a {Sample} of {Naturalistic} {Psychedelic} {Users}},\\n\\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\\n\\tissn = {2831-4425, 2831-4433},\\n\\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Kruger, Daniel J. and Aday, Jacob S. and Fields, Christopher W. and Kolbman, Nicholas and Glynos, Nicolas and Barron, Julie and Herberholz, Moss and Boehnke, Kevin F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {psymed.2024.0011},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kruger, D. J.\",\"Aday, J. S.\",\"Fields, C. W.\",\"Kolbman, N.\",\"Glynos, N.\",\"Barron, J.\",\"Herberholz, M.\",\"Boehnke, K. F.\"],\"key\":\"kruger_psychedelic_2024\",\"id\":\"kruger_psychedelic_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? Considering the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world?\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-10\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"104571\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{anderson_psychedelics_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? {Considering} the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world?},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-10},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Anderson, Katie and Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {104571},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Anderson, K.\",\"Elf, P.\",\"Isham, A.\"],\"key\":\"anderson_psychedelics_2024\",\"id\":\"anderson_psychedelics_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Problem Set 1\",\"url\":\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook\",\"language\":\"en-GB\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-03\",\"journal\":\"Google Docs\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_problem_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Problem {Set} 1},\\n\\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook},\\n\\tlanguage = {en-GB},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Google Docs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_problem_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_problem_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-problemset1\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Responding to existential distress at the end of life: Psychedelics and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1874-5490, 1874-5504\",\"shorttitle\":\"Responding to existential distress at the end of life\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or realise meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-27\",\"journal\":\"Neuroethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"37\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{emmerich_responding_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life: {Psychedelics} and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1874-5490, 1874-5504},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            \\n              This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or\\n              realise\\n              meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {37},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Emmerich, N.\"],\"key\":\"emmerich_responding_2024\",\"id\":\"emmerich_responding_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Understanding Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Providers’ Perspective and Insights: A Qualitative Analysis\",\"issn\":\"2831-4425\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074\",\"doi\":\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0074\",\"abstract\":\"Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-27\",\"journal\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Crystal\",\"Lederhos\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sackett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"Connor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dinh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Victoria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romesburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"Wager\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roll\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_understanding_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Understanding {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} {Providers}’ {Perspective} and {Insights}: {A} {Qualitative} {Analysis}},\\n\\tissn = {2831-4425},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, Crystal Lederhos and Sackett, Nathan and Stark, Brian Connor and Dinh, Victoria and Romesburg, Ellen Wager and Roll, John},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, C. L.\",\"Sackett, N.\",\"Stark, B. C.\",\"Dinh, V.\",\"Romesburg, E. W.\",\"Roll, J.\"],\"key\":\"smith_understanding_2024\",\"id\":\"smith_understanding_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience\",\"issn\":\"0951-5089, 1465-394X\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-08\",\"journal\":\"Philosophical Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pedersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mette\",\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steglich-Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asbjørn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pedersen_social_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience},\\n\\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-08},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pedersen, Mette Marie and Steglich-Petersen, Asbjørn},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pedersen, M. M.\",\"Steglich-Petersen, A.\"],\"key\":\"pedersen_social_2024\",\"id\":\"pedersen_social_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: How do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?\",\"volume\":\"131\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"shorttitle\":\"Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sznitman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharon\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Broers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Auer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kali\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"104521\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sznitman_taking_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: {How} do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?},\\n\\tvolume = {131},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Sznitman, Sharon R. and Broers, Barbara and Auer, Reto and Tal, Kali},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {104521},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sznitman, S. R.\",\"Broers, B.\",\"Auer, R.\",\"Tal, K.\"],\"key\":\"sznitman_taking_2024\",\"id\":\"sznitman_taking_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) – Companion document\",\"url\":\"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document\",\"abstract\":\"Table of contents Introduction Canada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape Why now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada Canada's approach and consultation timeline How the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work High-impact AI systems: considerations and sys\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-27\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[\"Government\"],\"propositions\":[\"of\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Canada\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Last Modified: 2023-03-13 Publisher: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{government_of_canada_artificial_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Data} {Act} ({AIDA}) – {Companion} document},\\n\\turl = {https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document},\\n\\tabstract = {Table of contents\\n\\n\\n\\tIntroduction\\n\\n\\t\\n\\t\\tCanada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape\\n\\t\\tWhy now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada\\n\\t\\tCanada's approach and consultation timeline\\n\\t\\n\\t\\n\\tHow the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work\\n\\t\\n\\t\\tHigh-impact AI systems: considerations and sys},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-27},\\n\\tauthor = {Government of Canada},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Last Modified: 2023-03-13\\nPublisher: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"of Canada, G.\"],\"key\":\"government_of_canada_artificial_2023\",\"id\":\"government_of_canada_artificial_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ofcanada-theartificialintelligenceanddataactaidacompaniondocument-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI\",\"shorttitle\":\"FACT SHEET\",\"url\":\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/\",\"abstract\":\"Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will\",\"language\":\"en-US\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-27\",\"journal\":\"The White House\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"House\"],\"firstnames\":[\"The\",\"White\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{house_fact_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}: {Biden}-{Harris} {Administration} {Secures} {Voluntary} {Commitments} from {Leading} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Companies} to {Manage} the {Risks} {Posed} by {AI}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/},\\n\\tabstract = {Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will},\\n\\tlanguage = {en-US},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-27},\\n\\tjournal = {The White House},\\n\\tauthor = {House, The White},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"House, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"house_fact_2023\",\"id\":\"house_fact_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"house-factsheetbidenharrisadministrationsecuresvoluntarycommitmentsfromleadingartificialintelligencecompaniestomanagetherisksposedbyai-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence\",\"url\":\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-27\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[\"Executive\",\"Office\"],\"propositions\":[\"of\",\"the\"],\"lastnames\":[\"President\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{executive_office_of_the_president_safe_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Safe, {Secure}, and {Trustworthy} {Development} and {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-27},\\n\\tauthor = {Executive Office of the President},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"of the President, E. O.\"],\"key\":\"executive_office_of_the_president_safe_2023\",\"id\":\"executive_office_of_the_president_safe_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ofthepresident-safesecureandtrustworthydevelopmentanduseofartificialintelligence-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"2731-4251\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-21\",\"journal\":\"npj Mental Health Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Golafshani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maryam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Husain\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"Ishrat\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{golafshani_disability_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {2731-4251},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-21},\\n\\tjournal = {npj Mental Health Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Golafshani, Maryam and Buchman, Daniel Z. and Husain, M. Ishrat},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Golafshani, M.\",\"Buchman, D. Z.\",\"Husain, M. I.\"],\"key\":\"golafshani_disability_2024\",\"id\":\"golafshani_disability_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: An ethnographic study in the Southeastern United States\",\"volume\":\"-1\",\"shorttitle\":\"Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2024.00381\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"aop\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gezon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gezon_community-based_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: {An} ethnographic study in the {Southeastern} {United} {States}},\\n\\tvolume = {-1},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00381},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {aop},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Gezon, Lisa L.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gezon, L. L.\"],\"key\":\"gezon_community-based_2024\",\"id\":\"gezon_community-based_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations\",\"issn\":\"0954-0261, 1369-1627\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic group-based integration\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-19\",\"journal\":\"International Review of Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Propes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caleigh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cheung_psychedelic_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations},\\n\\tissn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-19},\\n\\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cheung, K.\",\"Propes, C.\",\"Jacobs, E.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"cheung_psychedelic_2024\",\"id\":\"cheung_psychedelic_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Conceptualizing your new reality: Should philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?\",\"volume\":\"-1\",\"shorttitle\":\"Conceptualizing your new reality\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2024.00355\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"aop\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quasti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{quasti_conceptualizing_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality: {Should} philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?},\\n\\tvolume = {-1},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00355},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {aop},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Quasti, C.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"quasti_conceptualizing_2024\",\"id\":\"quasti_conceptualizing_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review\",\"volume\":\"335\",\"issn\":\"01651781\",\"shorttitle\":\"Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"journal\":\"Psychiatry Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romeo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kervadec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fauvel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strika-Bruneau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Amirouche\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verroust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piolino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Benyamina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"115880\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{romeo_safety_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: {A} meta-analysis and systematic review},\\n\\tvolume = {335},\\n\\tissn = {01651781},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychiatry Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Romeo, B. and Kervadec, E. and Fauvel, B. and Strika-Bruneau, L. and Amirouche, A. and Verroust, V. and Piolino, P. and Benyamina, A.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {115880},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Romeo, B.\",\"Kervadec, E.\",\"Fauvel, B.\",\"Strika-Bruneau, L.\",\"Amirouche, A.\",\"Verroust, V.\",\"Piolino, P.\",\"Benyamina, A.\"],\"key\":\"romeo_safety_2024\",\"id\":\"romeo_safety_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Enhancing Equality\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"copyright\":\"https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model\",\"issn\":\"0360-5310, 1744-5019\",\"url\":\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/jmp/jhz002\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giubilini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alberto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Minerva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francesca\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"335–354\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{giubilini_enhancing_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Enhancing {Equality}},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tcopyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\\\\_access/funder\\\\_policies/chorus/standard\\\\_publication\\\\_model},\\n\\tissn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},\\n\\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhz002},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Giubilini, Alberto and Minerva, Francesca},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {335--354},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Giubilini, A.\",\"Minerva, F.\"],\"key\":\"giubilini_enhancing_2019\",\"id\":\"giubilini_enhancing_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Moral Enhancement Can Kill\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"copyright\":\"https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model\",\"issn\":\"0360-5310, 1744-5019\",\"url\":\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/jmp/jhy020\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crutchfield\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Parker\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"568–584\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{crutchfield_moral_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Moral {Enhancement} {Can} {Kill}},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tcopyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\\\\_access/funder\\\\_policies/chorus/standard\\\\_publication\\\\_model},\\n\\tissn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},\\n\\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhy020},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Crutchfield, Parker},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {568--584},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Crutchfield, P.\"],\"key\":\"crutchfield_moral_2018\",\"id\":\"crutchfield_moral_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Abingdon, Oxon\",\"title\":\"The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-00-010894-1\",\"abstract\":\"This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of 'natural' talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"publisher\":\"Routledge\",\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chuan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Voo\",\"Teck\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2017\",\"note\":\"OCLC: 1175921806\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{murray_ethics_2017,\\n\\taddress = {Abingdon, Oxon},\\n\\ttitle = {The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-00-010894-1},\\n\\tabstract = {This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of 'natural' talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tpublisher = {Routledge},\\n\\teditor = {Murray, Thomas H. and Chuan, Voo Teck},\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tnote = {OCLC: 1175921806},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"editor_short\":[\"Murray, T. H.\",\"Chuan, V. T.\"],\"key\":\"murray_ethics_2017\",\"id\":\"murray_ethics_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"murray-chuan-theethicsofsportstechnologiesandhumanenhancement-2017\",\"role\":\"editor\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"edition\":\"1\",\"title\":\"Enhancement, Autonomy, and Authenticity\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"booktitle\":\"Enhancing Human Capacities\",\"publisher\":\"Wiley\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Juth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niklas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savulescu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meulen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruud\",\"Ter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kahane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/9781444393552.ch3\",\"pages\":\"34–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{savulescu_enhancement_2011,\\n\\tedition = {1},\\n\\ttitle = {Enhancement, {Autonomy}, and {Authenticity}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Wiley},\\n\\tauthor = {Juth, Niklas},\\n\\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},\\n\\tpages = {34--48},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Juth, N.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Savulescu, J.\",\"Meulen, R. T.\",\"Kahane, G.\"],\"key\":\"savulescu_enhancement_2011\",\"id\":\"savulescu_enhancement_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"edition\":\"1\",\"title\":\"Physical Enhancement: What Baseline, Whose Judgment?\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2\",\"shorttitle\":\"Physical Enhancement\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"booktitle\":\"Enhancing Human Capacities\",\"publisher\":\"Wiley\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Søren\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McNamee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mike\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savulescu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meulen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruud\",\"Ter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kahane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/9781444393552.ch21\",\"pages\":\"291–303\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,\\n\\tedition = {1},\\n\\ttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}: {What} {Baseline}, {Whose} {Judgment}?},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Wiley},\\n\\tauthor = {Holm, Søren and McNamee, Mike},\\n\\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},\\n\\tpages = {291--303},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Holm, S.\",\"McNamee, M.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Savulescu, J.\",\"Meulen, R. T.\",\"Kahane, G.\"],\"key\":\"savulescu_physical_2011\",\"id\":\"savulescu_physical_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"edition\":\"1\",\"title\":\"Physical Enhancement: The State of the Art\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2\",\"shorttitle\":\"Physical Enhancement\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"booktitle\":\"Enhancing Human Capacities\",\"publisher\":\"Wiley\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savulescu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meulen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruud\",\"Ter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kahane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/9781444393552.ch19\",\"pages\":\"266–273\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,\\n\\tedition = {1},\\n\\ttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}: {The} {State} of the {Art}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Wiley},\\n\\tauthor = {Miah, Andy},\\n\\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},\\n\\tpages = {266--273},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miah, A.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Savulescu, J.\",\"Meulen, R. T.\",\"Kahane, G.\"],\"key\":\"savulescu_physical_2011-1\",\"id\":\"savulescu_physical_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"issn\":\"0951-5089, 1465-394X\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-07-09\",\"journal\":\"Philosophical Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kochevar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kochevar_clarifying_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\\n\\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-07-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kochevar, Christopher},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kochevar, C.\"],\"key\":\"kochevar_clarifying_2024\",\"id\":\"kochevar_clarifying_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives\",\"volume\":\"-1\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2024.00354\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately $70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"aop\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-23\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aday\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boehnke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herberholz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Moss\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kruger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aday_attitudes_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives},\\n\\tvolume = {-1},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00354},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76\\\\%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61\\\\%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately \\\\$70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {aop},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-23},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Boehnke, Kevin F. and Herberholz, Moss and Kruger, Daniel J.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aday, J. S.\",\"Boehnke, K. F.\",\"Herberholz, M.\",\"Kruger, D. J.\"],\"key\":\"aday_attitudes_2024\",\"id\":\"aday_attitudes_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Transformative Trip? Experiences of Psychedelic Use\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1874-5504\",\"shorttitle\":\"A Transformative Trip?\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-23\",\"journal\":\"Neuroethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neitzke-Spruill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Logan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Robinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jill\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blevins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynolds\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGuire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"keywords\":\"Agency, Decision Making, Moral Neuroenhancement, Psychedelic Retreats, Psychedelics, Transformative Experience\",\"pages\":\"33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{neitzke-spruill_transformative_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}? {Experiences} of {Psychedelic} {Use}},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1874-5504},\\n\\tshorttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}?},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-23},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Robinson, Jill and Blevins, Kai and Reynolds, Joel and Evans, Nicholas G. and McGuire, Amy L.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tkeywords = {Agency, Decision Making, Moral Neuroenhancement, Psychedelic Retreats, Psychedelics, Transformative Experience},\\n\\tpages = {33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Neitzke-Spruill, L.\",\"Beit, C.\",\"Robinson, J.\",\"Blevins, K.\",\"Reynolds, J.\",\"Evans, N. G.\",\"McGuire, A. L.\"],\"key\":\"neitzke-spruill_transformative_2024\",\"id\":\"neitzke-spruill_transformative_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0\"},\"keyword\":[\"Agency\",\"Decision Making\",\"Moral Neuroenhancement\",\"Psychedelic Retreats\",\"Psychedelics\",\"Transformative Experience\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?\",\"issn\":\"0951-5089, 1465-394X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic therapies and belief change\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-09\",\"journal\":\"Philosophical Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maximiliano\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1–32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zeller_psychedelic_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?},\\n\\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zeller, Maximiliano},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1--32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zeller, M.\"],\"key\":\"zeller_psychedelic_2024\",\"id\":\"zeller_psychedelic_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: Decreasing risk and increasing access, or missing the point?\",\"issn\":\"2559-9283\",\"shorttitle\":\"Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2024.00385\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn't go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-09\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pashdag\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pashdag_non-hallucinogenic_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: {Decreasing} risk and increasing access, or missing the point?},\\n\\tissn = {2559-9283},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00385},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n             \\n              Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn't go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, \\n              what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Pashdag, Joanna},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pashdag, J.\"],\"key\":\"pashdag_non-hallucinogenic_2024\",\"id\":\"pashdag_non-hallucinogenic_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"From Underground to Mainstream: Establishing a Medical Lexicon for Psychedelic Therapy\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"From Underground to Mainstream\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507\",\"abstract\":\"We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-04-24\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beswerchij\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"870507\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{beswerchij_underground_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}: {Establishing} a {Medical} {Lexicon} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507},\\n\\tabstract = {We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-04-24},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Beswerchij, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {870507},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Beswerchij, A.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"beswerchij_underground_2022\",\"id\":\"beswerchij_underground_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0954-982X, 1740-1194\",\"url\":\"https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to\",\"doi\":\"10.1042/bio_2023_164\",\"abstract\":\"A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-04-24\",\"journal\":\"The Biochemist\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duggan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"6–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{duggan_could_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0954-982X, 1740-1194},\\n\\turl = {https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1042/bio_2023_164},\\n\\tabstract = {A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-04-24},\\n\\tjournal = {The Biochemist},\\n\\tauthor = {Duggan, Peter and Walker, Scott},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {6--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Duggan, P.\",\"Walker, S.\"],\"key\":\"duggan_could_2024\",\"id\":\"duggan_could_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Essentials of Informed Consent to Psychedelic Medicine\",\"issn\":\"2168-622X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\",\"abstract\":\"Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-04-10\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brendel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shachar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carmel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cohen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marks_essentials_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Essentials of {Informed} {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\\n\\tissn = {2168-622X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\\n\\tabstract = {Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-04-10},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Brendel, Rebecca W. and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marks, M.\",\"Brendel, R. W.\",\"Shachar, C.\",\"Cohen, I. G.\"],\"key\":\"marks_essentials_2024\",\"id\":\"marks_essentials_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Informed Consent to Psychedelic Treatment—A Work in Progress\",\"issn\":\"2168-622X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-04-10\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Appelbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{appelbaum_informed_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Treatment}—{A} {Work} in {Progress}},\\n\\tissn = {2168-622X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-04-10},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Appelbaum, Paul S.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Appelbaum, P. S.\"],\"key\":\"appelbaum_informed_2024\",\"id\":\"appelbaum_informed_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: Sentiment and frequency (1989-2020)\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dax\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"20–28\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oliver_newspaper_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: {Sentiment} and frequency (1989-2020)},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Oliver, Dax},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {20--28},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Oliver, D.\"],\"key\":\"oliver_newspaper_2021\",\"id\":\"oliver_newspaper_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oliver-newspapercoverageofpsilocybinsentimentandfrequency19892020-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Negative mystical experiences: Why methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"2559-9283\",\"shorttitle\":\"Negative mystical experiences\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2023.00286\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-03-29\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dax\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"158–160\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oliver_negative_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Negative mystical experiences: {Why} methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {2559-9283},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Negative mystical experiences},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00286},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-03-29},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Oliver, Dax},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {158--160},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Oliver, D.\"],\"key\":\"oliver_negative_2023\",\"id\":\"oliver_negative_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics in PERIL: The Commercial Determinants of Health, Financial Entanglements and Population Health Ethics\",\"issn\":\"1754-9973, 1754-9981\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics in PERIL\",\"url\":\"https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/phe/phae002\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-03-05\",\"journal\":\"Public Health Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"phae002\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buchman_psychedelics_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}: {The} {Commercial} {Determinants} of {Health}, {Financial} {Entanglements} and {Population} {Health} {Ethics}},\\n\\tissn = {1754-9973, 1754-9981},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}},\\n\\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/phe/phae002},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-03-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Public Health Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Buchman, Daniel and Rosenbaum, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {phae002},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Buchman, D.\",\"Rosenbaum, D.\"],\"key\":\"buchman_psychedelics_2024\",\"id\":\"buchman_psychedelics_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"1529-8795\",\"url\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717\",\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-02-23\",\"journal\":\"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"155–165\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cheung_valuing_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Valuing the {Acute} {Subjective} {Experience}},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {1529-8795},\\n\\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717},\\n\\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-02-23},\\n\\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {155--165},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cheung, K.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"cheung_valuing_2024\",\"id\":\"cheung_valuing_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them?\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"1529-8795\",\"shorttitle\":\"Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative?\",\"url\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716\",\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-02-23\",\"journal\":\"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kious\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGuire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"143–154\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kious_are_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}? {Can} {We} {Consent} to {Them}?},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {1529-8795},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}?},\\n\\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716},\\n\\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-02-23},\\n\\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Kious, Brent M. and Peterson, Andrew and McGuire, Amy L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {143--154},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kious, B. M.\",\"Peterson, A.\",\"McGuire, A. L.\"],\"key\":\"kious_are_2024\",\"id\":\"kious_are_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Giving Consent to the Ineffable\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1874-5504\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\",\"abstract\":\"A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-02-19\",\"journal\":\"Neuroethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"keywords\":\"Ethics, Informed consent, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Rationality, Testimony, Transformative experience\",\"pages\":\"11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villiger_giving_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Giving {Consent} to the {Ineffable}},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1874-5504},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\\n\\tabstract = {A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-02-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ethics, Informed consent, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Rationality, Testimony, Transformative experience},\\n\\tpages = {11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villiger, D.\"],\"key\":\"villiger_giving_2024\",\"id\":\"villiger_giving_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ethics\",\"Informed consent\",\"Psychedelic-assisted therapy\",\"Rationality\",\"Testimony\",\"Transformative experience\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exploring Moral Bio-enhancement through Psilocybin-Facilitated Prosocial Effects\",\"url\":\"https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:154294470\",\"language\":\"fr\",\"urldate\":\"2024-02-12\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Cognition & Neuroethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lange\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Victor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sidsel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lange_exploring_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Exploring {Moral} {Bio}-enhancement through {Psilocybin}-{Facilitated} {Prosocial} {Effects}},\\n\\turl = {https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:154294470},\\n\\tlanguage = {fr},\\n\\turldate = {2024-02-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Cognition \\\\& Neuroethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Lange, Victor and Marie, Sidsel},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lange, V.\",\"Marie, S.\"],\"key\":\"lange_exploring_2021\",\"id\":\"lange_exploring_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lange-marie-exploringmoralbioenhancementthroughpsilocybinfacilitatedprosocialeffects-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:154294470\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1872-4353\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9\",\"abstract\":\"Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-02-12\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Otterman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lauren\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Health research ethics, Informed consent, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"pages\":\"31–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{otterman_research_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Research into {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {Anorexia} {Nervosa} {Should} be {Funded}},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1872-4353},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-02-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Bioethical Inquiry},\\n\\tauthor = {Otterman, Lauren S.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Health research ethics, Informed consent, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {31--39},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Otterman, L. S.\"],\"key\":\"otterman_research_2023\",\"id\":\"otterman_research_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Anorexia nervosa\",\"Eating disorders\",\"Health research ethics\",\"Informed consent\",\"LSD\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Informed Consent to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Ethical Considerations\",\"url\":\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937\",\"doi\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937\",\"number\":\"1-5\",\"journal\":\"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_informed_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}: {Ethical} {Considerations}},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937},\\n\\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937},\\n\\tnumber = {1-5},\\n\\tjournal = {The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Andrew and Rosenbaum, Daniel and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, A.\",\"Rosenbaum, D.\",\"Buchman, D. Z.\"],\"key\":\"lee_informed_2024\",\"id\":\"lee_informed_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Racial Justice Requires Ending the War on Drugs\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1526-5161, 1536-0075\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"The American Journal of Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lewis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"with Bioethicists\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[\"Allied\",\"Professionals\"],\"propositions\":[\"for\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Drug\",\"Policy\",\"Reform\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"4–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{earp_racial_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Racial {Justice} {Requires} {Ending} the {War} on {Drugs}},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Lewis, Jonathan and Hart, Carl L. and {with Bioethicists and Allied Professionals for Drug Policy Reform}},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {4--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Lewis, J.\",\"Hart, C. L.\",\"with Bioethicists\",\"for Drug Policy Reform, A. P.\"],\"key\":\"earp_racial_2021\",\"id\":\"earp_racial_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. The case from psychedelic studies\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0308-0188, 1743-2790\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauskeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Artinian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Taline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiske\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amelia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwarz\",\"Marin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ernesto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González\",\"Romero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osiris\",\"Sinuhé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luna\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luis\",\"Eduardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crickmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjöstedt-Hughes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"732–751\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hauskeller_decolonization_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. {The} case from psychedelic studies},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Hauskeller, Christine and Artinian, Taline and Fiske, Amelia and Schwarz Marin, Ernesto and González Romero, Osiris Sinuhé and Luna, Luis Eduardo and Crickmore, Joseph and Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {732--751},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hauskeller, C.\",\"Artinian, T.\",\"Fiske, A.\",\"Schwarz Marin, E.\",\"González Romero, O. S.\",\"Luna, L. E.\",\"Crickmore, J.\",\"Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\"],\"key\":\"hauskeller_decolonization_2023\",\"id\":\"hauskeller_decolonization_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"phdthesis\",\"title\":\"A Qualitative Inquiry into Ethical Relationship and Boundary-Setting in Underground Psychedelic Healing - ProQuest\",\"url\":\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y\",\"abstract\":\"Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"school\":\"Fordham University\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brennan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{brennan_qualitative_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Qualitative} {Inquiry} into {Ethical} {Relationship} and {Boundary}-{Setting} in {Underground} {Psychedelic} {Healing} - {ProQuest}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},\\n\\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tschool = {Fordham University},\\n\\tauthor = {Brennan, William Thomas},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brennan, W. T.\"],\"key\":\"brennan_qualitative_2022\",\"id\":\"brennan_qualitative_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brennan-aqualitativeinquiryintoethicalrelationshipandboundarysettinginundergroundpsychedelichealingproquest-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"phdthesis\",\"title\":\"Ethical Transgressions and Boundary Violations in Ayahuasca Healing Contexts: A Mixed Methods Study - ProQuest\",\"shorttitle\":\"Ethical Transgressions and Boundary Violations in Ayahuasca Healing Contexts\",\"url\":\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y\",\"abstract\":\"Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"school\":\"Califonia Institute of Integral Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{brown_ethical_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}: {A} {Mixed} {Methods} {Study} - {ProQuest}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y},\\n\\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tschool = {Califonia Institute of Integral Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Brown, Jessica},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brown, J.\"],\"key\":\"brown_ethical_2020\",\"id\":\"brown_ethical_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brown-ethicaltransgressionsandboundaryviolationsinayahuascahealingcontextsamixedmethodsstudyproquest-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0732-118X\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967\",\"abstract\":\"While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"New Ideas in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ona\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Genís\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kohek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bouso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Carlos\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Hallucinogens, MDMA, Methodology, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics\",\"pages\":\"100967\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ona_illusion_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0732-118X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967},\\n\\tabstract = {While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {New Ideas in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ona, Genís and Kohek, Maja and Bouso, José Carlos},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, MDMA, Methodology, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},\\n\\tpages = {100967},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ona, G.\",\"Kohek, M.\",\"Bouso, J. C.\"],\"key\":\"ona_illusion_2022\",\"id\":\"ona_illusion_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Hallucinogens\",\"MDMA\",\"Methodology\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic-assisted therapy\",\"Psychedelics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Beyond the psychedelic hype: Exploring the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"shorttitle\":\"Beyond the psychedelic hype\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2023.00273\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"S1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davies\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"9–21\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{davies_beyond_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype: {Exploring} the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00273},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {S1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Davies, James and Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {9--21},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Davies, J.\",\"Pace, B. A.\",\"Devenot, N.\"],\"key\":\"davies_beyond_2023\",\"id\":\"davies_beyond_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Making psychedelics into medicines: The politics and paradoxes of medicalization\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"shorttitle\":\"Making psychedelics into medicines\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2019.018\",\"abstract\":\"This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noorani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tehseen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"34–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noorani_making_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines: {The} politics and paradoxes of medicalization},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.018},\\n\\tabstract = {This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {34--39},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Noorani, T.\"],\"key\":\"noorani_making_2020\",\"id\":\"noorani_making_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Knowing and being known: Psychedelic–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"Knowing and being known\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495\",\"abstract\":\"Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lawrence\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fischman_knowing_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Knowing and being known: {Psychedelic}–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Knowing and being known},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495},\\n\\tabstract = {Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Fischman, Lawrence G.},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fischman, L. G.\"],\"key\":\"fischman_knowing_2022\",\"id\":\"fischman_knowing_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fischman-knowingandbeingknownpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandthesenseofauthenticity-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Experience and the Narrative Self: An Exploratory Qualitative Study\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Experience and the Narrative Self\",\"abstract\":\"It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted from, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to self-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a cornerstone of psychedelics' therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.\",\"number\":\"9-10\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Consciousness Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Amada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letheby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"6–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{amada_psychedelic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}: {An} {Exploratory} {Qualitative} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}},\\n\\tabstract = {It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted\\nfrom, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to\\nself-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a\\ncornerstone of psychedelics' therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.},\\n\\tnumber = {9-10},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Amada, N. and Lea, T. and Letheby, C. and Shane, J.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {6--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Amada, N.\",\"Lea, T.\",\"Letheby, C.\",\"Shane, J.\"],\"key\":\"amada_psychedelic_2020\",\"id\":\"amada_psychedelic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"amada-lea-letheby-shane-psychedelicexperienceandthenarrativeselfanexploratoryqualitativestudy-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Evolving Ethics in Psychedelic Drug Taking\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"0022-0426, 1945-1369\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/002204268801800207\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Drug Issues\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elvin\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"1988\",\"pages\":\"201–214\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_evolving_1988,\\n\\ttitle = {Evolving {Ethics} in {Psychedelic} {Drug} {Taking}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {0022-0426, 1945-1369},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/002204268801800207},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Drug Issues},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, Elvin D.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {1988},\\n\\tpages = {201--214},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, E. D.\"],\"key\":\"smith_evolving_1988\",\"id\":\"smith_evolving_1988\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"0269-8811, 1461-7285\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0269881108091597\",\"abstract\":\"Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today's current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sessa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"821–827\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sessa_is_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0269881108091597},\\n\\tabstract = {Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today's current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sessa, B.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {821--827},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sessa, B.\"],\"key\":\"sessa_is_2008\",\"id\":\"sessa_is_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Belief Now, True Belief Later: The Epistemic Advantage of Self-Related Insights in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright (c) 2022 Chiara Caporuscio\",\"issn\":\"2699-0369\",\"shorttitle\":\"Belief Now, True Belief Later\",\"url\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310\",\"doi\":\"10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310\",\"abstract\":\"Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophy and the Mind Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caporuscio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chiara\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"First-person authority, Insight, Integration, Psychedelic Therapy, Psychedelics, Self-Shaping\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{caporuscio_belief_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}: {The} {Epistemic} {Advantage} of {Self}-{Related} {Insights} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Chiara Caporuscio},\\n\\tissn = {2699-0369},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}},\\n\\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310},\\n\\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310},\\n\\tabstract = {Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Caporuscio, Chiara},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {First-person authority, Insight, Integration, Psychedelic Therapy, Psychedelics, Self-Shaping},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Caporuscio, C.\"],\"key\":\"caporuscio_belief_2022\",\"id\":\"caporuscio_belief_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310\"},\"keyword\":[\"First-person authority\",\"Insight\",\"Integration\",\"Psychedelic Therapy\",\"Psychedelics\",\"Self-Shaping\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: The need for phenomenology\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0004-8674, 1440-1614\",\"shorttitle\":\"Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/00048674221139962\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miceli\",\"McMillan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riccardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\",\"Vincent\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"783–788\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miceli_mcmillan_understanding_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: {The} need for phenomenology},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0004-8674, 1440-1614},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/00048674221139962},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Australian \\\\& New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Miceli McMillan, Riccardo and Fernandez, Anthony Vincent},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {783--788},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miceli McMillan, R.\",\"Fernandez, A. V.\"],\"key\":\"miceli_mcmillan_understanding_2023\",\"id\":\"miceli_mcmillan_understanding_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"From Altered States to Metaphysics: The Epistemic Status of Psychedelic-induced Metaphysical Beliefs\",\"issn\":\"1878-5166\",\"shorttitle\":\"From Altered States to Metaphysics\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Review of Philosophy and Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gładziejewski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paweł\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"DMT, LSD, Metaphysical beliefs, Mystical experience, Predictive processing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, REBUS\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gladziejewski_altered_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}: {The} {Epistemic} {Status} of {Psychedelic}-induced {Metaphysical} {Beliefs}},\\n\\tissn = {1878-5166},\\n\\tshorttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Review of Philosophy and Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gładziejewski, Paweł},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {DMT, LSD, Metaphysical beliefs, Mystical experience, Predictive processing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, REBUS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gładziejewski, P.\"],\"key\":\"gladziejewski_altered_2023\",\"id\":\"gladziejewski_altered_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6\"},\"keyword\":[\"DMT\",\"LSD\",\"Metaphysical beliefs\",\"Mystical experience\",\"Predictive processing\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelics\",\"REBUS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Through the Psychedelic Looking-Glass: The Importance of Phenomenal Transparency in Psychedelic Transformation\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright (c) 2022 Aidan Lyon, Anya Farennikova\",\"issn\":\"2699-0369\",\"shorttitle\":\"Through the Psychedelic Looking-Glass\",\"url\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323\",\"doi\":\"10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323\",\"abstract\":\"What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophy and the Mind Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lyon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aidan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farennikova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anya\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Phenomenal transparency, Psychedelic experience, Psychotherapy\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lyon_through_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}: {The} {Importance} of {Phenomenal} {Transparency} in {Psychedelic} {Transformation}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Aidan Lyon, Anya Farennikova},\\n\\tissn = {2699-0369},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}},\\n\\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323},\\n\\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323},\\n\\tabstract = {What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Lyon, Aidan and Farennikova, Anya},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Phenomenal transparency, Psychedelic experience, Psychotherapy},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lyon, A.\",\"Farennikova, A.\"],\"key\":\"lyon_through_2022\",\"id\":\"lyon_through_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323\"},\"keyword\":[\"Phenomenal transparency\",\"Psychedelic experience\",\"Psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics Favour Understanding Rather Than Knowledge\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright (c) 2022 Sascha Benjamin Fink\",\"issn\":\"2699-0369\",\"url\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264\",\"doi\":\"10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264\",\"abstract\":\"Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophy and the Mind Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sascha\",\"Benjamin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Epistemic Benefits, Epistemic Standards, Epistemology, Knowledge, Philosophy, Process of Discovery, Process of Justification, Psychedelics, REBUS Model, Understanding\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fink_psychedelics_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics {Favour} {Understanding} {Rather} {Than} {Knowledge}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Sascha Benjamin Fink},\\n\\tissn = {2699-0369},\\n\\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264},\\n\\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264},\\n\\tabstract = {Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Fink, Sascha Benjamin},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Epistemic Benefits, Epistemic Standards, Epistemology, Knowledge, Philosophy, Process of Discovery, Process of Justification, Psychedelics, REBUS Model, Understanding},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fink, S. B.\"],\"key\":\"fink_psychedelics_2022\",\"id\":\"fink_psychedelics_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264\"},\"keyword\":[\"Epistemic Benefits\",\"Epistemic Standards\",\"Epistemology\",\"Knowledge\",\"Philosophy\",\"Process of Discovery\",\"Process of Justification\",\"Psychedelics\",\"REBUS Model\",\"Understanding\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"1053-8100\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012\",\"abstract\":\"One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Consciousness and Cognition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letheby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Altered states of consciousness, Epistemic innocence, Epistemology, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mystical experience, Naturalism, Philosophy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic\",\"pages\":\"28–37\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{letheby_epistemic_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {1053-8100},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012},\\n\\tabstract = {One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Consciousness and Cognition},\\n\\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Altered states of consciousness, Epistemic innocence, Epistemology, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mystical experience, Naturalism, Philosophy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},\\n\\tpages = {28--37},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letheby, C.\"],\"key\":\"letheby_epistemic_2016\",\"id\":\"letheby_epistemic_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Altered states of consciousness\",\"Epistemic innocence\",\"Epistemology\",\"Hallucinogen\",\"LSD\",\"Mystical experience\",\"Naturalism\",\"Philosophy\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Being for no-one: Psychedelic experience and minimal subjectivity\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright (c) 2020 Chris Letheby\",\"issn\":\"2699-0369\",\"shorttitle\":\"Being for no-one\",\"url\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958\",\"doi\":\"10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47\",\"abstract\":\"Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon &amp; Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP. I argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness. One possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"I\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophy and the Mind Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letheby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"5-MeO-DMT, DMT, consciousness, for-me-ness, hallucinogen, psychedelics, self, self-awareness, self-consciousness, subjectivity\",\"pages\":\"1–26\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{letheby_being_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Being for no-one: {Psychedelic} experience and minimal subjectivity},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Chris Letheby},\\n\\tissn = {2699-0369},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Being for no-one},\\n\\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958},\\n\\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47},\\n\\tabstract = {Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon \\\\&amp; Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP.\\nI argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness.\\nOne possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {I},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {5-MeO-DMT, DMT, consciousness, for-me-ness, hallucinogen, psychedelics, self, self-awareness, self-consciousness, subjectivity},\\n\\tpages = {1--26},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letheby, C.\"],\"key\":\"letheby_being_2020\",\"id\":\"letheby_being_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958\"},\"keyword\":[\"5-MeO-DMT\",\"DMT\",\"consciousness\",\"for-me-ness\",\"hallucinogen\",\"psychedelics\",\"self\",\"self-awareness\",\"self-consciousness\",\"subjectivity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589\",\"abstract\":\"The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjöstedt-Hughes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjostedt-hughes_need_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589},\\n\\tabstract = {The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\"],\"key\":\"sjostedt-hughes_need_2023\",\"id\":\"sjostedt-hughes_need_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjstedthughes-ontheneedformetaphysicsinpsychedelictherapyandresearch-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“To learn healing knowledge”: Philosophy, psychedelic studies and transformation\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0258-0136, 2073-4867\",\"shorttitle\":\"“To learn healing knowledge”\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"South African Journal of Philosophy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pittaway\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"438–451\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pittaway_learn_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”: {Philosophy}, psychedelic studies and transformation},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0258-0136, 2073-4867},\\n\\tshorttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {South African Journal of Philosophy},\\n\\tauthor = {Pittaway, David A.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {438--451},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pittaway, D. A.\"],\"key\":\"pittaway_learn_2018\",\"id\":\"pittaway_learn_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"From Acid Revolution to Entheogenic Evolution: Psychedelic Philosophy in the Sixties and Beyond - ProQuest\",\"shorttitle\":\"From Acid Revolution to Entheogenic Evolution\",\"url\":\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587\",\"abstract\":\"Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\",\"language\":\"fr\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_acid_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}: {Psychedelic} {Philosophy} in the {Sixties} and {Beyond} - {ProQuest}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587},\\n\\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\\n\\tlanguage = {fr},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_acid_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_acid_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-fromacidrevolutiontoentheogenicevolutionpsychedelicphilosophyinthesixtiesandbeyondproquest\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"THE PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHEDELIC TRANSFORMATION\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"abstract\":\"Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic transformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy of (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject's psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of the (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.\",\"number\":\"9-10\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Consciousness Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letheby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"170–193\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{letheby_philosophy_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {{THE} {PHILOSOPHY} {OF} {PSYCHEDELIC} {TRANSFORMATION}},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic\\ntransformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy\\nof (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject's psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of\\nthe (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.},\\n\\tnumber = {9-10},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Letheby, C.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {170--193},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letheby, C.\"],\"key\":\"letheby_philosophy_2015\",\"id\":\"letheby_philosophy_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letheby-thephilosophyofpsychedelictransformation-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Research and Therapeutic Practices: Embracing Communities, Groups, and Traditional Knowledge\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"issn\":\"0279-1072, 2159-9777\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Research and Therapeutic Practices\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Urrutia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"519–522\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{magar_psychedelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}: {Embracing} {Communities}, {Groups}, and {Traditional} {Knowledge}},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\\n\\tauthor = {Magar, Veronica and Urrutia, Julian and Anderson, Brian T.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {519--522},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Magar, V.\",\"Urrutia, J.\",\"Anderson, B. T.\"],\"key\":\"magar_psychedelic_2023\",\"id\":\"magar_psychedelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Barriers and Facilitators to the Equitable Access of Psychedelic Medical Care and Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudolph\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaila\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"136–138\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rudolph_barriers_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Barriers and {Facilitators} to the {Equitable} {Access} of {Psychedelic} {Medical} {Care} and {Research} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Rudolph, Kaila A.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {136--138},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rudolph, K. A.\"],\"key\":\"rudolph_barriers_2023\",\"id\":\"rudolph_barriers_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Culture, Context, and Community in Contemporary Psychedelic Research\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"1086-3303\",\"url\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/ppp.2021.0033\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"217–221\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{earp_culture_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Culture, {Context}, and {Community} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {1086-3303},\\n\\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0033},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\\\& Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {217--221},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"earp_culture_2021\",\"id\":\"earp_culture_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Preparing for the Bursting of the Psychedelic Hype Bubble\",\"volume\":\"79\",\"issn\":\"2168-622X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Potash\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Griffiths\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roland\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"943–944\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yaden_preparing_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Preparing for the {Bursting} of the {Psychedelic} {Hype} {Bubble}},\\n\\tvolume = {79},\\n\\tissn = {2168-622X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Potash, James B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {943--944},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yaden, D. B.\",\"Potash, J. B.\",\"Griffiths, R. R.\"],\"key\":\"yaden_preparing_2022\",\"id\":\"yaden_preparing_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"copyright\":\"2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"issn\":\"1740-634X\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Simon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"keywords\":\"Neuroscience, Psychology\",\"pages\":\"294–295\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{simon_ensuring_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tcopyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},\\n\\tissn = {1740-634X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Simon, Melissa A.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tkeywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},\\n\\tpages = {294--295},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Simon, M. A.\"],\"key\":\"simon_ensuring_2024\",\"id\":\"simon_ensuring_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4\"},\"keyword\":[\"Neuroscience\",\"Psychology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics in Psychiatry—Keeping the Renaissance From Going Off the Rails\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"2168-622X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672\",\"abstract\":\"There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Griffiths\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roland\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"469–470\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yaden_psychedelics_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics in {Psychiatry}—{Keeping} the {Renaissance} {From} {Going} {Off} the {Rails}},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {2168-622X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},\\n\\tabstract = {There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Yaden, Mary E. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {469--470},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yaden, D. B.\",\"Yaden, M. E.\",\"Griffiths, R. R.\"],\"key\":\"yaden_psychedelics_2021\",\"id\":\"yaden_psychedelics_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0308-0188, 1743-2790\",\"shorttitle\":\"‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marcus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olivia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"712–731\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marcus_everybodys_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\\n\\tshorttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Marcus, Olivia},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {712--731},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marcus, O.\"],\"key\":\"marcus_everybodys_2023\",\"id\":\"marcus_everybodys_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2018.009\",\"abstract\":\"Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nielson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"64–73\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nielson_influence_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2018.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Nielson, Elizabeth M. and Guss, Jeffrey},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {64--73},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nielson, E. M.\",\"Guss, J.\"],\"key\":\"nielson_influence_2018\",\"id\":\"nielson_influence_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Avoiding the Premature Introduction of Psychedelic Medicines in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Graham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myfanwy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wayne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michaela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gardner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"129–131\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carter_avoiding_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Avoiding the {Premature} {Introduction} of {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Disorders}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Carter, Adrian and Graham, Myfanwy and Hall, Wayne and Barber, Michaela and Gardner, John},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {129--131},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carter, A.\",\"Graham, M.\",\"Hall, W.\",\"Barber, M.\",\"Gardner, J.\"],\"key\":\"carter_avoiding_2023\",\"id\":\"carter_avoiding_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Cham\",\"title\":\"Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects\",\"isbn\":\"9783030996802\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22\",\"abstract\":\"The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"booktitle\":\"Integrity of Scientific Research: Fraud, Misconduct and Fake News in the Academic, Medical and Social Environment\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International Publishing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodnar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristof\",\"Janos\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Szabina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Faintuch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Faintuch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salomão\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22\",\"keywords\":\"FDA, LSD, Laing, MKUltra, Psychedelics, Research ethics\",\"pages\":\"227–234\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{bodnar_regulatory_2022,\\n\\taddress = {Cham},\\n\\ttitle = {Regulatory, {Ethical} and {Political} {Challenges} of {Experimentation} with {LSD} on {Human} {Subjects}},\\n\\tisbn = {9783030996802},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},\\n\\tabstract = {The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Integrity of {Scientific} {Research}: {Fraud}, {Misconduct} and {Fake} {News} in the {Academic}, {Medical} and {Social} {Environment}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n\\tauthor = {Bodnar, Kristof Janos and Peter, Szabina},\\n\\teditor = {Faintuch, Joel and Faintuch, Salomão},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},\\n\\tkeywords = {FDA, LSD, Laing, MKUltra, Psychedelics, Research ethics},\\n\\tpages = {227--234},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bodnar, K. J.\",\"Peter, S.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Faintuch, J.\",\"Faintuch, S.\"],\"key\":\"bodnar_regulatory_2022\",\"id\":\"bodnar_regulatory_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22\"},\"keyword\":[\"FDA\",\"LSD\",\"Laing\",\"MKUltra\",\"Psychedelics\",\"Research ethics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"copyright\":\"2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.\",\"issn\":\"2731-6076\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1\",\"abstract\":\"Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Nature Mental Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kious\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shachar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carmel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cohen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Clinical trial design, Geriatrics, Patient education, Policy, Quality of life\",\"pages\":\"920–922\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marks_introducing_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tcopyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},\\n\\tissn = {2731-6076},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature Mental Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Kious, Brent and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Clinical trial design, Geriatrics, Patient education, Policy, Quality of life},\\n\\tpages = {920--922},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marks, M.\",\"Kious, B.\",\"Shachar, C.\",\"Cohen, I. G.\"],\"key\":\"marks_introducing_2023\",\"id\":\"marks_introducing_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Clinical trial design\",\"Geriatrics\",\"Patient education\",\"Policy\",\"Quality of life\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"2575-9108, 2575-9108\",\"url\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gerber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konstantin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flores\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Inti\",\"García\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruiz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angela\",\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismail\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ginsberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\",\"Lyla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eduardo\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"573–577\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gerber_ethical_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical {Concerns} about {Psilocybin} {Intellectual} {Property}},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {2575-9108, 2575-9108},\\n\\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Pharmacology \\\\& Translational Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Gerber, Konstantin and Flores, Inti García and Ruiz, Angela Christina and Ali, Ismail and Ginsberg, Natalie Lyla and Schenberg, Eduardo E.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {573--577},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gerber, K.\",\"Flores, I. G.\",\"Ruiz, A. C.\",\"Ali, I.\",\"Ginsberg, N. L.\",\"Schenberg, E. E.\"],\"key\":\"gerber_ethical_2021\",\"id\":\"gerber_ethical_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Peer support and psychedelics\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"2368-7924, 2368-7924\",\"url\":\"https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008\",\"doi\":\"10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008\",\"abstract\":\"LAY SUMMARY The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). , The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skiles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zachary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dixon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stauffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"80–87\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{skiles_peer_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Peer support and psychedelics},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {2368-7924, 2368-7924},\\n\\turl = {https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},\\n\\tabstract = {LAY SUMMARY \\n            The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). \\n          ,  \\n            The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Skiles, Zachary and Dixon, James R. and Friedrich, Dan and Reed, Donny and Stauffer, Christopher S.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {80--87},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Skiles, Z.\",\"Dixon, J. R.\",\"Friedrich, D.\",\"Reed, D.\",\"Stauffer, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"skiles_peer_2023\",\"id\":\"skiles_peer_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Journey to Narayama: Cultural Complexities, Psychedelics and Dementia\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"shorttitle\":\"Journey to Narayama\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ozeki-Hayashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilkinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\",\"Jc\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"145–147\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ozeki-hayashi_journey_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}: {Cultural} {Complexities}, {Psychedelics} and {Dementia}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Ozeki-Hayashi, Reina and Wilkinson, Dominic Jc},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {145--147},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ozeki-Hayashi, R.\",\"Wilkinson, D. J.\"],\"key\":\"ozeki-hayashi_journey_2023\",\"id\":\"ozeki-hayashi_journey_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Philosophy and psychedelics: Frameworks for exceptional experience\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"shorttitle\":\"Philosophy and psychedelics\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2023.00283\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dowie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tra-ill\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tempone-Wiltshire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julien\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"143–150\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dowie_philosophy_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics: {Frameworks} for exceptional experience},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00283},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Dowie, Tra-ill and Tempone-Wiltshire, Julien},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {143--150},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dowie, T.\",\"Tempone-Wiltshire, J.\"],\"key\":\"dowie_philosophy_2023\",\"id\":\"dowie_philosophy_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Epistemology: William James and the “Noetic Quality” of Mystical Experience\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"copyright\":\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\",\"issn\":\"2077-1444\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Epistemology\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/rel12121058\",\"abstract\":\"William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Religions\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cole-Turner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ron\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"William James, mystical experience, mystical experience questionnaire, mystical states, noetic quality, psilocybin, psychedelic experience, psychedelics, religious experience\",\"pages\":\"1058\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cole-turner_psychedelic_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}: {William} {James} and the “{Noetic} {Quality}” of {Mystical} {Experience}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\\n\\tissn = {2077-1444},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/rel12121058},\\n\\tabstract = {William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Religions},\\n\\tauthor = {Cole-Turner, Ron},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {William James, mystical experience, mystical experience questionnaire, mystical states, noetic quality, psilocybin, psychedelic experience, psychedelics, religious experience},\\n\\tpages = {1058},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cole-Turner, R.\"],\"key\":\"cole-turner_psychedelic_2021\",\"id\":\"cole-turner_psychedelic_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058\"},\"keyword\":[\"William James\",\"mystical experience\",\"mystical experience questionnaire\",\"mystical states\",\"noetic quality\",\"psilocybin\",\"psychedelic experience\",\"psychedelics\",\"religious experience\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"title\":\"Reframing the Good Death: Enhancing Choice in Dying, Neuroscience, End-of-Life Research and the Potential of Psychedelics in Palliative Care\",\"isbn\":\"9781315591636\",\"shorttitle\":\"Reframing the Good Death\",\"abstract\":\"This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician's obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one's dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.\",\"booktitle\":\"Law, Mind and Brain\",\"publisher\":\"Routledge\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mackenzie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{mackenzie_reframing_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}: {Enhancing} {Choice} in {Dying}, {Neuroscience}, {End}-of-{Life} {Research} and the {Potential} of {Psychedelics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\\n\\tisbn = {9781315591636},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}},\\n\\tabstract = {This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician's obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one's dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Law, {Mind} and {Brain}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Routledge},\\n\\tauthor = {Mackenzie, Robin},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mackenzie, R.\"],\"key\":\"mackenzie_reframing_2009\",\"id\":\"mackenzie_reframing_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mackenzie-reframingthegooddeathenhancingchoiceindyingneuroscienceendofliferesearchandthepotentialofpsychedelicsinpalliativecare-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"copyright\":\"2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.\",\"issn\":\"1546-170X\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5\",\"abstract\":\"Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Nature Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seybert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cotovio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gonçalo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Madeira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luís\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ricou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miguel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pires\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ana\",\"Matos\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliveira-Maia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albino\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Medical ethics, Medical research\",\"pages\":\"2167–2170\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{seybert_psychedelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tcopyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},\\n\\tissn = {1546-170X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Seybert, Carolina and Cotovio, Gonçalo and Madeira, Luís and Ricou, Miguel and Pires, Ana Matos and Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Medical ethics, Medical research},\\n\\tpages = {2167--2170},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Seybert, C.\",\"Cotovio, G.\",\"Madeira, L.\",\"Ricou, M.\",\"Pires, A. M.\",\"Oliveira-Maia, A. J.\"],\"key\":\"seybert_psychedelic_2023\",\"id\":\"seybert_psychedelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5\"},\"keyword\":[\"Medical ethics\",\"Medical research\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toward a Broader Psychedelic Bioethics\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"Bryce\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"126–129\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jacobs_toward_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Toward a {Broader} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Yaden, David Bryce and Earp, Brian D.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {126--129},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jacobs, E.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\",\"Earp, B. D.\"],\"key\":\"jacobs_toward_2023\",\"id\":\"jacobs_toward_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Research for Dementia Risks Perpetuating Structural Failures and Inadequacies in Aged Care\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Soofi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hojjat\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forlini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"131–134\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{soofi_psychedelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} for {Dementia} {Risks} {Perpetuating} {Structural} {Failures} and {Inadequacies} in {Aged} {Care}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Soofi, Hojjat and Forlini, Cynthia},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {131--134},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Soofi, H.\",\"Forlini, C.\"],\"key\":\"soofi_psychedelic_2023\",\"id\":\"soofi_psychedelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1471-244X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6\",\"abstract\":\"Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"BMC Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Michaels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timothy\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Purdon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Collins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monnica\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Ethnic differences, Minority recruitment, People of color, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"pages\":\"245\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{michaels_inclusion_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1471-244X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Michaels, Timothy I. and Purdon, Jennifer and Collins, Alexis and Williams, Monnica T.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ethnic differences, Minority recruitment, People of color, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {245},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Michaels, T. I.\",\"Purdon, J.\",\"Collins, A.\",\"Williams, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"michaels_inclusion_2018\",\"id\":\"michaels_inclusion_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ethnic differences\",\"Minority recruitment\",\"People of color\",\"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Black\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Taylor\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pmid\":\"37799400\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC10548230\",\"pages\":\"1159843\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{black_lifeboat_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Black, Taylor},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpmid = {37799400},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC10548230},\\n\\tpages = {1159843},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Black, T.\"],\"key\":\"black_lifeboat_2023\",\"id\":\"black_lifeboat_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Need for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Black Community and the Burdens of Its Provision\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darron\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Faber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sonya\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchanan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"NiCole\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dale\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Green\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lilith\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_need_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Need} for {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy} in the {Black} {Community} and the {Burdens} of {Its} {Provision}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, Darron T. and Faber, Sonya C. and Buchanan, NiCole T. and Foster, Dale and Green, Lilith},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, D. T.\",\"Faber, S. C.\",\"Buchanan, N. T.\",\"Foster, D.\",\"Green, L.\"],\"key\":\"smith_need_2022\",\"id\":\"smith_need_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-faber-buchanan-foster-green-theneedforpsychedelicassistedtherapyintheblackcommunityandtheburdensofitsprovision-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Philosophy of Psychedelics\",\"isbn\":\"9780198843122\",\"abstract\":\"Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by \\\"mystical\\\" experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality? This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism. Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this \\\"Comforting Delusion Objection\\\" to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists. Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"publisher\":\"Oxford University Press\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letheby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ\",\"keywords\":\"Medical / Psychiatry / General, Medical / Psychiatry / Psychopharmacology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Mind & Body, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Cognitive Psychology & Cognition, Psychology / General, Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{letheby_philosophy_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Philosophy of {Psychedelics}},\\n\\tisbn = {9780198843122},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by \\\"mystical\\\" experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality?  This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism.  Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this \\\"Comforting Delusion Objection\\\" to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists.  Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tpublisher = {Oxford University Press},\\n\\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ},\\n\\tkeywords = {Medical / Psychiatry / General, Medical / Psychiatry / Psychopharmacology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Mind \\\\& Body, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Cognitive Psychology \\\\& Cognition, Psychology / General, Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letheby, C.\"],\"key\":\"letheby_philosophy_2021\",\"id\":\"letheby_philosophy_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letheby-philosophyofpsychedelics-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Medical / Psychiatry / General\",\"Medical / Psychiatry / Psychopharmacology\",\"Philosophy / General\",\"Philosophy / Mind & Body\",\"Philosophy / Movements / Humanism\",\"Psychology / Cognitive Psychology & Cognition\",\"Psychology / General\",\"Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Aesthetics and the Body without Organs at the Limits of Perception\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"2398-9777, 2398-9785\",\"url\":\"https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536\",\"doi\":\"10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536\",\"abstract\":\"This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Deleuze and Guattari Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pisters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"583–603\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pisters_psychedelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Aesthetics} and the {Body} without {Organs} at the {Limits} of {Perception}},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {2398-9777, 2398-9785},\\n\\turl = {https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},\\n\\tabstract = {This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Deleuze and Guattari Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Pisters, Patricia},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {583--603},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pisters, P.\"],\"key\":\"pisters_psychedelic_2023\",\"id\":\"pisters_psychedelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Establishing an Ethics for Psychedelic Psychiatry\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1075-2730\",\"url\":\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013\",\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.ps.23074013\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Psychiatric Services\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holoyda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cameron\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"789–789\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{holoyda_establishing_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Establishing an {Ethics} for {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1075-2730},\\n\\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\\n\\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian and Kiani, Cameron},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {789--789},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Holoyda, B.\",\"Kiani, C.\"],\"key\":\"holoyda_establishing_2023\",\"id\":\"holoyda_establishing_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Moving Forward by Looking Back: Critiques of Commercialized Mindfulness and the Future of (Commercialized) Psychedelics\",\"volume\":\"65\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System\",\"issn\":\"2694-3034, 2694-3042\",\"shorttitle\":\"Moving Forward by Looking Back\",\"url\":\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33\",\"doi\":\"10.3368/hopp.65.1.33\",\"abstract\":\"Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leoni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dario\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"capitalism, commercialization, environment, health, meditation, mindfulness, mystical experiences, neoliberalism, psychedelics, self-transcendent experiences, well-being\",\"pages\":\"33–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{elf_moving_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}: {Critiques} of {Commercialized} {Mindfulness} and the {Future} of ({Commercialized}) {Psychedelics}},\\n\\tvolume = {65},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},\\n\\tissn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}},\\n\\turl = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.33},\\n\\tabstract = {Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},\\n\\tauthor = {Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy and Leoni, Dario},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {capitalism, commercialization, environment, health, meditation, mindfulness, mystical experiences, neoliberalism, psychedelics, self-transcendent experiences, well-being},\\n\\tpages = {33--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Elf, P.\",\"Isham, A.\",\"Leoni, D.\"],\"key\":\"elf_moving_2023\",\"id\":\"elf_moving_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33\"},\"keyword\":[\"capitalism\",\"commercialization\",\"environment\",\"health\",\"meditation\",\"mindfulness\",\"mystical experiences\",\"neoliberalism\",\"psychedelics\",\"self-transcendent experiences\",\"well-being\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"TESCREAL hallucinations: Psychedelic and AI hype as inequality engines\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"2559-9283\",\"shorttitle\":\"TESCREAL hallucinations\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2023.00292\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Background and Aims While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. Methods My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. Results Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. Conclusions This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.\",\"number\":\"S1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"22–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{devenot_tescreal_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations: {Psychedelic} and {AI} hype as inequality engines},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {2559-9283},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00292},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n             \\n              Background and Aims \\n              While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods \\n              My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n              Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions \\n              This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.},\\n\\tnumber = {S1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {22--39},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Devenot, N.\"],\"key\":\"devenot_tescreal_2023\",\"id\":\"devenot_tescreal_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cultural Biases and Psychedelic Experiences: Western Scientific Perspectives about Amazonian Mestizo Therapeutic Traditions\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"copyright\":\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\",\"shorttitle\":\"Cultural Biases and Psychedelic Experiences\",\"url\":\"https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035\",\"doi\":\"10.21926/obm.icm.2303035\",\"abstract\":\"This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dubbini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alberto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"1–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dubbini_cultural_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}: {Western} {Scientific} {Perspectives} about {Amazonian} {Mestizo} {Therapeutic} {Traditions}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035},\\n\\tdoi = {10.21926/obm.icm.2303035},\\n\\tabstract = {This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Dubbini, Alberto},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {1--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dubbini, A.\"],\"key\":\"dubbini_cultural_2023\",\"id\":\"dubbini_cultural_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"shorttitle\":\"The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2019.015\",\"abstract\":\"In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"George\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jamilah\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Michaels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timothy\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sevelius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monnica\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"4–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{george_psychedelic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework: {A} call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.015},\\n\\tabstract = {In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {George, Jamilah R. and Michaels, Timothy I. and Sevelius, Jae and Williams, Monnica T.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {4--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"George, J. R.\",\"Michaels, T. I.\",\"Sevelius, J.\",\"Williams, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"george_psychedelic_2020\",\"id\":\"george_psychedelic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Falmouth, UK\",\"title\":\"Noumenautics: Metaphysics ? Meta-Ethics ? Psychedelics\",\"shorttitle\":\"Noumenautics\",\"publisher\":\"Psychedelic Press\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjöstedt-H\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{sjostedt-h_noumenautics_2015,\\n\\taddress = {Falmouth, UK},\\n\\ttitle = {Noumenautics: {Metaphysics} ? {Meta}-{Ethics} ? {Psychedelics}},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Noumenautics},\\n\\tpublisher = {Psychedelic Press},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-H, Peter},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjöstedt-H, P.\"],\"key\":\"sjostedt-h_noumenautics_2015\",\"id\":\"sjostedt-h_noumenautics_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjstedth-noumenauticsmetaphysicsmetaethicspsychedelics-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects: a historical and ethical review\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"1572-8633\",\"shorttitle\":\"Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodnár\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristóf\",\"János\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kakuk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Péter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Clinical trial, LSD research, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychedelic research, Research ethics\",\"pages\":\"327–337\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bodnar_research_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects: a historical and ethical review},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {1572-8633},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},\\n\\tauthor = {Bodnár, Kristóf János and Kakuk, Péter},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Clinical trial, LSD research, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychedelic research, Research ethics},\\n\\tpages = {327--337},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bodnár, K. J.\",\"Kakuk, P.\"],\"key\":\"bodnar_research_2019\",\"id\":\"bodnar_research_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Clinical trial\",\"LSD research\",\"Lysergic acid diethylamide\",\"Psychedelic research\",\"Research ethics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Corporadelic Set and Setting: On the Consequences of Psychedelic Commodification\",\"volume\":\"65\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System\",\"issn\":\"2694-3034, 2694-3042\",\"shorttitle\":\"The Corporadelic Set and Setting\",\"url\":\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131\",\"doi\":\"10.3368/hopp.65.1.131\",\"abstract\":\"The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics. Building on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartogsohn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ido\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"capitalism, corporadelics, medicalization, neo-liberalism, psychedelics, set and setting\",\"pages\":\"131–140\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hartogsohn_corporadelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}: {On} the {Consequences} of {Psychedelic} {Commodification}},\\n\\tvolume = {65},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},\\n\\tissn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}},\\n\\turl = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.131},\\n\\tabstract = {The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics.\\nBuilding on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},\\n\\tauthor = {Hartogsohn, Ido},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {capitalism, corporadelics, medicalization, neo-liberalism, psychedelics, set and setting},\\n\\tpages = {131--140},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hartogsohn, I.\"],\"key\":\"hartogsohn_corporadelic_2023\",\"id\":\"hartogsohn_corporadelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131\"},\"keyword\":[\"capitalism\",\"corporadelics\",\"medicalization\",\"neo-liberalism\",\"psychedelics\",\"set and setting\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: Reimagining drug policy through the prism of human rights\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0955-3959\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics and cognitive liberty\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025\",\"abstract\":\"This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual's actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charlotte\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Cognitive liberty, Drug policy, Human rights, Psychedelics\",\"pages\":\"80–87\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{walsh_psychedelics_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: {Reimagining} drug policy through the prism of human rights},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0955-3959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual's actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Walsh, Charlotte},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cognitive liberty, Drug policy, Human rights, Psychedelics},\\n\\tpages = {80--87},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Walsh, C.\"],\"key\":\"walsh_psychedelics_2016\",\"id\":\"walsh_psychedelics_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cognitive liberty\",\"Drug policy\",\"Human rights\",\"Psychedelics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness\",\"volume\":\"2019\",\"issn\":\"2057-2107\",\"url\":\"https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/nc/niz013\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Neuroscience of Consciousness\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tagliazucchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Enzo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weijer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"niz013\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{peterson_ethics_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness},\\n\\tvolume = {2019},\\n\\tissn = {2057-2107},\\n\\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/nc/niz013},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroscience of Consciousness},\\n\\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Tagliazucchi, Enzo and Weijer, Charles},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {niz013},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Peterson, A.\",\"Tagliazucchi, E.\",\"Weijer, C.\"],\"key\":\"peterson_ethics_2019\",\"id\":\"peterson_ethics_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"issn\":\"0955-3959\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic pleasures\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017\",\"abstract\":\"Background This paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality. Methods In the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping. Results The analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act. Conclusion In conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bøhling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederik\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"keywords\":\"Affect theory, Alcohol and other drugs, Deleuze, Pleasure, Psychedelic drugs, Trip reports\",\"pages\":\"133–143\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bohling_psychedelic_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures: {An} affective understanding of the joys of tripping},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tissn = {0955-3959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Background\\nThis paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality.\\nMethods\\nIn the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping.\\nResults\\nThe analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act.\\nConclusion\\nIn conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Bøhling, Frederik},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tkeywords = {Affect theory, Alcohol and other drugs, Deleuze, Pleasure, Psychedelic drugs, Trip reports},\\n\\tpages = {133--143},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bøhling, F.\"],\"key\":\"bohling_psychedelic_2017\",\"id\":\"bohling_psychedelic_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311\"},\"keyword\":[\"Affect theory\",\"Alcohol and other drugs\",\"Deleuze\",\"Pleasure\",\"Psychedelic drugs\",\"Trip reports\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0308-0188, 1743-2790\",\"shorttitle\":\"Mysticizing medicine\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarroll\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Valeria\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"752–767\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mccarroll_mysticizing_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Mysticizing medicine},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {McCarroll, Valeria},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {752--767},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McCarroll, V.\"],\"key\":\"mccarroll_mysticizing_2023\",\"id\":\"mccarroll_mysticizing_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation\",\"volume\":\"59\",\"issn\":\"1363-4615, 1461-7471\",\"shorttitle\":\"Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/13634615211062962\",\"abstract\":\"After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca's molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Transcultural Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eduardo\",\"Ekman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gerber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konstantin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"610–624\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schenberg_overcoming_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: {Towards} ethical and sustainable regulation},\\n\\tvolume = {59},\\n\\tissn = {1363-4615, 1461-7471},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/13634615211062962},\\n\\tabstract = {After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca's molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Transcultural Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman and Gerber, Konstantin},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {610--624},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schenberg, E. E.\",\"Gerber, K.\"],\"key\":\"schenberg_overcoming_2022\",\"id\":\"schenberg_overcoming_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Skip the Trip? Five Arguments on the Use of Nonhallucinogenic Psychedelics in Psychiatry\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"0963-1801, 1469-2147\",\"shorttitle\":\"Skip the Trip?\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S0963180122000081\",\"abstract\":\"//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"472–476\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{peterson_skip_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Skip the {Trip}? {Five} {Arguments} on the {Use} of {Nonhallucinogenic} {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Skip the {Trip}?},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180122000081},\\n\\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\\\%3Acambridge.org\\\\%3Aid\\\\%3Aarticle\\\\%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {472--476},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Peterson, A.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"peterson_skip_2022\",\"id\":\"peterson_skip_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Physical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies: An Agenda for Inclusive Research and Practice\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"Physical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458\",\"abstract\":\"Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mintz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gammer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brinn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Khan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amanda\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaub\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gretchen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mintz_physical_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}: {An} {Agenda} for {Inclusive} {Research} and {Practice}},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458},\\n\\tabstract = {Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Mintz, Kevin T. and Gammer, Brinn and Khan, Amanda J. and Shaub, Gretchen and Levine, Steven and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mintz, K. T.\",\"Gammer, B.\",\"Khan, A. J.\",\"Shaub, G.\",\"Levine, S.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"mintz_physical_2022\",\"id\":\"mintz_physical_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mintz-gammer-khan-shaub-levine-sisti-physicaldisabilityandpsychedelictherapiesanagendaforinclusiveresearchandpractice-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Cham\",\"title\":\"Placebo Problems: Boundary Work in the Psychedelic Science Renaissance\",\"isbn\":\"9783319767208\",\"shorttitle\":\"Placebo Problems\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9\",\"abstract\":\"The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"booktitle\":\"Plant Medicines, Healing and Psychedelic Science: Cultural Perspectives\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International Publishing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Labate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beatriz\",\"Caiuby\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cavnar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Clancy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2018\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9\",\"keywords\":\"Active Placebo, Clinical Researchers, Psilocybin, Psychedelic Research, Psychedelic Therapy\",\"pages\":\"151–166\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{hendy_placebo_2018,\\n\\taddress = {Cham},\\n\\ttitle = {Placebo {Problems}: {Boundary} {Work} in the {Psychedelic} {Science} {Renaissance}},\\n\\tisbn = {9783319767208},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Placebo {Problems}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},\\n\\tabstract = {The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Plant {Medicines}, {Healing} and {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Cultural} {Perspectives}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n\\tauthor = {Hendy, Katherine},\\n\\teditor = {Labate, Beatriz Caiuby and Cavnar, Clancy},\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},\\n\\tkeywords = {Active Placebo, Clinical Researchers, Psilocybin, Psychedelic Research, Psychedelic Therapy},\\n\\tpages = {151--166},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hendy, K.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Labate, B. C.\",\"Cavnar, C.\"],\"key\":\"hendy_placebo_2018\",\"id\":\"hendy_placebo_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Active Placebo\",\"Clinical Researchers\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic Research\",\"Psychedelic Therapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996\",\"abstract\":\"This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González\",\"Romero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osiris\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gonzalez_romero_cognitive_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996},\\n\\tabstract = {This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {González Romero, Osiris},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"González Romero, O.\"],\"key\":\"gonzalez_romero_cognitive_2023\",\"id\":\"gonzalez_romero_cognitive_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gonzlezromero-cognitivelibertyandthepsychedelichumanities-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"22150366\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic medicine\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"The Lancet Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danforth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grob\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"829–830\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{anderson_psychedelic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {22150366},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic medicine},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Anderson, Brian T and Danforth, Alicia L and Grob, Charles S},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {829--830},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Anderson, B. T\",\"Danforth, A. L\",\"Grob, C. S\"],\"key\":\"anderson_psychedelic_2020\",\"id\":\"anderson_psychedelic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Containment Matters: Set and Setting in Contemporary Psychedelic Psychiatry\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"1086-3303\",\"shorttitle\":\"Containment Matters\",\"url\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/ppp.2021.0032\",\"abstract\":\"ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noorani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tehseen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"201–216\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noorani_containment_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Containment {Matters}: {Set} and {Setting} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {1086-3303},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Containment {Matters}},\\n\\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0032},\\n\\tabstract = {ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\\\& Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {201--216},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Noorani, T.\"],\"key\":\"noorani_containment_2021\",\"id\":\"noorani_containment_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics: Building Bridges and Addressing Potential Challenges Ahead\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738\",\"abstract\":\"Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korevaar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fitzgerald\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liknaitzky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"O'Carroll\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Puspanathan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Prashanth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strauss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nigel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bennett-Levy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{williams_translating_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}: {Building} {Bridges} and {Addressing} {Potential} {Challenges} {Ahead}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738},\\n\\tabstract = {Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Williams, Martin L. and Korevaar, Diana and Harvey, Renee and Fitzgerald, Paul B. and Liknaitzky, Paul and O'Carroll, Sean and Puspanathan, Prashanth and Ross, Margaret and Strauss, Nigel and Bennett-Levy, James},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Williams, M. L.\",\"Korevaar, D.\",\"Harvey, R.\",\"Fitzgerald, P. B.\",\"Liknaitzky, P.\",\"O'Carroll, S.\",\"Puspanathan, P.\",\"Ross, M.\",\"Strauss, N.\",\"Bennett-Levy, J.\"],\"key\":\"williams_translating_2021\",\"id\":\"williams_translating_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"williams-korevaar-harvey-fitzgerald-liknaitzky-ocarroll-puspanathan-ross-etal-translatingpsychedelictherapiesfromclinicaltrialstocommunityclinicsbuildingbridgesandaddressingpotentialchallengesahead-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1535-1645\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4\",\"abstract\":\"This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Current Psychiatry Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"MDMA, Military, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Review, Veterans\",\"pages\":\"513–532\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}: {Clinical}, {Legal}, and {Implementation} {Considerations}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1535-1645},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\\n\\tabstract = {This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Current Psychiatry Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Wolfgang, Aaron S. and Hoge, Charles W.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {MDMA, Military, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Review, Veterans},\\n\\tpages = {513--532},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wolfgang, A. S.\",\"Hoge, C. W.\"],\"key\":\"wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023\",\"id\":\"wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4\"},\"keyword\":[\"MDMA\",\"Military\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelics\",\"Review\",\"Veterans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"0963-6625, 1361-6609\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0963662520981728\",\"abstract\":\"Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Public Understanding of Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forstmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sagioglou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"302–318\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{forstmann_how_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {0963-6625, 1361-6609},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0963662520981728},\\n\\tabstract = {Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Public Understanding of Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Forstmann, Matthias and Sagioglou, Christina},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {302--318},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Forstmann, M.\",\"Sagioglou, C.\"],\"key\":\"forstmann_how_2021\",\"id\":\"forstmann_how_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Presence, Trust, and Empathy: Preferred Characteristics of Psychedelic Carers\",\"issn\":\"0022-1678, 1552-650X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Presence, Trust, and Empathy\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/00221678221081380\",\"abstract\":\"Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sascha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Engel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liam\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bright\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"002216782210813\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thal_presence_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}: {Preferred} {Characteristics} of {Psychedelic} {Carers}},\\n\\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678221081380},\\n\\tabstract = {Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Thal, Sascha and Engel, Liam B. and Bright, Stephen J.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {002216782210813},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thal, S.\",\"Engel, L. B.\",\"Bright, S. J.\"],\"key\":\"thal_presence_2022\",\"id\":\"thal_presence_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Harnessing placebo: Lessons from psychedelic science\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0269-8811, 1461-7285\",\"shorttitle\":\"Harnessing placebo\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/02698811231182602\",\"abstract\":\"The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pronovost-Morgan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chloé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartogsohn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ido\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramaekers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"866–875\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pronovost-morgan_harnessing_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Harnessing placebo: {Lessons} from psychedelic science},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Harnessing placebo},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811231182602},\\n\\tabstract = {The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pronovost-Morgan, Chloé and Hartogsohn, Ido and Ramaekers, Johannes G},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {866--875},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pronovost-Morgan, C.\",\"Hartogsohn, I.\",\"Ramaekers, J. G\"],\"key\":\"pronovost-morgan_harnessing_2023\",\"id\":\"pronovost-morgan_harnessing_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Commercialization: A Wide-Spanning Overview of the Emerging Psychedelic Industry\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"2831-4425\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Commercialization\",\"url\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013\",\"doi\":\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0013\",\"abstract\":\"Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Psychedelic Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aday\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barnett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grossman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murnane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nichols\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"commercialization, ethics, history, industry, psychedelics, review\",\"pages\":\"150–165\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aday_psychedelic_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}: {A} {Wide}-{Spanning} {Overview} of the {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Industry}},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {2831-4425},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Barnett, Brian S. and Grossman, Dan and Murnane, Kevin S. and Nichols, Charles D. and Hendricks, Peter S.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {commercialization, ethics, history, industry, psychedelics, review},\\n\\tpages = {150--165},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aday, J. S.\",\"Barnett, B. S.\",\"Grossman, D.\",\"Murnane, K. S.\",\"Nichols, C. D.\",\"Hendricks, P. S.\"],\"key\":\"aday_psychedelic_2023\",\"id\":\"aday_psychedelic_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013\"},\"keyword\":[\"commercialization\",\"ethics\",\"history\",\"industry\",\"psychedelics\",\"review\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"2045-1253, 2045-1261\",\"shorttitle\":\"History repeating\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/20451253231198466\",\"abstract\":\"Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Elk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michiel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fried\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eiko\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"20451253231198466\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_elk_history_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {2045-1253, 2045-1261},\\n\\tshorttitle = {History repeating},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/20451253231198466},\\n\\tabstract = {Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Van Elk, Michiel and Fried, Eiko I.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {20451253231198466},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van Elk, M.\",\"Fried, E. I.\"],\"key\":\"van_elk_history_2023\",\"id\":\"van_elk_history_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical Considerations at the Intersection Between Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy and Medical Assistance in Dying\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosenbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hales\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"139–141\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rosenbaum_ethical_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} at the {Intersection} {Between} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} and {Medical} {Assistance} in {Dying}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Cho, Matthew and Schneider, Evan and Hales, Sarah and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {139--141},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rosenbaum, D.\",\"Cho, M.\",\"Schneider, E.\",\"Hales, S.\",\"Buchman, D. Z.\"],\"key\":\"rosenbaum_ethical_2023\",\"id\":\"rosenbaum_ethical_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"1367-8779, 1460-356X\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/13678779211019424\",\"abstract\":\"Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Cultural Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gearin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"917–935\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gearin_psychedelic_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {1367-8779, 1460-356X},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/13678779211019424},\\n\\tabstract = {Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Cultural Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Gearin, Alex K and Devenot, Neşe},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {917--935},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gearin, A. K\",\"Devenot, N.\"],\"key\":\"gearin_psychedelic_2021\",\"id\":\"gearin_psychedelic_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Ethic of Access: An AIDS Activist Won Public Access to Experimental Therapies, and This Must Now Extend to Psychedelics for Mental Illness\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1664-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"The Ethic of Access\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626\",\"abstract\":\"If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Campbell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Morgan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monnica\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{campbell_ethic_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}: {An} {AIDS} {Activist} {Won} {Public} {Access} to {Experimental} {Therapies}, and {This} {Must} {Now} {Extend} to {Psychedelics} for {Mental} {Illness}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1664-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626},\\n\\tabstract = {If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {Campbell, Morgan and Williams, Monnica T.},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Campbell, M.\",\"Williams, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"campbell_ethic_2021\",\"id\":\"campbell_ethic_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"campbell-williams-theethicofaccessanaidsactivistwonpublicaccesstoexperimentaltherapiesandthismustnowextendtopsychedelicsformentalillness-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice’s Looking Glass\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petranker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rotem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norman\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{petranker_psychedelic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}: {Polishing} {Alice}’s {Looking} {Glass}},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Petranker, Rotem and Anderson, Thomas and Farb, Norman},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Petranker, R.\",\"Anderson, T.\",\"Farb, N.\"],\"key\":\"petranker_psychedelic_2020\",\"id\":\"petranker_psychedelic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"petranker-anderson-farb-psychedelicresearchandtheneedfortransparencypolishingaliceslookingglass-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist’s Training?\",\"issn\":\"0963-1801, 1469-2147\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S0963180123000099\",\"abstract\":\"Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Humphries\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bryce\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"psychedelic experience, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, training\",\"pages\":\"1–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{emmerich_is_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Is the {Requirement} for {First}-{Person} {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Drugs} a {Justified} {Component} of a {Psychedelic} {Therapist}’s {Training}?},\\n\\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000099},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan and Humphries, Bryce},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {psychedelic experience, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, training},\\n\\tpages = {1--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Emmerich, N.\",\"Humphries, B.\"],\"key\":\"emmerich_is_2023\",\"id\":\"emmerich_is_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2\"},\"keyword\":[\"psychedelic experience\",\"psychedelic therapy\",\"psychedelics\",\"training\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Critical Doses: Nurturing Diversity in Psychedelic Studies\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0308-0188, 1743-2790\",\"shorttitle\":\"Critical Doses\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauskeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwarz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\",\"Gertraud\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"697–711\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hauskeller_critical_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Critical {Doses}: {Nurturing} {Diversity} in {Psychedelic} {Studies}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Critical {Doses}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Hauskeller, Christine and Schwarz, Claudia Gertraud},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {697--711},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hauskeller, C.\",\"Schwarz, C. G.\"],\"key\":\"hauskeller_critical_2023\",\"id\":\"hauskeller_critical_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Indigenous Philosophies and the \\\"Psychedelic Renaissance\\\"\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"1053-4202, 1556-3537\",\"url\":\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/anoc.12161\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Anthropology of Consciousness\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osiris\",\"Sinuhé\",\"González\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braunstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzanne\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"506–527\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{williams_indigenous_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Indigenous {Philosophies} and the \\\"{Psychedelic} {Renaissance}\\\"},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {1053-4202, 1556-3537},\\n\\turl = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/anoc.12161},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Anthropology of Consciousness},\\n\\tauthor = {Williams, Keith and Romero, Osiris Sinuhé González and Braunstein, Michelle and Brant, Suzanne},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {506--527},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Williams, K.\",\"Romero, O. S. G.\",\"Braunstein, M.\",\"Brant, S.\"],\"key\":\"williams_indigenous_2022\",\"id\":\"williams_indigenous_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"ARC: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"shorttitle\":\"ARC\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115\",\"abstract\":\"The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spriggs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meg\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murphy-Beiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ashleigh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murphy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roberta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bornemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thurgur\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlag\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{spriggs_arc_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {{ARC}: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{ARC}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115},\\n\\tabstract = {The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Spriggs, Meg J. and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Murphy, Roberta and Bornemann, Julia and Thurgur, Hannah and Schlag, Anne K.},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Spriggs, M. J.\",\"Murphy-Beiner, A.\",\"Murphy, R.\",\"Bornemann, J.\",\"Thurgur, H.\",\"Schlag, A. K.\"],\"key\":\"spriggs_arc_2023\",\"id\":\"spriggs_arc_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"spriggs-murphybeiner-murphy-bornemann-thurgur-schlag-arcaframeworkforaccessreciprocityandconductinpsychedelictherapies-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics as Standard of Care? Many Questions Remain\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"0963-1801, 1469-2147\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics as Standard of Care?\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S096318012200010X\",\"abstract\":\"//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rasmussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"477–481\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rasmussen_psychedelics_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}? {Many} {Questions} {Remain}},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}?},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200010X},\\n\\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\\\%3Acambridge.org\\\\%3Aid\\\\%3Aarticle\\\\%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Rasmussen, Kurt and Olson, David E.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {477--481},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rasmussen, K.\",\"Olson, D. E.\"],\"key\":\"rasmussen_psychedelics_2022\",\"id\":\"rasmussen_psychedelics_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Philosophy and classic psychedelics: A review of some emerging themes\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"shorttitle\":\"Philosophy and classic psychedelics\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2021.00191\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letheby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mattu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jaipreet\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"166–175\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{letheby_philosophy_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics: {A} review of some emerging themes},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00191},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris and Mattu, Jaipreet},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {166--175},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letheby, C.\",\"Mattu, J.\"],\"key\":\"letheby_philosophy_2022\",\"id\":\"letheby_philosophy_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the “Proper Scope” of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation\",\"issn\":\"0963-1801, 1469-2147\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the “Proper Scope” of Medicine\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S0963180123000270\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"1–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cheung_psychedelics_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}: {Continuing} the {Conversation}},\\n\\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000270},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Patch, Kyle and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {1--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cheung, K.\",\"Patch, K.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Yaden, D. B.\"],\"key\":\"cheung_psychedelics_2023\",\"id\":\"cheung_psychedelics_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2021.00188\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McMillan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riccardo\",\"Miceli\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"57–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcmillan_global_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00188},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {57--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McMillan, R. M.\"],\"key\":\"mcmillan_global_2021\",\"id\":\"mcmillan_global_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Compassionate use of psychedelics\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issn\":\"1572-8633\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z\",\"abstract\":\"In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Greif\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Šurkala\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Compassionate use, Epistemic harm, Ethics, Naturalism, Psychedelic, Uncertainty\",\"pages\":\"485–496\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{greif_compassionate_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Compassionate use of psychedelics},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tissn = {1572-8633},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},\\n\\tauthor = {Greif, Adam and Šurkala, Martin},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Compassionate use, Epistemic harm, Ethics, Naturalism, Psychedelic, Uncertainty},\\n\\tpages = {485--496},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Greif, A.\",\"Šurkala, M.\"],\"key\":\"greif_compassionate_2020\",\"id\":\"greif_compassionate_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z\"},\"keyword\":[\"Compassionate use\",\"Epistemic harm\",\"Ethics\",\"Naturalism\",\"Psychedelic\",\"Uncertainty\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethics of Psychedelic Use in Psychiatry and Beyond—Drawing upon Legal, Social and Clinical Challenges\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"copyright\":\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\",\"issn\":\"2409-9287\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/philosophies8050076\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Philosophies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Azevedo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nuno\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliveira\",\"Da\",\"Silva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miguel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Madeira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luís\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"cultural, ethics, informed consent, legislation, psychedelic-assisted therapy\",\"pages\":\"76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{azevedo_ethics_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethics of {Psychedelic} {Use} in {Psychiatry} and {Beyond}—{Drawing} upon {Legal}, {Social} and {Clinical} {Challenges}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\\n\\tissn = {2409-9287},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/philosophies8050076},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophies},\\n\\tauthor = {Azevedo, Nuno and Oliveira Da Silva, Miguel and Madeira, Luís},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {cultural, ethics, informed consent, legislation, psychedelic-assisted therapy},\\n\\tpages = {76},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Azevedo, N.\",\"Oliveira Da Silva, M.\",\"Madeira, L.\"],\"key\":\"azevedo_ethics_2023\",\"id\":\"azevedo_ethics_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76\"},\"keyword\":[\"cultural\",\"ethics\",\"informed consent\",\"legislation\",\"psychedelic-assisted therapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines\",\"volume\":\"219\",\"issn\":\"0028-3908\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214\",\"abstract\":\"There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belouin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Averill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynnette\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henningfield\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jack\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xenakis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Donato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingrid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grob\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danforth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, MDMA, Policy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic\",\"pages\":\"109214\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{belouin_policy_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines},\\n\\tvolume = {219},\\n\\tissn = {0028-3908},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214},\\n\\tabstract = {There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Belouin, Sean J. and Averill, Lynnette A. and Henningfield, Jack E. and Xenakis, Stephen N. and Donato, Ingrid and Grob, Charles S. and Berger, Ann and Magar, Veronica and Danforth, Alicia L. and Anderson, Brian T.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, MDMA, Policy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},\\n\\tpages = {109214},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Belouin, S. J.\",\"Averill, L. A.\",\"Henningfield, J. E.\",\"Xenakis, S. N.\",\"Donato, I.\",\"Grob, C. S.\",\"Berger, A.\",\"Magar, V.\",\"Danforth, A. L.\",\"Anderson, B. T.\"],\"key\":\"belouin_policy_2022\",\"id\":\"belouin_policy_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738\"},\"keyword\":[\"Hallucinogen\",\"Harm reduction\",\"MDMA\",\"Policy\",\"Psilocybin\",\"Psychedelic\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0306-6800, 1473-4257\",\"url\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/medethics-2021-107262\",\"abstract\":\"There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Medical Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strauss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"La\",\"Salle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sloshower\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monnica\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"728–737\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{strauss_research_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\\n\\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\\n\\tabstract = {There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Strauss, Dana and De La Salle, Sara and Sloshower, Jordan and Williams, Monnica T},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {728--737},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Strauss, D.\",\"De La Salle, S.\",\"Sloshower, J.\",\"Williams, M. T\"],\"key\":\"strauss_research_2022\",\"id\":\"strauss_research_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0269-8811, 1461-7285\",\"shorttitle\":\"Should we be leery of being Leary?\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/02698811221133461\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kious\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwartz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zach\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lewis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benjamin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"45–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kious_should_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}? {Concerns} about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}?},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811221133461},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kious, Brent and Schwartz, Zach and Lewis, Benjamin},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {45--48},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kious, B.\",\"Schwartz, Z.\",\"Lewis, B.\"],\"key\":\"kious_should_2023\",\"id\":\"kious_should_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0022-1678, 1552-650X\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0022167817711304\",\"abstract\":\"Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Phelps\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"pages\":\"450–487\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{phelps_developing_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Developing {Guidelines} and {Competencies} for the {Training} of {Psychedelic} {Therapists}},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0022167817711304},\\n\\tabstract = {Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Phelps, Janis},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tpages = {450--487},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Phelps, J.\"],\"key\":\"phelps_developing_2017\",\"id\":\"phelps_developing_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"2667193X\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"The Lancet Regional Health - Americas\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Celidwen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Redvers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicole\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Githaiga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cicilia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calambás\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Añaños\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chindoy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miguel\",\"Evanjuanoy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vitale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riccardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rojas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\",\"Nelson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mondragón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delores\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosalío\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuniur\",\"Vázquez\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sacbajá\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angelina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"100410\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{celidwen_ethical_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical principles of traditional {Indigenous} medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {2667193X},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {The Lancet Regional Health - Americas},\\n\\tauthor = {Celidwen, Yuria and Redvers, Nicole and Githaiga, Cicilia and Calambás, Janeth and Añaños, Karen and Chindoy, Miguel Evanjuanoy and Vitale, Riccardo and Rojas, Juan Nelson and Mondragón, Delores and Rosalío, Yuniur Vázquez and Sacbajá, Angelina},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {100410},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Celidwen, Y.\",\"Redvers, N.\",\"Githaiga, C.\",\"Calambás, J.\",\"Añaños, K.\",\"Chindoy, M. E.\",\"Vitale, R.\",\"Rojas, J. N.\",\"Mondragón, D.\",\"Rosalío, Y. V.\",\"Sacbajá, A.\"],\"key\":\"celidwen_ethical_2023\",\"id\":\"celidwen_ethical_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"copyright\":\"© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.\",\"issn\":\"1468-215X, 1473-4265\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic injustice\",\"url\":\"https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/medhum-2021-012299\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Medical Humanities\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McMillan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riccardo\",\"Miceli\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pmid\":\"35074926\",\"keywords\":\"health policy, medical ethics/bioethics, patient narratives, psychiatry, psychology\",\"pages\":\"269–272\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcmillan_psychedelic_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\\n\\tissn = {1468-215X, 1473-4265},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic injustice},\\n\\turl = {https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/medhum-2021-012299},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Medical Humanities},\\n\\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpmid = {35074926},\\n\\tkeywords = {health policy, medical ethics/bioethics, patient narratives, psychiatry, psychology},\\n\\tpages = {269--272},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McMillan, R. M.\"],\"key\":\"mcmillan_psychedelic_2022\",\"id\":\"mcmillan_psychedelic_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269\"},\"keyword\":[\"health policy\",\"medical ethics/bioethics\",\"patient narratives\",\"psychiatry\",\"psychology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine and Research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2150-7740, 2150-7759\",\"shorttitle\":\"Journeying to Ixtlan\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"AJOB Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Largent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emily\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lynch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holly\",\"Fernandez\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlawish\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"107–123\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{peterson_journeying_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}: {Ethics} of {Psychedelic} {Medicine} and {Research} for {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Largent, Emily A. and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Karlawish, Jason and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {107--123},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Peterson, A.\",\"Largent, E. A.\",\"Lynch, H. F.\",\"Karlawish, J.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"peterson_journeying_2023\",\"id\":\"peterson_journeying_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1\",\"abstract\":\"Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients' use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-19\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduction Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pilecki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luoma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bathje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geoff\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rhea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Narloch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vilmarie\",\"Fraguada\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Harm reduction, Psychedelic integration, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics\",\"pages\":\"40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pilecki_ethical_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients' use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduction Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Pilecki, Brian and Luoma, Jason B. and Bathje, Geoff J. and Rhea, Joseph and Narloch, Vilmarie Fraguada},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Harm reduction, Psychedelic integration, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},\\n\\tpages = {40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pilecki, B.\",\"Luoma, J. B.\",\"Bathje, G. J.\",\"Rhea, J.\",\"Narloch, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"pilecki_ethical_2021\",\"id\":\"pilecki_ethical_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Harm reduction\",\"Psychedelic integration\",\"Psychedelic-assisted therapy\",\"Psychedelics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"0963-1801, 1469-2147\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S096318012200007X\",\"abstract\":\"Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Griffiths\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roland\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"bioethics, hallucinogens, psychedelics, psychiatry\",\"pages\":\"464–471\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yaden_ethical_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical {Issues} {Regarding} {Nonsubjective} {Psychedelics} as {Standard} of {Care}},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200007X},\\n\\tabstract = {Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Earp, Brian D. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {bioethics, hallucinogens, psychedelics, psychiatry},\\n\\tpages = {464--471},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yaden, D. B.\",\"Earp, B. D.\",\"Griffiths, R. R.\"],\"key\":\"yaden_ethical_2022\",\"id\":\"yaden_ethical_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922\"},\"keyword\":[\"bioethics\",\"hallucinogens\",\"psychedelics\",\"psychiatry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The “Third” Eye: Ethics of Video Recording in the Context of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"2561-4665\",\"shorttitle\":\"The “Third” Eye\",\"url\":\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/\",\"doi\":\"10.7202/1108000ar\",\"abstract\":\"In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3-4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rajwani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Khaleel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"MDMA, bioethics of technology, bioéthique des technologies, enregistrement vidéo, philosophie de la psychiatrie, philosophy of psychiatry, psychedelic therapy, thérapie psychédélique, video recording\",\"pages\":\"8–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rajwani_third_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}: {Ethics} of {Video} {Recording} in the {Context} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {2561-4665},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.7202/1108000ar},\\n\\tabstract = {In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3-4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},\\n\\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {MDMA, bioethics of technology, bioéthique des technologies, enregistrement vidéo, philosophie de la psychiatrie, philosophy of psychiatry, psychedelic therapy, thérapie psychédélique, video recording},\\n\\tpages = {8--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rajwani, K.\"],\"key\":\"rajwani_third_2023\",\"id\":\"rajwani_third_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/\"},\"keyword\":[\"MDMA\",\"bioethics of technology\",\"bioéthique des technologies\",\"enregistrement vidéo\",\"philosophie de la psychiatrie\",\"philosophy of psychiatry\",\"psychedelic therapy\",\"thérapie psychédélique\",\"video recording\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Studying Harms Is Key to Improving Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy—Participants Call for Changes to Research Landscape\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"2168-622X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099\",\"abstract\":\"Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McNamee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neşe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buisson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meaghan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"411–412\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcnamee_studying_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Studying {Harms} {Is} {Key} to {Improving} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}—{Participants} {Call} for {Changes} to {Research} {Landscape}},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {2168-622X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\\n\\tabstract = {Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {McNamee, Sarah and Devenot, Neşe and Buisson, Meaghan},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {411--412},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McNamee, S.\",\"Devenot, N.\",\"Buisson, M.\"],\"key\":\"mcnamee_studying_2023\",\"id\":\"mcnamee_studying_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Qualitative Exploration of Relational Ethical Challenges and Practices in Psychedelic Healing\",\"issn\":\"0022-1678, 1552-650X\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/00221678211045265\",\"abstract\":\"As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Humanistic Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brennan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jackson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margo\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacLean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ponterotto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"002216782110452\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brennan_qualitative_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Relational} {Ethical} {Challenges} and {Practices} in {Psychedelic} {Healing}},\\n\\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678211045265},\\n\\tabstract = {As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Brennan, William and Jackson, Margo A. and MacLean, Katherine and Ponterotto, Joseph G.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {002216782110452},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brennan, W.\",\"Jackson, M. A.\",\"MacLean, K.\",\"Ponterotto, J. G.\"],\"key\":\"brennan_qualitative_2021\",\"id\":\"brennan_qualitative_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psilocybin: The most effective moral bio‐enhancer?\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0269-9702, 1467-8519\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psilocybin\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/bioe.13196\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Bioethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rakić\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vojin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"683–689\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rakic_psilocybin_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Psilocybin: {The} most effective moral bio‐enhancer?},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psilocybin},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.13196},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n            This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Bioethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Rakić, Vojin},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {683--689},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rakić, V.\"],\"key\":\"rakic_psilocybin_2023\",\"id\":\"rakic_psilocybin_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement\",\"copyright\":\"© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.\",\"issn\":\"0306-6800, 1473-4257\",\"shorttitle\":\"Prescribing meaning\",\"url\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/medethics-2020-106619\",\"abstract\":\"The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Medical Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McMillan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riccardo\",\"Miceli\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmid\":\"33148774\",\"keywords\":\"enhancement, neuroethics, philosophical ethics, psychiatry, psychopharmacology\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcmillan_prescribing_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement},\\n\\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\\n\\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Prescribing meaning},\\n\\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106619},\\n\\tabstract = {The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmid = {33148774},\\n\\tkeywords = {enhancement, neuroethics, philosophical ethics, psychiatry, psychopharmacology},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McMillan, R. M.\"],\"key\":\"mcmillan_prescribing_2020\",\"id\":\"mcmillan_prescribing_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619\"},\"keyword\":[\"enhancement\",\"neuroethics\",\"philosophical ethics\",\"psychiatry\",\"psychopharmacology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The Psychedelic Future of the Mind: How Entheogens Are Enhancing Cognition, Boosting Intelligence, and Raising Values\",\"isbn\":\"9781594775024\",\"shorttitle\":\"The Psychedelic Future of the Mind\",\"abstract\":\"Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well–from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values. Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity–a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness. Our psychedelic future is on the horizon–a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit–and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"publisher\":\"Simon and Schuster\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ\",\"keywords\":\"Body, Mind & Spirit / Entheogens & Visionary Substances, Body, Mind & Spirit / New Thought, Medical / Psychiatry / General\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{roberts_psychedelic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}: {How} {Entheogens} {Are} {Enhancing} {Cognition}, {Boosting} {Intelligence}, and {Raising} {Values}},\\n\\tisbn = {9781594775024},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}},\\n\\tabstract = {Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity  • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation  • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values  • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death  As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well--from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values.  Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity--a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness.  Our psychedelic future is on the horizon--a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit--and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tpublisher = {Simon and Schuster},\\n\\tauthor = {Roberts, Thomas B.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body, Mind \\\\& Spirit / Entheogens \\\\& Visionary Substances, Body, Mind \\\\& Spirit / New Thought, Medical / Psychiatry / General},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roberts, T. B.\"],\"key\":\"roberts_psychedelic_2013\",\"id\":\"roberts_psychedelic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roberts-thepsychedelicfutureofthemindhowentheogensareenhancingcognitionboostingintelligenceandraisingvalues-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Body\",\"Mind & Spirit / Entheogens & Visionary Substances\",\"Body\",\"Mind & Spirit / New Thought\",\"Medical / Psychiatry / General\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Moral Enhancement\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1358-2461, 1755-3555\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S1358246118000474\",\"abstract\":\"The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"415–439\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{earp_psychedelic_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Moral} {Enhancement}},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1358-2461, 1755-3555},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S1358246118000474},\\n\\tabstract = {The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements},\\n\\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {415--439},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Earp, B. D.\"],\"key\":\"earp_psychedelic_2018\",\"id\":\"earp_psychedelic_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"1529-8795\",\"shorttitle\":\"Past Is Prologue\",\"url\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/pbm.2023.0007\",\"abstract\":\"ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edelsohn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gail\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"129–144\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{edelsohn_past_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}: {Ethical} {Issues} in {Pediatric} {Psychedelics} {Research} and {Treatment}},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {1529-8795},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}},\\n\\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2023.0007},\\n\\tabstract = {ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Edelsohn, Gail A. and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {129--144},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Edelsohn, G. A.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"edelsohn_past_2023\",\"id\":\"edelsohn_past_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Should Adolescents be Included in Emerging Psychedelic Research?\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"2561-4665\",\"url\":\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/\",\"doi\":\"10.7202/1089784ar\",\"abstract\":\"Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rajwani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Khaleel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"LSD, MDMA, adolescent mental health, adolescent psychiatry, ketamine, kétamine, psilocybin, psilocybine, psychedelic research, psychedelic therapy, psychiatrie des adolescents, recherche sur les psychédéliques, santé mentale des adolescents, thérapie psychédélique\",\"pages\":\"36–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rajwani_should_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Should {Adolescents} be {Included} in {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Research}?},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {2561-4665},\\n\\turl = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.7202/1089784ar},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},\\n\\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {LSD, MDMA, adolescent mental health, adolescent psychiatry, ketamine, kétamine, psilocybin, psilocybine, psychedelic research, psychedelic therapy, psychiatrie des adolescents, recherche sur les psychédéliques, santé mentale des adolescents, thérapie psychédélique},\\n\\tpages = {36--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rajwani, K.\"],\"key\":\"rajwani_should_2022\",\"id\":\"rajwani_should_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/\"},\"keyword\":[\"LSD\",\"MDMA\",\"adolescent mental health\",\"adolescent psychiatry\",\"ketamine\",\"kétamine\",\"psilocybin\",\"psilocybine\",\"psychedelic research\",\"psychedelic therapy\",\"psychiatrie des adolescents\",\"recherche sur les psychédéliques\",\"santé mentale des adolescents\",\"thérapie psychédélique\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Trust and Psychedelic Moral Enhancement\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1874-5504\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9\",\"abstract\":\"Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Neuroethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Bioethics, Human enhancement, Moral enhancement, Trust\",\"pages\":\"19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gordon_trust_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Trust and {Psychedelic} {Moral} {Enhancement}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1874-5504},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Gordon, Emma C.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bioethics, Human enhancement, Moral enhancement, Trust},\\n\\tpages = {19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gordon, E. C.\"],\"key\":\"gordon_trust_2022\",\"id\":\"gordon_trust_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bioethics\",\"Human enhancement\",\"Moral enhancement\",\"Trust\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Psychedelic Psychiatry: Preparing for Novel Treatments Involving Altered States of Consciousness\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"issn\":\"1075-2730\",\"shorttitle\":\"Psychedelic Psychiatry\",\"url\":\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213\",\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.ps.202000213\",\"abstract\":\"The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Psychiatric Services\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holoyda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"LSD, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, psychedelic psychiatry, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics\",\"pages\":\"1297–1299\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{holoyda_psychedelic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}: {Preparing} for {Novel} {Treatments} {Involving} {Altered} {States} of {Consciousness}},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\tissn = {1075-2730},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}},\\n\\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},\\n\\tabstract = {The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\\n\\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {LSD, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, psychedelic psychiatry, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics},\\n\\tpages = {1297--1299},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Holoyda, B.\"],\"key\":\"holoyda_psychedelic_2020\",\"id\":\"holoyda_psychedelic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213\"},\"keyword\":[\"LSD\",\"psilocybin\",\"psychedelic drugs\",\"psychedelic psychiatry\",\"psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"psychedelics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"copyright\":\"© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.\",\"issn\":\"0306-6800, 1473-4257\",\"shorttitle\":\"Ethics and ego dissolution\",\"url\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/medethics-2020-106070\",\"abstract\":\"Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Medical Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sisti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmid\":\"32461241\",\"keywords\":\"informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, research ethics\",\"pages\":\"807–814\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_ethics_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\\n\\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution},\\n\\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106070},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmid = {32461241},\\n\\tkeywords = {informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, research ethics},\\n\\tpages = {807--814},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, W. R.\",\"Sisti, D.\"],\"key\":\"smith_ethics_2021\",\"id\":\"smith_ethics_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807\"},\"keyword\":[\"informed consent\",\"psychiatry\",\"psychopharmacology\",\"psychotherapy\",\"research ethics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ethical and Practical Considerations for the Use of Psychedelics in Psychiatry\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1075-2730\",\"url\":\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525\",\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.ps.20220525\",\"abstract\":\"In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Psychiatric Services\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dike\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Equity, Ethics, Informed consent, Patient safety, Psychedelics, Psychotherapy\",\"pages\":\"838–846\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{barber_ethical_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Ethical and {Practical} {Considerations} for the {Use} of {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1075-2730},\\n\\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},\\n\\tabstract = {In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\\n\\tauthor = {Barber, Gregory S. and Dike, Charles C.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Equity, Ethics, Informed consent, Patient safety, Psychedelics, Psychotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {838--846},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Barber, G. S.\",\"Dike, C. C.\"],\"key\":\"barber_ethical_2023\",\"id\":\"barber_ethical_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525\"},\"keyword\":[\"Equity\",\"Ethics\",\"Informed consent\",\"Patient safety\",\"Psychedelics\",\"Psychotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Altered stakes: Identifying gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"shorttitle\":\"Altered stakes\",\"url\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2023.00267\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"S1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tahlia\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"48–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrison_altered_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Altered stakes: {Identifying} gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Altered stakes},\\n\\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00267},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {S1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {48--60},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrison, T. R.\"],\"key\":\"harrison_altered_2023\",\"id\":\"harrison_altered_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1664-1078\",\"url\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333\",\"abstract\":\"Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Frontiers in Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jacobs_transformative_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1664-1078},\\n\\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333},\\n\\tabstract = {Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jacobs, E.\"],\"key\":\"jacobs_transformative_2023\",\"id\":\"jacobs_transformative_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jacobs-transformativeexperienceandinformedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances\",\"volume\":\"216\",\"issn\":\"0028-3908\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165\",\"abstract\":\"Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-18\",\"journal\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Appelbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"109165\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_novel_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances},\\n\\tvolume = {216},\\n\\tissn = {0028-3908},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165},\\n\\tabstract = {Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {109165},\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, W. R.\",\"Appelbaum, P. S.\"],\"key\":\"smith_novel_2022\",\"id\":\"smith_novel_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"kc5251\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@incollection{holman_humbug_2020,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Humbug, the {Council} of {Pharmacy} and {Chemistry}, and the {Origin} of “{The} {Blind} {Test}” of {Therapeutic} {Efficacy}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-29179-2},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},
	abstract = {This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-21},
	booktitle = {Uncertainty in {Pharmacology}: {Epistemology}, {Methods}, and {Decisions}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Holman, Bennett},
	editor = {LaCaze, Adam and Osimani, Barbara},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},
	pages = {397--416},
}





@article{sudakin_psilocybine_2023,
	title = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {1556-3650, 1556-9519},
	shorttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},
	doi = {10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {Clinical Toxicology},
	author = {Sudakin, Daniel L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {143--145},
}





@article{marks_varieties_2023,
	title = {The varieties of psychedelic law},
	volume = {226},
	issn = {00283908},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {Neuropharmacology},
	author = {Marks, Mason},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {109399},
}





@article{smith_safety_2024,
	title = {The safety of supported psilocybin use in {Oregon}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1078-8956, 1546-170X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {Nature Medicine},
	author = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic A. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {17--18},
}





@article{bellman_review_2024,
	title = {Review of {Psilocybin} {Use} for {Depression} among {Cancer} {Patients} after {Approval} in {Oregon}},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2072-6694},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702},
	doi = {10.3390/cancers16091702},
	abstract = {Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {Cancers},
	author = {Bellman, Val},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1702},
}





@article{korthuis_developing_2024,
	title = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: {An} e-{Delphi} study},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},
	shorttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839},
	doi = {10.1177/02698811241257839},
	abstract = {Background: 
              Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. 
             
             
              Aims: 
              To develop core measures of best practices. 
             
             
              Methods: 
              A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. 
             
             
              Results: 
              Experts ( n = 36; 53\% female; 71\% white; 56\% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64\%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67\%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36\%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. 
             
             
              Conclusion: 
              Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Korthuis, Philip Todd and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Luoma, Jason B. and Bazinet, Alissa and Pertl, Kellie and Morgan, David L. and Cook, Ryan R. and Bielavitz, Sarann and Myers, Renae and Wolf, Robert Cameron and McCarty, Dennis and Stauffer, Christopher S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {761--768},
}





@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,
	title = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Bruce, Lori},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {59--61},
}





@article{siegel_psychedelic_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic {Drug} {Legislative} {Reform} and {Legalization} in the {US}},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101},
	abstract = {Importance 
              Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. 
             
             
              Objective 
              To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. 
             
             
              Evidence Review 
               
                Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, 
                psilocybin 
                , 
                MDMA 
                , 
                peyote 
                , 
                mescaline 
                , 
                ibogaine 
                , 
                LSD 
                , 
                ayahuasca 
                , and 
                DMT 
                ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. 
               
             
             
              Findings 
              Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90\%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36\%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58\%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23\%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35\%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. 
             
             
              Conclusions and Relevance 
              Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {Siegel, Joshua S. and Daily, James E. and Perry, Demetrius A. and Nicol, Ginger E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {77},
}





@article{smith_two_2021,
	title = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}: {Reasons} for {Concern}},
	volume = {326},
	issn = {0098-7484},
	shorttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}},
	url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2021.12481},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {JAMA},
	author = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {697},
}





@article{marks_state-regulated_2023,
	title = {State-{Regulated} {Psychedelics} on a {Collision} {Course} {With} {FDA}},
	volume = {330},
	issn = {0098-7484},
	url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2023.24762},
	abstract = {This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.},
	language = {en},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {JAMA},
	author = {Marks, Mason},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {2337},
}





@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Findley, Trevor},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {101--103},
}





@article{luoma_oregons_2025,
	title = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}: {A} {Survey} of the {First} {Legal} {Psilocybin} {Facilitators} and {Their} {Training} {Programs}},
	issn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},
	shorttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},
	doi = {10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-09},
	journal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},
	author = {Luoma, Jason B. and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Levander, Ximena A. and Bazinet, Alissa and Cook, Ryan R. and McCarty, Dennis and Pertl, Kellie and Bielavitz, Sarann and Gregoire, Devin and Wolf, R. Cameron and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Harrison, Harland V. and Stauffer, Christopher S. and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1--11},
}









@article{mcguire_developing_2024,
	title = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}: {A} {Consensus} {Statement}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2574-3805},
	shorttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},
	doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},
	abstract = {As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-06-04},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	author = {McGuire, Amy L. and Cohen, I. Glenn and Sisti, Dominic and Baggott, Matthew and Celidwen, Yuria and Devenot, Neşe and Gracias, Sabrina and Grob, Charles and Harvey, Ifetayo and Kious, Brent and Marks, Mason and Mithoefer, Michael and Nielson, Elizabeth and Öngür, Dost and Pallas, Alexandra and Peterson, Andrew and Schenberg, Eduardo E. and Summergrad, Paul and Waters, Brett and Williams, Monnica T. and Yaden, David B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {e2414650},
}





@article{cheung_distinctive_2025,
	title = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}: {The} {Risks} of {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Ethics, exceptionalism, informed consent, psychedelics, psychotherapy},
	pages = {16--28},
}









@article{debonis_equipoise_2025,
	title = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}: {Maintaining} {Objectivity} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {DeBonis, Katrina and Dunn, Walter and Strouse, Thomas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {74--76},
}





@incollection{poppe_ethical_nodate,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}: {An} {Overview}},
	shorttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533},
	abstract = {In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-11-12},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Poppe, Christopher and Repantis, Dimitris},
	doi = {10.1007/7854_2024_533},
	pages = {1--16},
}





@article{hoener_ethical_2023,
	title = {Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings},
	copyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},
	issn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},
	url = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943},
	doi = {10.1136/jme-2023-108943},
	abstract = {Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},
	author = {Hoener, Scott and Wolfgang, Aaron and Nissan, David and Howe, Edmund},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37253556},
	keywords = {Ethics, Military Personnel, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology},
}





@article{robinson_ethical_2024,
	title = {Ethical {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {null},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470},
	doi = {10.2147/JPR.S491470},
	abstract = {Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Pain Research},
	author = {Robinson, Christopher L and Slitzky, Matthew and Schatman, Michael E and Yong, R Jason and Lehman, April D and Kaynar, Ata Murat and Shivanekar, Sharvari P and Emerick, Trent},
	month = dec,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Dove Medical Press
\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470},
	keywords = {chronic pain, drug enforcement administration, ethics, psychedelics, research},
	pages = {4357--4364},
}





@article{harrison_wolves_2025,
	title = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}: {Sexual} {Violations} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Harrison, Tahlia R. and Faber, Sonya C. and Zare, Manzar and Fontaine, Matthieu and Williams, Monnica T.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Professional-patient relationship, informed consent, mental illness, professional ethics, research ethics},
	pages = {40--55},
}





@article{villiger_great_2023,
	title = {With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the {REBUS} hypothesis},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},
	issn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},
	shorttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability},
	url = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826},
	doi = {10.1136/jme-2022-108816},
	abstract = {Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},
	author = {Villiger, Daniel and Trachsel, Manuel},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37045591},
	keywords = {ethics, informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy},
	pages = {826--832},
}









@article{jacobs_when_2023,
	title = {When the {Trial} {Ends}: {The} {Case} for {Post}-{Trial} {Provisions} in {Clinical} {Psychedelic} {Research}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1874-5504},
	shorttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},
	abstract = {The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Neuroethics},
	author = {Jacobs, Edward and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Rouiller, Ian and Nutt, David and Spriggs, Meg J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Clinical trials, Post-trial access, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Research ethics},
	pages = {3},
}





@article{langlitz_what_2023,
	title = {What good are psychedelic humanities?},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933},
	abstract = {The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Langlitz, Nicolas},
	year = {2023},
}





@article{villiger_role_2024,
	title = {The role of expectations in transformative experiences},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},
	doi = {10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-09-25},
	journal = {Philosophical Psychology},
	author = {Villiger, Daniel},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1091--1114},
}





@article{neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025,
	title = {Supportive {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Psychiatry/Psychology, professional ethics, research ethics},
	pages = {29--39},
}





@article{kempner_pain_2025,
	title = {The {Pain} {Gap}: {Epistemic} {Justice} in {Psychedelic} {Ethics}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Kempner, Joanna and Schindler, Emmanuelle A. D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {3--5},
}









@article{pace_right-wing_2021,
	title = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}: {Case} {Studies} in {Cultural} {Plasticity} and {Political} {Pluripotency}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	shorttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185},
	abstract = {Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person's fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},
	year = {2021},
}









@article{beachy_relationality_2025,
	title = {Relationality and {Ethics} in {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Beachy, Jamie and Hall, Willa and Thomas, Chantelle and Gorman, Ingmar and C. O’Donnell, Kelley},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {67--71},
}





@article{stauffer_psychedelics_2025,
	title = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}: {What} {Can} be {Learned} from a {Historical} {Analysis} of {General} {Anesthesia} and {Surgery}?},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Stauffer, Christopher Scott},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {56--58},
}





@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,
	title = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Bruce, Lori},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {59--61},
}









@article{cohen_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Medicine} {Exceptionalism}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Cohen, I. Glenn and Marks, Mason},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {FDA, MDMA, Psychedelics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychotherapy},
	pages = {6--15},
}









@article{gaughan_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}: {Antiracism} and {Decolonizing} {Psychedelic} {Plant} {Medicine}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Gaughan, Skylar J. and James, Jennifer E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {71--73},
}





@article{blevins_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Ethics} {Beside} {Institutions}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Blevins, Kai River},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {65--67},
}





@article{villiger_personal_2024,
	title = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?},
	issn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},
	shorttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},
	doi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-25},
	journal = {International Review of Psychiatry},
	author = {Villiger, Daniel},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--10},
}





@incollection{da_costa_edges_2023,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {On the {Edges}: {The} {Ethics} of {Human} {Studies} with {Psychedelic} {Substances}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-14339-7},
	shorttitle = {On the {Edges}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},
	abstract = {Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	booktitle = {Ethics and {Clinical} {Neuroinnovation}: {Fundamentals}, {Stakeholders}, {Case} {Studies}, and {Emerging} {Issues}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {da Costa, Sabrina Correa and Sofuoglu, Mehmet},
	editor = {Roberts, Laura Weiss},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},
	keywords = {Ethics, Hallucinogens, Human research, LSD, MDMA, Methodology, Novel psychoactive agents, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychedelics, Regulatory constraints},
	pages = {153--171},
}





@article{scheinerman_measuring_2025,
	title = {Measuring and {Understanding} the {Meaning} of {Exceptionalism} to {Bolster} {Ethics} {Oversight} of {Psychedelics} {Research}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Scheinerman, Naomi and Erickson, Claire},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {87--89},
}





@article{kopeikin_is_2025,
	title = {Is {There} a {Right} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}?},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Kopeikin, Zak A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {80--83},
}





@article{ray_managing_2025,
	title = {Managing the {Hope} and {Hype} of {Psychedelics}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Ray, Keisha},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1--2},
}





@article{devenot_focused_2025,
	title = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}: {Cautionary} {Perspectives} on {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Devenot, Neşe},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {61--64},
}





@article{villiger_how_2024,
	title = {How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer},
	issn = {0963-1801},
	url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9},
	abstract = {Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2024-09-30},
	journal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},
	author = {Villiger, D.},
	year = {2024},
}





@article{rosenbaum_experiential_2024,
	title = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}: {A} {Risk}‐{Benefit} {Analysis}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0093-0334, 1552-146X},
	shorttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602},
	doi = {10.1002/hast.1602},
	abstract = {Abstract 
             
              Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies 
              .},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-08-14},
	journal = {Hastings Center Report},
	author = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Hare, Crystal and Hapke, Emma and Herman, Yarissa and Abbey, Susan E. and Sisti, Dominic and Buchman, Daniel Z.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {32--46},
}





@article{gehani_ethics_2025,
	title = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}: {Modernizing} {Care} {Beyond} {Traditional} {Clinical} {Approaches}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Gehani, Neil},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {77--80},
}





@article{thorens_ethics_2023,
	title = {[{Ethics} in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy]},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1660-9379},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508},
	doi = {10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508},
	abstract = {This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.},
	language = {fre},
	number = {838},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Revue medicale suisse},
	author = {Thorens, Gabriel and Penzenstadler, Louise and Seragnoli, Federico and Rothen, Stéphane and Qusaj, Visar and Zullino, Daniele},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37610195},
	pages = {1508--1512},
}





@article{moses_continuity_2025,
	title = {Continuity in {Claims} of {Exception} in {Biomedical} {Technologies}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Moses, Jacob D. and Rich, Miriam and Terris, Callie and Tumilty, Emma},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {89--92},
}





@article{rajwani_critiquing_2025,
	title = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}: {Toward} a {Transcultural} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	shorttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Rajwani, Khaleel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {84--87},
}





@article{neitzke-spruill_bio-psycho-spiritual_2024,
	title = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}: {Clinical} and {Ethical} {Implications}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1529-8795},
	shorttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715},
	doi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-23},
	journal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Devenot, Nese and Sisti, Dominic and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {117--142},
}





@article{kahonen_narrative_2025,
	title = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}: {Understanding} the {Psychedelic} {Value} {Changes}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Kähönen, Juuso and Janhonen, Joel and Räsänen, Joona},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804308},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},
	pages = {125--128},
}





@article{baker_letter_2025,
	title = {Letter to the {Editor}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Baker, Robert},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39432318},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},
	pages = {W1--W2},
}





@article{yang_safe_2025,
	title = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}: {Walking} the {Tightrope} of {Patient} {Safety} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Yang, Y. Tony},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804319},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},
	pages = {123--125},
}





@article{insua-summerhays_holding_2025,
	title = {Holding {Without} {Touch}: {Supportive} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Holding {Without} {Touch}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Insua-Summerhays, Bryony and Jacobs, Edward},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804324},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},
	pages = {117--120},
}





@article{verne_ketamine_2025,
	title = {Ketamine and the {Consequences} of {Positive} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Verne, Zachary J. and Gukasyan, Natalie and Zabinski, Jeffrey},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804316},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},
	pages = {115--117},
}





@article{pan_identity-based_2025,
	title = {Identity-{Based} {Decisional} {Capacity} and {Psychedelic} {Treatments}: {Furthering} the {Case} {Against} {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Identity-{Based} {Decisional} {Capacity} and {Psychedelic} {Treatments}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Pan, Shen and Wendler, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804311},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},
	pages = {112--114},
}





@article{luoma_theory_2025,
	title = {From {Theory} to {Practice}: {The} {Importance} of {Operationalizing} and {Measuring} {Ethical} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Luoma, Jason B. and LeJeune, Jenna},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804314},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},
	pages = {120--123},
}





@article{jacobs_excusing_2025,
	title = {Excusing {Psychedelics} and {Accommodating} {Psychedelics}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Jacobs, Edward},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804317},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},
	pages = {107--109},
}





@article{quasti_indigenous_2025,
	title = {Indigenous {Wisdom} and {Underground} {Knowledge} {Are} {Exceptional}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804301},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},
	pages = {105--106},
}





@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Findley, Trevor},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804297},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},
	pages = {101--103},
}





@article{de_matas_embracing_2025,
	title = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}: {Rethinking} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism} {Through} {Diverse} {Perspectives}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {De Matas, Jarrel and McGuire, Amy L. and Yasin, Hasan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804325},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},
	pages = {98--100},
}





@article{davis_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Ethics} in {Palliative} {Care}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Davis, Keenan and Palitsky, Roman and Dunlop, Boadie W. and H. Grant, George and Zarrabi, Ali J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804326},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},
	pages = {95--98},
}





@article{villiger_same_2025,
	title = {Same {Same} but {Different}: {On} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Villiger, Daniel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804321},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},
	pages = {92--95},
}





@article{lee_exceptional_2025,
	title = {Exceptional {Stigma}: {Parallels} {Between} {Marginalized} {Groups} and {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	shorttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Lee, Susan and Kim, Mikaela and Jackson, Grayson R. and Carpenter, Hannah and Campo-Engelstein, Lisa},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804312},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},
	pages = {110--112},
}





@article{shevchenko_irreversibility_2025,
	title = {Irreversibility of {Transformative} {Experience} as a {Criterion} for {Exceptionalism}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1526-5161},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Shevchenko, Sergei and Lavrentyeva, Sofya},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pmid = {39804327},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},
	pages = {103--104},
}





@article{saver_is_2012,
	title = {Is it {Really} {All} about the {Money}? {Reconsidering} {Non}-{Financial} {Interests} in {Medical} {Research}},
	volume = {40},
	copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},
	issn = {1073-1105, 1748-720X},
	shorttitle = {Is it {Really} {All} about the {Money}?},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x},
	abstract = {Conflicts of interest have been reduced to financial conflicts. The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new rules for managing conflicts of interest in medical research, the first major change to the regulations in over 15 years, address only financial ties. Although several commentators urged that the regulations also cover non-financial interests, the Department of Health and Human Services declined to do so. Similarly, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) influential 2009 Conflict of Interest Report focuses almost exclusively on financial conflicts. Institutional policies at academic medical centers and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals also primarily emphasize financial ties. Even broadly worded rules are applied more readily to financial ties than non-financial interests, such as the regulations that restrict institutional review board (IRB) members with conflicting interests from participating in protocol reviews.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-02-02},
	journal = {Journal of Law, Medicine \& Ethics},
	author = {Saver, Richard S.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {467--481},
}





@article{bhui_protecting_2025,
	title = {Protecting and promoting editorial independence},
	volume = {226},
	issn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1192/bjp.2024.6},
	abstract = {Summary 
            We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-31},
	journal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry},
	author = {Bhui, Kamaldeep and O'Brien, Aileen and Upthegrove, Rachel and Tsai, Alexander C. and Soomro, Mustafa and Newton-Howes, Giles and Broome, Matthew R. and Forrester, Andrew and Casey, Patricia and Doherty, Anne M. and Lee, William and Kaufman, Kenneth R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {4--6},
}









@misc{noauthor_mail_nodate,
	title = {Mail - {Katherine} {Cheung} - {Outlook}},
	url = {https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D},
	urldate = {2025-01-16},
}





@article{sutherland_psychedelic_2025,
	title = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}: {Considering} {Safety}, {Ethics}, and {Scientific} {Rigor}},
	copyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},
	issn = {1044-5463, 1557-8992},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082},
	doi = {10.1089/cap.2024.0082},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-09},
	journal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen and Croarkin, Paul E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {cap.2024.0082},
}





@article{gordon_moral_2024,
	title = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: {Psychedelics}, virtual reality and {AI}},
	issn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},
	shorttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374},
	doi = {10.1111/bioe.13374},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of
              moral
              achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more
              speculative
              and
              impractical
              forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an
              adjunctive
              or
              facilitative
              , rather than a
              determinative
              , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {Bioethics},
	author = {Gordon, Emma C. and Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Savulescu, Julian},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {bioe.13374},
}





@article{jacobs_hopkins-oxford_2024,
	title = {The {Hopkins}-{Oxford} {Psychedelics} {Ethics} ({HOPE}) {Working} {Group} {Consensus} {Statement}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Appelbaum, Paul S. and Bruce, Lori and Cassidy, Ksenia and Celidwen, Yuria and Cheung, Katherine and Clancy, Sean K. and Devenot, Neşe and Evans, Jules and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Friesen, Phoebe and Romeu, Albert Garcia and Gehani, Neil and Maloof, Molly and Marcus, Olivia and Martin Moen, Ole and Mertens, Mayli and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Noorani, Tehseen and Patch, Kyle and Porsdam-Mann, Sebastian and Raj, Gokul and Rajwani, Khaleel and Ray, Keisha and Smith, William and Villiger, Daniel and Levy, Neil and Crisp, Roger and Savulescu, Julian and Singh, Ilina and Yaden, David B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {6--12},
}





@incollection{lovering_psychedelic_2024,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {The {Psychedelic} {Experience} as an {Ethical} {Experience}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-65789-4 978-3-031-65790-0},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	booktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Philosophy} and {Psychoactive} {Drug} {Use}},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
	author = {Ballesteros, Virginia},
	editor = {Lovering, Rob},
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},
	pages = {383--401},
}





@article{rose_isolation_2025,
	title = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}: {A} {Sociology} of {Collective} {Effervescence} and {Therapeutic} {Community} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0141-9889, 1467-9566},
	shorttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-9566.13872},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT
            
              There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20
              th
              ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today's resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim's theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {Sociology of Health \& Illness},
	author = {Rose, Jarrett Robert},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {e13872},
}





@article{yoo_birth_2025,
	title = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}: {Capitalising} on the {Psychedelic} {Renaissance}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2770-2030, 2770-2030},
	shorttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004},
	doi = {10.1002/fhu2.70004},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT
            The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {Future Humanities},
	author = {Yoo, Minsu and Sakopoulos, Sofia},
	month = may,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {e70004},
}





@article{oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025,
	title = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: {From} ethics to regulation and equity},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0924977X},
	shorttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624},
	doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Oliveira-Maia, Albino J. and Seybert, Carolina},
	month = feb,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {67--68},
}





@article{sisti_ethics_2025,
	title = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Promises} and {Responsibilities}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1533-712X, 0271-0749},
	shorttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},
	doi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Sisti, Dominic},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1--3},
}













@misc{noauthor_full_nodate,
	title = {Full article: {Ethical} {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract},
	urldate = {2024-12-20},
}





@article{hartstein_new_2024,
	title = {New {Territory}: {Ethical} {Challenges} {Associated} {With} {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {PTSD}},
	volume = {20},
	shorttitle = {New {Territory}},
	url = {https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},
	abstract = {The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-11-12},
	journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal},
	author = {Hartstein, G. Luke and Menon, Sahit N.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {19--22},
}





@article{wilson-poe_personal_2024,
	title = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}: {A} {Thematic} {Analysis} of {Qualitative} {Interviews} with {Psilocybin} {Experts}},
	issn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},
	shorttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},
	doi = {10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-20},
	journal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},
	author = {Wilson-Poe, Ar and Hoffman, Ka and Pertl, K and Luoma, Jb and Bazinet, A and Stauffer, Cs and McCarty, D and Korthuis, Pt},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--8},
}





@article{kruger_psychedelic_2024,
	title = {Psychedelic {Therapist} {Sexual} {Misconduct} and {Other} {Adverse} {Experiences} {Among} a {Sample} of {Naturalistic} {Psychedelic} {Users}},
	copyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},
	issn = {2831-4425, 2831-4433},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},
	doi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-18},
	journal = {Psychedelic Medicine},
	author = {Kruger, Daniel J. and Aday, Jacob S. and Fields, Christopher W. and Kolbman, Nicholas and Glynos, Nicolas and Barron, Julie and Herberholz, Moss and Boehnke, Kevin F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {psymed.2024.0011},
}





@article{anderson_psychedelics_2024,
	title = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? {Considering} the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {09553959},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-10},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Anderson, Katie and Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {104571},
}









@misc{noauthor_problem_nodate,
	title = {Problem {Set} 1},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-09-03},
	journal = {Google Docs},
}





@article{emmerich_responding_2024,
	title = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life: {Psychedelics} and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1874-5490, 1874-5504},
	shorttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or
              realise
              meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-08-27},
	journal = {Neuroethics},
	author = {Emmerich, Nathan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {37},
}





@article{smith_understanding_2024,
	title = {Understanding {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} {Providers}’ {Perspective} and {Insights}: {A} {Qualitative} {Analysis}},
	issn = {2831-4425},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},
	doi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},
	abstract = {Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.},
	urldate = {2024-08-27},
	journal = {Psychedelic Medicine},
	author = {Smith, Crystal Lederhos and Sackett, Nathan and Stark, Brian Connor and Dinh, Victoria and Romesburg, Ellen Wager and Roll, John},
	month = aug,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers},
}





@article{pedersen_social_2024,
	title = {On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience},
	issn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},
	doi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-08-08},
	journal = {Philosophical Psychology},
	author = {Pedersen, Mette Marie and Steglich-Petersen, Asbjørn},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--19},
}





@article{sznitman_taking_2024,
	title = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: {How} do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?},
	volume = {131},
	issn = {09553959},
	shorttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-08-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Sznitman, Sharon R. and Broers, Barbara and Auer, Reto and Tal, Kali},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {104521},
}





@misc{government_of_canada_artificial_2023,
	title = {The {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Data} {Act} ({AIDA}) – {Companion} document},
	url = {https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document},
	abstract = {Table of contents


	Introduction

	
		Canada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape
		Why now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada
		Canada's approach and consultation timeline
	
	
	How the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work
	
		High-impact AI systems: considerations and sys},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-07-27},
	author = {Government of Canada},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Last Modified: 2023-03-13
Publisher: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada},
}













@misc{house_fact_2023,
	title = {{FACT} {SHEET}: {Biden}-{Harris} {Administration} {Secures} {Voluntary} {Commitments} from {Leading} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Companies} to {Manage} the {Risks} {Posed} by {AI}},
	shorttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}},
	url = {https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/},
	abstract = {Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-07-27},
	journal = {The White House},
	author = {House, The White},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
}





@techreport{executive_office_of_the_president_safe_2023,
	title = {Safe, {Secure}, and {Trustworthy} {Development} and {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}},
	url = {https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-27},
	author = {Executive Office of the President},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
}









@article{golafshani_disability_2024,
	title = {Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2731-4251},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-07-21},
	journal = {npj Mental Health Research},
	author = {Golafshani, Maryam and Buchman, Daniel Z. and Husain, M. Ishrat},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {34},
}





@article{gezon_community-based_2024,
	title = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: {An} ethnographic study in the {Southeastern} {United} {States}},
	volume = {-1},
	shorttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00381},
	abstract = {Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.},
	language = {en},
	number = {aop},
	urldate = {2024-07-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Gezon, Lisa L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{cheung_psychedelic_2024,
	title = {Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations},
	issn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},
	doi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-19},
	journal = {International Review of Psychiatry},
	author = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--11},
}





@article{quasti_conceptualizing_2024,
	title = {Conceptualizing your new reality: {Should} philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?},
	volume = {-1},
	shorttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00355},
	abstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.},
	language = {en},
	number = {aop},
	urldate = {2024-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{romeo_safety_2024,
	title = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: {A} meta-analysis and systematic review},
	volume = {335},
	issn = {01651781},
	shorttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653},
	doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	journal = {Psychiatry Research},
	author = {Romeo, B. and Kervadec, E. and Fauvel, B. and Strika-Bruneau, L. and Amirouche, A. and Verroust, V. and Piolino, P. and Benyamina, A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {115880},
}





@article{giubilini_enhancing_2019,
	title = {Enhancing {Equality}},
	volume = {44},
	copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
	issn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205},
	doi = {10.1093/jmp/jhz002},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	journal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},
	author = {Giubilini, Alberto and Minerva, Francesca},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {335--354},
}









@article{crutchfield_moral_2018,
	title = {Moral {Enhancement} {Can} {Kill}},
	volume = {43},
	copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
	issn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038},
	doi = {10.1093/jmp/jhy020},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	journal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},
	author = {Crutchfield, Parker},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {568--584},
}





@book{murray_ethics_2017,
	address = {Abingdon, Oxon},
	title = {The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement},
	isbn = {978-1-00-010894-1},
	abstract = {This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of 'natural' talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Murray, Thomas H. and Chuan, Voo Teck},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 1175921806},
}





@incollection{savulescu_enhancement_2011,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Enhancement, {Autonomy}, and {Authenticity}},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	booktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Juth, Niklas},
	editor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},
	pages = {34--48},
}





@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Physical {Enhancement}: {What} {Baseline}, {Whose} {Judgment}?},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},
	shorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	booktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Holm, Søren and McNamee, Mike},
	editor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},
	pages = {291--303},
}





@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Physical {Enhancement}: {The} {State} of the {Art}},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},
	shorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	booktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Miah, Andy},
	editor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},
	pages = {266--273},
}





@article{kochevar_clarifying_2024,
	title = {Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},
	issn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},
	doi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-09},
	journal = {Philosophical Psychology},
	author = {Kochevar, Christopher},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--22},
}





@article{aday_attitudes_2024,
	title = {Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives},
	volume = {-1},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00354},
	abstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76\%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61\%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately \$70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {aop},
	urldate = {2024-06-23},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Aday, Jacob S. and Boehnke, Kevin F. and Herberholz, Moss and Kruger, Daniel J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{neitzke-spruill_transformative_2024,
	title = {A {Transformative} {Trip}? {Experiences} of {Psychedelic} {Use}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1874-5504},
	shorttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},
	abstract = {Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-23},
	journal = {Neuroethics},
	author = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Robinson, Jill and Blevins, Kai and Reynolds, Joel and Evans, Nicholas G. and McGuire, Amy L.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Agency, Decision Making, Moral Neuroenhancement, Psychedelic Retreats, Psychedelics, Transformative Experience},
	pages = {33},
}





@article{zeller_psychedelic_2024,
	title = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?},
	issn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},
	doi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-09},
	journal = {Philosophical Psychology},
	author = {Zeller, Maximiliano},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--32},
}





@article{pashdag_non-hallucinogenic_2024,
	title = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: {Decreasing} risk and increasing access, or missing the point?},
	issn = {2559-9283},
	shorttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00385},
	abstract = {Abstract 
             
              Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn't go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, 
              what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?},
	urldate = {2024-06-09},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Pashdag, Joanna},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{beswerchij_underground_2022,
	title = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}: {Establishing} a {Medical} {Lexicon} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	shorttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507},
	abstract = {We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.},
	urldate = {2024-04-24},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Beswerchij, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {870507},
}





@article{duggan_could_2024,
	title = {Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0954-982X, 1740-1194},
	url = {https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to},
	doi = {10.1042/bio_2023_164},
	abstract = {A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-04-24},
	journal = {The Biochemist},
	author = {Duggan, Peter and Walker, Scott},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {6--10},
}





@article{marks_essentials_2024,
	title = {Essentials of {Informed} {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},
	abstract = {Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.},
	urldate = {2024-04-10},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {Marks, Mason and Brendel, Rebecca W. and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{appelbaum_informed_2024,
	title = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Treatment}—{A} {Work} in {Progress}},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},
	abstract = {Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.},
	urldate = {2024-04-10},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {Appelbaum, Paul S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{oliver_newspaper_2021,
	title = {Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: {Sentiment} and frequency (1989-2020)},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry},
	author = {Oliver, Dax},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {20--28},
}





@article{oliver_negative_2023,
	title = {Negative mystical experiences: {Why} methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2559-9283},
	shorttitle = {Negative mystical experiences},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00286},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-03-29},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Oliver, Dax},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {158--160},
}





@article{buchman_psychedelics_2024,
	title = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}: {The} {Commercial} {Determinants} of {Health}, {Financial} {Entanglements} and {Population} {Health} {Ethics}},
	issn = {1754-9973, 1754-9981},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685},
	doi = {10.1093/phe/phae002},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-05},
	journal = {Public Health Ethics},
	author = {Buchman, Daniel and Rosenbaum, Daniel},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {phae002},
}





@article{cheung_valuing_2024,
	title = {Valuing the {Acute} {Subjective} {Experience}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1529-8795},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717},
	doi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-23},
	journal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {155--165},
}





@article{kious_are_2024,
	title = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}? {Can} {We} {Consent} to {Them}?},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1529-8795},
	shorttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}?},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716},
	doi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-23},
	journal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Kious, Brent M. and Peterson, Andrew and McGuire, Amy L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {143--154},
}





@article{villiger_giving_2024,
	title = {Giving {Consent} to the {Ineffable}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1874-5504},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},
	abstract = {A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-19},
	journal = {Neuroethics},
	author = {Villiger, Daniel},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Ethics, Informed consent, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Rationality, Testimony, Transformative experience},
	pages = {11},
}





@article{lange_exploring_2021,
	title = {Exploring {Moral} {Bio}-enhancement through {Psilocybin}-{Facilitated} {Prosocial} {Effects}},
	url = {https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:154294470},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-02-12},
	journal = {Journal of Cognition \& Neuroethics},
	author = {Lange, Victor and Marie, Sidsel},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
}





@article{otterman_research_2023,
	title = {Research into {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {Anorexia} {Nervosa} {Should} be {Funded}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1872-4353},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},
	abstract = {Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-12},
	journal = {Journal of Bioethical Inquiry},
	author = {Otterman, Lauren S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Health research ethics, Informed consent, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},
	pages = {31--39},
}





@article{lee_informed_2024,
	title = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}: {Ethical} {Considerations}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937},
	number = {1-5},
	journal = {The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry},
	author = {Lee, Andrew and Rosenbaum, Daniel and Buchman, Daniel Z.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
}





@article{earp_racial_2021,
	title = {Racial {Justice} {Requires} {Ending} the {War} on {Drugs}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Earp, Brian D. and Lewis, Jonathan and Hart, Carl L. and {with Bioethicists and Allied Professionals for Drug Policy Reform}},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {4--19},
}





@article{hauskeller_decolonization_2023,
	title = {Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. {The} case from psychedelic studies},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},
	doi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
	author = {Hauskeller, Christine and Artinian, Taline and Fiske, Amelia and Schwarz Marin, Ernesto and González Romero, Osiris Sinuhé and Luna, Luis Eduardo and Crickmore, Joseph and Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {732--751},
}





@phdthesis{brennan_qualitative_2022,
	title = {A {Qualitative} {Inquiry} into {Ethical} {Relationship} and {Boundary}-{Setting} in {Underground} {Psychedelic} {Healing} - {ProQuest}},
	url = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	school = {Fordham University},
	author = {Brennan, William Thomas},
	year = {2022},
}





@phdthesis{brown_ethical_2020,
	title = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}: {A} {Mixed} {Methods} {Study} - {ProQuest}},
	shorttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}},
	url = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y},
	abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	school = {Califonia Institute of Integral Studies},
	author = {Brown, Jessica},
	year = {2020},
}





@article{ona_illusion_2022,
	title = {The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0732-118X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967},
	abstract = {While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {New Ideas in Psychology},
	author = {Ona, Genís and Kohek, Maja and Bouso, José Carlos},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Hallucinogens, MDMA, Methodology, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},
	pages = {100967},
}





@article{davies_beyond_2023,
	title = {Beyond the psychedelic hype: {Exploring} the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm},
	volume = {7},
	shorttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00273},
	abstract = {Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Davies, James and Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {9--21},
}





@article{noorani_making_2020,
	title = {Making psychedelics into medicines: {The} politics and paradoxes of medicalization},
	volume = {4},
	shorttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2019.018},
	abstract = {This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Noorani, Tehseen},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {34--39},
}





@article{fischman_knowing_2022,
	title = {Knowing and being known: {Psychedelic}–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	shorttitle = {Knowing and being known},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495},
	abstract = {Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Fischman, Lawrence G.},
	year = {2022},
}





@article{amada_psychedelic_2020,
	title = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}: {An} {Exploratory} {Qualitative} {Study}},
	volume = {27},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}},
	abstract = {It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted
from, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to
self-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a
cornerstone of psychedelics' therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.},
	number = {9-10},
	journal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},
	author = {Amada, N. and Lea, T. and Letheby, C. and Shane, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6--33},
}





@article{smith_evolving_1988,
	title = {Evolving {Ethics} in {Psychedelic} {Drug} {Taking}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0022-0426, 1945-1369},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207},
	doi = {10.1177/002204268801800207},
	abstract = {Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Drug Issues},
	author = {Smith, Elvin D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {201--214},
}





@article{sessa_is_2008,
	title = {Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597},
	doi = {10.1177/0269881108091597},
	abstract = {Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today's current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Sessa, B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {821--827},
}





@article{caporuscio_belief_2022,
	title = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}: {The} {Epistemic} {Advantage} of {Self}-{Related} {Insights} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Chiara Caporuscio},
	issn = {2699-0369},
	shorttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}},
	url = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310},
	doi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310},
	abstract = {Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},
	author = {Caporuscio, Chiara},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {First-person authority, Insight, Integration, Psychedelic Therapy, Psychedelics, Self-Shaping},
}





@article{miceli_mcmillan_understanding_2023,
	title = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: {The} need for phenomenology},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0004-8674, 1440-1614},
	shorttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962},
	doi = {10.1177/00048674221139962},
	abstract = {Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Australian \& New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry},
	author = {Miceli McMillan, Riccardo and Fernandez, Anthony Vincent},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {783--788},
}





@article{gladziejewski_altered_2023,
	title = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}: {The} {Epistemic} {Status} of {Psychedelic}-induced {Metaphysical} {Beliefs}},
	issn = {1878-5166},
	shorttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},
	abstract = {Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Review of Philosophy and Psychology},
	author = {Gładziejewski, Paweł},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {DMT, LSD, Metaphysical beliefs, Mystical experience, Predictive processing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, REBUS},
}





@article{lyon_through_2022,
	title = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}: {The} {Importance} of {Phenomenal} {Transparency} in {Psychedelic} {Transformation}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Aidan Lyon, Anya Farennikova},
	issn = {2699-0369},
	shorttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}},
	url = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323},
	doi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323},
	abstract = {What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},
	author = {Lyon, Aidan and Farennikova, Anya},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Phenomenal transparency, Psychedelic experience, Psychotherapy},
}





@article{fink_psychedelics_2022,
	title = {Psychedelics {Favour} {Understanding} {Rather} {Than} {Knowledge}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Sascha Benjamin Fink},
	issn = {2699-0369},
	url = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264},
	doi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264},
	abstract = {Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},
	author = {Fink, Sascha Benjamin},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Epistemic Benefits, Epistemic Standards, Epistemology, Knowledge, Philosophy, Process of Discovery, Process of Justification, Psychedelics, REBUS Model, Understanding},
}





@article{letheby_epistemic_2016,
	title = {The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1053-8100},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012},
	abstract = {One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},
	author = {Letheby, Chris},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Altered states of consciousness, Epistemic innocence, Epistemology, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mystical experience, Naturalism, Philosophy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},
	pages = {28--37},
}





@article{letheby_being_2020,
	title = {Being for no-one: {Psychedelic} experience and minimal subjectivity},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Chris Letheby},
	issn = {2699-0369},
	shorttitle = {Being for no-one},
	url = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958},
	doi = {10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47},
	abstract = {Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon \&amp; Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP.
I argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness.
One possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.},
	language = {en},
	number = {I},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},
	author = {Letheby, Chris},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {5-MeO-DMT, DMT, consciousness, for-me-ness, hallucinogen, psychedelics, self, self-awareness, self-consciousness, subjectivity},
	pages = {1--26},
}





@article{sjostedt-hughes_need_2023,
	title = {On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589},
	abstract = {The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},
	year = {2023},
}





@article{pittaway_learn_2018,
	title = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”: {Philosophy}, psychedelic studies and transformation},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0258-0136, 2073-4867},
	shorttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},
	doi = {10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {South African Journal of Philosophy},
	author = {Pittaway, David A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {438--451},
}





@misc{noauthor_acid_nodate,
	title = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}: {Psychedelic} {Philosophy} in the {Sixties} and {Beyond} - {ProQuest}},
	shorttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}},
	url = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587},
	abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
}





@article{letheby_philosophy_2015,
	title = {{THE} {PHILOSOPHY} {OF} {PSYCHEDELIC} {TRANSFORMATION}},
	volume = {22},
	abstract = {Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic
transformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy
of (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject's psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of
the (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.},
	number = {9-10},
	journal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},
	author = {Letheby, C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {170--193},
}





@article{magar_psychedelic_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}: {Embracing} {Communities}, {Groups}, and {Traditional} {Knowledge}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},
	doi = {10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},
	author = {Magar, Veronica and Urrutia, Julian and Anderson, Brian T.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {519--522},
}





@article{rudolph_barriers_2023,
	title = {Barriers and {Facilitators} to the {Equitable} {Access} of {Psychedelic} {Medical} {Care} and {Research} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Rudolph, Kaila A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {136--138},
}





@article{earp_culture_2021,
	title = {Culture, {Context}, and {Community} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Research}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1086-3303},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100},
	doi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0033},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \& Psychology},
	author = {Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {217--221},
}





@article{yaden_preparing_2022,
	title = {Preparing for the {Bursting} of the {Psychedelic} {Hype} {Bubble}},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},
	abstract = {Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {Yaden, David B. and Potash, James B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {943--944},
}





@article{simon_ensuring_2024,
	title = {Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
	issn = {1740-634X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4},
	abstract = {Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Simon, Melissa A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},
	pages = {294--295},
}





@article{yaden_psychedelics_2021,
	title = {Psychedelics in {Psychiatry}—{Keeping} the {Renaissance} {From} {Going} {Off} the {Rails}},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},
	abstract = {There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {Yaden, David B. and Yaden, Mary E. and Griffiths, Roland R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {469--470},
}





@article{marcus_everybodys_2023,
	title = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},
	shorttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},
	doi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
	author = {Marcus, Olivia},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {712--731},
}





@article{nielson_influence_2018,
	title = {The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training},
	volume = {2},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2018.009},
	abstract = {Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Nielson, Elizabeth M. and Guss, Jeffrey},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {64--73},
}





@article{carter_avoiding_2023,
	title = {Avoiding the {Premature} {Introduction} of {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Disorders}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Carter, Adrian and Graham, Myfanwy and Hall, Wayne and Barber, Michaela and Gardner, John},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {129--131},
}





@incollection{bodnar_regulatory_2022,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Regulatory, {Ethical} and {Political} {Challenges} of {Experimentation} with {LSD} on {Human} {Subjects}},
	isbn = {9783030996802},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},
	abstract = {The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	booktitle = {Integrity of {Scientific} {Research}: {Fraud}, {Misconduct} and {Fake} {News} in the {Academic}, {Medical} and {Social} {Environment}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Bodnar, Kristof Janos and Peter, Szabina},
	editor = {Faintuch, Joel and Faintuch, Salomão},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},
	keywords = {FDA, LSD, Laing, MKUltra, Psychedelics, Research ethics},
	pages = {227--234},
}





@article{marks_introducing_2023,
	title = {Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},
	issn = {2731-6076},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1},
	abstract = {Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Nature Mental Health},
	author = {Marks, Mason and Kious, Brent and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Clinical trial design, Geriatrics, Patient education, Policy, Quality of life},
	pages = {920--922},
}





@article{gerber_ethical_2021,
	title = {Ethical {Concerns} about {Psilocybin} {Intellectual} {Property}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2575-9108, 2575-9108},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},
	doi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {ACS Pharmacology \& Translational Science},
	author = {Gerber, Konstantin and Flores, Inti García and Ruiz, Angela Christina and Ali, Ismail and Ginsberg, Natalie Lyla and Schenberg, Eduardo E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {573--577},
}





@article{skiles_peer_2023,
	title = {Peer support and psychedelics},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2368-7924, 2368-7924},
	url = {https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},
	doi = {10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},
	abstract = {LAY SUMMARY 
            The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). 
          ,  
            The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health},
	author = {Skiles, Zachary and Dixon, James R. and Friedrich, Dan and Reed, Donny and Stauffer, Christopher S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {80--87},
}





@article{ozeki-hayashi_journey_2023,
	title = {Journey to {Narayama}: {Cultural} {Complexities}, {Psychedelics} and {Dementia}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	shorttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Ozeki-Hayashi, Reina and Wilkinson, Dominic Jc},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {145--147},
}





@article{dowie_philosophy_2023,
	title = {Philosophy and psychedelics: {Frameworks} for exceptional experience},
	volume = {7},
	shorttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00283},
	abstract = {Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Dowie, Tra-ill and Tempone-Wiltshire, Julien},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {143--150},
}





@article{cole-turner_psychedelic_2021,
	title = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}: {William} {James} and the “{Noetic} {Quality}” of {Mystical} {Experience}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2077-1444},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058},
	doi = {10.3390/rel12121058},
	abstract = {William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Religions},
	author = {Cole-Turner, Ron},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {William James, mystical experience, mystical experience questionnaire, mystical states, noetic quality, psilocybin, psychedelic experience, psychedelics, religious experience},
	pages = {1058},
}





@incollection{mackenzie_reframing_2009,
	title = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}: {Enhancing} {Choice} in {Dying}, {Neuroscience}, {End}-of-{Life} {Research} and the {Potential} of {Psychedelics} in {Palliative} {Care}},
	isbn = {9781315591636},
	shorttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}},
	abstract = {This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician's obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one's dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.},
	booktitle = {Law, {Mind} and {Brain}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Mackenzie, Robin},
	year = {2009},
}





@article{seybert_psychedelic_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},
	issn = {1546-170X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5},
	abstract = {Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Nature Medicine},
	author = {Seybert, Carolina and Cotovio, Gonçalo and Madeira, Luís and Ricou, Miguel and Pires, Ana Matos and Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Medical ethics, Medical research},
	pages = {2167--2170},
}





@article{jacobs_toward_2023,
	title = {Toward a {Broader} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Jacobs, Edward and Yaden, David Bryce and Earp, Brian D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {126--129},
}





@article{soofi_psychedelic_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic {Research} for {Dementia} {Risks} {Perpetuating} {Structural} {Failures} and {Inadequacies} in {Aged} {Care}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Soofi, Hojjat and Forlini, Cynthia},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {131--134},
}





@article{michaels_inclusion_2018,
	title = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1471-244X},
	shorttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},
	doi = {10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},
	abstract = {Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
	author = {Michaels, Timothy I. and Purdon, Jennifer and Collins, Alexis and Williams, Monnica T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Ethnic differences, Minority recruitment, People of color, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},
	pages = {245},
}





@article{black_lifeboat_2023,
	title = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	shorttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843},
	abstract = {Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Black, Taylor},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37799400},
	pmcid = {PMC10548230},
	pages = {1159843},
}





@article{smith_need_2022,
	title = {The {Need} for {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy} in the {Black} {Community} and the {Burdens} of {Its} {Provision}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736},
	abstract = {Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Smith, Darron T. and Faber, Sonya C. and Buchanan, NiCole T. and Foster, Dale and Green, Lilith},
	year = {2022},
}





@book{letheby_philosophy_2021,
	title = {Philosophy of {Psychedelics}},
	isbn = {9780198843122},
	abstract = {Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by "mystical" experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality?  This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism.  Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this "Comforting Delusion Objection" to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists.  Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Letheby, Chris},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Medical / Psychiatry / General, Medical / Psychiatry / Psychopharmacology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Mind \& Body, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Cognitive Psychology \& Cognition, Psychology / General, Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience},
}





@article{pisters_psychedelic_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic {Aesthetics} and the {Body} without {Organs} at the {Limits} of {Perception}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {2398-9777, 2398-9785},
	url = {https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},
	doi = {10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Deleuze and Guattari Studies},
	author = {Pisters, Patricia},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {583--603},
}





@article{holoyda_establishing_2023,
	title = {Establishing an {Ethics} for {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1075-2730},
	url = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Psychiatric Services},
	author = {Holoyda, Brian and Kiani, Cameron},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {789--789},
}





@article{elf_moving_2023,
	title = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}: {Critiques} of {Commercialized} {Mindfulness} and the {Future} of ({Commercialized}) {Psychedelics}},
	volume = {65},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},
	issn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},
	shorttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}},
	url = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33},
	doi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.33},
	abstract = {Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},
	author = {Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy and Leoni, Dario},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {capitalism, commercialization, environment, health, meditation, mindfulness, mystical experiences, neoliberalism, psychedelics, self-transcendent experiences, well-being},
	pages = {33--62},
}





@article{devenot_tescreal_2023,
	title = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations: {Psychedelic} and {AI} hype as inequality engines},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2559-9283},
	shorttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00292},
	abstract = {Abstract 
             
              Background and Aims 
              While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. 
             
             
              Methods 
              My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. 
             
             
              Results 
              Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. 
             
             
              Conclusions 
              This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Devenot, Neşe},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {22--39},
}





@article{dubbini_cultural_2023,
	title = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}: {Western} {Scientific} {Perspectives} about {Amazonian} {Mestizo} {Therapeutic} {Traditions}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	shorttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}},
	url = {https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035},
	doi = {10.21926/obm.icm.2303035},
	abstract = {This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine},
	author = {Dubbini, Alberto},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1--23},
}





@article{george_psychedelic_2020,
	title = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework: {A} call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion},
	volume = {4},
	shorttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2019.015},
	abstract = {In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {George, Jamilah R. and Michaels, Timothy I. and Sevelius, Jae and Williams, Monnica T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {4--15},
}





@book{sjostedt-h_noumenautics_2015,
	address = {Falmouth, UK},
	title = {Noumenautics: {Metaphysics} ? {Meta}-{Ethics} ? {Psychedelics}},
	shorttitle = {Noumenautics},
	publisher = {Psychedelic Press},
	author = {Sjöstedt-H, Peter},
	year = {2015},
}





@article{bodnar_research_2019,
	title = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects: a historical and ethical review},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1572-8633},
	shorttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},
	abstract = {In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},
	author = {Bodnár, Kristóf János and Kakuk, Péter},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Clinical trial, LSD research, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychedelic research, Research ethics},
	pages = {327--337},
}





@article{hartogsohn_corporadelic_2023,
	title = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}: {On} the {Consequences} of {Psychedelic} {Commodification}},
	volume = {65},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},
	issn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},
	shorttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}},
	url = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131},
	doi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.131},
	abstract = {The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics.
Building on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},
	author = {Hartogsohn, Ido},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {capitalism, corporadelics, medicalization, neo-liberalism, psychedelics, set and setting},
	pages = {131--140},
}





@article{walsh_psychedelics_2016,
	title = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: {Reimagining} drug policy through the prism of human rights},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0955-3959},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025},
	abstract = {This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual's actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Walsh, Charlotte},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Cognitive liberty, Drug policy, Human rights, Psychedelics},
	pages = {80--87},
}





@article{peterson_ethics_2019,
	title = {The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness},
	volume = {2019},
	issn = {2057-2107},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278},
	doi = {10.1093/nc/niz013},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Neuroscience of Consciousness},
	author = {Peterson, Andrew and Tagliazucchi, Enzo and Weijer, Charles},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {niz013},
}





@article{bohling_psychedelic_2017,
	title = {Psychedelic pleasures: {An} affective understanding of the joys of tripping},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0955-3959},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017},
	abstract = {Background
This paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality.
Methods
In the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping.
Results
The analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act.
Conclusion
In conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Bøhling, Frederik},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Affect theory, Alcohol and other drugs, Deleuze, Pleasure, Psychedelic drugs, Trip reports},
	pages = {133--143},
}





@article{mccarroll_mysticizing_2023,
	title = {Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},
	shorttitle = {Mysticizing medicine},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},
	doi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
	author = {McCarroll, Valeria},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {752--767},
}





@article{schenberg_overcoming_2022,
	title = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: {Towards} ethical and sustainable regulation},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {1363-4615, 1461-7471},
	shorttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962},
	doi = {10.1177/13634615211062962},
	abstract = {After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca's molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Transcultural Psychiatry},
	author = {Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman and Gerber, Konstantin},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {610--624},
}





@article{peterson_skip_2022,
	title = {Skip the {Trip}? {Five} {Arguments} on the {Use} of {Nonhallucinogenic} {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},
	shorttitle = {Skip the {Trip}?},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6},
	doi = {10.1017/S0963180122000081},
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},
	author = {Peterson, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {472--476},
}





@article{mintz_physical_2022,
	title = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}: {An} {Agenda} for {Inclusive} {Research} and {Practice}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	shorttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458},
	abstract = {Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Mintz, Kevin T. and Gammer, Brinn and Khan, Amanda J. and Shaub, Gretchen and Levine, Steven and Sisti, Dominic},
	year = {2022},
}





@incollection{hendy_placebo_2018,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Placebo {Problems}: {Boundary} {Work} in the {Psychedelic} {Science} {Renaissance}},
	isbn = {9783319767208},
	shorttitle = {Placebo {Problems}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},
	abstract = {The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	booktitle = {Plant {Medicines}, {Healing} and {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Cultural} {Perspectives}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Hendy, Katherine},
	editor = {Labate, Beatriz Caiuby and Cavnar, Clancy},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},
	keywords = {Active Placebo, Clinical Researchers, Psilocybin, Psychedelic Research, Psychedelic Therapy},
	pages = {151--166},
}





@article{gonzalez_romero_cognitive_2023,
	title = {Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996},
	abstract = {This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {González Romero, Osiris},
	year = {2023},
}





@article{anderson_psychedelic_2020,
	title = {Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {22150366},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic medicine},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462},
	doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},
	author = {Anderson, Brian T and Danforth, Alicia L and Grob, Charles S},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {829--830},
}





@article{noorani_containment_2021,
	title = {Containment {Matters}: {Set} and {Setting} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1086-3303},
	shorttitle = {Containment {Matters}},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099},
	doi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0032},
	abstract = {ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \& Psychology},
	author = {Noorani, Tehseen},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {201--216},
}





@article{williams_translating_2021,
	title = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}: {Building} {Bridges} and {Addressing} {Potential} {Challenges} {Ahead}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	shorttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738},
	abstract = {Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Williams, Martin L. and Korevaar, Diana and Harvey, Renee and Fitzgerald, Paul B. and Liknaitzky, Paul and O'Carroll, Sean and Puspanathan, Prashanth and Ross, Margaret and Strauss, Nigel and Bennett-Levy, James},
	year = {2021},
}





@article{wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}: {Clinical}, {Legal}, and {Implementation} {Considerations}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1535-1645},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},
	abstract = {This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Current Psychiatry Reports},
	author = {Wolfgang, Aaron S. and Hoge, Charles W.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {MDMA, Military, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Review, Veterans},
	pages = {513--532},
}





@article{forstmann_how_2021,
	title = {How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0963-6625, 1361-6609},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728},
	doi = {10.1177/0963662520981728},
	abstract = {Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
	author = {Forstmann, Matthias and Sagioglou, Christina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {302--318},
}





@article{thal_presence_2022,
	title = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}: {Preferred} {Characteristics} of {Psychedelic} {Carers}},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	shorttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380},
	doi = {10.1177/00221678221081380},
	abstract = {Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Thal, Sascha and Engel, Liam B. and Bright, Stephen J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {002216782210813},
}





@article{pronovost-morgan_harnessing_2023,
	title = {Harnessing placebo: {Lessons} from psychedelic science},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},
	shorttitle = {Harnessing placebo},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602},
	doi = {10.1177/02698811231182602},
	abstract = {The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Pronovost-Morgan, Chloé and Hartogsohn, Ido and Ramaekers, Johannes G},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {866--875},
}





@article{aday_psychedelic_2023,
	title = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}: {A} {Wide}-{Spanning} {Overview} of the {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Industry}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2831-4425},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},
	doi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},
	abstract = {Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Psychedelic Medicine},
	author = {Aday, Jacob S. and Barnett, Brian S. and Grossman, Dan and Murnane, Kevin S. and Nichols, Charles D. and Hendricks, Peter S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {commercialization, ethics, history, industry, psychedelics, review},
	pages = {150--165},
}





@article{van_elk_history_2023,
	title = {History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2045-1253, 2045-1261},
	shorttitle = {History repeating},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466},
	doi = {10.1177/20451253231198466},
	abstract = {Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Van Elk, Michiel and Fried, Eiko I.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {20451253231198466},
}





@article{rosenbaum_ethical_2023,
	title = {Ethical {Considerations} at the {Intersection} {Between} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} and {Medical} {Assistance} in {Dying}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Cho, Matthew and Schneider, Evan and Hales, Sarah and Buchman, Daniel Z.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {139--141},
}





@article{gearin_psychedelic_2021,
	title = {Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1367-8779, 1460-356X},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424},
	doi = {10.1177/13678779211019424},
	abstract = {Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {International Journal of Cultural Studies},
	author = {Gearin, Alex K and Devenot, Neşe},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {917--935},
}





@article{campbell_ethic_2021,
	title = {The {Ethic} of {Access}: {An} {AIDS} {Activist} {Won} {Public} {Access} to {Experimental} {Therapies}, and {This} {Must} {Now} {Extend} to {Psychedelics} for {Mental} {Illness}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1664-0640},
	shorttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626},
	abstract = {If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
	author = {Campbell, Morgan and Williams, Monnica T.},
	year = {2021},
}





@article{petranker_psychedelic_2020,
	title = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}: {Polishing} {Alice}’s {Looking} {Glass}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681},
	abstract = {Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Petranker, Rotem and Anderson, Thomas and Farb, Norman},
	year = {2020},
}





@article{emmerich_is_2023,
	title = {Is the {Requirement} for {First}-{Person} {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Drugs} a {Justified} {Component} of a {Psychedelic} {Therapist}’s {Training}?},
	issn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2},
	doi = {10.1017/S0963180123000099},
	abstract = {Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},
	author = {Emmerich, Nathan and Humphries, Bryce},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {psychedelic experience, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, training},
	pages = {1--10},
}





@article{hauskeller_critical_2023,
	title = {Critical {Doses}: {Nurturing} {Diversity} in {Psychedelic} {Studies}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},
	shorttitle = {Critical {Doses}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},
	doi = {10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
	author = {Hauskeller, Christine and Schwarz, Claudia Gertraud},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {697--711},
}





@article{williams_indigenous_2022,
	title = {Indigenous {Philosophies} and the "{Psychedelic} {Renaissance}"},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1053-4202, 1556-3537},
	url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161},
	doi = {10.1111/anoc.12161},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Anthropology of Consciousness},
	author = {Williams, Keith and Romero, Osiris Sinuhé González and Braunstein, Michelle and Brant, Suzanne},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {506--527},
}





@article{spriggs_arc_2023,
	title = {{ARC}: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	shorttitle = {{ARC}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115},
	abstract = {The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Spriggs, Meg J. and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Murphy, Roberta and Bornemann, Julia and Thurgur, Hannah and Schlag, Anne K.},
	year = {2023},
}





@article{rasmussen_psychedelics_2022,
	title = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}? {Many} {Questions} {Remain}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}?},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525},
	doi = {10.1017/S096318012200010X},
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},
	author = {Rasmussen, Kurt and Olson, David E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {477--481},
}





@article{letheby_philosophy_2022,
	title = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics: {A} review of some emerging themes},
	volume = {5},
	shorttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00191},
	abstract = {Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Letheby, Chris and Mattu, Jaipreet},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {166--175},
}





@article{cheung_psychedelics_2023,
	title = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}: {Continuing} the {Conversation}},
	issn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842},
	doi = {10.1017/S0963180123000270},
	abstract = {Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},
	author = {Cheung, Katherine and Patch, Kyle and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1--7},
}





@article{mcmillan_global_2021,
	title = {Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics},
	volume = {5},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00188},
	abstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {57--64},
}





@article{greif_compassionate_2020,
	title = {Compassionate use of psychedelics},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1572-8633},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},
	abstract = {In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},
	author = {Greif, Adam and Šurkala, Martin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Compassionate use, Epistemic harm, Ethics, Naturalism, Psychedelic, Uncertainty},
	pages = {485--496},
}





@article{azevedo_ethics_2023,
	title = {Ethics of {Psychedelic} {Use} in {Psychiatry} and {Beyond}—{Drawing} upon {Legal}, {Social} and {Clinical} {Challenges}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2409-9287},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76},
	doi = {10.3390/philosophies8050076},
	abstract = {Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Philosophies},
	author = {Azevedo, Nuno and Oliveira Da Silva, Miguel and Madeira, Luís},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {cultural, ethics, informed consent, legislation, psychedelic-assisted therapy},
	pages = {76},
}





@article{belouin_policy_2022,
	title = {Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines},
	volume = {219},
	issn = {0028-3908},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214},
	abstract = {There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Neuropharmacology},
	author = {Belouin, Sean J. and Averill, Lynnette A. and Henningfield, Jack E. and Xenakis, Stephen N. and Donato, Ingrid and Grob, Charles S. and Berger, Ann and Magar, Veronica and Danforth, Alicia L. and Anderson, Brian T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, MDMA, Policy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},
	pages = {109214},
}





@article{strauss_research_2022,
	title = {Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},
	url = {https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},
	doi = {10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},
	abstract = {There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},
	author = {Strauss, Dana and De La Salle, Sara and Sloshower, Jordan and Williams, Monnica T},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {728--737},
}





@article{kious_should_2023,
	title = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}? {Concerns} about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},
	shorttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}?},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461},
	doi = {10.1177/02698811221133461},
	abstract = {Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Kious, Brent and Schwartz, Zach and Lewis, Benjamin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {45--48},
}





@article{phelps_developing_2017,
	title = {Developing {Guidelines} and {Competencies} for the {Training} of {Psychedelic} {Therapists}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304},
	doi = {10.1177/0022167817711304},
	abstract = {Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Phelps, Janis},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {450--487},
}





@article{celidwen_ethical_2023,
	title = {Ethical principles of traditional {Indigenous} medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {2667193X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {The Lancet Regional Health - Americas},
	author = {Celidwen, Yuria and Redvers, Nicole and Githaiga, Cicilia and Calambás, Janeth and Añaños, Karen and Chindoy, Miguel Evanjuanoy and Vitale, Riccardo and Rojas, Juan Nelson and Mondragón, Delores and Rosalío, Yuniur Vázquez and Sacbajá, Angelina},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {100410},
}





@article{mcmillan_psychedelic_2022,
	title = {Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?},
	volume = {48},
	copyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},
	issn = {1468-215X, 1473-4265},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic injustice},
	url = {https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269},
	doi = {10.1136/medhum-2021-012299},
	abstract = {Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Medical Humanities},
	author = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {35074926},
	keywords = {health policy, medical ethics/bioethics, patient narratives, psychiatry, psychology},
	pages = {269--272},
}





@article{peterson_journeying_2023,
	title = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}: {Ethics} of {Psychedelic} {Medicine} and {Research} for {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},
	shorttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},
	doi = {10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {AJOB Neuroscience},
	author = {Peterson, Andrew and Largent, Emily A. and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Karlawish, Jason and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {107--123},
}





@article{pilecki_ethical_2021,
	title = {Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1477-7517},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},
	abstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients' use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Harm Reduction Journal},
	author = {Pilecki, Brian and Luoma, Jason B. and Bathje, Geoff J. and Rhea, Joseph and Narloch, Vilmarie Fraguada},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Harm reduction, Psychedelic integration, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},
	pages = {40},
}





@article{yaden_ethical_2022,
	title = {Ethical {Issues} {Regarding} {Nonsubjective} {Psychedelics} as {Standard} of {Care}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922},
	doi = {10.1017/S096318012200007X},
	abstract = {Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},
	author = {Yaden, David B. and Earp, Brian D. and Griffiths, Roland R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {bioethics, hallucinogens, psychedelics, psychiatry},
	pages = {464--471},
}





@article{rajwani_third_2023,
	title = {The “{Third}” {Eye}: {Ethics} of {Video} {Recording} in the {Context} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2561-4665},
	shorttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}},
	url = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/},
	doi = {10.7202/1108000ar},
	abstract = {In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},
	author = {Rajwani, Khaleel},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {MDMA, bioethics of technology, bioéthique des technologies, enregistrement vidéo, philosophie de la psychiatrie, philosophy of psychiatry, psychedelic therapy, thérapie psychédélique, video recording},
	pages = {8--15},
}





@article{mcnamee_studying_2023,
	title = {Studying {Harms} {Is} {Key} to {Improving} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}—{Participants} {Call} for {Changes} to {Research} {Landscape}},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},
	abstract = {Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {McNamee, Sarah and Devenot, Neşe and Buisson, Meaghan},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {411--412},
}





@article{brennan_qualitative_2021,
	title = {A {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Relational} {Ethical} {Challenges} and {Practices} in {Psychedelic} {Healing}},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265},
	doi = {10.1177/00221678211045265},
	abstract = {As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Brennan, William and Jackson, Margo A. and MacLean, Katherine and Ponterotto, Joseph G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {002216782110452},
}





@article{rakic_psilocybin_2023,
	title = {Psilocybin: {The} most effective moral bio‐enhancer?},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},
	shorttitle = {Psilocybin},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196},
	doi = {10.1111/bioe.13196},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Bioethics},
	author = {Rakić, Vojin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {683--689},
}





@article{mcmillan_prescribing_2020,
	title = {Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement},
	copyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},
	issn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},
	shorttitle = {Prescribing meaning},
	url = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619},
	doi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106619},
	abstract = {The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},
	author = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {33148774},
	keywords = {enhancement, neuroethics, philosophical ethics, psychiatry, psychopharmacology},
}





@book{roberts_psychedelic_2013,
	title = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}: {How} {Entheogens} {Are} {Enhancing} {Cognition}, {Boosting} {Intelligence}, and {Raising} {Values}},
	isbn = {9781594775024},
	shorttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}},
	abstract = {Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity  • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation  • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values  • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death  As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well--from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values.  Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity--a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness.  Our psychedelic future is on the horizon--a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit--and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	author = {Roberts, Thomas B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Body, Mind \& Spirit / Entheogens \& Visionary Substances, Body, Mind \& Spirit / New Thought, Medical / Psychiatry / General},
}





@article{earp_psychedelic_2018,
	title = {Psychedelic {Moral} {Enhancement}},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1358-2461, 1755-3555},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE},
	doi = {10.1017/S1358246118000474},
	abstract = {The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements},
	author = {Earp, Brian D.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {415--439},
}





@article{edelsohn_past_2023,
	title = {Past {Is} {Prologue}: {Ethical} {Issues} in {Pediatric} {Psychedelics} {Research} and {Treatment}},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1529-8795},
	shorttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007},
	doi = {10.1353/pbm.2023.0007},
	abstract = {ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Edelsohn, Gail A. and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {129--144},
}





@article{rajwani_should_2022,
	title = {Should {Adolescents} be {Included} in {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Research}?},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2561-4665},
	url = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/},
	doi = {10.7202/1089784ar},
	abstract = {Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},
	author = {Rajwani, Khaleel},
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {LSD, MDMA, adolescent mental health, adolescent psychiatry, ketamine, kétamine, psilocybin, psilocybine, psychedelic research, psychedelic therapy, psychiatrie des adolescents, recherche sur les psychédéliques, santé mentale des adolescents, thérapie psychédélique},
	pages = {36--43},
}





@article{gordon_trust_2022,
	title = {Trust and {Psychedelic} {Moral} {Enhancement}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1874-5504},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},
	abstract = {Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Neuroethics},
	author = {Gordon, Emma C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Bioethics, Human enhancement, Moral enhancement, Trust},
	pages = {19},
}





@article{holoyda_psychedelic_2020,
	title = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}: {Preparing} for {Novel} {Treatments} {Involving} {Altered} {States} of {Consciousness}},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {1075-2730},
	shorttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}},
	url = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},
	abstract = {The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Psychiatric Services},
	author = {Holoyda, Brian},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {LSD, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, psychedelic psychiatry, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics},
	pages = {1297--1299},
}





@article{smith_ethics_2021,
	title = {Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin},
	volume = {47},
	copyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},
	issn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},
	shorttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution},
	url = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807},
	doi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106070},
	abstract = {Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},
	author = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {32461241},
	keywords = {informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, research ethics},
	pages = {807--814},
}





@article{barber_ethical_2023,
	title = {Ethical and {Practical} {Considerations} for the {Use} of {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1075-2730},
	url = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},
	abstract = {In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Psychiatric Services},
	author = {Barber, Gregory S. and Dike, Charles C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Equity, Ethics, Informed consent, Patient safety, Psychedelics, Psychotherapy},
	pages = {838--846},
}





@article{harrison_altered_2023,
	title = {Altered stakes: {Identifying} gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials},
	volume = {7},
	shorttitle = {Altered stakes},
	url = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml},
	doi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00267},
	abstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},
	author = {Harrison, Tahlia R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {48--60},
}





@article{jacobs_transformative_2023,
	title = {Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333},
	abstract = {Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Jacobs, Edward},
	year = {2023},
}





@article{smith_novel_2022,
	title = {Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances},
	volume = {216},
	issn = {0028-3908},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165},
	abstract = {Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	journal = {Neuropharmacology},
	author = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {109165},
}
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January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Bruce, Lori},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {59--61},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Findley, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 101–103. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Findley, Trevor},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {101--103},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474', event);\">\n    Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luoma, J. B.; Hoffman, K.; Wilson-Poe, A. R.; Levander, X. A.; Bazinet, A.; Cook, R. R.; McCarty, D.; Pertl, K.; Bielavitz, S.; Gregoire, D.; Wolf, R. C.; Des Jarlais, D. C.; Harrison, H. V.; Stauffer, C. S.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychoactive Drugs</i>,1–11. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luoma-hoffman-wilsonpoe-levander-bazinet-cook-mccarty-pertl-etal-oregonsemergingpsilocybinservicesworkforceasurveyofthefirstlegalpsilocybinfacilitatorsandtheirtrainingprograms-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luoma_oregons_2025,\n\ttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}: {A} {Survey} of the {First} {Legal} {Psilocybin} {Facilitators} and {Their} {Training} {Programs}},\n\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Oregon’s {Emerging} {Psilocybin} {Services} {Workforce}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Levander, Ximena A. and Bazinet, Alissa and Cook, Ryan R. and McCarty, Dennis and Pertl, Kellie and Bielavitz, Sarann and Gregoire, Devin and Wolf, R. Cameron and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Harrison, Harland V. and Stauffer, Christopher S. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421', event);\">\n    Distinctive But Not Exceptional: The Risks of Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.; Patch, K.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 16–28. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distinctive But Not Exceptional: The Risks of Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cheung-earp-patch-yaden-distinctivebutnotexceptionaltherisksofpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cheung_distinctive_2025,\n\ttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}: {The} {Risks} of {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Distinctive {But} {Not} {Exceptional}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433421},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Patch, Kyle and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, exceptionalism, informed consent, psychedelics, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {16--28},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446', event);\">\n    Equipoise and Personal Experience: Maintaining Objectivity in Psychedelic Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  DeBonis, K.; Dunn, W.;  and Strouse, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 74–76. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Equipoise and Personal Experience: Maintaining Objectivity in Psychedelic Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('debonis-dunn-strouse-equipoiseandpersonalexperiencemaintainingobjectivityinpsychedelicresearch-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{debonis_equipoise_2025,\n\ttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}: {Maintaining} {Objectivity} in {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Equipoise and {Personal} {Experience}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433446},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {DeBonis, Katrina and Dunn, Walter and Strouse, Thomas},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {74--76},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423', event);\">\n    Wolves Among Sheep: Sexual Violations in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrison, T. R.; Faber, S. C.; Zare, M.; Fontaine, M.;  and Williams, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 40–55. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Wolves Among Sheep: Sexual Violations in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrison-faber-zare-fontaine-williams-wolvesamongsheepsexualviolationsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrison_wolves_2025,\n\ttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}: {Sexual} {Violations} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Wolves {Among} {Sheep}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R. and Faber, Sonya C. and Zare, Manzar and Fontaine, Matthieu and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Professional-patient relationship, informed consent, mental illness, professional ethics, research ethics},\n\tpages = {40--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428', event);\">\n    Supportive Touch in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Beit, C.; Averill, L. A.;  and McGuire, A. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 29–39. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Supportive Touch in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('neitzkespruill-beit-averill-mcguire-supportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{neitzke-spruill_supportive_2025,\n\ttitle = {Supportive {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Psychiatry/Psychology, professional ethics, research ethics},\n\tpages = {29--39},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447', event);\">\n    The Pain Gap: Epistemic Justice in Psychedelic Ethics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kempner, J.;  and Schindler, E. A. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 3–5. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Pain Gap: Epistemic Justice in Psychedelic Ethics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kempner-schindler-thepaingapepistemicjusticeinpsychedelicethics-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kempner_pain_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}: {Epistemic} {Justice} in {Psychedelic} {Ethics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Pain} {Gap}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433447},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Kempner, Joanna and Schindler, Emmanuelle A. D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {3--5},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445', event);\">\n    Relationality and Ethics in MDMA-Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Beachy, J.; Hall, W.; Thomas, C.; Gorman, I.;  and C. O’Donnell, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 67–71. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Relationality and Ethics in MDMA-Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('beachy-hall-thomas-gorman-codonnell-relationalityandethicsinmdmaassistedtherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{beachy_relationality_2025,\n\ttitle = {Relationality and {Ethics} in {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433445},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Beachy, Jamie and Hall, Willa and Thomas, Chantelle and Gorman, Ingmar and C. O’Donnell, Kelley},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {67--71},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453', event);\">\n    Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: What Can be Learned from a Historical Analysis of General Anesthesia and Surgery?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stauffer, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 56–58. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: What Can be Learned from a Historical Analysis of General Anesthesia and Surgery? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stauffer-psychedelicsandpsychotherapywhatcanbelearnedfromahistoricalanalysisofgeneralanesthesiaandsurgery-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stauffer_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}: {What} {Can} be {Learned} from a {Historical} {Analysis} of {General} {Anesthesia} and {Surgery}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics and {Psychotherapy}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433453},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Stauffer, Christopher Scott},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {56--58},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420', event);\">\n    Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruce, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 59–61. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics in a Deregulated Policy Climate: What Might 2025 Bring? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruce-psychedelicsinaderegulatedpolicyclimatewhatmight2025bring-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruce_psychedelics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}: {What} {Might} 2025 {Bring}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in a {Deregulated} {Policy} {Climate}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433420},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Bruce, Lori},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {59--61},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Medicine Exceptionalism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cohen, I. G.;  and Marks, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 6–15. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Medicine Exceptionalism [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cohen-marks-psychedelicmedicineexceptionalism-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cohen_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Medicine} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Cohen, I. Glenn and Marks, Mason},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {FDA, MDMA, Psychedelics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {6--15},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Exceptionalism, Indigeneity, and the War on Drugs: Antiracism and Decolonizing Psychedelic Plant Medicine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gaughan, S. J.;  and James, J. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 71–73. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism, Indigeneity, and the War on Drugs: Antiracism and Decolonizing Psychedelic Plant Medicine [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gaughan-james-psychedelicexceptionalismindigeneityandthewarondrugsantiracismanddecolonizingpsychedelicplantmedicine-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gaughan_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}: {Antiracism} and {Decolonizing} {Psychedelic} {Plant} {Medicine}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}, {Indigeneity}, and the {War} on {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433442},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Gaughan, Skylar J. and James, Jennifer E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {71--73},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Ethics Beside Institutions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blevins, K. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 65–67. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Ethics Beside Institutions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blevins-psychedelicethicsbesideinstitutions-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blevins_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} {Beside} {Institutions}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433422},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Blevins, Kai River},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {65--67},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444', event);\">\n    Measuring and Understanding the Meaning of Exceptionalism to Bolster Ethics Oversight of Psychedelics Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Scheinerman, N.;  and Erickson, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 87–89. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Measuring and Understanding the Meaning of Exceptionalism to Bolster Ethics Oversight of Psychedelics Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('scheinerman-erickson-measuringandunderstandingthemeaningofexceptionalismtobolsterethicsoversightofpsychedelicsresearch-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{scheinerman_measuring_2025,\n\ttitle = {Measuring and {Understanding} the {Meaning} of {Exceptionalism} to {Bolster} {Ethics} {Oversight} of {Psychedelics} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433444},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Scheinerman, Naomi and Erickson, Claire},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {87--89},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417', event);\">\n    Is There a Right to Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kopeikin, Z. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 80–83. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is There a Right to Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kopeikin-istherearighttopsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kopeikin_is_2025,\n\ttitle = {Is {There} a {Right} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433417},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Kopeikin, Zak A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {80--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403', event);\">\n    Managing the Hope and Hype of Psychedelics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ray, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 1–2. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Managing the Hope and Hype of Psychedelics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ray-managingthehopeandhypeofpsychedelics-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ray_managing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Managing the {Hope} and {Hype} of {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434403},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Ray, Keisha},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--2},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416', event);\">\n    Focused Bodywork as Facilitated Communication: Cautionary Perspectives on Touch in Psychedelic Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Devenot, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 61–64. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Focused Bodywork as Facilitated Communication: Cautionary Perspectives on Touch in Psychedelic Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('devenot-focusedbodyworkasfacilitatedcommunicationcautionaryperspectivesontouchinpsychedelictherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{devenot_focused_2025,\n\ttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}: {Cautionary} {Perspectives} on {Touch} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Focused {Bodywork} as {Facilitated} {Communication}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433416},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {61--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400', event);\">\n    Ethics Without Borders: Modernizing Care Beyond Traditional Clinical Approaches.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gehani, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 77–80. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethics Without Borders: Modernizing Care Beyond Traditional Clinical Approaches [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gehani-ethicswithoutbordersmodernizingcarebeyondtraditionalclinicalapproaches-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gehani_ethics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}: {Modernizing} {Care} {Beyond} {Traditional} {Clinical} {Approaches}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics {Without} {Borders}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434400},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Gehani, Neil},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {77--80},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429', event);\">\n    Continuity in Claims of Exception in Biomedical Technologies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Moses, J. D.; Rich, M.; Terris, C.;  and Tumilty, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 89–92. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Continuity in Claims of Exception in Biomedical Technologies [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('moses-rich-terris-tumilty-continuityinclaimsofexceptioninbiomedicaltechnologies-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moses_continuity_2025,\n\ttitle = {Continuity in {Claims} of {Exception} in {Biomedical} {Technologies}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433429},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Moses, Jacob D. and Rich, Miriam and Terris, Callie and Tumilty, Emma},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {89--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450', event);\">\n    Critiquing Medical Exceptionalism: Toward a Transcultural Psychedelic Bioethics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rajwani, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 84–87. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Critiquing Medical Exceptionalism: Toward a Transcultural Psychedelic Bioethics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rajwani-critiquingmedicalexceptionalismtowardatransculturalpsychedelicbioethics-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rajwani_critiquing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}: {Toward} a {Transcultural} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\tshorttitle = {Critiquing {Medical} {Exceptionalism}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433450},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {84--87},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464', event);\">\n    Narrative Hermeneutics and Bioethics: Understanding the Psychedelic Value Changes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kähönen, J.; Janhonen, J.;  and Räsänen, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 125–128. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Narrative Hermeneutics and Bioethics: Understanding the Psychedelic Value Changes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('khnen-janhonen-rsnen-narrativehermeneuticsandbioethicsunderstandingthepsychedelicvaluechanges-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kahonen_narrative_2025,\n\ttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}: {Understanding} the {Psychedelic} {Value} {Changes}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Narrative {Hermeneutics} and {Bioethics}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Kähönen, Juuso and Janhonen, Joel and Räsänen, Joona},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804308},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433464},\n\tpages = {125--128},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baker-lettertotheeditor-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baker-lettertotheeditor-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332', event);\">\n    Letter to the Editor.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baker, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): W1–W2. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baker-lettertotheeditor-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Letter to the Editor [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baker-lettertotheeditor-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baker-lettertotheeditor-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baker-lettertotheeditor-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baker_letter_2025,\n\ttitle = {Letter to the {Editor}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Baker, Robert},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39432318},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2416332},\n\tpages = {W1--W2},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yang-fromsafetouchtosexualabusewalkingthetightropeofpatientsafetyinpsychedelictherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yang-fromsafetouchtosexualabusewalkingthetightropeofpatientsafetyinpsychedelictherapy-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418', event);\">\n    From Safe Touch to Sexual Abuse: Walking the Tightrope of Patient Safety in Psychedelic Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yang, Y. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 123–125. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-fromsafetouchtosexualabusewalkingthetightropeofpatientsafetyinpsychedelictherapy-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From Safe Touch to Sexual Abuse: Walking the Tightrope of Patient Safety in Psychedelic Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-fromsafetouchtosexualabusewalkingthetightropeofpatientsafetyinpsychedelictherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yang-fromsafetouchtosexualabusewalkingthetightropeofpatientsafetyinpsychedelictherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yang-fromsafetouchtosexualabusewalkingthetightropeofpatientsafetyinpsychedelictherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yang_safe_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}: {Walking} the {Tightrope} of {Patient} {Safety} in {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Safe} {Touch} to {Sexual} {Abuse}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Y. Tony},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804319},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418},\n\tpages = {123--125},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"insuasummerhays-jacobs-holdingwithouttouchsupportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'insuasummerhays-jacobs-holdingwithouttouchsupportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437', event);\">\n    Holding Without Touch: Supportive Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Insua-Summerhays, B.;  and Jacobs, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 117–120. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('insuasummerhays-jacobs-holdingwithouttouchsupportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Holding Without Touch: Supportive Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('insuasummerhays-jacobs-holdingwithouttouchsupportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/insuasummerhays-jacobs-holdingwithouttouchsupportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('insuasummerhays-jacobs-holdingwithouttouchsupportivetouchinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{insua-summerhays_holding_2025,\n\ttitle = {Holding {Without} {Touch}: {Supportive} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Holding {Without} {Touch}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Insua-Summerhays, Bryony and Jacobs, Edward},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804324},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437},\n\tpages = {117--120},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"verne-gukasyan-zabinski-ketamineandtheconsequencesofpositivepsychedelicexceptionalism-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'verne-gukasyan-zabinski-ketamineandtheconsequencesofpositivepsychedelicexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424', event);\">\n    Ketamine and the Consequences of Positive Psychedelic Exceptionalism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Verne, Z. J.; Gukasyan, N.;  and Zabinski, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 115–117. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verne-gukasyan-zabinski-ketamineandtheconsequencesofpositivepsychedelicexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ketamine and the Consequences of Positive Psychedelic Exceptionalism [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verne-gukasyan-zabinski-ketamineandtheconsequencesofpositivepsychedelicexceptionalism-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/verne-gukasyan-zabinski-ketamineandtheconsequencesofpositivepsychedelicexceptionalism-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('verne-gukasyan-zabinski-ketamineandtheconsequencesofpositivepsychedelicexceptionalism-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{verne_ketamine_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ketamine and the {Consequences} of {Positive} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Verne, Zachary J. and Gukasyan, Natalie and Zabinski, Jeffrey},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804316},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433424},\n\tpages = {115--117},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pan-wendler-identitybaseddecisionalcapacityandpsychedelictreatmentsfurtheringthecaseagainstpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pan-wendler-identitybaseddecisionalcapacityandpsychedelictreatmentsfurtheringthecaseagainstpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427', event);\">\n    Identity-Based Decisional Capacity and Psychedelic Treatments: Furthering the Case Against Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pan, S.;  and Wendler, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 112–114. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pan-wendler-identitybaseddecisionalcapacityandpsychedelictreatmentsfurtheringthecaseagainstpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identity-Based Decisional Capacity and Psychedelic Treatments: Furthering the Case Against Psychedelic Ethical Exceptionalism [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pan-wendler-identitybaseddecisionalcapacityandpsychedelictreatmentsfurtheringthecaseagainstpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pan-wendler-identitybaseddecisionalcapacityandpsychedelictreatmentsfurtheringthecaseagainstpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pan-wendler-identitybaseddecisionalcapacityandpsychedelictreatmentsfurtheringthecaseagainstpsychedelicethicalexceptionalism-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pan_identity-based_2025,\n\ttitle = {Identity-{Based} {Decisional} {Capacity} and {Psychedelic} {Treatments}: {Furthering} the {Case} {Against} {Psychedelic} {Ethical} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Identity-{Based} {Decisional} {Capacity} and {Psychedelic} {Treatments}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Pan, Shen and Wendler, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804311},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433427},\n\tpages = {112--114},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luoma-lejeune-fromtheorytopracticetheimportanceofoperationalizingandmeasuringethicaltouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luoma-lejeune-fromtheorytopracticetheimportanceofoperationalizingandmeasuringethicaltouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425', event);\">\n    From Theory to Practice: The Importance of Operationalizing and Measuring Ethical Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luoma, J. B.;  and LeJeune, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 120–123. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luoma-lejeune-fromtheorytopracticetheimportanceofoperationalizingandmeasuringethicaltouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From Theory to Practice: The Importance of Operationalizing and Measuring Ethical Touch in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luoma-lejeune-fromtheorytopracticetheimportanceofoperationalizingandmeasuringethicaltouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luoma-lejeune-fromtheorytopracticetheimportanceofoperationalizingandmeasuringethicaltouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luoma-lejeune-fromtheorytopracticetheimportanceofoperationalizingandmeasuringethicaltouchinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luoma_theory_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}: {The} {Importance} of {Operationalizing} and {Measuring} {Ethical} {Touch} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Theory} to {Practice}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Luoma, Jason B. and LeJeune, Jenna},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804314},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425},\n\tpages = {120--123},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jacobs-excusingpsychedelicsandaccommodatingpsychedelics-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jacobs-excusingpsychedelicsandaccommodatingpsychedelics-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441', event);\">\n    Excusing Psychedelics and Accommodating Psychedelics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jacobs, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 107–109. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-excusingpsychedelicsandaccommodatingpsychedelics-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Excusing Psychedelics and Accommodating Psychedelics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-excusingpsychedelicsandaccommodatingpsychedelics-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jacobs-excusingpsychedelicsandaccommodatingpsychedelics-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jacobs-excusingpsychedelicsandaccommodatingpsychedelics-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jacobs_excusing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Excusing {Psychedelics} and {Accommodating} {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804317},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433441},\n\tpages = {107--109},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"quasti-sisti-indigenouswisdomandundergroundknowledgeareexceptional-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'quasti-sisti-indigenouswisdomandundergroundknowledgeareexceptional-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402', event);\">\n    Indigenous Wisdom and Underground Knowledge Are Exceptional.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Quasti, C.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 105–106. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('quasti-sisti-indigenouswisdomandundergroundknowledgeareexceptional-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Indigenous Wisdom and Underground Knowledge Are Exceptional [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('quasti-sisti-indigenouswisdomandundergroundknowledgeareexceptional-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/quasti-sisti-indigenouswisdomandundergroundknowledgeareexceptional-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('quasti-sisti-indigenouswisdomandundergroundknowledgeareexceptional-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{quasti_indigenous_2025,\n\ttitle = {Indigenous {Wisdom} and {Underground} {Knowledge} {Are} {Exceptional}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804301},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2434402},\n\tpages = {105--106},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Findley, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 101–103. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Exceptionalism: The Oregon Example [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('findley-psychedelicexceptionalismtheoregonexample-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{findley_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}: {The} {Oregon} {Example}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Exceptionalism}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Findley, Trevor},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804297},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2434619},\n\tpages = {101--103},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436', event);\">\n    Embracing Epistemic Humility: Rethinking Psychedelic Exceptionalism Through Diverse Perspectives.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  De Matas, J.; McGuire, A. L.;  and Yasin, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 98–100. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Embracing Epistemic Humility: Rethinking Psychedelic Exceptionalism Through Diverse Perspectives [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dematas-mcguire-yasin-embracingepistemichumilityrethinkingpsychedelicexceptionalismthroughdiverseperspectives-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_matas_embracing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}: {Rethinking} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism} {Through} {Diverse} {Perspectives}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Embracing {Epistemic} {Humility}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {De Matas, Jarrel and McGuire, Amy L. and Yasin, Hasan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804325},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433436},\n\tpages = {98--100},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Ethics in Palliative Care.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Davis, K.; Palitsky, R.; Dunlop, B. W.; H. Grant, G.;  and Zarrabi, A. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 95–98. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Ethics in Palliative Care [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('davis-palitsky-dunlop-hgrant-zarrabi-psychedelicethicsinpalliativecare-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{davis_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Ethics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Davis, Keenan and Palitsky, Roman and Dunlop, Boadie W. and H. Grant, George and Zarrabi, Ali J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804326},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433457},\n\tpages = {95--98},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433', event);\">\n    Same Same but Different: On Psychedelic Exceptionalism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villiger, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 92–95. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Same Same but Different: On Psychedelic Exceptionalism [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villiger-samesamebutdifferentonpsychedelicexceptionalism-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villiger_same_2025,\n\ttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}: {On} {Psychedelic} {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Same {Same} but {Different}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804321},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433433},\n\tpages = {92--95},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426', event);\">\n    Exceptional Stigma: Parallels Between Marginalized Groups and Psychedelic Medicine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, S.; Kim, M.; Jackson, G. R.; Carpenter, H.;  and Campo-Engelstein, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 110–112. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exceptional Stigma: Parallels Between Marginalized Groups and Psychedelic Medicine [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-kim-jackson-carpenter-campoengelstein-exceptionalstigmaparallelsbetweenmarginalizedgroupsandpsychedelicmedicine-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_exceptional_2025,\n\ttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}: {Parallels} {Between} {Marginalized} {Groups} and {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\tshorttitle = {Exceptional {Stigma}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Susan and Kim, Mikaela and Jackson, Grayson R. and Carpenter, Hannah and Campo-Engelstein, Lisa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804312},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433426},\n\tpages = {110--112},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452', event);\">\n    Irreversibility of Transformative Experience as a Criterion for Exceptionalism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shevchenko, S.;  and Lavrentyeva, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 25(1): 103–104. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Irreversibility of Transformative Experience as a Criterion for Exceptionalism [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shevchenko-lavrentyeva-irreversibilityoftransformativeexperienceasacriterionforexceptionalism-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shevchenko_irreversibility_2025,\n\ttitle = {Irreversibility of {Transformative} {Experience} as a {Criterion} for {Exceptionalism}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1526-5161},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Shevchenko, Sergei and Lavrentyeva, Sofya},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpmid = {39804327},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\&amp; Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2433452},\n\tpages = {103--104},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article', event);\">\n    Protecting and promoting editorial independence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhui, K.; O'Brien, A.; Upthegrove, R.; Tsai, A. C.; Soomro, M.; Newton-Howes, G.; Broome, M. R.; Forrester, A.; Casey, P.; Doherty, A. M.; Lee, W.;  and Kaufman, K. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The British Journal of Psychiatry</i>, 226(1): 4–6. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Protecting and promoting editorial independence [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhui-obrien-upthegrove-tsai-soomro-newtonhowes-broome-forrester-etal-protectingandpromotingeditorialindependence-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhui_protecting_2025,\n\ttitle = {Protecting and promoting editorial independence},\n\tvolume = {226},\n\tissn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125024000060/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1192/bjp.2024.6},\n\tabstract = {Summary \n            We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-31},\n\tjournal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Bhui, Kamaldeep and O&#x27;Brien, Aileen and Upthegrove, Rachel and Tsai, Alexander C. and Soomro, Mustafa and Newton-Howes, Giles and Broome, Matthew R. and Forrester, Andrew and Casey, Patricia and Doherty, Anne M. and Lee, William and Kaufman, Kenneth R.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {4--6},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Summary We argue that editorial independence, through robust practice of publication ethics and research integrity, promotes good science and prevents bad science. We elucidate the concept of research integrity, and then discuss the dimensions of editorial independence. Best practice guidelines exist, but compliance with these guidelines varies. Therefore, we make recommendations for protecting and strengthening editorial independence.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sutherland, I.; Ho, M.;  and Croarkin, P. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology</i>,cap.2024.0082. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2024.0082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2024.0082', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sutherland-ho-croarkin-psychedelictreatmentsinadolescentpsychopharmacologyconsideringsafetyethicsandscientificrigor-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sutherland_psychedelic_2025,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}: {Considering} {Safety}, {Ethics}, and {Scientific} {Rigor}},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\n\tissn = {1044-5463, 1557-8992},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Treatments} in {Adolescent} {Psychopharmacology}},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/cap.2024.0082},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sutherland, Isabella and Ho, Ming-Fen and Croarkin, Paul E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {cap.2024.0082},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872', event);\">\n    From Isolation to Social (and Psychedelic) Integration: A Sociology of Collective Effervescence and Therapeutic Community in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rose, J. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Sociology of Health & Illness</i>, 47(1): e13872. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From Isolation to Social (and Psychedelic) Integration: A Sociology of Collective Effervescence and Therapeutic Community in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13872\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13872', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rose-fromisolationtosocialandpsychedelicintegrationasociologyofcollectiveeffervescenceandtherapeuticcommunityinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rose_isolation_2025,\n\ttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}: {A} {Sociology} of {Collective} {Effervescence} and {Therapeutic} {Community} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0141-9889, 1467-9566},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Isolation} to {Social} (and {Psychedelic}) {Integration}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13872},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1467-9566.13872},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\n            \n              There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20\n              th\n              ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today&#x27;s resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim&#x27;s theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Sociology of Health \\&amp; Illness},\n\tauthor = {Rose, Jarrett Robert},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e13872},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ABSTRACT There is a disparity between contemporary scientific investigations into psychedelic phenomena and their 20 th ‐century counterparts, notably the lack of examination of psychedelic experiences within group settings. Whereas early research studies from the 1950s to the 1970s explored communal settings in psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT), today's resurgence of scholarship in the field primarily considers individualised, often clinical, settings. Consequently, there is an absence of empirical research and theoretical innovation on collective psychedelic contexts, for example, how social connectedness occurs relationally and what its impacts are. This paper addresses this gap by revisiting and applying Emile Durkheim's theory of “collective effervescence.” By analysing interview data from participants of a group‐based weeklong PAT retreat and supplementing it with ethnographic data, this study highlights the usefulness of incorporating sociological theory to examine and explain the social dynamics and therapeutic outcomes of collective psychedelic experiences. In doing so, this research study contributes to bridging the divide between psychedelic science, psychedelic studies and the social sciences by offering sociological insight into the transformative yet hitherto neglected potential of group‐based psychedelic events for therapeutic benefits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004', event);\">\n    The Birth of the Psychedelic Industry: Capitalising on the Psychedelic Renaissance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yoo, M.;  and Sakopoulos, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Future Humanities</i>, 3(1): e70004. May 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Birth of the Psychedelic Industry: Capitalising on the Psychedelic Renaissance [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/fhu2.70004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/fhu2.70004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yoo-sakopoulos-thebirthofthepsychedelicindustrycapitalisingonthepsychedelicrenaissance-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yoo_birth_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}: {Capitalising} on the {Psychedelic} {Renaissance}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2770-2030, 2770-2030},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Birth} of the {Psychedelic} {Industry}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fhu2.70004},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fhu2.70004},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT\n            The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Future Humanities},\n\tauthor = {Yoo, Minsu and Sakopoulos, Sofia},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e70004},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ABSTRACT The resurgence of psychedelic medicine, often termed ‘the psychedelic renaissance,’ marks a profound shift from decades of repressed research to a burgeoning field characterised by significant scientific, regulatory, and economic transformations. Once marginalised, psychedelics are now experiencing widespread interest and investment, spurred by changes in legal frameworks, public attitudes, and an influx of venture capital (VC). This article explores the interplay between scientific innovation and capital investment within the psychedelic sector, highlighting how private funding shapes the form of research and its financialization. The study investigates the roles of VC and private interests in driving the psychedelic renaissance, examining how these financial forces influence ethical considerations and broader socio‐political implications. Through in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the industry, including in‐house scientists and investors, the research uncovers how market‐driven imperatives and financial conflicts of interest shape both scientific practices and public perceptions of psychedelic medicine—and how these perceptions, in turn, influence the industry. The analysis underscores the tension between the idealistic and capitalist narratives surrounding psychedelic medicine, suggesting that the psychedelic industry reflects broader trends in biotech and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation is closely tied to financial investment and market dynamics. At the same time, it highlights the paradox of psychedelic mysticism, which remains elusive to the rigid criteria of evidence‐based medicine, thereby challenging the prevailing paradigm of psychopharmacological research. The findings call for a critical examination, through continuous public engagement, of the ethical dimensions of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine, highlighting the need to focus on the emergence of grey areas within capital networks where cultural and political values are constantly rearranged and restructured.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624', event);\">\n    Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: From ethics to regulation and equity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Oliveira-Maia, A. J.;  and Seybert, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Neuropsychopharmacology</i>, 91: 67–68. February 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: From ethics to regulation and equity [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oliveiramaia-seybert-dilemmasinpsychedelicmedicinefromethicstoregulationandequity-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oliveira-maia_dilemmas_2025,\n\ttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine: {From} ethics to regulation and equity},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {0924977X},\n\tshorttitle = {Dilemmas in psychedelic medicine},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X24007624},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.003},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Oliveira-Maia, Albino J. and Seybert, Carolina},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {67--68},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944', event);\">\n    Ethics in Psychedelic Science: Promises and Responsibilities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology</i>, 45(1): 1–3. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethics in Psychedelic Science: Promises and Responsibilities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sisti-ethicsinpsychedelicsciencepromisesandresponsibilities-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sisti_ethics_2025,\n\ttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Promises} and {Responsibilities}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1533-712X, 0271-0749},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics in {Psychedelic} {Science}},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000001944},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {1--3},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (40)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4', event);\">\n    The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, W. R.; Sisti, D. A.;  and Appelbaum, P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature Medicine</i>, 30(1): 17–18. January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-sisti-appelbaum-thesafetyofsupportedpsilocybinuseinoregon-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_safety_2024,\n\ttitle = {The safety of supported psilocybin use in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1078-8956, 1546-170X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02727-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic A. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {17--18},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702', event);\">\n    Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bellman, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cancers</i>, 16(9): 1702. April 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091702\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091702', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bellman-reviewofpsilocybinusefordepressionamongcancerpatientsafterapprovalinoregon-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bellman_review_2024,\n\ttitle = {Review of {Psilocybin} {Use} for {Depression} among {Cancer} {Patients} after {Approval} in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tcopyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n\tissn = {2072-6694},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/9/1702},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/cancers16091702},\n\tabstract = {Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Cancers},\n\tauthor = {Bellman, Val},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1702},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon’s Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon’s pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024', 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839', event);\">\n    Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: An e-Delphi study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Korthuis, P. T.; Hoffman, K.; Wilson-Poe, A. R.; Luoma, J. B.; Bazinet, A.; Pertl, K.; Morgan, D. L.; Cook, R. R.; Bielavitz, S.; Myers, R.; Wolf, R. C.; McCarty, D.;  and Stauffer, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychopharmacology</i>, 38(8): 761–768. August 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024', 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: An e-Delphi study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241257839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241257839', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('korthuis-hoffman-wilsonpoe-luoma-bazinet-pertl-morgan-cook-etal-developingtheopenpsychedelicevaluationnexusconsensusmeasuresforassessmentofsupervisedpsilocybinservicesanedelphistudy-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{korthuis_developing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: {An} e-{Delphi} study},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Developing the {Open} {Psychedelic} {Evaluation} {Nexus} consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811241257839},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811241257839},\n\tabstract = {Background: \n              Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. \n             \n             \n              Aims: \n              To develop core measures of best practices. \n             \n             \n              Methods: \n              A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. \n             \n             \n              Results: \n              Experts ( n = 36; 53\\% female; 71\\% white; 56\\% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64\\%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67\\%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36\\%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. \n             \n             \n              Conclusion: \n              Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Korthuis, Philip Todd and Hoffman, Kim and Wilson-Poe, Adrianne R. and Luoma, Jason B. and Bazinet, Alissa and Pertl, Kellie and Morgan, David L. and Cook, Ryan R. and Bielavitz, Sarann and Myers, Renae and Wolf, Robert Cameron and McCarty, Dennis and Stauffer, Christopher S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {761--768},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Voter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes. Aims: To develop core measures of best practices. Methods: A three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures. Results: Experts ( n = 36; 53% female; 71% white; 56% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD 13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility. Conclusion: Service providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650', event);\">\n    Developing an Ethics and Policy Framework for Psychedelic Clinical Care: A Consensus Statement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McGuire, A. L.; Cohen, I. G.; Sisti, D.; Baggott, M.; Celidwen, Y.; Devenot, N.; Gracias, S.; Grob, C.; Harvey, I.; Kious, B.; Marks, M.; Mithoefer, M.; Nielson, E.; Öngür, D.; Pallas, A.; Peterson, A.; Schenberg, E. E.; Summergrad, P.; Waters, B.; Williams, M. T.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Network Open</i>, 7(6): e2414650. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developing an Ethics and Policy Framework for Psychedelic Clinical Care: A Consensus Statement [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcguire-cohen-sisti-baggott-celidwen-devenot-gracias-grob-etal-developinganethicsandpolicyframeworkforpsychedelicclinicalcareaconsensusstatement-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcguire_developing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}: {A} {Consensus} {Statement}},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\tshorttitle = {Developing an {Ethics} and {Policy} {Framework} for {Psychedelic} {Clinical} {Care}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650},\n\tabstract = {As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-06-04},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {McGuire, Amy L. and Cohen, I. Glenn and Sisti, Dominic and Baggott, Matthew and Celidwen, Yuria and Devenot, Neşe and Gracias, Sabrina and Grob, Charles and Harvey, Ifetayo and Kious, Brent and Marks, Mason and Mithoefer, Michael and Nielson, Elizabeth and Öngür, Dost and Pallas, Alexandra and Peterson, Andrew and Schenberg, Eduardo E. and Summergrad, Paul and Waters, Brett and Williams, Monnica T. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {e2414650},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As government agencies around the globe contemplate approval of the first psychedelic medicines, many questions remain about their ethical integration into mainstream medical practice.To identify key ethics and policy issues related to the eventual integration of psychedelic therapies into clinical practice.From June 9 to 12, 2023, 27 individuals representing the perspectives of clinicians, researchers, Indigenous groups, industry, philanthropy, veterans, retreat facilitators, training programs, and bioethicists convened at the Banbury Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Prior to the meeting, attendees submitted key ethics and policy issues for psychedelic medicine. Responses were categorized into 6 broad topics: research ethics issues; managing expectations and informed consent; therapeutic ethics; training, education, and licensure of practitioners; equity and access; and appropriate role of gatekeeping. Attendees with relevant expertise presented on each topic, followed by group discussion. Meeting organizers (A.L.M., I.G.C., D.S.) drafted a summary of the discussion and recommendations, noting points of consensus and disagreement, which were discussed and revised as a group.This consensus statement reports 20 points of consensus across 5 ethical issues (reparations and reciprocity, equity, and respect; informed consent; professional boundaries and physical touch; personal experience; and gatekeeping), with corresponding relevant actors who will be responsible for implementation. Areas for further research and deliberation are also identified.This consensus statement focuses on the future of government-approved medical use of psychedelic medicines in the US and abroad. This is an incredibly exciting and hopeful moment, but it is critical that policymakers take seriously the challenges ahead.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470', event);\">\n    Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Robinson, C. L; Slitzky, M.; Schatman, M. E; Yong, R J.; Lehman, A. D; Kaynar, A. M.; Shivanekar, S. P;  and Emerick, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Pain Research</i>, 17: 4357–4364. December 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Dove Medical Press _eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S491470\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S491470', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('robinson-slitzky-schatman-yong-lehman-kaynar-shivanekar-emerick-ethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{robinson_ethical_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {null},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tdoi = {10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Pain Research},\n\tauthor = {Robinson, Christopher L and Slitzky, Matthew and Schatman, Michael E and Yong, R Jason and Lehman, April D and Kaynar, Ata Murat and Shivanekar, Sharvari P and Emerick, Trent},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Dove Medical Press\n\\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2147/JPR.S491470},\n\tkeywords = {chronic pain, drug enforcement administration, ethics, psychedelics, research},\n\tpages = {4357--4364},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelics, substances with a long history of cultural and medicinal use, are experiencing a resurgence in clinical research, particularly in psychiatry. Despite their classification as Schedule I drugs, recent studies suggest therapeutic potential, particularly in treating refractory depression. With chronic pain representing a major health concern and with few non-opioid treatment options available, psychedelics are being explored as alternative treatment modalities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now funds psychedelic research, marking a shift from previous decades of limited funding. However, ethical considerations loom large. Vulnerable populations, such as those with chronic pain that impairs their autonomy, require careful consideration by researchers of risks and benefits. Additionally, researchers and interested entities must navigate complex regulatory landscapes involving the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) when considering pursuing possible research. Furthermore, transparent collaboration among stakeholders—patients, researchers, and regulatory bodies—is crucial for participant safety and successful research. Although a number of ethical approaches can be taken, we posit that stakeholders consider utilizing principal-based research ethics, comprised of the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and nonmaleficence, to guide the process. Ultimately, balancing therapeutic promise with ethical integrity is paramount. Careful planning, collaboration, and adherence to ethical principles can increase the likelihood that psychedelic research in chronic pain management progresses responsibly, offering hope for patients while safeguarding their well-being.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063', event);\">\n    The role of expectations in transformative experiences.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villiger, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophical Psychology</i>, 37(5): 1091–1114. July 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The role of expectations in transformative experiences [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villiger-theroleofexpectationsintransformativeexperiences-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villiger_role_2024,\n\ttitle = {The role of expectations in transformative experiences},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-09-25},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1091--1114},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669', event);\">\n    Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villiger, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Review of Psychiatry</i>,1–10. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villiger-personalpsychedelicexperienceofpsychedelictherapistsduringtrainingshoulditberequiredoptionalorprohibited-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villiger_personal_2024,\n\ttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?},\n\tissn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},\n\tshorttitle = {Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-25},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villiger-howtomakepsychedelicassistedtherapysafer-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villiger-howtomakepsychedelicassistedtherapysafer-2024', 'https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9', event);\">\n    How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villiger, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>.  2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-howtomakepsychedelicassistedtherapysafer-2024', 'https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villiger-howtomakepsychedelicassistedtherapysafer-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villiger-howtomakepsychedelicassistedtherapysafer-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villiger_how_2024,\n\ttitle = {How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer},\n\tissn = {0963-1801},\n\turl = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c84df08a-a423-4a58-abcb-f596c79f99b9},\n\tabstract = {Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2024-09-30},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, D.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy: psychedelics diminish decision-making capacity, reduce controllability, and limit resistance to external influences. It then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of five safety measures proposed in the literature, what aspect of the patient’s vulnerability they seek to reduce, and how they can be optimized. The analysis shows that while preparatory sessions, advance directives, and specific training and oversight are useful, starting with a lower dosage and no therapy is less so. Finally, the paper presents a safety measure that has been overlooked in the literature but could be highly effective and feasible: bringing a close person to the psychedelic session.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602', event);\">\n    Experiential Training in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy: A Risk‐Benefit Analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rosenbaum, D.; Hare, C.; Hapke, E.; Herman, Y.; Abbey, S. E.; Sisti, D.;  and Buchman, D. Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Hastings Center Report</i>, 54(4): 32–46. July 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Experiential Training in Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy: A Risk‐Benefit Analysis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1602\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1602', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rosenbaum-hare-hapke-herman-abbey-sisti-buchman-experientialtraininginpsychedelicassistedtherapyariskbenefitanalysis-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rosenbaum_experiential_2024,\n\ttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}: {A} {Risk}‐{Benefit} {Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0093-0334, 1552-146X},\n\tshorttitle = {Experiential {Training} in {Psychedelic}‐{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.1602},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/hast.1602},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies \n              .},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-08-14},\n\tjournal = {Hastings Center Report},\n\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Hare, Crystal and Hapke, Emma and Herman, Yarissa and Abbey, Susan E. and Sisti, Dominic and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {32--46},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Well‐trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk‐mitigation strategies .\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715', event);\">\n    Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics: Clinical and Ethical Implications.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Devenot, N.; Sisti, D.; Averill, L. A.;  and McGuire, A. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</i>, 67(1): 117–142. January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics: Clinical and Ethical Implications [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('neitzkespruill-devenot-sisti-averill-mcguire-biopsychospiritualperspectivesonpsychedelicsclinicalandethicalimplications-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{neitzke-spruill_bio-psycho-spiritual_2024,\n\ttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}: {Clinical} and {Ethical} {Implications}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Bio-{Psycho}-{Spiritual} {Perspectives} on {Psychedelics}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919715},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics&#x27; clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics&#x27; effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-23},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Devenot, Nese and Sisti, Dominic and Averill, Lynnette A. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {117--142},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ABSTRACT: Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374', event);\">\n    Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: Psychedelics, virtual reality and AI.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gordon, E. C.; Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.;  and Savulescu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bioethics</i>,bioe.13374. November 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: Psychedelics, virtual reality and AI [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13374\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13374', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gordon-cheung-earp-savulescu-moralenhancementandcheapenedachievementpsychedelicsvirtualrealityandai-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gordon_moral_2024,\n\ttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: {Psychedelics}, virtual reality and {AI}},\n\tissn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},\n\tshorttitle = {Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13374},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.13374},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of\n              moral\n              achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more\n              speculative\n              and\n              impractical\n              forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an\n              adjunctive\n              or\n              facilitative\n              , rather than a\n              determinative\n              , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Gordon, Emma C. and Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Savulescu, Julian},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {bioe.13374},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of moral achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic enhancement, it could plausibly also succeed in the domain of moral enhancement—but only regarding certain forms. Specifically, although the value of moral self‐improvement may be diminished by some of the more speculative and impractical forms of moral enhancement proposed in the literature, this worry has less force when applied to more plausibly viable forms of moral enhancement: forms in which drugs or technologies play an adjunctive or facilitative , rather than a determinative , role in moral improvement. We illustrate this idea with three examples from recent literature: the possible use of psychedelic drugs in certain moral‐learning contexts, ‘Socratic Al’ (a proposed Al‐driven moral enhancer) and empathy enhancement through virtual reality (VR). We argue that if one assumes that these technologies work roughly as advertised, the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection loses much of its bite. The takeaway lesson is that moral enhancement in its most promising and practical forms ultimately evades a leading critique of cognitive and athletic enhancement. We end by reflecting on the potential upshot of our analysis for enhancement debates more widely.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764', event);\">\n    The Hopkins-Oxford Psychedelics Ethics (HOPE) Working Group Consensus Statement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jacobs, E.; Earp, B. D.; Appelbaum, P. S.; Bruce, L.; Cassidy, K.; Celidwen, Y.; Cheung, K.; Clancy, S. K.; Devenot, N.; Evans, J.; Lynch, H. F.; Friesen, P.; Romeu, A. G.; Gehani, N.; Maloof, M.; Marcus, O.; Martin Moen, O.; Mertens, M.; Nayak, S. M.; Noorani, T.; Patch, K.; Porsdam-Mann, S.; Raj, G.; Rajwani, K.; Ray, K.; Smith, W.; Villiger, D.; Levy, N.; Crisp, R.; Savulescu, J.; Singh, I.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 24(7): 6–12. July 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Hopkins-Oxford Psychedelics Ethics (HOPE) Working Group Consensus Statement [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jacobs-earp-appelbaum-bruce-cassidy-celidwen-cheung-clancy-etal-thehopkinsoxfordpsychedelicsethicshopeworkinggroupconsensusstatement-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jacobs_hopkins-oxford_2024,\n\ttitle = {The {Hopkins}-{Oxford} {Psychedelics} {Ethics} ({HOPE}) {Working} {Group} {Consensus} {Statement}},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2024.2342764},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Appelbaum, Paul S. and Bruce, Lori and Cassidy, Ksenia and Celidwen, Yuria and Cheung, Katherine and Clancy, Sean K. and Devenot, Neşe and Evans, Jules and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Friesen, Phoebe and Romeu, Albert Garcia and Gehani, Neil and Maloof, Molly and Marcus, Olivia and Martin Moen, Ole and Mertens, Mayli and Nayak, Sandeep M. and Noorani, Tehseen and Patch, Kyle and Porsdam-Mann, Sebastian and Raj, Gokul and Rajwani, Khaleel and Ray, Keisha and Smith, William and Villiger, Daniel and Levy, Neil and Crisp, Roger and Savulescu, Julian and Singh, Ilina and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {6--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20', event);\">\n    The Psychedelic Experience as an Ethical Experience.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ballesteros, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Lovering, R., editor(s), <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Psychoactive Drug Use</i>, pages 383–401. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham,  2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Psychedelic Experience as an Ethical Experience [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ballesteros-thepsychedelicexperienceasanethicalexperience-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{lovering_psychedelic_2024,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Experience} as an {Ethical} {Experience}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-031-65789-4 978-3-031-65790-0},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-01-03},\n\tbooktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Philosophy} and {Psychoactive} {Drug} {Use}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},\n\tauthor = {Ballesteros, Virginia},\n\teditor = {Lovering, Rob},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65790-0_20},\n\tpages = {383--401},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024', 'https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108', event);\">\n    New Territory: Ethical Challenges Associated With MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hartstein, G. L.;  and Menon, S. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal</i>, 20(1): 19–22. September 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024', 'https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New Territory: Ethical Challenges Associated With MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hartstein-menon-newterritoryethicalchallengesassociatedwithmdmaassistedpsychotherapyforptsd-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hartstein_new_2024,\n\ttitle = {New {Territory}: {Ethical} {Challenges} {Associated} {With} {MDMA}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {PTSD}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tshorttitle = {New {Territory}},\n\turl = {https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2024.200108},\n\tabstract = {The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-11-12},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Psychiatry Residents&#x27; Journal},\n\tauthor = {Hartstein, G. Luke and Menon, Sahit N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {19--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present article explores ethical considerations related to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) as a potential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors focus on U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory challenges associated with evaluating MDMA and psychotherapy in conjunction and the role that a risk evaluation in management mitigation program may play in assessing risks and benefits of MDMA-AT. Also discussed are workforce considerations, including foreseeable training requirements, and concerns related to off-label use. The authors emphasize the need for continued research, careful regulation, and thorough clinician education to realize the therapeutic potential of MDMA while ensuring patient safety.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982', event);\">\n    Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wilson-Poe, A.; Hoffman, K.; Pertl, K; Luoma, J.; Bazinet, A; Stauffer, C.; McCarty, D;  and Korthuis, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychoactive Drugs</i>,1–8. September 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wilsonpoe-hoffman-pertl-luoma-bazinet-stauffer-mccarty-korthuis-personalpsychedelicexperienceasatrainingqualificationforfacilitatorsathematicanalysisofqualitativeinterviewswithpsilocybinexperts-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wilson-poe_personal_2024,\n\ttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}: {A} {Thematic} {Analysis} of {Qualitative} {Interviews} with {Psilocybin} {Experts}},\n\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Personal {Psychedelic} {Experience} as a {Training} {Qualification} for {Facilitators}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-20},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Wilson-Poe, Ar and Hoffman, Ka and Pertl, K and Luoma, Jb and Bazinet, A and Stauffer, Cs and McCarty, D and Korthuis, Pt},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Therapist Sexual Misconduct and Other Adverse Experiences Among a Sample of Naturalistic Psychedelic Users.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kruger, D. J.; Aday, J. S.; Fields, C. W.; Kolbman, N.; Glynos, N.; Barron, J.; Herberholz, M.;  and Boehnke, K. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychedelic Medicine</i>,psymed.2024.0011. September 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Therapist Sexual Misconduct and Other Adverse Experiences Among a Sample of Naturalistic Psychedelic Users [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kruger-aday-fields-kolbman-glynos-barron-herberholz-boehnke-psychedelictherapistsexualmisconductandotheradverseexperiencesamongasampleofnaturalisticpsychedelicusers-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kruger_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Therapist} {Sexual} {Misconduct} and {Other} {Adverse} {Experiences} {Among} a {Sample} of {Naturalistic} {Psychedelic} {Users}},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/},\n\tissn = {2831-4425, 2831-4433},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2024.0011},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-18},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Kruger, Daniel J. and Aday, Jacob S. and Fields, Christopher W. and Kolbman, Nicholas and Glynos, Nicolas and Barron, Julie and Herberholz, Moss and Boehnke, Kevin F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {psymed.2024.0011},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X', event);\">\n    Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? Considering the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Anderson, K.; Elf, P.;  and Isham, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 133: 104571. November 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? Considering the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anderson-elf-isham-psychedelicsasatoolforamoreconnectedandsustainableworldconsideringtheimportanceofritualsboundariesandcommitment-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{anderson_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? {Considering} the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world?},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539592400255X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-09-10},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Katie and Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {104571},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4', event);\">\n    Responding to existential distress at the end of life: Psychedelics and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Emmerich, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroethics</i>, 17(3): 37. December 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Responding to existential distress at the end of life: Psychedelics and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('emmerich-respondingtoexistentialdistressattheendoflifepsychedelicsandpsychedelicexperiencesandasmedicine-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{emmerich_responding_2024,\n\ttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life: {Psychedelics} and psychedelic experiences and/ as medicine},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5490, 1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {Responding to existential distress at the end of life},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09571-4},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or\n              realise\n              meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-08-27},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {37},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract This essay engages with the (re)emergence of psychedelic medicine and the idea of psychedelics drugs and the experiences they induce as a developing therapeutic modality. It does so in the context of the provision of psychedelics to terminally ill patients experiencing existential distress as they approach the end of their lives. Reflecting on such suggestions facilitates an examination of a specific aspect of psychedelics and/ as medicine (or palliative care), namely questions of meaning and meaninglessness. Understood as impacting one’s ability to make or realise meaning in life, existential distress commonly entails a degree of demoralisation. In some cases, individuals can be thought of as inhabiting (and being inhabited by) a sense of meaninglessness. In contrast, the experiences psychedelics seem to induce are often imbued with a great deal of meaning, a sense of which seems to continue long after the psychoactive effects of such drugs have ceased. Whilst briefly considering whether or not meaning can properly be thought of as a matter for healthcare or a medical concern, this paper seeks to highlight some of the implications that the advent of psychedelic medicine might have. By way of a conclusion, I enjoin bioethics in recognising itself as a meaningful cultural discourse that is implicated in the future(s) of medicine, psychedelics and being human.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074', event);\">\n    Understanding Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Providers’ Perspective and Insights: A Qualitative Analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, C. L.; Sackett, N.; Stark, B. C.; Dinh, V.; Romesburg, E. W.;  and Roll, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychedelic Medicine</i>. August 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Understanding Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Providers’ Perspective and Insights: A Qualitative Analysis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-sackett-stark-dinh-romesburg-roll-understandingpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyprovidersperspectiveandinsightsaqualitativeanalysis-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_understanding_2024,\n\ttitle = {Understanding {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} {Providers}’ {Perspective} and {Insights}: {A} {Qualitative} {Analysis}},\n\tissn = {2831-4425},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0074},\n\tabstract = {Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.},\n\turldate = {2024-08-27},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Smith, Crystal Lederhos and Sackett, Nathan and Stark, Brian Connor and Dinh, Victoria and Romesburg, Ellen Wager and Roll, John},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. Objective: This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers? protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Methods: Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results: The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. Conclusion: In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685', event);\">\n    On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pedersen, M. M.;  and Steglich-Petersen, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophical Psychology</i>,1–19. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pedersen-steglichpetersen-onthesocialepistemologyofpsychedelicexperience-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pedersen_social_2024,\n\ttitle = {On the social epistemology of psychedelic experience},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2369685},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-08-08},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Pedersen, Mette Marie and Steglich-Petersen, Asbjørn},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068', event);\">\n    Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: How do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sznitman, S. R.; Broers, B.; Auer, R.;  and Tal, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 131: 104521. September 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: How do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sznitman-broers-auer-tal-takingthepotentialharmsofpsychedelicassistedtherapyseriouslyhowdowepreventormitigatetheriskstovulnerablepatients-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sznitman_taking_2024,\n\ttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously: {How} do we prevent or mitigate the risks to vulnerable patients?},\n\tvolume = {131},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {Taking the potential harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy seriously},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395924002068},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104521},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-08-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Sznitman, Sharon R. and Broers, Barbara and Auer, Reto and Tal, Kali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {104521},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y', event);\">\n    Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Golafshani, M.; Buchman, D. Z.;  and Husain, M. I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>npj Mental Health Research</i>, 3(1): 34. July 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('golafshani-buchman-husain-disabilityrightsandexperientialuseofpsychedelicsinclinicalresearchandpractice-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{golafshani_disability_2024,\n\ttitle = {Disability rights and experiential use of psychedelics in clinical research and practice},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2731-4251},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-024-00065-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44184-024-00065-y},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-07-21},\n\tjournal = {npj Mental Health Research},\n\tauthor = {Golafshani, Maryam and Buchman, Daniel Z. and Husain, M. Ishrat},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml', event);\">\n    Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: An ethnographic study in the Southeastern United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gezon, L. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, -1(aop). May 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: An ethnographic study in the Southeastern United States [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00381', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gezon-communitybasedpsychedelicintegrationandsocialefficacyanethnographicstudyinthesoutheasternunitedstates-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gezon_community-based_2024,\n\ttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy: {An} ethnographic study in the {Southeastern} {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\tshorttitle = {Community-based psychedelic integration and social efficacy},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00381.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00381},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2024-07-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Gezon, Lisa L.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Background and aims This qualitative ethnographic study of a psychedelic integration group in the Southeastern United States contributes to an understanding of the role of supportive communities in processing psychedelic experiences. This article proposes the concept of ‘social efficacy’ to capture the importance of social relationships to the efficacy of psychedelics. Social efficacy refers to a source of efficacy that includes not just the immediate social environment in which psychedelics are experienced and processed, but also the broad range of social relationships and political economic and historical contexts that frame their use. Methods This year-long ethnographic research project took place with a psychedelic integration group in an urban center in the Southeastern United States. It was based on observation, interviews, and a focus group. Results Overall, the participants in the integration group see the group as critical to their ability to effectively process their psychedelic experiences. The group is important as a supportive community of like-minded people that facilitates enduring cognitive and affective transformation. Conclusions Community-based non-therapeutic integration groups can play a vital role in the positive integration of psychedelic experiences, improving mental health and quality of life for users. The important role of community-based groups has significance for both the legalization and the medicalization of psychedelics. It highlights the need for safe and legal spaces in which people can talk about their psychedelic experiences and for medical models of efficacy that include social, relational elements.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678', event);\">\n    Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cheung, K.; Propes, C.; Jacobs, E.; Earp, B. D.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Review of Psychiatry</i>,1–11. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cheung-propes-jacobs-earp-yaden-psychedelicgroupbasedintegrationethicalassessmentandinitialrecommendations-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cheung_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration: ethical assessment and initial recommendations},\n\tissn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic group-based integration},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09540261.2024.2357678},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-19},\n\tjournal = {International Review of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Propes, Caleigh and Jacobs, Edward and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml', event);\">\n    Conceptualizing your new reality: Should philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Quasti, C.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, -1(aop). July 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Conceptualizing your new reality: Should philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00355\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00355', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('quasti-sisti-conceptualizingyournewrealityshouldphilosophersplayaroleinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{quasti_conceptualizing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality: {Should} philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\tshorttitle = {Conceptualizing your new reality},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00355.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00355},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2024-07-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Quasti, Christopher and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is currently undergoing a resurgence of clinical interest for several mental health ailments. We propose that philosophers can play a significant role in PAT in both the preparation and integration phases of PAT. Philosophers can aid in the former phase by offering philosophical preparatory insights and in the latter phase by providing the conceptual language to articulate the complex philosophical aspects of a psychedelic experience.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653', event);\">\n    Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Romeo, B.; Kervadec, E.; Fauvel, B.; Strika-Bruneau, L.; Amirouche, A.; Verroust, V.; Piolino, P.;  and Benyamina, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychiatry Research</i>, 335: 115880. May 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('romeo-kervadec-fauvel-strikabruneau-amirouche-verroust-piolino-benyamina-safetyandriskassessmentofpsychedelicpsychotherapyametaanalysisandsystematicreview-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{romeo_safety_2024,\n\ttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: {A} meta-analysis and systematic review},\n\tvolume = {335},\n\tissn = {01651781},\n\tshorttitle = {Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178124001653},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatry Research},\n\tauthor = {Romeo, B. and Kervadec, E. and Fauvel, B. and Strika-Bruneau, L. and Amirouche, A. and Verroust, V. and Piolino, P. and Benyamina, A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {115880},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038', event);\">\n    Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kochevar, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophical Psychology</i>,1–22. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kochevar-clarifyingtheethicallandscapeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kochevar_clarifying_2024,\n\ttitle = {Clarifying the ethical landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2372038},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Kochevar, Christopher},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml', event);\">\n    Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aday, J. S.; Boehnke, K. F.; Herberholz, M.;  and Kruger, D. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, -1(aop). May 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00354\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00354', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aday-boehnke-herberholz-kruger-attitudesofpsychedelicusersregardingcostoftreatmentandnonhallucinogenicalternatives-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aday_attitudes_2024,\n\ttitle = {Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00354.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00354},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76\\%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61\\%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately \\$70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2024-06-23},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Boehnke, Kevin F. and Herberholz, Moss and Kruger, Daniel J.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is currently being studied as a possible treatment option for multiple disorders. Despite promising safety and efficacy findings, the high costs of the current PAP model makes it questionable if the treatment will be scalable. Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogs have been developed as a potential cost-effective alternative, but it is unclear what psychedelic users perceive as a reasonable cost for treatment and whether they would be open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Methods We queried a large sample of people using psychedelics naturalistically (N = 1,221) about their attitudes regarding the role of altered states of consciousness in PAP outcomes, costs of treatment, and their openness to trying a non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analog for treating a mental health condition. Results We found that most (76%) participants considered altered states of consciousness as very or extremely important to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Despite this, most (61%) were also moderately, very, or extremely likely to try a non-hallucinogenic substance if given the chance. Lastly, participants considered approximately $70–80 per hour to be a reasonable cost for various aspects of psychedelic services (e.g., preparation, integration, and dosing sessions). Conclusions Participants valued the role of altered states of consciousness in therapeutic changes attributed to psychedelics, but were still open to trying a non-hallucinogenic analog. Notably, the price participants considered to be a reasonable amount for PAP is well below current market projections. Future research is needed to address limitations of the study as well as to identify ways of lowering treatment costs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0', event);\">\n    A Transformative Trip? Experiences of Psychedelic Use.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Neitzke-Spruill, L.; Beit, C.; Robinson, J.; Blevins, K.; Reynolds, J.; Evans, N. G.;  and McGuire, A. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroethics</i>, 17(2): 33. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Transformative Trip? Experiences of Psychedelic Use [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('neitzkespruill-beit-robinson-blevins-reynolds-evans-mcguire-atransformativetripexperiencesofpsychedelicuse-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{neitzke-spruill_transformative_2024,\n\ttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}? {Experiences} of {Psychedelic} {Use}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {A {Transformative} {Trip}?},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09567-0},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-06-23},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Neitzke-Spruill, Logan and Beit, Caroline and Robinson, Jill and Blevins, Kai and Reynolds, Joel and Evans, Nicholas G. and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Agency, Decision Making, Moral Neuroenhancement, Psychedelic Retreats, Psychedelics, Transformative Experience},\n\tpages = {33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284', event);\">\n    Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zeller, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophical Psychology</i>,1–32. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zeller-psychedelictherapiesandbeliefchangearethererisksofepistemicharmorepistemicinjustice-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zeller_psychedelic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change: are there risks of epistemic harm or epistemic injustice?},\n\tissn = {0951-5089, 1465-394X},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic therapies and belief change},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09515089.2024.2362284},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-06-09},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Zeller, Maximiliano},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1--32},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml', event);\">\n    Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: Decreasing risk and increasing access, or missing the point?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pashdag, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>. May 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: Decreasing risk and increasing access, or missing the point? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00385\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00385', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pashdag-nonhallucinogenicpsychedelicpsychotherapydecreasingriskandincreasingaccessormissingthepoint-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pashdag_non-hallucinogenic_2024,\n\ttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy: {Decreasing} risk and increasing access, or missing the point?},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {Non-hallucinogenic psychedelic psychotherapy},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385/article-10.1556-2054.2024.00385.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2024.00385},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn&#x27;t go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, \n              what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?},\n\turldate = {2024-06-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Pashdag, Joanna},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Over the past decade, numerous open-label studies and early clinical trials have shown that psychedelics hold promise for the fast and possibly lasting relief of a wide range of conditions ranging from major depressive disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to smoking, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Among the questions still to be resolved in this endeavor are questions related to the importance of the metaphysical and phenomenological aspects of the psychedelic experience. Are the hallucinatory experiences engendered by classical psychedelics necessary to their therapeutic action, or could a trip that doesn't go anywhere have the same effect on depression and other conditions? This commentary considers the value of the phenomenological psychedelic experience and asks the larger question, what are any of our phenomenological experiences for?\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024', 'https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to', event);\">\n    Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Duggan, P.;  and Walker, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Biochemist</i>, 46(1): 6–10. March 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024', 'https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1042/bio_2023_164\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1042/bio_2023_164', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('duggan-walker-couldthemedicalizationofpsychedelicsleadtothenextgenerationofantidepressants-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{duggan_could_2024,\n\ttitle = {Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0954-982X, 1740-1194},\n\turl = {https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/46/1/6/234249/Could-the-medicalization-of-psychedelics-lead-to},\n\tdoi = {10.1042/bio_2023_164},\n\tabstract = {A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-04-24},\n\tjournal = {The Biochemist},\n\tauthor = {Duggan, Peter and Walker, Scott},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {6--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184', event);\">\n    Essentials of Informed Consent to Psychedelic Medicine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marks, M.; Brendel, R. W.; Shachar, C.;  and Cohen, I. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>. April 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Essentials of Informed Consent to Psychedelic Medicine [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marks-brendel-shachar-cohen-essentialsofinformedconsenttopsychedelicmedicine-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marks_essentials_2024,\n\ttitle = {Essentials of {Informed} {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Medicine}},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184},\n\tabstract = {Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.},\n\turldate = {2024-04-10},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Brendel, Rebecca W. and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Interest in administering psychedelic agents as mental health treatment is growing rapidly. As drugmakers invest in developing psychedelic medicines for several psychiatric indications, lawmakers are enacting legal reforms to speed access globally, and health agencies are preparing to approve these treatments. Meanwhile, US states, such as Oregon and Colorado, are making psychedelics available for supervised use outside the conventional health care system.Despite legal change and potentially imminent regulatory approval in some countries, standards for integrating psychedelics into health care have lagged, including norms for designing and implementing informed consent processes. Informed consent is complicated by the unique features of psychedelics and their means of administration. Because no governments have approved any classic psychedelics for general medical or psychiatric use, only clinical researchers have obtained informed consent from trial participants. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for informed consent processes tailored to the challenges of administering psychedelics in nonresearch settings.Analysis of the challenges of designing and implementing psychedelic informed consent practices revealed 7 essential components, including the possibility of short- and long-term perceptual disturbances, potential personality changes and altered metaphysical beliefs, the limited role of reassuring physical touch, the potential for patient abuse or coercion, the role and risks of data collection, relevant practitioner disclosures, and interactive patient education and comprehension assessment. Because publicly available informed consent documents for psychedelic clinical trials often overlook or underemphasize these essential elements, sample language and procedures to fill the gap are proposed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124', event);\">\n    Informed Consent to Psychedelic Treatment—A Work in Progress.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Appelbaum, P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>. April 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Informed Consent to Psychedelic Treatment—A Work in Progress [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('appelbaum-informedconsenttopsychedelictreatmentaworkinprogress-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{appelbaum_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic} {Treatment}—{A} {Work} in {Progress}},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.},\n\turldate = {2024-04-10},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic compounds appear to be moving toward approval for clinical use, with early studies suggesting therapeutic efficacy for conditions ranging from depression to alcohol use disorder to traumatic brain injury. However, obtaining meaningful informed consent to psychedelic treatment will be challenging, given the unique effects of the drugs—including what are often described as the ineffable elements of the psychedelic experience, such as ego dissolution. Although some commentators have suggested that informed consent to psychedelic treatment, in the usual sense of that term, is simply unattainable, a growing consensus has coalesced around the notion that with proper attention to content and presentation, clinicians will be able to obtain meaningful and valid consent from patients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024', 'https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685', event);\">\n    Psychedelics in PERIL: The Commercial Determinants of Health, Financial Entanglements and Population Health Ethics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Buchman, D.;  and Rosenbaum, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Public Health Ethics</i>,phae002. March 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024', 'https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics in PERIL: The Commercial Determinants of Health, Financial Entanglements and Population Health Ethics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phae002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phae002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buchman-rosenbaum-psychedelicsinperilthecommercialdeterminantsofhealthfinancialentanglementsandpopulationhealthethics-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buchman_psychedelics_2024,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}: {The} {Commercial} {Determinants} of {Health}, {Financial} {Entanglements} and {Population} {Health} {Ethics}},\n\tissn = {1754-9973, 1754-9981},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics in {PERIL}},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/phe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/phe/phae002/7617685},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/phe/phae002},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-03-05},\n\tjournal = {Public Health Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Buchman, Daniel and Rosenbaum, Daniel},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {phae002},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The nascent for-profit psychedelic industry has begun to engage in corporate practices like funding scientific research and research programs. There is substantial evidence that such practices from other industries like tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and food create conflicts of interest and can negatively influence population health. However, in a context of funding pressures, low publicly funded success rates and precarious academic labor, there is limited ethics guidance for researchers working at the intersection of clinical practice and population health as to how they should approach potential financial sponsorship from for-profit entities, such as the psychedelic industry. This article reports on a reflective exercise among a group of clinician scientists working in psychedelic science, where we applied Adams’ (2016) PERIL (Purpose, Extent, Relevant harm, Identifiers, Link) ethical decision-making framework to a fictionalized case of corporate psychedelic financial sponsorship. Our analysis suggests financial relationships with the corporate psychedelic sector may create varying degrees of risk to a research program’s purpose, autonomy and integrity. We argue that the commercial determinants of health provide a useful framework for understanding the ethics of industry-healthcare entanglements and can provide an important population health ethics lens to examine nascent industries such as psychedelics, and work toward potential solutions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717', event);\">\n    Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cheung, K.; Earp, B. D.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</i>, 67(1): 155–165. January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cheung-earp-yaden-valuingtheacutesubjectiveexperience-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cheung_valuing_2024,\n\ttitle = {Valuing the {Acute} {Subjective} {Experience}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919717},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-23},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {155--165},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ABSTRACT: Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716', event);\">\n    Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kious, B. M.; Peterson, A.;  and McGuire, A. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</i>, 67(1): 143–154. January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kious-peterson-mcguire-arepsychedelicexperiencestransformativecanweconsenttothem-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kious_are_2024,\n\ttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}? {Can} {We} {Consent} to {Them}?},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Are {Psychedelic} {Experiences} {Transformative}?},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/919716},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul&#x27;s sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-23},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Kious, Brent M. and Peterson, Andrew and McGuire, Amy L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {143--154},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ABSTRACT: Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6', event);\">\n    Giving Consent to the Ineffable.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villiger, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroethics</i>, 17(1): 11. February 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Giving Consent to the Ineffable [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villiger-givingconsenttotheineffable-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villiger_giving_2024,\n\ttitle = {Giving {Consent} to the {Ineffable}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6},\n\tabstract = {A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Informed consent, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Rationality, Testimony, Transformative experience},\n\tpages = {11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024', 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937', event);\">\n    Informed Consent to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Ethical Considerations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, A.; Rosenbaum, D.;  and Buchman, D. Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</i>, (1-5). January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024', 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Informed Consent to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Ethical Considerations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024', 'http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-rosenbaum-buchman-informedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyethicalconsiderations-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_informed_2024,\n\ttitle = {Informed {Consent} to {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy}: {Ethical} {Considerations}},\n\turl = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067437231225937},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437231225937},\n\tnumber = {1-5},\n\tjournal = {The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Andrew and Rosenbaum, Daniel and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4', event);\">\n    Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Simon, M. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuropsychopharmacology</i>, 49(1): 294–295. January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('simon-ensuringpsychedelictreatmentsandresearchdonotleaveanyonebehind-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{simon_ensuring_2024,\n\ttitle = {Ensuring psychedelic treatments and research do not leave anyone behind},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tcopyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tissn = {1740-634X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-023-01710-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41386-023-01710-4},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Simon, Melissa A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {Neuroscience, Psychology},\n\tpages = {294--295},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelics are a promising approach to caring for persons living with severe mental illness. However, as with all clinical treatments and research in the US, health equity concerns must be considered and addressed. Ensuring health equity and health justice in psychedelic care delivery and research will require strategies to not only reduce disparities and preempt future disparities among minoritized and marginalized populations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (60)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664', event);\">\n    Psilocybine services in Oregon: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sudakin, D. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Clinical Toxicology</i>, 61(3): 143–145. March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psilocybine services in Oregon: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sudakin-psilocybineservicesinoregonacallforawarenessamongclinicaltoxicologists-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sudakin_psilocybine_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}: a call for awareness among clinical toxicologists},\n\tvolume = {61},\n\tissn = {1556-3650, 1556-9519},\n\tshorttitle = {Psilocybine services in {Oregon}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2023.2182664},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Clinical Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Sudakin, Daniel L.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {143--145},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580', event);\">\n    The varieties of psychedelic law.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marks, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuropharmacology</i>, 226: 109399. March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The varieties of psychedelic law [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marks-thevarietiesofpsychedeliclaw-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marks_varieties_2023,\n\ttitle = {The varieties of psychedelic law},\n\tvolume = {226},\n\tissn = {00283908},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390822004580},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {109399},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Siegel, J. S.; Daily, J. E.; Perry, D. A.;  and Nicol, G. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>, 80(1): 77. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('siegel-daily-perry-nicol-psychedelicdruglegislativereformandlegalizationintheus-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{siegel_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Drug} {Legislative} {Reform} and {Legalization} in the {US}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799268},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101},\n\tabstract = {Importance \n              Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. \n             \n             \n              Objective \n              To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. \n             \n             \n              Evidence Review \n               \n                Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, \n                psilocybin \n                , \n                MDMA \n                , \n                peyote \n                , \n                mescaline \n                , \n                ibogaine \n                , \n                LSD \n                , \n                ayahuasca \n                , and \n                DMT \n                ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. \n               \n             \n             \n              Findings \n              Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90\\%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36\\%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58\\%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23\\%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35\\%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions and Relevance \n              Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Siegel, Joshua S. and Daily, James E. and Perry, Demetrius A. and Nicol, Ginger E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {77},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Importance Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation. Objective To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public. Evidence Review Data were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, psilocybin , MDMA , peyote , mescaline , ibogaine , LSD , ayahuasca , and DMT ). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform. Findings Twenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037. Conclusions and Relevance Legislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934', event);\">\n    State-Regulated Psychedelics on a Collision Course With FDA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marks, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA</i>, 330(24): 2337. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"State-Regulated Psychedelics on a Collision Course With FDA [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.24762\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.24762', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marks-stateregulatedpsychedelicsonacollisioncoursewithfda-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marks_state-regulated_2023,\n\ttitle = {State-{Regulated} {Psychedelics} on a {Collision} {Course} {With} {FDA}},\n\tvolume = {330},\n\tissn = {0098-7484},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812934},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2023.24762},\n\tabstract = {This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {2337},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This Viewpoint examines how US states are reforming legislation to allow access to psychedelics for therapeutic use, but federal laws consider these agents to be Schedule I drugs, and the discordance between state and federal law may create confusion and conflict.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943', event);\">\n    Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoener, S.; Wolfgang, A.; Nissan, D.;  and Howe, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>. May 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-108943\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-108943', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoener-wolfgang-nissan-howe-ethicalconsiderationsforpsychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryclinicalsettings-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoener_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/30/jme-2023-108943},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2023-108943},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Hoener, Scott and Wolfgang, Aaron and Nissan, David and Howe, Edmund},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpmid = {37253556},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Military Personnel, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member’s deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826', event);\">\n    With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the REBUS hypothesis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villiger, D.;  and Trachsel, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>, 49(12): 826–832. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the REBUS hypothesis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108816\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108816', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villiger-trachsel-withgreatpowercomesgreatvulnerabilityanethicalanalysisofpsychedelicstherapeuticmechanismsproposedbytherebushypothesis-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villiger_great_2023,\n\ttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the {REBUS} hypothesis},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\tshorttitle = {With great power comes great vulnerability},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/49/12/826},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/jme-2022-108816},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Villiger, Daniel and Trachsel, Manuel},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpmid = {37045591},\n\tkeywords = {ethics, informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {826--832},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical implications of its therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) hypothesis. In short, the REBUS hypothesis states that psychedelics make rigid beliefs revisable by increasing the influence of bottom-up input. Put differently, patients become highly suggestible and sensitive to context during a psychedelic session, amplifying therapeutic influence and effects. Due to that, patients are more vulnerable in psychedelic-assisted therapy than in other therapeutic interventions; they lose control during a psychedelic session and become dependent on the therapeutic setting (including the therapist). This enhanced vulnerability is ethically relevant and has been exploited by some therapists in the past. Therefore, patients in current research settings and starting mainstream medical settings need to be well informed about psychedelics’ mechanisms and their implications to give valid informed consent to treatment. Furthermore, other security measures are warranted to protect patients from the vulnerability coming with psychedelic-assisted therapy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z', event);\">\n    When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jacobs, E.; Murphy-Beiner, A.; Rouiller, I.; Nutt, D.;  and Spriggs, M. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroethics</i>, 17(1): 3. November 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jacobs-murphybeiner-rouiller-nutt-spriggs-whenthetrialendsthecaseforposttrialprovisionsinclinicalpsychedelicresearch-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jacobs_when_2023,\n\ttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}: {The} {Case} for {Post}-{Trial} {Provisions} in {Clinical} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\tshorttitle = {When the {Trial} {Ends}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z},\n\tabstract = {The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Rouiller, Ian and Nutt, David and Spriggs, Meg J.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trials, Post-trial access, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Research ethics},\n\tpages = {3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The ethical value—and to some scholars, necessity—of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"langlitz-whatgoodarepsychedelichumanities-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'langlitz-whatgoodarepsychedelichumanities-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933', event);\">\n    What good are psychedelic humanities?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Langlitz, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 14.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('langlitz-whatgoodarepsychedelichumanities-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"What good are psychedelic humanities? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/langlitz-whatgoodarepsychedelichumanities-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('langlitz-whatgoodarepsychedelichumanities-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{langlitz_what_2023,\n\ttitle = {What good are psychedelic humanities?},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082933},\n\tabstract = {The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Langlitz, Nicolas},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The revival of psychedelic research has been dominated by the biomedical sciences. Yet it raises questions that cannot be answered by laboratory experiments and clinical trials alone. Among these are questions pertaining to the conceptual and practical frameworks that render experimental and clinical findings meaningful. Psychedelic humanities clarify the historical presuppositions, philosophical blind spots, and political stakes of different approaches to psychedelics. In this emergent field, many scholars evaluate such alternatives epistemologically, ethically, or politically. However, they could just as well refrain from offering normative orientation and instead increase the complexity of the observed phenomena by opening other possible perspectives, leaving it to their readers to reduce the resulting complexity in novel ways. This enables clinical psychiatrists, laboratory scientists, and other practitioners to use (or abuse) psychedelic humanities scholarship for their own purposes. The article concludes with a note on the institutionalization of such collaboration at The New School’s Psychedelic Humanities Lab.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9', event);\">\n    On the Edges: The Ethics of Human Studies with Psychedelic Substances.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  da Costa, S. C.;  and Sofuoglu, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Roberts, L. W., editor(s), <i>Ethics and Clinical Neuroinnovation: Fundamentals, Stakeholders, Case Studies, and Emerging Issues</i>, pages 153–171. Springer International Publishing, Cham,  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"On the Edges: The Ethics of Human Studies with Psychedelic Substances [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dacosta-sofuoglu-ontheedgestheethicsofhumanstudieswithpsychedelicsubstances-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{da_costa_edges_2023,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {On the {Edges}: {The} {Ethics} of {Human} {Studies} with {Psychedelic} {Substances}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-031-14339-7},\n\tshorttitle = {On the {Edges}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},\n\tabstract = {Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tbooktitle = {Ethics and {Clinical} {Neuroinnovation}: {Fundamentals}, {Stakeholders}, {Case} {Studies}, and {Emerging} {Issues}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {da Costa, Sabrina Correa and Sofuoglu, Mehmet},\n\teditor = {Roberts, Laura Weiss},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_9},\n\tkeywords = {Ethics, Hallucinogens, Human research, LSD, MDMA, Methodology, Novel psychoactive agents, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychedelics, Regulatory constraints},\n\tpages = {153--171},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Classical psychedelics or hallucinogens, such as mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and salvia, have been used in religious, shamanic, and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The “psychedelic” or “mind-manifesting” effects of these substances have generated great scientific curiosity, with a large number of clinical studies conducted in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Early research suggested clinical benefits of psychedelics for many disorders, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in life-threatening conditions. However, following the escalation of its recreational use, careless experimentation, and lack of consistent evidence of clinical benefits, psychedelic substances were classified as Schedule I substances by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, denoting high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, which, ultimately, severely limited research with these substances. After their criminalization in 1970, there was a period of dormancy in clinical research on psychedelics. However, continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with increased need for novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry has led to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics over the past two decades. Research on these substances has proven to be particularly challenging. From methodological difficulties to regulatory constraints, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical aspects of human research on psychedelics.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508', event);\">\n    [Ethics in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy].\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thorens, G.; Penzenstadler, L.; Seragnoli, F.; Rothen, S.; Qusaj, V.;  and Zullino, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Revue medicale suisse</i>, 19(838): 1508–1512. August 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"[Ethics in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy] [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thorens-penzenstadler-seragnoli-rothen-qusaj-zullino-ethicsinthepracticeofpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thorens_ethics_2023,\n\ttitle = {[{Ethics} in the practice of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy]},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1660-9379},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1508},\n\tdoi = {10.53738/revmed.2023.19.838.1508},\n\tabstract = {This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.},\n\tlanguage = {fre},\n\tnumber = {838},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Revue medicale suisse},\n\tauthor = {Thorens, Gabriel and Penzenstadler, Louise and Seragnoli, Federico and Rothen, Stéphane and Qusaj, Visar and Zullino, Daniele},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpmid = {37610195},\n\tpages = {1508--1512},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article proposes 10 points considered essential on the ethics associated with the practice of psychotherapy assisted by psychedelics (PAP) : 1) respect of the legal framework (LStup) of the use of psychotropic drugs ; 2) adequately manage psychedelics (storage, production and safety) ; 3) announce adverse effects to the competent authority ; 4) guarantee a psychotherapeutic follow-up ; 5) guarantee the safety of the patients during the treatment ; 6) establish indications on the basis of scientific evidence ; 7) do not confuse personal recreational use and strict medical use ; 8) avoid proselytizing or bad medical practices ; 9) do not to consider the personal consumption of psychedelics as a competency in care and 10) ensure that access to care is equitable and reasonable.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ofcanada-theartificialintelligenceanddataactaidacompaniondocument-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ofcanada-theartificialintelligenceanddataactaidacompaniondocument-2023', 'https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document', event);\">\n    The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) – Companion document.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  of Canada, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Last Modified: 2023-03-13 Publisher: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ofcanada-theartificialintelligenceanddataactaidacompaniondocument-2023', 'https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) – Companion document [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ofcanada-theartificialintelligenceanddataactaidacompaniondocument-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ofcanada-theartificialintelligenceanddataactaidacompaniondocument-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{government_of_canada_artificial_2023,\n\ttitle = {The {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Data} {Act} ({AIDA}) – {Companion} document},\n\turl = {https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document},\n\tabstract = {Table of contents\n\n\n\tIntroduction\n\n\t\n\t\tCanada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape\n\t\tWhy now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada\n\t\tCanada&#x27;s approach and consultation timeline\n\t\n\t\n\tHow the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work\n\t\n\t\tHigh-impact AI systems: considerations and sys},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-07-27},\n\tauthor = {Government of Canada},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Last Modified: 2023-03-13\nPublisher: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Table of contents Introduction Canada and the global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape Why now is the time for a responsible AI framework in Canada Canada's approach and consultation timeline How the Artificial Intelligence and Data act will work High-impact AI systems: considerations and sys\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"house-factsheetbidenharrisadministrationsecuresvoluntarycommitmentsfromleadingartificialintelligencecompaniestomanagetherisksposedbyai-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'house-factsheetbidenharrisadministrationsecuresvoluntarycommitmentsfromleadingartificialintelligencecompaniestomanagetherisksposedbyai-2023', 'https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/', event);\">\n    FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  House, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  July 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('house-factsheetbidenharrisadministrationsecuresvoluntarycommitmentsfromleadingartificialintelligencecompaniestomanagetherisksposedbyai-2023', 'https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/house-factsheetbidenharrisadministrationsecuresvoluntarycommitmentsfromleadingartificialintelligencecompaniestomanagetherisksposedbyai-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('house-factsheetbidenharrisadministrationsecuresvoluntarycommitmentsfromleadingartificialintelligencecompaniestomanagetherisksposedbyai-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{house_fact_2023,\n\ttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}: {Biden}-{Harris} {Administration} {Secures} {Voluntary} {Commitments} from {Leading} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Companies} to {Manage} the {Risks} {Posed} by {AI}},\n\tshorttitle = {{FACT} {SHEET}},\n\turl = {https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/},\n\tabstract = {Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2024-07-27},\n\tjournal = {The White House},\n\tauthor = {House, The White},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Voluntary commitments – underscoring safety, security, and trust – mark a critical step toward developing responsible AIBiden-Harris Administration will\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ofthepresident-safesecureandtrustworthydevelopmentanduseofartificialintelligence-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ofthepresident-safesecureandtrustworthydevelopmentanduseofartificialintelligence-2023', 'https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence', event);\">\n    Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  of the President, E. O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report November 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ofthepresident-safesecureandtrustworthydevelopmentanduseofartificialintelligence-2023', 'https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ofthepresident-safesecureandtrustworthydevelopmentanduseofartificialintelligence-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ofthepresident-safesecureandtrustworthydevelopmentanduseofartificialintelligence-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{executive_office_of_the_president_safe_2023,\n\ttitle = {Safe, {Secure}, and {Trustworthy} {Development} and {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}},\n\turl = {https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-27},\n\tauthor = {Executive Office of the President},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml', event);\">\n    Negative mystical experiences: Why methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Oliver, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 7(3): 158–160. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Negative mystical experiences: Why methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00286\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00286', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oliver-negativemysticalexperienceswhymethodsfordeterminingmysticalityofpsychedelicexperiencesshouldnotincludemeasuringpositivityofmood-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oliver_negative_2023,\n\ttitle = {Negative mystical experiences: {Why} methods for determining mysticality of psychedelic experiences should not include measuring positivity of mood},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {Negative mystical experiences},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/3/article-p158.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00286},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-03-29},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Oliver, Dax},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {158--160},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9', event);\">\n    Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Otterman, L. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Bioethical Inquiry</i>, 20(1): 31–39. March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('otterman-researchintopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyforanorexianervosashouldbefunded-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{otterman_research_2023,\n\ttitle = {Research into {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} for {Anorexia} {Nervosa} {Should} be {Funded}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1872-4353},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9},\n\tabstract = {Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-02-12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Bioethical Inquiry},\n\tauthor = {Otterman, Lauren S.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Health research ethics, Informed consent, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {31--39},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788', event);\">\n    Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. The case from psychedelic studies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hauskeller, C.; Artinian, T.; Fiske, A.; Schwarz Marin, E.; González Romero, O. S.; Luna, L. E.; Crickmore, J.;  and Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>, 48(5): 732–751. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. The case from psychedelic studies [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hauskeller-artinian-fiske-schwarzmarin-gonzlezromero-luna-crickmore-sjstedthughes-decolonizationisametaphortowardsadifferentethicthecasefrompsychedelicstudies-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hauskeller_decolonization_2023,\n\ttitle = {Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. {The} case from psychedelic studies},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2122788},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Hauskeller, Christine and Artinian, Taline and Fiske, Amelia and Schwarz Marin, Ernesto and González Romero, Osiris Sinuhé and Luna, Luis Eduardo and Crickmore, Joseph and Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {732--751},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml', event);\">\n    Beyond the psychedelic hype: Exploring the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Davies, J.; Pace, B. A.;  and Devenot, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 7(S1): 9–21. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Beyond the psychedelic hype: Exploring the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00273\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00273', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('davies-pace-devenot-beyondthepsychedelichypeexploringthepersistenceoftheneoliberalparadigm-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{davies_beyond_2023,\n\ttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype: {Exploring} the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tshorttitle = {Beyond the psychedelic hype},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p9.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00273},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry&#x27;s current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Davies, James and Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {9--21},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962', event);\">\n    Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: The need for phenomenology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miceli McMillan, R.;  and Fernandez, A. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry</i>, 57(6): 783–788. June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: The need for phenomenology [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221139962\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221139962', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('micelimcmillan-fernandez-understandingsubjectiveexperienceinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapytheneedforphenomenology-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miceli_mcmillan_understanding_2023,\n\ttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: {The} need for phenomenology},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0004-8674, 1440-1614},\n\tshorttitle = {Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674221139962},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00048674221139962},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Australian \\&amp; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Miceli McMillan, Riccardo and Fernandez, Anthony Vincent},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {783--788},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is being investigated as a treatment for a range of psychiatric illnesses. Current research suggests that the kinds of subjective experiences induced by psychedelic compounds play key roles in producing therapeutic outcomes. To date, most knowledge of therapeutic psychedelic experiences are derived from psychometric assessments with scales such as the Mystical Experience Questionnaire. While these approaches are insightful, more nuanced and detailed descriptions of psychedelic-induced changes to subjective experience are required. Drawing on recent advancements in qualitative methods arising from the interdisciplinary field of phenomenological psychopathology, we propose a systematic and comprehensive investigation into how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy alters subjective experience. This research programme aims to characterise the nature of therapeutic psychedelic experiences by drawing on concepts from philosophical phenomenology. Such characterisations should, moreover, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of psychedelic therapy, the role of integration therapy, and related philosophical debates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6', event);\">\n    From Altered States to Metaphysics: The Epistemic Status of Psychedelic-induced Metaphysical Beliefs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gładziejewski, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Review of Philosophy and Psychology</i>. October 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From Altered States to Metaphysics: The Epistemic Status of Psychedelic-induced Metaphysical Beliefs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gadziejewski-fromalteredstatestometaphysicstheepistemicstatusofpsychedelicinducedmetaphysicalbeliefs-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gladziejewski_altered_2023,\n\ttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}: {The} {Epistemic} {Status} of {Psychedelic}-induced {Metaphysical} {Beliefs}},\n\tissn = {1878-5166},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Altered} {States} to {Metaphysics}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s13164-023-00709-6},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Review of Philosophy and Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Gładziejewski, Paweł},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {DMT, LSD, Metaphysical beliefs, Mystical experience, Predictive processing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, REBUS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic substances elicit powerful, uncanny conscious experiences that are thought to possess therapeutic value. In those who undergo them, these altered states of consciousness often induce shifts in metaphysical beliefs about the fundamental structure of reality. The contents of those beliefs range from contentious to bizarre, especially when considered from the point of view of naturalism. Can chemically induced, radically altered states of consciousness provide reasons for or play some positive epistemic role with respect to metaphysical beliefs? In this paper, I discuss a view that has been underexplored in recent literature. I argue that psychedelic states can be rationally integrated into one’s epistemic life. Consequently, updating one’s metaphysical beliefs based on altered states of consciousness does not have to constitute an instance of epistemic irrationality.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjstedthughes-ontheneedformetaphysicsinpsychedelictherapyandresearch-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjstedthughes-ontheneedformetaphysicsinpsychedelictherapyandresearch-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589', event);\">\n    On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjöstedt-Hughes, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 14.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjstedthughes-ontheneedformetaphysicsinpsychedelictherapyandresearch-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjstedthughes-ontheneedformetaphysicsinpsychedelictherapyandresearch-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjstedthughes-ontheneedformetaphysicsinpsychedelictherapyandresearch-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjostedt-hughes_need_2023,\n\ttitle = {On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128589},\n\tabstract = {The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The essential proposal of this text is that psychedelic-induced metaphysical experiences should be integrated and evaluated with recourse to metaphysics. It will be argued that there is a potential extra benefit to patients in psychedelic-assisted therapy if they are provided with an optional, additional, and intelligible schema and discussion of metaphysical options at the integrative phase of the therapy. This schema (the “Metaphysics Matrix”) and a new Metaphysics Matrix Questionnaire (“MMQ”) stemming therefrom will be presented, the latter of which can also be used as an alternative or additional tool for quantitative measurement of psychedelic experience in trials. Metaphysics is not mysticism, despite some overlap; and certainly not all psychedelic experience is metaphysical or mystical—all three terms will be defined and contrasted. Thereafter psychedelic therapy will be presented and analysed in order to reveal the missing place for metaphysics. Metaphysics, with epistemology (theory of knowledge) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics), is a defining branch of Philosophy. Metaphysics, in contrast to mysticism, is considered to be based on argument rather than pure revelation. Thus, in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy one sees here the potential bridge between reason-based philosophy and practical therapy—or, more broadly, with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy there is the potential and mutually beneficial fusion of philosophy with practical science.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Research and Therapeutic Practices: Embracing Communities, Groups, and Traditional Knowledge.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Magar, V.; Urrutia, J.;  and Anderson, B. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychoactive Drugs</i>, 55(5): 519–522. October 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Research and Therapeutic Practices: Embracing Communities, Groups, and Traditional Knowledge [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('magar-urrutia-anderson-psychedelicresearchandtherapeuticpracticesembracingcommunitiesgroupsandtraditionalknowledge-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{magar_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}: {Embracing} {Communities}, {Groups}, and {Traditional} {Knowledge}},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {0279-1072, 2159-9777},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and {Therapeutic} {Practices}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2023.2268610},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Magar, Veronica and Urrutia, Julian and Anderson, Brian T.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {519--522},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296', event);\">\n    Barriers and Facilitators to the Equitable Access of Psychedelic Medical Care and Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rudolph, K. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 136–138. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Barriers and Facilitators to the Equitable Access of Psychedelic Medical Care and Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rudolph-barriersandfacilitatorstotheequitableaccessofpsychedelicmedicalcareandresearchinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rudolph_barriers_2023,\n\ttitle = {Barriers and {Facilitators} to the {Equitable} {Access} of {Psychedelic} {Medical} {Care} and {Research} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188296},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Rudolph, Kaila A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {136--138},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201', event);\">\n    ‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marcus, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>, 48(5): 712–731. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marcus-everybodyscreatingitalongthewayethicaltensionsamongglobalizedayahuascashamanismsandtherapeuticintegrationpractices-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marcus_everybodys_2023,\n\ttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\tshorttitle = {‘{Everybody}’s creating it along the way’},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Marcus, Olivia},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {712--731},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287', event);\">\n    Avoiding the Premature Introduction of Psychedelic Medicines in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carter, A.; Graham, M.; Hall, W.; Barber, M.;  and Gardner, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 129–131. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Avoiding the Premature Introduction of Psychedelic Medicines in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carter-graham-hall-barber-gardner-avoidingtheprematureintroductionofpsychedelicmedicinesinalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddisorders-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carter_avoiding_2023,\n\ttitle = {Avoiding the {Premature} {Introduction} of {Psychedelic} {Medicines} in {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188287},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Carter, Adrian and Graham, Myfanwy and Hall, Wayne and Barber, Michaela and Gardner, John},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {129--131},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1', event);\">\n    Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marks, M.; Kious, B.; Shachar, C.;  and Cohen, I. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature Mental Health</i>, 1(12): 920–922. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marks-kious-shachar-cohen-introducingpsychedelicstoendoflifementalhealthcare-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marks_introducing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Introducing psychedelics to end-of-life mental healthcare},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tcopyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},\n\tissn = {2731-6076},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-023-00166-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44220-023-00166-1},\n\tabstract = {Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Nature Mental Health},\n\tauthor = {Marks, Mason and Kious, Brent and Shachar, Carmel and Cohen, I. Glenn},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trial design, Geriatrics, Patient education, Policy, Quality of life},\n\tpages = {920--922},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Early evidence suggests psychedelics could help alleviate end-of-life anxiety and depression. Yet there has been little study or discussion of their integration into hospice and palliative care settings, where patients often have complex comorbidities and medication regimens. The authors discuss relevant clinical challenges and approaches.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023', 'https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008', event);\">\n    Peer support and psychedelics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Skiles, Z.; Dixon, J. R.; Friedrich, D.; Reed, D.;  and Stauffer, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health</i>, 9(5): 80–87. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023', 'https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Peer support and psychedelics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('skiles-dixon-friedrich-reed-stauffer-peersupportandpsychedelics-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{skiles_peer_2023,\n\ttitle = {Peer support and psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {2368-7924, 2368-7924},\n\turl = {https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},\n\tdoi = {10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0008},\n\tabstract = {LAY SUMMARY \n            The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). \n          ,  \n            The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health},\n\tauthor = {Skiles, Zachary and Dixon, James R. and Friedrich, Dan and Reed, Donny and Stauffer, Christopher S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {80--87},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  LAY SUMMARY The new practices of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services need trained facilitators. This article aligns the role of peer support in both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities, displaying core competencies and current practices, while also highlighting further needs in training and supervision. Continued work with peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences will deepen understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic therapy session of another). , The field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and state-run psychedelic services will need to adequately train and certify facilitators to meet the anticipated demand for access. This article explores the role of peer support in the setting of medical and non-medical supervised psychedelic administration. Existing peer-support frameworks from both the psychedelic and the Veteran communities are reviewed, and core competencies of both peer support and psychedelic facilitation are compared to highlight synergies and identify training and supervision gaps. Future work will further refine the role of peer support in the legal facilitation of psychedelic experiences and deepen our understanding of psychedelic peership (i.e., when someone with previous firsthand experience with psychedelics facilitates the psychedelic experience of another).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309', event);\">\n    Journey to Narayama: Cultural Complexities, Psychedelics and Dementia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ozeki-Hayashi, R.;  and Wilkinson, D. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 145–147. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Journey to Narayama: Cultural Complexities, Psychedelics and Dementia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ozekihayashi-wilkinson-journeytonarayamaculturalcomplexitiespsychedelicsanddementia-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ozeki-hayashi_journey_2023,\n\ttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}: {Cultural} {Complexities}, {Psychedelics} and {Dementia}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\tshorttitle = {Journey to {Narayama}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188309},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Ozeki-Hayashi, Reina and Wilkinson, Dominic Jc},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {145--147},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml', event);\">\n    Philosophy and psychedelics: Frameworks for exceptional experience.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dowie, T.;  and Tempone-Wiltshire, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 7(2): 143–150. June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Philosophy and psychedelics: Frameworks for exceptional experience [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00283\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00283', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dowie-temponewiltshire-philosophyandpsychedelicsframeworksforexceptionalexperience-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dowie_philosophy_2023,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics: {Frameworks} for exceptional experience},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tshorttitle = {Philosophy and psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/2/article-p143.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00283},\n\tabstract = {Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Dowie, Tra-ill and Tempone-Wiltshire, Julien},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {143--150},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5', event);\">\n    Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Seybert, C.; Cotovio, G.; Madeira, L.; Ricou, M.; Pires, A. M.;  and Oliveira-Maia, A. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature Medicine</i>, 29(9): 2167–2170. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('seybert-cotovio-madeira-ricou-pires-oliveiramaia-psychedelictreatmentsformentalhealthconditionsposechallengesforinformedconsent-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{seybert_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tcopyright = {2023 Springer Nature America, Inc.},\n\tissn = {1546-170X},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02378-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5},\n\tabstract = {Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Nature Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Seybert, Carolina and Cotovio, Gonçalo and Madeira, Luís and Ricou, Miguel and Pires, Ana Matos and Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Medical ethics, Medical research},\n\tpages = {2167--2170},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Enhanced informed consent procedures are needed for patients treated with psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA, due to effects that include an altered state of consciousness and vulnerability to suggestion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281', event);\">\n    Toward a Broader Psychedelic Bioethics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jacobs, E.; Yaden, D. B.;  and Earp, B. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 126–129. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toward a Broader Psychedelic Bioethics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jacobs-yaden-earp-towardabroaderpsychedelicbioethics-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jacobs_toward_2023,\n\ttitle = {Toward a {Broader} {Psychedelic} {Bioethics}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward and Yaden, David Bryce and Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {126--129},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Research for Dementia Risks Perpetuating Structural Failures and Inadequacies in Aged Care.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Soofi, H.;  and Forlini, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 131–134. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Research for Dementia Risks Perpetuating Structural Failures and Inadequacies in Aged Care [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('soofi-forlini-psychedelicresearchfordementiarisksperpetuatingstructuralfailuresandinadequaciesinagedcare-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{soofi_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} for {Dementia} {Risks} {Perpetuating} {Structural} {Failures} and {Inadequacies} in {Aged} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188291},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Soofi, Hojjat and Forlini, Cynthia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {131--134},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/', event);\">\n    Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Black, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 14: 1159843. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('black-lifeboatethicsriskandtherapeuticopportunityanappealforequitablepsychedelictherapyaccessinthehighriskaddictionpatient-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{black_lifeboat_2023,\n\ttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the “high-risk” addiction patient},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548230/},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Black, Taylor},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpmid = {37799400},\n\tpmcid = {PMC10548230},\n\tpages = {1159843},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023', 'https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Aesthetics and the Body without Organs at the Limits of Perception.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pisters, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Deleuze and Guattari Studies</i>, 17(4): 583–603. November 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023', 'https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Aesthetics and the Body without Organs at the Limits of Perception [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pisters-psychedelicaestheticsandthebodywithoutorgansatthelimitsofperception-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pisters_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Aesthetics} and the {Body} without {Organs} at the {Limits} of {Perception}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {2398-9777, 2398-9785},\n\turl = {https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},\n\tdoi = {10.3366/dlgs.2023.0536},\n\tabstract = {This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Deleuze and Guattari Studies},\n\tauthor = {Pisters, Patricia},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {583--603},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article focuses on the aesthetics of the psychedelic experience. Aldous Huxley’s Doors of Perception remains one of the few studies that investigates the aesthetic dimension of the psychedelic experience as profoundly meaningful as such, because it gives direct attention to the nonhuman otherness of the universe that is hard to describe in words, but that can be felt and sensed. Similarly, Deleuze and Guattari have investigated psychedelics as a perceptual, aesthetic, phenomenon. They argue that psychedelic aesthetics offers an experience at the limits of perception to the point of ultimate abstraction of geometric figures and grains. Drawing upon the works of two experimental filmmakers from two different generations and backgrounds, Philippe Garrel’s enigmatic Le Révélateur ( The Revealer, 1968 ) and Morgan Quaintance’s thought-provoking Surviving You, Always (2021), the borders of the perceptual field by cinematographic means will be investigated. These works are exemplary of how the nonhuman perception of the camera, its ‘bodies without organs’, and its affective intensity evoke a psychedelic, mind-revealing, experience and an ethics of – in Deleuze’s words – ‘becoming not unworthy of the event’.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023', 'https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013', event);\">\n    Establishing an Ethics for Psychedelic Psychiatry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Holoyda, B.;  and Kiani, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychiatric Services</i>, 74(8): 789–789. August 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023', 'https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Establishing an Ethics for Psychedelic Psychiatry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('holoyda-kiani-establishinganethicsforpsychedelicpsychiatry-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{holoyda_establishing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Establishing an {Ethics} for {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1075-2730},\n\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.23074013},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\n\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian and Kiani, Cameron},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {789--789},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023', 'https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33', event);\">\n    Moving Forward by Looking Back: Critiques of Commercialized Mindfulness and the Future of (Commercialized) Psychedelics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Elf, P.; Isham, A.;  and Leoni, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals</i>, 65(1): 33–62. October 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023', 'https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Moving Forward by Looking Back: Critiques of Commercialized Mindfulness and the Future of (Commercialized) Psychedelics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3368/hopp.65.1.33\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3368/hopp.65.1.33', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('elf-isham-leoni-movingforwardbylookingbackcritiquesofcommercializedmindfulnessandthefutureofcommercializedpsychedelics-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{elf_moving_2023,\n\ttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}: {Critiques} of {Commercialized} {Mindfulness} and the {Future} of ({Commercialized}) {Psychedelics}},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},\n\tissn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},\n\tshorttitle = {Moving {Forward} by {Looking} {Back}},\n\turl = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/33},\n\tdoi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.33},\n\tabstract = {Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},\n\tauthor = {Elf, Patrick and Isham, Amy and Leoni, Dario},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {capitalism, commercialization, environment, health, meditation, mindfulness, mystical experiences, neoliberalism, psychedelics, self-transcendent experiences, well-being},\n\tpages = {33--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Much has been written in the academic and popular press on the positive consequences of psychedelic-induced mental states. Following the disappearance of psychedelic research from the public eye between the 1970s and early 2000s, a second wave of psychedelic research is gaining increasing interest from private sector actors looking to explore commercial opportunities. The commercialization of psychedelic substances will likely have consequences for how they are used, to what ends, and to what degree of efficacy. We reflect on the critiques of commercialized mindfulness and explore how they may apply to the future of commercialized psychedelics. Mindfulness and psychedelics share several qualities, including their often spiritual origins and self-transcendent nature. However, mindfulness has already undergone a period of commercialization and represents a precedent case for imagining the possible outcomes of the commercialization of psychedelics. By considering the problems associated with separating the practice from its spiritual roots, co-optation to reinforce neoliberal principles, and alterations to administration to cut costs, the article demonstrates the tensions that arise when trying to implement practices rooted in enhancing well-being in societies dominated by consumer capitalism.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml', event);\">\n    TESCREAL hallucinations: Psychedelic and AI hype as inequality engines.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Devenot, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 7(S1): 22–39. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"TESCREAL hallucinations: Psychedelic and AI hype as inequality engines [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00292\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00292', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('devenot-tescrealhallucinationspsychedelicandaihypeasinequalityengines-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{devenot_tescreal_2023,\n\ttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations: {Psychedelic} and {AI} hype as inequality engines},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {2559-9283},\n\tshorttitle = {{TESCREAL} hallucinations},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p22.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00292},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Background and Aims \n              While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n              My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. \n             \n             \n              Results \n              Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field&#x27;s world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {22--39},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Background and Aims While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. Methods My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. Results Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. Conclusions This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023', 'https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035', event);\">\n    Cultural Biases and Psychedelic Experiences: Western Scientific Perspectives about Amazonian Mestizo Therapeutic Traditions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dubbini, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine</i>, 8(3): 1–23. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023', 'https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cultural Biases and Psychedelic Experiences: Western Scientific Perspectives about Amazonian Mestizo Therapeutic Traditions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.2303035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.2303035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dubbini-culturalbiasesandpsychedelicexperienceswesternscientificperspectivesaboutamazonianmestizotherapeutictraditions-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dubbini_cultural_2023,\n\ttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}: {Western} {Scientific} {Perspectives} about {Amazonian} {Mestizo} {Therapeutic} {Traditions}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Cultural {Biases} and {Psychedelic} {Experiences}},\n\turl = {https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-08-03-035},\n\tdoi = {10.21926/obm.icm.2303035},\n\tabstract = {This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Dubbini, Alberto},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1--23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article aims to analyze how Western researchers can be influenced by their epistemic and ethical foundations, which are also expressed through a culturally shared idea of therapy, and how this influence can significantly hinder the understanding of a different cultural reality and its resources in terms of knowledge and practices. While examining a collection of research cases in the field of psychedelic therapy, the present paper focuses on the obstacles created by ethical and epistemic conflicts in the mind of researchers with Western scientific training and their consequent difficulty in exploring the situations induced by psychedelic substances in a context of articulation and integration between their therapeutic know-how and that of a spiritual hundreds-year-old psychedelic tradition like Amazonian mestizo vegetalismo. Such obstacles may offer a chance to increase awareness of the cultural bias and limitations of the scientific gaze and highlight the importance of therapeutic and research contexts in which declared independence, neutrality and effectiveness of human alert thinking as undebatable ethical and epistemic value are under discussion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023', 'https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131', event);\">\n    The Corporadelic Set and Setting: On the Consequences of Psychedelic Commodification.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hartogsohn, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals</i>, 65(1): 131–140. October 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023', 'https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Corporadelic Set and Setting: On the Consequences of Psychedelic Commodification [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3368/hopp.65.1.131\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3368/hopp.65.1.131', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hartogsohn-thecorporadelicsetandsettingontheconsequencesofpsychedeliccommodification-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hartogsohn_corporadelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}: {On} the {Consequences} of {Psychedelic} {Commodification}},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},\n\tissn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Corporadelic} {Set} and {Setting}},\n\turl = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/65/1/131},\n\tdoi = {10.3368/hopp.65.1.131},\n\tabstract = {The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics.\nBuilding on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},\n\tauthor = {Hartogsohn, Ido},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {capitalism, corporadelics, medicalization, neo-liberalism, psychedelics, set and setting},\n\tpages = {131--140},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The term “corporadelic” signifies “manifesting corporate structures, ethos, or logic within the context of the psychedelic landscape.” It points to a relatively novel phenomena in the history of psychedelics: the appropriation of these psychoactive agents by for-profit corporations and the integration of psychedelic use into corporate setting. Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelics and points to the crucial dependence of psychedelic effects on contextual factors, such as expectancy, intention, and environment. In recent years, the term has been extended to include an examination of sociocultural structures and their role in shaping experiences with psychedelics. Building on concepts like corporadelic and cultural set and setting, this commentary points to some crucial ways the meaning and effects of psychedelics change as they move from Indigenous and underground setting into the free-market, corporate setting. It argues that setting psychedelic medicine and healing within the context of neo-liberalism consumerism may undermine and thwart it’s efficacy and transformational potential.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199', event);\">\n    Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McCarroll, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>, 48(5): 752–767. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mccarroll-mysticizingmedicineincorporatingnondualismintothetrainingofpsychedelicguides-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mccarroll_mysticizing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\tshorttitle = {Mysticizing medicine},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {McCarroll, Valeria},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {752--767},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gonzlezromero-cognitivelibertyandthepsychedelichumanities-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gonzlezromero-cognitivelibertyandthepsychedelichumanities-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996', event);\">\n    Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  González Romero, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 14.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gonzlezromero-cognitivelibertyandthepsychedelichumanities-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gonzlezromero-cognitivelibertyandthepsychedelichumanities-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gonzlezromero-cognitivelibertyandthepsychedelichumanities-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gonzalez_romero_cognitive_2023,\n\ttitle = {Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996},\n\tabstract = {This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {González Romero, Osiris},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This research aims to conceptualize cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities by examining their constitutive elements. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is widespread to talk about psychedelic science nowadays, but there is a significant gap in the research. For instance, the role and importance of the humanities need to be acknowledged. Regarding cognitive liberty, this research considers that people have the right to use or refrain from using emerging neurotechnologies and psychedelics. People’s freedom of choice vis-à-vis these technologies must be protected, in particular with regard to coercive and non-consensual uses. Firstly, an analysis will be carried out of the constitutive elements of cognitive liberty, especially within the context of a philosophical approach. Secondly, this research will address some arguments for the philosophical uses of psychedelics. Finally, this paper will discuss the scope and significance of psychedelic humanities as a vein of research. Cognitive liberty is a crucial concept for the psychedelic humanities, likely to broaden our understanding of consciousness studies and reflect on ethical and social issues related to scientific research. Cognitive liberty is an update of freedom of thought according to the challenges of the 21st century. In addition, this paper will highlight the possible philosophical uses of psychedelic substances to broaden the research scope since, at present, the ritual and therapeutic uses of psychedelics have the most significant legitimacy. Recognition of philosophical uses demonstrates that learning from non-clinical uses of psychedelics is possible. The psychedelic humanities represent an underexplored avenue of research that can contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between science and culture.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4', event);\">\n    Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wolfgang, A. S.;  and Hoge, C. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current Psychiatry Reports</i>, 25(10): 513–532. October 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wolfgang-hoge-psychedelicassistedtherapyinmilitaryandveteranshealthcaresystemsclinicallegalandimplementationconsiderations-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wolfgang_psychedelic-assisted_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}: {Clinical}, {Legal}, and {Implementation} {Considerations}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1535-1645},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic-{Assisted} {Therapy} in {Military} and {Veterans} {Healthcare} {Systems}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4},\n\tabstract = {This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Current Psychiatry Reports},\n\tauthor = {Wolfgang, Aaron S. and Hoge, Charles W.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {MDMA, Military, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Review, Veterans},\n\tpages = {513--532},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602', event);\">\n    Harnessing placebo: Lessons from psychedelic science.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pronovost-Morgan, C.; Hartogsohn, I.;  and Ramaekers, J. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychopharmacology</i>, 37(9): 866–875. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Harnessing placebo: Lessons from psychedelic science [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231182602\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231182602', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pronovostmorgan-hartogsohn-ramaekers-harnessingplacebolessonsfrompsychedelicscience-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pronovost-morgan_harnessing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Harnessing placebo: {Lessons} from psychedelic science},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Harnessing placebo},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811231182602},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811231182602},\n\tabstract = {The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Pronovost-Morgan, Chloé and Hartogsohn, Ido and Ramaekers, Johannes G},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {866--875},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The randomized controlled trial (RCT) research design assumes that a drug’s “specific” effect can be isolated, added, and subtracted from the “nonspecific” effect of context and person. While RCTs are helpful in assessing the added benefit of a novel drug, they tend to obscure the curative potential of extra-pharmacological variables, known as “the placebo effect.” Ample empirical evidence suggests that person/context-dependent physical, social, and cultural variables not only add to, but also shape drug effects, making them worth harnessing for patient benefits. Nevertheless, utilizing placebo effects in medicine is challenging due to conceptual and normative obstacles. In this article, we propose a new framework inspired by the field of psychedelic science and its employment of the “set and setting” concept. This framework acknowledges that drug and nondrug factors have an interactive and synergistic relationship. From it, we suggest ways to reintegrate nondrug variables into the biomedical toolbox, to ethically harness the placebo effect for improved clinical care.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Commercialization: A Wide-Spanning Overview of the Emerging Psychedelic Industry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aday, J. S.; Barnett, B. S.; Grossman, D.; Murnane, K. S.; Nichols, C. D.;  and Hendricks, P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychedelic Medicine</i>, 1(3): 150–165. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023', 'https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Commercialization: A Wide-Spanning Overview of the Emerging Psychedelic Industry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aday-barnett-grossman-murnane-nichols-hendricks-psychedeliccommercializationawidespanningoverviewoftheemergingpsychedelicindustry-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aday_psychedelic_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}: {A} {Wide}-{Spanning} {Overview} of the {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Industry}},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {2831-4425},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Commercialization}},\n\turl = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},\n\tdoi = {10.1089/psymed.2023.0013},\n\tabstract = {Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Psychedelic Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Aday, Jacob S. and Barnett, Brian S. and Grossman, Dan and Murnane, Kevin S. and Nichols, Charles D. and Hendricks, Peter S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {commercialization, ethics, history, industry, psychedelics, review},\n\tpages = {150--165},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: In the wake of positive clinical trial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, there has been an influx of financial investment into psychedelic drug development from the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. Psychedelics are now a multibillion dollar industry, with hundreds of companies that are seeking to commercialize therapeutic applications of psychedelics formed over the course of just a few years.Materials and Methods: This paper aims to provide a broad overview of the psychedelic industry by detailing the history and current state of psychedelic drug commercialization, exploring challenges to commercial viability, highlighting ethical considerations, and incorporating lessons from the analogous ketamine and cannabis industries, which largely preceded the psychedelic industry.Results: We found that although the roots of the psychedelic industry go back decades, financial investment did not take off in earnest until the late 2010s and early 2020s. The main focus of companies in the psychedelic sector can be broadly grouped into: (1) drug discovery and development; (2) novel formulations and routes of administration; (3) manufacturing and synthesis; (4) treatment centers and wellness clinics; (5) consumer packaged goods and adult use; and (6) adjunct technologies. Challenges to commercial viability include regulatory barriers to drug development, treatment costs and logistics of administration, and intellectual property and patent issues. In terms of ethics, the industry must consider the potential adverse effects of psychedelics, cost-cutting inclinations, ensuring therapeutic benefits reach vulnerable and marginalized communities, and indigenous reciprocity. We also underscore the potential benefits commercialization may bring. Lastly, the ketamine and cannabis industries can provide blueprints for regulatory approval, clinical implementation, insurance reimbursement, and federal policy more broadly.Conclusion: Altogether, this article provides a wide-spanning overview of the emerging commercialization of psychedelics, acknowledging both the monumental progress and critical challenges that remain for the industry.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466', event);\">\n    History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van Elk, M.;  and Fried, E. I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology</i>, 13: 20451253231198466. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231198466\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231198466', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanelk-fried-historyrepeatingguidelinestoaddresscommonproblemsinpsychedelicscience-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_elk_history_2023,\n\ttitle = {History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {2045-1253, 2045-1261},\n\tshorttitle = {History repeating},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20451253231198466},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/20451253231198466},\n\tabstract = {Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Van Elk, Michiel and Fried, Eiko I.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {20451253231198466},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Research in the last decade has expressed considerable optimism about the clinical potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders. This optimism is reflected in an increase in research papers, investments by pharmaceutical companies, patents, media coverage, as well as political and legislative changes. However, psychedelic science is facing serious challenges that threaten the validity of core findings and raise doubt regarding clinical efficacy and safety. In this paper, we introduce the 10 most pressing challenges, grouped into easy, moderate, and hard problems. We show how these problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods). These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy. We provide a roadmap for tackling these challenges and share a checklist that researchers, journalists, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders can use to assess the quality of psychedelic science. Addressing today’s problems is necessary to find out whether the optimism regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been warranted and to avoid history repeating itself.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297', event);\">\n    Ethical Considerations at the Intersection Between Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy and Medical Assistance in Dying.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rosenbaum, D.; Cho, M.; Schneider, E.; Hales, S.;  and Buchman, D. Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 139–141. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical Considerations at the Intersection Between Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy and Medical Assistance in Dying [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rosenbaum-cho-schneider-hales-buchman-ethicalconsiderationsattheintersectionbetweenpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandmedicalassistanceindying-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rosenbaum_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Considerations} at the {Intersection} {Between} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Psychotherapy} and {Medical} {Assistance} in {Dying}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2023.2188297},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Rosenbaum, Daniel and Cho, Matthew and Schneider, Evan and Hales, Sarah and Buchman, Daniel Z.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {139--141},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2', event);\">\n    Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist’s Training?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Emmerich, N.;  and Humphries, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>,1–10. March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist’s Training? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180123000099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180123000099', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('emmerich-humphries-istherequirementforfirstpersonexperienceofpsychedelicdrugsajustifiedcomponentofapsychedelictherapiststraining-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{emmerich_is_2023,\n\ttitle = {Is the {Requirement} for {First}-{Person} {Experience} of {Psychedelic} {Drugs} a {Justified} {Component} of a {Psychedelic} {Therapist}’s {Training}?},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/is-the-requirement-for-firstperson-experience-of-psychedelic-drugs-a-justified-component-of-a-psychedelic-therapists-training/62A73ECB021AB35097E5CC940E0CECF2},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000099},\n\tabstract = {Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, Nathan and Humphries, Bryce},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {psychedelic experience, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, training},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs—including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD—may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974', event);\">\n    Critical Doses: Nurturing Diversity in Psychedelic Studies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hauskeller, C.;  and Schwarz, C. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>, 48(5): 697–711. December 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Critical Doses: Nurturing Diversity in Psychedelic Studies [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hauskeller-schwarz-criticaldosesnurturingdiversityinpsychedelicstudies-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hauskeller_critical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Critical {Doses}: {Nurturing} {Diversity} in {Psychedelic} {Studies}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0308-0188, 1743-2790},\n\tshorttitle = {Critical {Doses}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Hauskeller, Christine and Schwarz, Claudia Gertraud},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {697--711},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"spriggs-murphybeiner-murphy-bornemann-thurgur-schlag-arcaframeworkforaccessreciprocityandconductinpsychedelictherapies-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'spriggs-murphybeiner-murphy-bornemann-thurgur-schlag-arcaframeworkforaccessreciprocityandconductinpsychedelictherapies-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115', event);\">\n    ARC: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Spriggs, M. J.; Murphy-Beiner, A.; Murphy, R.; Bornemann, J.; Thurgur, H.;  and Schlag, A. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 14.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('spriggs-murphybeiner-murphy-bornemann-thurgur-schlag-arcaframeworkforaccessreciprocityandconductinpsychedelictherapies-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"ARC: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/spriggs-murphybeiner-murphy-bornemann-thurgur-schlag-arcaframeworkforaccessreciprocityandconductinpsychedelictherapies-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('spriggs-murphybeiner-murphy-bornemann-thurgur-schlag-arcaframeworkforaccessreciprocityandconductinpsychedelictherapies-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{spriggs_arc_2023,\n\ttitle = {{ARC}: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {{ARC}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115},\n\tabstract = {The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Spriggs, Meg J. and Murphy-Beiner, Ashleigh and Murphy, Roberta and Bornemann, Julia and Thurgur, Hannah and Schlag, Anne K.},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842', event);\">\n    Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the “Proper Scope” of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cheung, K.; Patch, K.; Earp, B. D.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>,1–7. June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the “Proper Scope” of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180123000270\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180123000270', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cheung-patch-earp-yaden-psychedelicsmeaningfulnessandtheproperscopeofmedicinecontinuingtheconversation-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cheung_psychedelics_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}: {Continuing} the {Conversation}},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics, {Meaningfulness}, and the “{Proper} {Scope}” of {Medicine}},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/psychedelics-meaningfulness-and-the-proper-scope-of-medicine-continuing-the-conversation/6156B95780110BA5211891127DFAA842},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180123000270},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Cheung, Katherine and Patch, Kyle and Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively—though still largely hypothetical—debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (“nonsubjective psychedelics” or “non-hallucinogenic psychedelics”) could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76', event);\">\n    Ethics of Psychedelic Use in Psychiatry and Beyond—Drawing upon Legal, Social and Clinical Challenges.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Azevedo, N.; Oliveira Da Silva, M.;  and Madeira, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophies</i>, 8(5): 76. October 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethics of Psychedelic Use in Psychiatry and Beyond—Drawing upon Legal, Social and Clinical Challenges [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8050076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8050076', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('azevedo-oliveiradasilva-madeira-ethicsofpsychedelicuseinpsychiatryandbeyonddrawinguponlegalsocialandclinicalchallenges-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{azevedo_ethics_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethics of {Psychedelic} {Use} in {Psychiatry} and {Beyond}—{Drawing} upon {Legal}, {Social} and {Clinical} {Challenges}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2409-9287},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/76},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/philosophies8050076},\n\tabstract = {Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophies},\n\tauthor = {Azevedo, Nuno and Oliveira Da Silva, Miguel and Madeira, Luís},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {cultural, ethics, informed consent, legislation, psychedelic-assisted therapy},\n\tpages = {76},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Psychedelics are known for their powerful mental effects due to the activation of 5HT-2A receptors in the brain. During the 1950s and 1960s, research was conducted on these molecules until their criminalization. However, their clinical investigation as therapeutic tools for psychiatric disorders has revived the deontological ethics surrounding this subject. Questions arise as research on their therapeutic outcome becomes a reality. We aim to explore deontological ethics to understand the implications of psychedelics for the clinician, patient, and society. Results: A total of 42 articles were considered for this review. Methods: A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 2017 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect to address the deontological ethics of clinical psychedelic use. Conclusion: Psychedelics need to be culturally contextualized, epistemic harm minimized and represented to ensure informed consent. Open data and commissions are needed to ensure safe and equal distribution.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461', event);\">\n    Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kious, B.; Schwartz, Z.;  and Lewis, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychopharmacology</i>, 37(1): 45–48. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221133461\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221133461', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kious-schwartz-lewis-shouldwebeleeryofbeinglearyconcernsaboutpsychedelicusebypsychedelicresearchers-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kious_should_2023,\n\ttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}? {Concerns} about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\tshorttitle = {Should we be leery of being {Leary}?},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221133461},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811221133461},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Kious, Brent and Schwartz, Zach and Lewis, Benjamin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {45--48},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even “conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform”. Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators’ enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277', event);\">\n    Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Celidwen, Y.; Redvers, N.; Githaiga, C.; Calambás, J.; Añaños, K.; Chindoy, M. E.; Vitale, R.; Rojas, J. N.; Mondragón, D.; Rosalío, Y. V.;  and Sacbajá, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Lancet Regional Health - Americas</i>, 18: 100410. February 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('celidwen-redvers-githaiga-calambs-aaos-chindoy-vitale-rojas-etal-ethicalprinciplesoftraditionalindigenousmedicinetoguidewesternpsychedelicresearchandpractice-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{celidwen_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical principles of traditional {Indigenous} medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {2667193X},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X22002277},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Regional Health - Americas},\n\tauthor = {Celidwen, Yuria and Redvers, Nicole and Githaiga, Cicilia and Calambás, Janeth and Añaños, Karen and Chindoy, Miguel Evanjuanoy and Vitale, Riccardo and Rojas, Juan Nelson and Mondragón, Delores and Rosalío, Yuniur Vázquez and Sacbajá, Angelina},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {100410},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771', event);\">\n    Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine and Research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Peterson, A.; Largent, E. A.; Lynch, H. F.; Karlawish, J.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AJOB Neuroscience</i>, 14(2): 107–123. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine and Research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('peterson-largent-lynch-karlawish-sisti-journeyingtoixtlanethicsofpsychedelicmedicineandresearchforalzheimersdiseaseandrelateddementias-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{peterson_journeying_2023,\n\ttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}: {Ethics} of {Psychedelic} {Medicine} and {Research} for {Alzheimer}’s {Disease} and {Related} {Dementias}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2150-7740, 2150-7759},\n\tshorttitle = {Journeying to {Ixtlan}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {AJOB Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Largent, Emily A. and Lynch, Holly Fernandez and Karlawish, Jason and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {107--123},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023', 'https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/', event);\">\n    The “Third” Eye: Ethics of Video Recording in the Context of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rajwani, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique</i>, 6(3-4): 8–15.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023', 'https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The “Third” Eye: Ethics of Video Recording in the Context of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.7202/1108000ar\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.7202/1108000ar', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rajwani-thethirdeyeethicsofvideorecordinginthecontextofpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rajwani_third_2023,\n\ttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}: {Ethics} of {Video} {Recording} in the {Context} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2561-4665},\n\tshorttitle = {The “{Third}” {Eye}},\n\turl = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2023-v6-n3-4-bioethics08947/1108000ar/},\n\tdoi = {10.7202/1108000ar},\n\tabstract = {In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {MDMA, bioethics of technology, bioéthique des technologies, enregistrement vidéo, philosophie de la psychiatrie, philosophy of psychiatry, psychedelic therapy, thérapie psychédélique, video recording},\n\tpages = {8--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In light of high-profile cases of sexual assault and other unethical conduct by therapists, recent clinical research involving psychedelic drugs has generally mandated the video recording of therapy sessions. In this paper, I address a gap in the literature by investigating ethical issues related to video recording in the unique context of psychedelic therapy sessions. I begin by summarizing the important benefits and risks related to video recording. I then examine ethical concerns about mandatory recording of psychedelic therapy sessions from a patient perspective and argue that these concerns must be taken seriously by clinicians and researchers. I also examine the view that video recording is essential for clinician safety. Given the legitimacy of concerns from both perspectives, I outline some basic informed consent considerations that could generate dialogue around potential patient concerns and defend the option to opt-out for both patients and clinicians. In conclusion, I underscore the importance of further critical bioethical inquiry and qualitative research regarding video recording practices in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099', event);\">\n    Studying Harms Is Key to Improving Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy—Participants Call for Changes to Research Landscape.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McNamee, S.; Devenot, N.;  and Buisson, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>, 80(5): 411–412. May 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Studying Harms Is Key to Improving Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy—Participants Call for Changes to Research Landscape [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcnamee-devenot-buisson-studyingharmsiskeytoimprovingpsychedelicassistedtherapyparticipantscallforchangestoresearchlandscape-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcnamee_studying_2023,\n\ttitle = {Studying {Harms} {Is} {Key} to {Improving} {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}—{Participants} {Call} for {Changes} to {Research} {Landscape}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099},\n\tabstract = {Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {McNamee, Sarah and Devenot, Neşe and Buisson, Meaghan},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {411--412},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Although psychedelic drugs generally have good safety profiles, a recent systematic review concluded that adverse events in psychedelic trials are poorly defined, not systematically assessed, and likely underreported. In the past year there have been multiple reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), and long-lasting harms to participants in clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have emerged. We draw attention to a unique and overlooked category of risk in PAT stemming from the interactions between therapists and patients receiving high doses of psychedelics. In our view, the understudied therapeutic component of PAT presents the most serious risks. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary approaches by researchers free from conflicts of interests.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196', event);\">\n    Psilocybin: The most effective moral bio‐enhancer?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rakić, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bioethics</i>, 37(7): 683–689. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psilocybin: The most effective moral bio‐enhancer? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13196\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13196', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('raki-psilocybinthemosteffectivemoralbioenhancer-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rakic_psilocybin_2023,\n\ttitle = {Psilocybin: {The} most effective moral bio‐enhancer?},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0269-9702, 1467-8519},\n\tshorttitle = {Psilocybin},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bioe.13196},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/bioe.13196},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Rakić, Vojin},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {683--689},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio‐enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non‐psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non‐psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non‐psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007', event);\">\n    Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Edelsohn, G. A.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</i>, 66(1): 129–144. March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.0007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.0007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('edelsohn-sisti-pastisprologueethicalissuesinpediatricpsychedelicsresearchandtreatment-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{edelsohn_past_2023,\n\ttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}: {Ethical} {Issues} in {Pediatric} {Psychedelics} {Research} and {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {1529-8795},\n\tshorttitle = {Past {Is} {Prologue}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/884007},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/pbm.2023.0007},\n\tabstract = {ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Perspectives in Biology and Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Edelsohn, Gail A. and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {129--144},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ARRAY(0x55557ff72ad8)\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023', 'https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525', event);\">\n    Ethical and Practical Considerations for the Use of Psychedelics in Psychiatry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Barber, G. S.;  and Dike, C. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychiatric Services</i>, 74(8): 838–846. August 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023', 'https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical and Practical Considerations for the Use of Psychedelics in Psychiatry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('barber-dike-ethicalandpracticalconsiderationsfortheuseofpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{barber_ethical_2023,\n\ttitle = {Ethical and {Practical} {Considerations} for the {Use} of {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1075-2730},\n\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20220525},\n\tabstract = {In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\n\tauthor = {Barber, Gregory S. and Dike, Charles C.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Equity, Ethics, Informed consent, Patient safety, Psychedelics, Psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {838--846},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review’s goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml', event);\">\n    Altered stakes: Identifying gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrison, T. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 7(S1): 48–60. November 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Altered stakes: Identifying gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00267\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00267', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrison-alteredstakesidentifyinggapsintheinformedconsentprocessforpsychedelicassistedtherapytrials-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrison_altered_2023,\n\ttitle = {Altered stakes: {Identifying} gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tshorttitle = {Altered stakes},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/7/S1/article-p48.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2023.00267},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Harrison, Tahlia R.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {48--60},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, and is likely to be approved in the United States (US) in the coming years. However, concerns about participant safety in these early trials have surfaced, including allegations of sexual misconduct. This paper aims to illuminate how potential risks have been communicated to P-AT participants via informed consent documents and to suggest how existing policy might be modified given the unique risks involved in P-AT trials. Methods Publicly available informed consent forms (ICFs) were gathered by searching clinicaltrials.gov. Queries were applied to filter trials involving the use of a classical psychedelic (psilocybin, LSD) or psychedelic-adjacent substance (MDMA, ketamine) in tandem with psychotherapeutic intervention and those with a status of “completed,” “recruiting,” or “active.” Results Nineteen ICFs met inclusion criteria and were reviewed to determine what risks, benefits, and safety protocols were communicated to participants in their respective trials. The primary finding from this review of ICFs from P-AT trials revealed that studies were in compliance with federal regulation. However, there were missing elements related to the vulnerability experienced while under the effects of psychedelics that warrant inclusion in future ICFs in P-AT trials. Conclusion Although the ICFs for P-AT trials examined in this study covered several important areas related to risk, benefits, safety, and accountability as required by federal regulations in the US, future research should consider ways to expand this content in order to assure that consent is truly informed prior to enrolling subjects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jacobs-transformativeexperienceandinformedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jacobs-transformativeexperienceandinformedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333', event);\">\n    Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jacobs, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 14.  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jacobs-transformativeexperienceandinformedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jacobs-transformativeexperienceandinformedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jacobs-transformativeexperienceandinformedconsenttopsychedelicassistedpsychotherapy-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jacobs_transformative_2023,\n\ttitle = {Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108333},\n\tabstract = {Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul&#x27;s work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Jacobs, Edward},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Just as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) represents a clinical innovation that may need to be accommodated with corresponding theoretical and methodological innovations, there is growing awareness that the tools, normative frameworks, and standard practices of our clinical ethics may also need to be adapted, renewed, or replaced to accommodate its unusual features. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on “Transformative Experience,” I argue that the acute and long-term effects that are repeatedly reported following the administration of psychedelic drugs, including in clinical contexts, are epistemically inaccessible at the point of deciding to take them. By virtue of both the so-called “mystical” experiences that frequently arise during PAP, and the long-term shifts to outlooks, values, and priorities that can follow treatment, the processes of decision-making that are normatively expected of patients run aground. If this framing is correct, then prospective patients cannot meet the requirement of understanding that is one of the principal analytic components of informed consent. The role of understanding in supporting two functions of informed consent—avoiding unauthorized trespass against patients and supporting values-aligned decision-making—is explored, and I argue that, while the normative standard for the first function may be met by extant suggestions for enhancing the consenting process for PAP, the latter function remains unattainable. In light of this, the consequences for the ethical preparation of prospective patients are considered.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (24)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full', event);\">\n    From Underground to Mainstream: Establishing a Medical Lexicon for Psychedelic Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Beswerchij, A.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 13: 870507. June 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From Underground to Mainstream: Establishing a Medical Lexicon for Psychedelic Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('beswerchij-sisti-fromundergroundtomainstreamestablishingamedicallexiconforpsychedelictherapy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{beswerchij_underground_2022,\n\ttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}: {Establishing} a {Medical} {Lexicon} for {Psychedelic} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Underground} to {Mainstream}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870507},\n\tabstract = {We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.},\n\turldate = {2024-04-24},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Beswerchij, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {870507},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We argue that non-stigmatizing and precise terminology grounded in the medical model will advance both the science and public acceptance of psychedelics. Researchers and clinicians should take care to distinguish between medical, recreational, and spiritual uses to set clear boundaries and expectations for patients. Ethically fraught or stigmatizing terms should be replaced with terminology that is medically and scientifically descriptive and accurate. A medicalized linguistic framework around psychedelics will potentially yield benefits and mitigate risks. Replacing colloquial names with scientific names for medicines and therapies may help correct misconceptions about psychedelics commonly held by both professionals and the public. A harmonized medical lexicon will also provide a common language for important instances of communication—such as the informed consent process—between professionals and participants. Our recommendations draw upon communications research in addiction medicine and aim to encourage the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-stigmatizing terminology in psychedelic research and treatment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brennan-aqualitativeinquiryintoethicalrelationshipandboundarysettinginundergroundpsychedelichealingproquest-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brennan-aqualitativeinquiryintoethicalrelationshipandboundarysettinginundergroundpsychedelichealingproquest-2022', 'https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y', event);\">\n    A Qualitative Inquiry into Ethical Relationship and Boundary-Setting in Underground Psychedelic Healing - ProQuest.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brennan, W. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, Fordham University,  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brennan-aqualitativeinquiryintoethicalrelationshipandboundarysettinginundergroundpsychedelichealingproquest-2022', 'https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Qualitative Inquiry into Ethical Relationship and Boundary-Setting in Underground Psychedelic Healing - ProQuest [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brennan-aqualitativeinquiryintoethicalrelationshipandboundarysettinginundergroundpsychedelichealingproquest-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brennan-aqualitativeinquiryintoethicalrelationshipandboundarysettinginundergroundpsychedelichealingproquest-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{brennan_qualitative_2022,\n\ttitle = {A {Qualitative} {Inquiry} into {Ethical} {Relationship} and {Boundary}-{Setting} in {Underground} {Psychedelic} {Healing} - {ProQuest}},\n\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/3901213f545923773aa95b7158f66d73/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y},\n\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tschool = {Fordham University},\n\tauthor = {Brennan, William Thomas},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X', event);\">\n    The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ona, G.; Kohek, M.;  and Bouso, J. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>New Ideas in Psychology</i>, 67: 100967. December 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ona-kohek-bouso-theillusionofknowledgeintheemergingfieldofpsychedelicresearch-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ona_illusion_2022,\n\ttitle = {The illusion of knowledge in the emerging field of psychedelic research},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0732-118X},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X2200037X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967},\n\tabstract = {While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {New Ideas in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Ona, Genís and Kohek, Maja and Bouso, José Carlos},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogens, MDMA, Methodology, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {100967},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While the field of psychedelic research is continuously expanding and offers new hope for achieving successful treatments for physical and mental disorders, certain methodological aspects require improvement. Some of the flaws are shared with clinical trials for other kinds of drugs and others are specific to the field. Given that psychedelic research is an emerging field, it is important to address these problems in a timely manner. In this manuscript, we present the main methodological issues in psychedelic research, ranging from the most manageable (e.g., non-representative samples) to the most complex (e.g., limitations of the biomedical model). In addition, given its relevance, we dedicate a section of the manuscript to a discussion of ethical concerns around psychedelic research.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fischman-knowingandbeingknownpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandthesenseofauthenticity-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fischman-knowingandbeingknownpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandthesenseofauthenticity-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495', event);\">\n    Knowing and being known: Psychedelic–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fischman, L. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 13.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fischman-knowingandbeingknownpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandthesenseofauthenticity-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Knowing and being known: Psychedelic–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fischman-knowingandbeingknownpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandthesenseofauthenticity-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fischman-knowingandbeingknownpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyandthesenseofauthenticity-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fischman_knowing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Knowing and being known: {Psychedelic}–assisted psychotherapy and the sense of authenticity},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Knowing and being known},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933495},\n\tabstract = {Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe&#x27;s “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott&#x27;s notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Fischman, Lawrence G.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Participants in MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy often emerge from these treatments with new beliefs about themselves and the world. Studies have linked changed beliefs with mystical experiences reported by some participants during drug sessions. While there has been some debate about the epistemic value of drug-induced mystical experiences, and about the need for consent to treatments that may alter metaphysical beliefs, less attention has been given to the sense of authenticity that attends these experiences. In this paper, I consider the intersubjective context in which these changed beliefs arise. I suggest that the sense of authenticity people experience with MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy derives from a simultaneous feeling of knowing and being known. The medications used in these treatments reduce the defensive barriers which ordinarily prevent powerful feelings from being intersubjectively shared, allowing the subject to experience knowing and being known with the therapist and/or internalized or imagined others. In explaining this thesis, I discuss Ratcliffe's “existential feeling;” ipseity in incipient psychosis and psychedelic states; Winnicott's notions of the True Self, omnipotence, creativity, and transitional phenomena; implicit relational knowing and moments of meeting; infant-mother dyad research; predictive processing and the relaxed beliefs model of psychedelic action; the role of the “partner in thought” in knowing and feeling known. I propose that a “transitional space” model of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is well-suited for working through “not-me” or dissociated experience\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310', event);\">\n    Belief Now, True Belief Later: The Epistemic Advantage of Self-Related Insights in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Caporuscio, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophy and the Mind Sciences</i>, 3. April 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Belief Now, True Belief Later: The Epistemic Advantage of Self-Related Insights in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('caporuscio-beliefnowtruebelieflatertheepistemicadvantageofselfrelatedinsightsinpsychedelicassistedtherapy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{caporuscio_belief_2022,\n\ttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}: {The} {Epistemic} {Advantage} of {Self}-{Related} {Insights} in {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Chiara Caporuscio},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\tshorttitle = {Belief {Now}, {True} {Belief} {Later}},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9310},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9310},\n\tabstract = {Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Caporuscio, Chiara},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {First-person authority, Insight, Integration, Psychedelic Therapy, Psychedelics, Self-Shaping},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chris Letheby’s defence of psychedelic therapy hinges on the premise that psychedelic-facilitated insights about the self are in a better epistemic position than those about the external world. In this commentary, I argue that such a claim is not sufficiently defended. More precisely, I argue that one element is underexplored in Letheby’s otherwise compelling picture: namely, that unlike new beliefs about the external world, beliefs about oneself have the capacity to turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. Recognising the psychedelic experience and the subsequent integration process as opportunities not only to apprehend certain facts about the self but also to actively shape and redetermine those facts is key to understanding the epistemic differences between insights patients have about themselves and about the external world.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323', event);\">\n    Through the Psychedelic Looking-Glass: The Importance of Phenomenal Transparency in Psychedelic Transformation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lyon, A.;  and Farennikova, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophy and the Mind Sciences</i>, 3. April 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Through the Psychedelic Looking-Glass: The Importance of Phenomenal Transparency in Psychedelic Transformation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lyon-farennikova-throughthepsychedeliclookingglasstheimportanceofphenomenaltransparencyinpsychedelictransformation-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lyon_through_2022,\n\ttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}: {The} {Importance} of {Phenomenal} {Transparency} in {Psychedelic} {Transformation}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Aidan Lyon, Anya Farennikova},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\tshorttitle = {Through the {Psychedelic} {Looking}-{Glass}},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9323},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9323},\n\tabstract = {What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Lyon, Aidan and Farennikova, Anya},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Phenomenal transparency, Psychedelic experience, Psychotherapy},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  What makes psychedelic psychotherapy work? Is it the induction of psychedelic experience, with its distinct patterns of hallucinations and insights, or is it the neural ‘shakeup’ that moves the brain out of its regular mode of functioning and into a more disordered state? We consider the role that attention-related phenomenological changes play in psychedelic transformation and psychotherapy. We review Letheby’s account of psychedelic psychotherapy, which appeals to increases in phenomenal opacity as the central mechanism of psychotherapeutic transformation. We argue that there is an alternative vehicle of psychedelic transformation that this account overlooks, involving radically transparent experiences. We outline the common kinds of phenomenal transparency shifts typical of psychedelic experiences, and argue that in many cases, such shifts are responsible for the psychotherapeutic benefits. This argument motivates an alternative approach to possible mechanisms of psychedelic self-transformation, and opens up a new venue of empirical research into the role of attention and phenomenology in psychedelic psychotherapy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264', event);\">\n    Psychedelics Favour Understanding Rather Than Knowledge.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fink, S. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophy and the Mind Sciences</i>, 3. April 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics Favour Understanding Rather Than Knowledge [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fink-psychedelicsfavourunderstandingratherthanknowledge-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fink_psychedelics_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics {Favour} {Understanding} {Rather} {Than} {Knowledge}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Sascha Benjamin Fink},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/9264},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2022.9264},\n\tabstract = {Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Fink, Sascha Benjamin},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Epistemic Benefits, Epistemic Standards, Epistemology, Knowledge, Philosophy, Process of Discovery, Process of Justification, Psychedelics, REBUS Model, Understanding},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chris Letheby argues in Philosophy of Psychedelics that psychedelics and knowledge are compatible. Psychedelics may cause new mental states, some of which can be states of knowledge. But the influence of psychedelics is largely psychological, and not all psychological processes are epistemic. So I want to build on the distinction between processes of discovery and processes of justification to criticise some aspects of Letheby’s epistemology of psychedelics. Unarguably, psychedelics can elicit processes of discovery. Yet, I hold, they can hardly contribute either to the epistemic success (i.e., truth, veridicality, aptness, skillfulness, etc.) of a mental state or to processes of justification. As these are central for a mental state to be a state of knowledge and are largely uninfluenced by psychedelics, the contributions of psychedelics to knowledge are rather indirect than direct: The heavy epistemic lifting—what turns a mental state into a state of knowledge—is, in its epistemic aspects, independent of any influence of psychedelics on our psyche. Positively, while the mechanisms that Letheby points to need not be associated with knowledge, they do provide crucial epistemic benefits if they are associated with understanding. Reading them as facilitating understanding covers also those cases where truth or justification is missing and thereby provides a broader picture of the epistemic contributions of psychedelics.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546', event);\">\n    Preparing for the Bursting of the Psychedelic Hype Bubble.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yaden, D. B.; Potash, J. B.;  and Griffiths, R. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>, 79(10): 943–944. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Preparing for the Bursting of the Psychedelic Hype Bubble [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yaden-potash-griffiths-preparingfortheburstingofthepsychedelichypebubble-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yaden_preparing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Preparing for the {Bursting} of the {Psychedelic} {Hype} {Bubble}},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Potash, James B. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {943--944},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic research currently appears to be trapped in a hype bubble driven largely by media and industry interests. We believe that it would benefit the field of psychedelic research if this bubble were to be systematically deflated by researchers and clinicians using good science communication practices.The term bubble is often applied to something of value that has become overvalued in popular perception. As a society, we are familiar with the term as it has been applied to, for example, the internet (the dot-com bubble of the 1990s) and the value of housing (the housing bubble of the early 2000s). In terms of psychedelics, headlines have turned from presenting alarmist, extremely negative views of the drugs (approximately 1960s to 2000s) to acknowledging their positive potential (2006 to the present). However, in the past few years, a disturbingly large number of articles have touted psychedelics as a cure or miracle drug as well as mentioned the investment potential of psychedelics reaching billions of dollars. These extreme shifts in perception can create impediments to rigorous science and reasonable clinical applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22', event);\">\n    Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bodnar, K. J.;  and Peter, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Faintuch, J.;  and Faintuch, S., editor(s), <i>Integrity of Scientific Research: Fraud, Misconduct and Fake News in the Academic, Medical and Social Environment</i>, pages 227–234. Springer International Publishing, Cham,  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bodnar-peter-regulatoryethicalandpoliticalchallengesofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjects-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{bodnar_regulatory_2022,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Regulatory, {Ethical} and {Political} {Challenges} of {Experimentation} with {LSD} on {Human} {Subjects}},\n\tisbn = {9783030996802},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},\n\tabstract = {The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tbooktitle = {Integrity of {Scientific} {Research}: {Fraud}, {Misconduct} and {Fake} {News} in the {Academic}, {Medical} and {Social} {Environment}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Bodnar, Kristof Janos and Peter, Szabina},\n\teditor = {Faintuch, Joel and Faintuch, Salomão},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_22},\n\tkeywords = {FDA, LSD, Laing, MKUltra, Psychedelics, Research ethics},\n\tpages = {227--234},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The inventor of LSD, Albert Hoffmann, himself referred to his most famous discovery as his ‘problem child’. In the first part of this chapter, we outline the past regulatory, ethical and political issues that surrounded this much researched and debated agent until it ended up as a Schedule I substance, falling under the strictest regulations worldwide. We believe that the ethical, legal and political aspects are equally important to understand what had led to decade-long loss of interest in experimentation on human subjects with LSD. Having explored these issues, we turn our attention to the present research landscape and the future challenges and prospects of trials with this substance. We focus mainly on the research and bioethics aspects; besides we make some explanatory remarks on the past and present political and cultural/socio-critical perspectives that shaped and still affect public and professional discourse on the subject matter.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-faber-buchanan-foster-green-theneedforpsychedelicassistedtherapyintheblackcommunityandtheburdensofitsprovision-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-faber-buchanan-foster-green-theneedforpsychedelicassistedtherapyintheblackcommunityandtheburdensofitsprovision-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736', event);\">\n    The Need for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Black Community and the Burdens of Its Provision.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, D. T.; Faber, S. C.; Buchanan, N. T.; Foster, D.;  and Green, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 12.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-faber-buchanan-foster-green-theneedforpsychedelicassistedtherapyintheblackcommunityandtheburdensofitsprovision-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Need for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Black Community and the Burdens of Its Provision [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-faber-buchanan-foster-green-theneedforpsychedelicassistedtherapyintheblackcommunityandtheburdensofitsprovision-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-faber-buchanan-foster-green-theneedforpsychedelicassistedtherapyintheblackcommunityandtheburdensofitsprovision-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_need_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Need} for {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Therapy} in the {Black} {Community} and the {Burdens} of {Its} {Provision}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774736},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Smith, Darron T. and Faber, Sonya C. and Buchanan, NiCole T. and Foster, Dale and Green, Lilith},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a “breakthrough therapy,” signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962', event);\">\n    Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schenberg, E. E.;  and Gerber, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Transcultural Psychiatry</i>, 59(5): 610–624. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211062962\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211062962', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schenberg-gerber-overcomingepistemicinjusticesinthebiomedicalstudyofayahuascatowardsethicalandsustainableregulation-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schenberg_overcoming_2022,\n\ttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: {Towards} ethical and sustainable regulation},\n\tvolume = {59},\n\tissn = {1363-4615, 1461-7471},\n\tshorttitle = {Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/13634615211062962},\n\tabstract = {After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca&#x27;s molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Transcultural Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman and Gerber, Konstantin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {610--624},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca's molecular compounds and their physiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression. However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very long time, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing that epistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social, and legal consequences. We question epistemic authority based on the double-blind design, the molecularization discourse, and contextual issues about safety. We propose a new approach to foster epistemically fair research, outlining how to enforce indigenous rights, considering the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Colombian cases. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their biocultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions, including traditional medicine practices. New regulations about ayahuasca must respect the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous peoples according to the International Labor Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention no. 169. The declaration of the ayahuasca complex as a national cultural heritage may prevent patenting from third parties, fostering the development of traditional medicine. When involving isolated compounds derived from traditional knowledge, benefit-sharing agreements are mandatory according to the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity. Considering the extremely high demand to treat millions of depressed patients, the medicalization of ayahuasca without adequate regulation respectful of indigenous rights can be detrimental to indigenous peoples and their management of local environments, potentially harming the sustainability of the plants and of the Amazon itself, which is approaching its dieback tipping point.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6', event);\">\n    Skip the Trip? Five Arguments on the Use of Nonhallucinogenic Psychedelics in Psychiatry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Peterson, A.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>, 31(4): 472–476. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Skip the Trip? Five Arguments on the Use of Nonhallucinogenic Psychedelics in Psychiatry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180122000081\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180122000081', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('peterson-sisti-skipthetripfiveargumentsontheuseofnonhallucinogenicpsychedelicsinpsychiatry-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{peterson_skip_2022,\n\ttitle = {Skip the {Trip}? {Five} {Arguments} on the {Use} of {Nonhallucinogenic} {Psychedelics} in {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Skip the {Trip}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/skip-the-trip-five-arguments-on-the-use-of-nonhallucinogenic-psychedelics-in-psychiatry/6078699F5087F8E3691C2B59A1B2EBB6},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0963180122000081},\n\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\%3Acambridge.org\\%3Aid\\%3Aarticle\\%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {472--476},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  //static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0963180122000081/resource/name/firstPage-S0963180122000081a.jpg\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mintz-gammer-khan-shaub-levine-sisti-physicaldisabilityandpsychedelictherapiesanagendaforinclusiveresearchandpractice-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mintz-gammer-khan-shaub-levine-sisti-physicaldisabilityandpsychedelictherapiesanagendaforinclusiveresearchandpractice-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458', event);\">\n    Physical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies: An Agenda for Inclusive Research and Practice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mintz, K. T.; Gammer, B.; Khan, A. J.; Shaub, G.; Levine, S.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 13.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mintz-gammer-khan-shaub-levine-sisti-physicaldisabilityandpsychedelictherapiesanagendaforinclusiveresearchandpractice-2022', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Physical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies: An Agenda for Inclusive Research and Practice [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mintz-gammer-khan-shaub-levine-sisti-physicaldisabilityandpsychedelictherapiesanagendaforinclusiveresearchandpractice-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mintz-gammer-khan-shaub-levine-sisti-physicaldisabilityandpsychedelictherapiesanagendaforinclusiveresearchandpractice-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mintz_physical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}: {An} {Agenda} for {Inclusive} {Research} and {Practice}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Physical {Disability} and {Psychedelic} {Therapies}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458},\n\tabstract = {Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Mintz, Kevin T. and Gammer, Brinn and Khan, Amanda J. and Shaub, Gretchen and Levine, Steven and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We are concerned that research organizations overseeing these trials have neglected the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. We suggest that psychedelic research organizations should prioritize and plan for the inclusion of individuals with physical and sensory disabilities to address the mental health burdens they confront. Not doing so risks reinforcing structural ableism in healthcare: the discriminatory manifestation of lowered expectations toward people with disabilities on the part of medical providers. Drawing on scholarship from disability studies and medical ethics, we offer four recommendations for disability inclusion in research. We recognize particular populations shoulder significant mental health burdens; these populations deserve priority and should be given a range of accommodations. We emphasize the need for extensive disability awareness training for those facilitating psychedelic therapies and encourage psychedelic researchers and therapists to exercise cultural humility toward individuals with physical and sensory disabilities. This article should be the impetus for further scholarship and debate about how psychedelic research and therapies can be made accessible to members of disability communities who might benefit.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380', event);\">\n    Presence, Trust, and Empathy: Preferred Characteristics of Psychedelic Carers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thal, S.; Engel, L. B.;  and Bright, S. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>,002216782210813. March 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Presence, Trust, and Empathy: Preferred Characteristics of Psychedelic Carers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/00221678221081380\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/00221678221081380', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thal-engel-bright-presencetrustandempathypreferredcharacteristicsofpsychedeliccarers-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thal_presence_2022,\n\ttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}: {Preferred} {Characteristics} of {Psychedelic} {Carers}},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\tshorttitle = {Presence, {Trust}, and {Empathy}},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678221081380},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678221081380},\n\tabstract = {Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Thal, Sascha and Engel, Liam B. and Bright, Stephen J.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {002216782210813},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is rapidly increasing with best practice guidelines being continuously updated. Yet the key principals of such guidelines are based on evidence accumulated during earlier research into these treatments and trans-disciplinary psychotherapeutic knowledge. One area of practice-based evidence that has not been considered is that accumulated by people who use psychedelics (PWUP) outside of clinical contexts. We conducted a thematic analysis of 403 posts on two online discussion forums with the aim of gathering information regarding the preferences of PWUP for characteristics they value in their carers in nonclinical contexts. We found three key distinct characteristics that PWUP preferred among their carers: presence, trust, and empathy. The characteristics were often consistent with the existing literature on PAP, though at times extended current understandings of key characteristics of PAP therapists, with the notion of carers being able to “hold space” during the psychedelic experience seen as an integral component of effective therapeutic outcomes that deserves more attention. Data obtained from PWUP in nonclinical contexts can be used to triangulate existing principles contained within PAP treatment guidelines and identify areas for further investigation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022', 'https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161', event);\">\n    Indigenous Philosophies and the \"Psychedelic Renaissance\".\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Williams, K.; Romero, O. S. G.; Braunstein, M.;  and Brant, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Anthropology of Consciousness</i>, 33(2): 506–527. September 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022', 'https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Indigenous Philosophies and the &quot;Psychedelic Renaissance&quot; [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12161\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12161', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('williams-romero-braunstein-brant-indigenousphilosophiesandthepsychedelicrenaissance-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{williams_indigenous_2022,\n\ttitle = {Indigenous {Philosophies} and the &quot;{Psychedelic} {Renaissance}&quot;},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {1053-4202, 1556-3537},\n\turl = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anoc.12161},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/anoc.12161},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Anthropology of Consciousness},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Keith and Romero, Osiris Sinuhé González and Braunstein, Michelle and Brant, Suzanne},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {506--527},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The Western world is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, most of which are derived from plants or fungi with a history of Indigenous ceremonial use. Recent research has revealed that psychedelic compounds have the potential to address treatment‐resistant depression and anxiety, as well as post‐traumatic stress disorder and addictions. These findings have contributed to the decriminalization of psychedelics in some jurisdictions and their legalization in others. Despite psychedelics’ opaque legal status, numerous companies and individuals are profiting from speculative investments with few, if any, benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we suggest that the aptly named “psychedelic renaissance,” like the European Renaissance, is made possible by colonial extractivism. We further suggest that Indigenous philosophical traditions offer alternative approaches to reorient the “psychedelic renaissance” towards a more equitable future for Indigenous Peoples, psychedelic medicines, and all our relations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525', event);\">\n    Psychedelics as Standard of Care? Many Questions Remain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rasmussen, K.;  and Olson, D. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>, 31(4): 477–481. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics as Standard of Care? Many Questions Remain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S096318012200010X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S096318012200010X', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rasmussen-olson-psychedelicsasstandardofcaremanyquestionsremain-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rasmussen_psychedelics_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}? {Many} {Questions} {Remain}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics as {Standard} of {Care}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/abs/psychedelics-as-standard-of-care-many-questions-remain/997ADE12E4D2EDC7ACB96F40D6C0E525},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200010X},\n\tabstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\\%3Acambridge.org\\%3Aid\\%3Aarticle\\%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Rasmussen, Kurt and Olson, David E.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {477--481},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  //static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS096318012200010X/resource/name/firstPage-S096318012200010Xa.jpg\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml', event);\">\n    Philosophy and classic psychedelics: A review of some emerging themes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letheby, C.;  and Mattu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 5(3): 166–175. January 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Philosophy and classic psychedelics: A review of some emerging themes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00191\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00191', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letheby-mattu-philosophyandclassicpsychedelicsareviewofsomeemergingthemes-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{letheby_philosophy_2022,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics: {A} review of some emerging themes},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tshorttitle = {Philosophy and classic psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/3/article-p166.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00191},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris and Mattu, Jaipreet},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {166--175},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738', event);\">\n    Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Belouin, S. J.; Averill, L. A.; Henningfield, J. E.; Xenakis, S. N.; Donato, I.; Grob, C. S.; Berger, A.; Magar, V.; Danforth, A. L.;  and Anderson, B. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuropharmacology</i>, 219: 109214. November 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('belouin-averill-henningfield-xenakis-donato-grob-berger-magar-etal-policyconsiderationsthatsupportequitableaccesstoresponsibleaccountablesafeandethicalusesofpsychedelicmedicines-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{belouin_policy_2022,\n\ttitle = {Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines},\n\tvolume = {219},\n\tissn = {0028-3908},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002738},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214},\n\tabstract = {There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Belouin, Sean J. and Averill, Lynnette A. and Henningfield, Jack E. and Xenakis, Stephen N. and Donato, Ingrid and Grob, Charles S. and Berger, Ann and Magar, Veronica and Danforth, Alicia L. and Anderson, Brian T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, MDMA, Policy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},\n\tpages = {109214},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022', 'https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262', event);\">\n    Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Strauss, D.; De La Salle, S.; Sloshower, J.;  and Williams, M. T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>, 48(10): 728–737. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022', 'https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('strauss-delasalle-sloshower-williams-researchabusesagainstpeopleofcolourandothervulnerablegroupsinearlypsychedelicresearch-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{strauss_research_2022,\n\ttitle = {Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2021-107262},\n\tabstract = {There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Strauss, Dana and De La Salle, Sara and Sloshower, Jordan and Williams, Monnica T},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {728--737},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues (inpatients with psychotic disorders), were exploited during the first wave of psychedelic research in the USA (1950–1980). To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022', 'https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269', event);\">\n    Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McMillan, R. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Medical Humanities</i>, 48(3): 269–272. September 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022', 'https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2021-012299\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2021-012299', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcmillan-psychedelicinjusticeshouldbioethicstuneintothevoicesofpsychedelicusingcommunities-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcmillan_psychedelic_2022,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic injustice: should bioethics tune in to the voices of psychedelic-using communities?},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {1468-215X, 1473-4265},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic injustice},\n\turl = {https://mh.bmj.com/content/48/3/269},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medhum-2021-012299},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Medical Humanities},\n\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {35074926},\n\tkeywords = {health policy, medical ethics/bioethics, patient narratives, psychiatry, psychology},\n\tpages = {269--272},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic compounds are regaining widespread interest due to emerging evidence surrounding their therapeutic effects. The controversial nature of these compounds highlights the need for extensive bioethical input to guide the process of medicalisation. To date there is no bioethics literature that consults the voices of psychedelic-using communities in order to help guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation. In this paper I argue that psychedelic-using communities ought to be included in bioethical discussions that guide normative elements of psychedelic medicalisation. I argue this by presenting two points. First, psychedelic-using communities hold a degree of epistemic expertise regarding psychedelics by virtue of their embodied experiences with these compounds. Therefore, these communities are able to identify normative considerations that communities without embodied experiences would overlook. Second, psychedelic-using communities are uniquely and heavily affected by psychedelic medicalisation. Therefore, the needs of these communities ought to be considered when evaluating and implementing normative changes that alter psychedelic usage in society. The counterargument that psychedelic-using communities should not guide normative considerations of psychedelic medicalisation is presented by highlighting empirical data that suggest groups of the public with embodied experiences regarding a topic are less able to engage in deliberative reasoning on the said topic than the lay public. However, I propose that even if this is the case, psychedelic-using communities are owed consultation by agents of psychedelic medicalisation in order to undo and cease perpetuating epistemic injustice against these communities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922', event);\">\n    Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yaden, D. B.; Earp, B. D.;  and Griffiths, R. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>, 31(4): 464–471. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S096318012200007X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S096318012200007X', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yaden-earp-griffiths-ethicalissuesregardingnonsubjectivepsychedelicsasstandardofcare-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yaden_ethical_2022,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Issues} {Regarding} {Nonsubjective} {Psychedelics} as {Standard} of {Care}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0963-1801, 1469-2147},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/ethical-issues-regarding-nonsubjective-psychedelics-as-standard-of-care/E32BC689D0FCB82FAB4484CA87CEB922},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S096318012200007X},\n\tabstract = {Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Earp, Brian D. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {bioethics, hallucinogens, psychedelics, psychiatry},\n\tpages = {464--471},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and how the individual interprets the resulting experiences. However, psychedelics are contraindicated for individuals who have been diagnosed with certain mental illnesses, on the grounds that these subjective effects may be disturbing or otherwise counter-therapeutic. Substantial resources are therefore currently being devoted to creating psychedelic substances that produce many of the same biological changes as psychedelics, but without their characteristic subjective effects. In this article, we consider ethical issues arising from the prospect of such potential “nonsubjective” psychedelics. We are broadly supportive of efforts to produce such substances for both scientific and clinical reasons. However, we argue that such nonsubjective psychedelics should be reserved for those special cases in which the subjective effects of psychedelics are specifically contraindicated, whereas classic psychedelics that affect subjective experience should be considered the default and standard of care. After reviewing evidence regarding the subjective effects of psychedelics, we raise a number of ethical concerns around the prospect of withholding such typically positive, meaningful, and therapeutic experiences from most patients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022', 'https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/', event);\">\n    Should Adolescents be Included in Emerging Psychedelic Research?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rajwani, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique</i>, 5(2): 36–43.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022', 'https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Should Adolescents be Included in Emerging Psychedelic Research? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.7202/1089784ar\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.7202/1089784ar', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rajwani-shouldadolescentsbeincludedinemergingpsychedelicresearch-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rajwani_should_2022,\n\ttitle = {Should {Adolescents} be {Included} in {Emerging} {Psychedelic} {Research}?},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2561-4665},\n\turl = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bioethics/2022-v5-n2-bioethics07048/1089784ar/abstract/},\n\tdoi = {10.7202/1089784ar},\n\tabstract = {Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique},\n\tauthor = {Rajwani, Khaleel},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {LSD, MDMA, adolescent mental health, adolescent psychiatry, ketamine, kétamine, psilocybin, psilocybine, psychedelic research, psychedelic therapy, psychiatrie des adolescents, recherche sur les psychédéliques, santé mentale des adolescents, thérapie psychédélique},\n\tpages = {36--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9', event);\">\n    Trust and Psychedelic Moral Enhancement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gordon, E. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroethics</i>, 15(2): 19. May 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Trust and Psychedelic Moral Enhancement [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gordon-trustandpsychedelicmoralenhancement-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gordon_trust_2022,\n\ttitle = {Trust and {Psychedelic} {Moral} {Enhancement}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1874-5504},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12152-022-09497-9},\n\tabstract = {Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Gordon, Emma C.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Bioethics, Human enhancement, Moral enhancement, Trust},\n\tpages = {19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cognitive enhancement as well as (mere) moral education. Brian Earp (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:415–439, 12) suggests that a promising middle ground lies in focusing on the (suitably qualified) use of psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. But what would such an adjunctive use of psychedelics look like in practice? In this paper, I draw on literature from three areas where techniques for moral development have been discussed: psychotherapy (e.g., Overholser 2010; Burns 1980) education (e.g., Uhl and Lütge, 2018), and AI-assisted enhancement (e.g., Lara and Deckers, Neuroethics 13(3):275–287, 17) in order to propose more concrete ways in which to use psychedelics as adjuncts to moral development. It is shown that in each of these areas, we can see that trusting relationships (e.g., Baier 1986; Hawley 2019) between the facilitator and the agent will very plausibly maximize the success of this type of moral enhancement. Finally, I appeal to literature on informed consent for use of psychedelics (e.g., Smith and Sisti, Journal of Medical Ethics, 22; Johnson et al., The Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6):603–20, 23) and on the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy (e.g., Dryden and Reeves 2013; Horvath et al. 2011) to outline concrete suggestions for facilitating dimensions of trust most likely to maximize the benefits of (adjunctive) psychedelic moral enhancement. The result is a newly detailed practical proposal for how we might best facilitate moral enhancement by using drugs as adjuncts to moral development\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246', event);\">\n    Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, W. R.;  and Appelbaum, P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuropharmacology</i>, 216: 109165. September 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-appelbaum-novelethicalandpolicyissuesinpsychiatricusesofpsychedelicsubstances-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_novel_2022,\n\ttitle = {Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances},\n\tvolume = {216},\n\tissn = {0028-3908},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822002246},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165},\n\tabstract = {Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Neuropharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {109165},\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Classic psychedelics and related substances have shown promising initial research results. However, they raise a number of relatively novel ethical and policy challenges in light of their psychoactive properties, their emergence from the unregulated “underground” settings in which they have been used, their rapid commercialization, and the means and speed with which they are moving from Schedule 1 status to legalized use. All of these issues are affected by the current limits to the evidence base on use of psychedelics. Here we survey these novel challenges, illustrating the issues raised regarding each, and offering suggestions for how to address them. This article is part of the Special Issue on ‘Psilocybin Research’.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (19)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850', event);\">\n    Two Models of Legalization of Psychedelic Substances: Reasons for Concern.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, W. R.;  and Appelbaum, P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA</i>, 326(8): 697. August 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Two Models of Legalization of Psychedelic Substances: Reasons for Concern [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.12481\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.12481', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-appelbaum-twomodelsoflegalizationofpsychedelicsubstancesreasonsforconcern-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_two_2021,\n\ttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}: {Reasons} for {Concern}},\n\tvolume = {326},\n\tissn = {0098-7484},\n\tshorttitle = {Two {Models} of {Legalization} of {Psychedelic} {Substances}},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782850},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2021.12481},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2025-02-09},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Appelbaum, Paul S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {697},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pace-devenot-rightwingpsychedeliacasestudiesinculturalplasticityandpoliticalpluripotency-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pace-devenot-rightwingpsychedeliacasestudiesinculturalplasticityandpoliticalpluripotency-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185', event);\">\n    Right-Wing Psychedelia: Case Studies in Cultural Plasticity and Political Pluripotency.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pace, B. A.;  and Devenot, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 12.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pace-devenot-rightwingpsychedeliacasestudiesinculturalplasticityandpoliticalpluripotency-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Right-Wing Psychedelia: Case Studies in Cultural Plasticity and Political Pluripotency [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pace-devenot-rightwingpsychedeliacasestudiesinculturalplasticityandpoliticalpluripotency-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pace-devenot-rightwingpsychedeliacasestudiesinculturalplasticityandpoliticalpluripotency-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pace_right-wing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}: {Case} {Studies} in {Cultural} {Plasticity} and {Political} {Pluripotency}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {Right-{Wing} {Psychedelia}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185},\n\tabstract = {Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person&#x27;s fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Pace, Brian A. and Devenot, Neşe},\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent media advocacy for the nascent psychedelic medicine industry has emphasized the potential for psychedelics to improve society, pointing to research studies that have linked psychedelics to increased environmental concern and liberal politics. However, research supporting the hypothesis that psychedelics induce a shift in political beliefs must address the many historical and contemporary cases of psychedelic users who remained authoritarian in their views after taking psychedelics or became radicalized after extensive experience with them. We propose that the common anecdotal accounts of psychedelics precipitating radical shifts in political or religious beliefs result from the contextual factors of set and setting, and have no particular directional basis on the axes of conservatism-liberalism or authoritarianism-egalitarianism. Instead, we argue that any experience which challenges a person's fundamental worldview—including a psychedelic experience—can precipitate shifts in any direction of political belief. We suggest that the historical record supports the concept of psychedelics as “politically pluripotent,” non-specific amplifiers of the political set and setting. Contrary to recent assertions, we show that conservative, hierarchy-based ideologies are able to assimilate psychedelic experiences of interconnection, as expressed by thought leaders like Jordan Peterson, corporadelic actors, and members of several neo-Nazi organizations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oliver-newspapercoverageofpsilocybinsentimentandfrequency19892020-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: Sentiment and frequency (1989-2020).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Oliver, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry</i>, 3(3): 20–28.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oliver-newspapercoverageofpsilocybinsentimentandfrequency19892020-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oliver-newspapercoverageofpsilocybinsentimentandfrequency19892020-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oliver_newspaper_2021,\n\ttitle = {Newspaper coverage of psilocybin: {Sentiment} and frequency (1989-2020)},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Oliver, Dax},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {20--28},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lange-marie-exploringmoralbioenhancementthroughpsilocybinfacilitatedprosocialeffects-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&amp;id=ebsco:gcd:154294470\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lange-marie-exploringmoralbioenhancementthroughpsilocybinfacilitatedprosocialeffects-2021', 'https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&amp;id=ebsco:gcd:154294470', event);\">\n    Exploring Moral Bio-enhancement through Psilocybin-Facilitated Prosocial Effects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lange, V.;  and Marie, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Cognition & Neuroethics</i>. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&amp;id=ebsco:gcd:154294470\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lange-marie-exploringmoralbioenhancementthroughpsilocybinfacilitatedprosocialeffects-2021', 'https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&amp;id=ebsco:gcd:154294470', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exploring Moral Bio-enhancement through Psilocybin-Facilitated Prosocial Effects [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lange-marie-exploringmoralbioenhancementthroughpsilocybinfacilitatedprosocialeffects-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lange-marie-exploringmoralbioenhancementthroughpsilocybinfacilitatedprosocialeffects-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lange_exploring_2021,\n\ttitle = {Exploring {Moral} {Bio}-enhancement through {Psilocybin}-{Facilitated} {Prosocial} {Effects}},\n\turl = {https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:154294470?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&amp;id=ebsco:gcd:154294470},\n\tlanguage = {fr},\n\turldate = {2024-02-12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Cognition \\&amp; Neuroethics},\n\tauthor = {Lange, Victor and Marie, Sidsel},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364', event);\">\n    Racial Justice Requires Ending the War on Drugs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Earp, B. D.; Lewis, J.; Hart, C. L.; with Bioethicists;  and for Drug Policy Reform, A. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>, 21(4): 4–19. April 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Racial Justice Requires Ending the War on Drugs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('earp-lewis-hart-withbioethicists-fordrugpolicyreform-racialjusticerequiresendingthewarondrugs-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{earp_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Justice} {Requires} {Ending} the {War} on {Drugs}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1526-5161, 1536-0075},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15265161.2020.1861364},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {The American Journal of Bioethics},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Lewis, Jonathan and Hart, Carl L. and {with Bioethicists and Allied Professionals for Drug Policy Reform}},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {4--19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100', event);\">\n    Culture, Context, and Community in Contemporary Psychedelic Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Earp, B. D.;  and Yaden, D. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology</i>, 28(3): 217–221. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Culture, Context, and Community in Contemporary Psychedelic Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2021.0033\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2021.0033', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('earp-yaden-culturecontextandcommunityincontemporarypsychedelicresearch-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{earp_culture_2021,\n\ttitle = {Culture, {Context}, and {Community} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1086-3303},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806100},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0033},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\&amp; Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D. and Yaden, David B.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {217--221},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672', event);\">\n    Psychedelics in Psychiatry—Keeping the Renaissance From Going Off the Rails.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yaden, D. B.; Yaden, M. E.;  and Griffiths, R. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>, 78(5): 469–470. May 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics in Psychiatry—Keeping the Renaissance From Going Off the Rails [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yaden-yaden-griffiths-psychedelicsinpsychiatrykeepingtherenaissancefromgoingofftherails-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yaden_psychedelics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics in {Psychiatry}—{Keeping} the {Renaissance} {From} {Going} {Off} the {Rails}},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3672},\n\tabstract = {There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Yaden, David B. and Yaden, Mary E. and Griffiths, Roland R.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {469--470},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is a resurgence, some say renaissance, of clinical research on psychedelic substances after decades of dormancy. Recent studies have produced findings suggesting psychedelics may demonstrate substantial efficacy for serious psychiatric conditions such as mood and substance use disorders. As a result, ongoing clinical trials with the psychedelic psilocybin have been given the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration that could result in medical approval for major depressive disorder and/or treatment-resistant depression.This new period of psychedelic research, ongoing since at least 2006, has now lasted for about the same length of time as psychedelic research in the 1950s and 1960s did before it ground to a halt. As contemporary psychedelic research results accrue, the field may be facing a fork in the road to clinical applications. One path forward allows for the same kinds of exuberance, utopian thinking, and uneven clinical approaches that contributed to ending the previous period of research. Combined with the contemporary tendency to politicize science, the possibility of a repeat of the 1960s represents a significant concern. Another path forward, a more careful and systematic one, involves the appropriate integration of psychedelic treatments into existing evidence-based psychiatric paradigms such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171', event);\">\n    Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gerber, K.; Flores, I. G.; Ruiz, A. C.; Ali, I.; Ginsberg, N. L.;  and Schenberg, E. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science</i>, 4(2): 573–577. April 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021', 'https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gerber-flores-ruiz-ali-ginsberg-schenberg-ethicalconcernsaboutpsilocybinintellectualproperty-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gerber_ethical_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Concerns} about {Psilocybin} {Intellectual} {Property}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2575-9108, 2575-9108},\n\turl = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {ACS Pharmacology \\&amp; Translational Science},\n\tauthor = {Gerber, Konstantin and Flores, Inti García and Ruiz, Angela Christina and Ali, Ismail and Ginsberg, Natalie Lyla and Schenberg, Eduardo E.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {573--577},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Epistemology: William James and the “Noetic Quality” of Mystical Experience.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cole-Turner, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Religions</i>, 12(12): 1058. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Epistemology: William James and the “Noetic Quality” of Mystical Experience [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/rel12121058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/rel12121058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('coleturner-psychedelicepistemologywilliamjamesandthenoeticqualityofmysticalexperience-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cole-turner_psychedelic_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}: {William} {James} and the “{Noetic} {Quality}” of {Mystical} {Experience}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2077-1444},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Epistemology}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/12/1058},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/rel12121058},\n\tabstract = {William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Religions},\n\tauthor = {Cole-Turner, Ron},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {William James, mystical experience, mystical experience questionnaire, mystical states, noetic quality, psilocybin, psychedelic experience, psychedelics, religious experience},\n\tpages = {1058},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letheby-philosophyofpsychedelics-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Philosophy of Psychedelics.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letheby, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Oxford University Press,  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letheby-philosophyofpsychedelics-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letheby-philosophyofpsychedelics-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{letheby_philosophy_2021,\n\ttitle = {Philosophy of {Psychedelics}},\n\tisbn = {9780198843122},\n\tabstract = {Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by &quot;mystical&quot; experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality?  This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism.  Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this &quot;Comforting Delusion Objection&quot; to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists.  Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tpublisher = {Oxford University Press},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Google-Books-ID: BHE3EAAAQBAJ},\n\tkeywords = {Medical / Psychiatry / General, Medical / Psychiatry / Psychopharmacology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Mind \\&amp; Body, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Cognitive Psychology \\&amp; Cognition, Psychology / General, Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent clinical trials show that psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin can be given safely in controlled conditions, and can cause lasting psychological benefits with one or two administrations. Supervised psychedelic sessions can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and addiction, and improve well-being in healthy volunteers, for months or even years. But these benefits seem to be mediated by \"mystical\" experiences of cosmic consciousness, which prompts a philosophical concern: do psychedelics cause psychological benefits by inducing false or implausible beliefs about the metaphysical nature of reality? This book is the first scholarly monograph in English devoted to the philosophical analysis of psychedelic drugs. Its central focus is the apparent conflict between the growing use of psychedelics in psychiatry and the philosophical worldview of naturalism. Within the book, Letheby integrates empirical evidence and philosophical considerations in the service of a simple conclusion: this \"Comforting Delusion Objection\" to psychedelic therapy fails. While exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics lead to lasting benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives-not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. The upshot is that a traditional conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth-even if no Cosmic Consciousness or transcendent divine Reality exists. Philosophy of Psychedelics is an indispensable guide to the literature for researchers already engaged in the field of psychedelic psychiatry, and for researchers-especially philosophers-who want to become acquainted with this increasingly topical field.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099', event);\">\n    Containment Matters: Set and Setting in Contemporary Psychedelic Psychiatry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Noorani, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology</i>, 28(3): 201–216. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021', 'https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Containment Matters: Set and Setting in Contemporary Psychedelic Psychiatry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2021.0032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2021.0032', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('noorani-containmentmatterssetandsettingincontemporarypsychedelicpsychiatry-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noorani_containment_2021,\n\ttitle = {Containment {Matters}: {Set} and {Setting} in {Contemporary} {Psychedelic} {Psychiatry}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1086-3303},\n\tshorttitle = {Containment {Matters}},\n\turl = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/806099},\n\tdoi = {10.1353/ppp.2021.0032},\n\tabstract = {ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy, Psychiatry, \\&amp; Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {201--216},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ARRAY(0x558c863542c8)\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"williams-korevaar-harvey-fitzgerald-liknaitzky-ocarroll-puspanathan-ross-etal-translatingpsychedelictherapiesfromclinicaltrialstocommunityclinicsbuildingbridgesandaddressingpotentialchallengesahead-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'williams-korevaar-harvey-fitzgerald-liknaitzky-ocarroll-puspanathan-ross-etal-translatingpsychedelictherapiesfromclinicaltrialstocommunityclinicsbuildingbridgesandaddressingpotentialchallengesahead-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738', event);\">\n    Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics: Building Bridges and Addressing Potential Challenges Ahead.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Williams, M. L.; Korevaar, D.; Harvey, R.; Fitzgerald, P. B.; Liknaitzky, P.; O'Carroll, S.; Puspanathan, P.; Ross, M.; Strauss, N.;  and Bennett-Levy, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 12.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('williams-korevaar-harvey-fitzgerald-liknaitzky-ocarroll-puspanathan-ross-etal-translatingpsychedelictherapiesfromclinicaltrialstocommunityclinicsbuildingbridgesandaddressingpotentialchallengesahead-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics: Building Bridges and Addressing Potential Challenges Ahead [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/williams-korevaar-harvey-fitzgerald-liknaitzky-ocarroll-puspanathan-ross-etal-translatingpsychedelictherapiesfromclinicaltrialstocommunityclinicsbuildingbridgesandaddressingpotentialchallengesahead-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('williams-korevaar-harvey-fitzgerald-liknaitzky-ocarroll-puspanathan-ross-etal-translatingpsychedelictherapiesfromclinicaltrialstocommunityclinicsbuildingbridgesandaddressingpotentialchallengesahead-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{williams_translating_2021,\n\ttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}: {Building} {Bridges} and {Addressing} {Potential} {Challenges} {Ahead}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Translating {Psychedelic} {Therapies} {From} {Clinical} {Trials} to {Community} {Clinics}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738},\n\tabstract = {Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Martin L. and Korevaar, Diana and Harvey, Renee and Fitzgerald, Paul B. and Liknaitzky, Paul and O&#x27;Carroll, Sean and Puspanathan, Prashanth and Ross, Margaret and Strauss, Nigel and Bennett-Levy, James},\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the “psychedelic renaissance” on track.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728', event);\">\n    How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Forstmann, M.;  and Sagioglou, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Public Understanding of Science</i>, 30(3): 302–318. April 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520981728\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520981728', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('forstmann-sagioglou-howpsychedelicresearchersselfadmittedsubstanceuseandtheirassociationwithpsychedeliccultureaffectpeoplesperceptionsoftheirscientificintegrityandthequalityoftheirresearch-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{forstmann_how_2021,\n\ttitle = {How psychedelic researchers’ self-admitted substance use and their association with psychedelic culture affect people’s perceptions of their scientific integrity and the quality of their research},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0963-6625, 1361-6609},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662520981728},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0963662520981728},\n\tabstract = {Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Public Understanding of Science},\n\tauthor = {Forstmann, Matthias and Sagioglou, Christina},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {302--318},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Across three studies (total N = 952), we tested how self-admitted use of psychedelics and association with psychedelic culture affects the public’s evaluation of researchers’ scientific integrity and of the quality of their research. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that self-admitted substance use negatively affected people’s assessment of a fictitious researcher’s integrity (i.e. being unbiased, professional, and honest), but not of the quality of his research, or how much value and significance they ascribed to the findings. Study 3, however, found that an association with psychedelic culture (i.e. presenting work at a scientific conference that includes social activities stereotypically associated with psychedelic culture) negatively affected perceived research quality (e.g. less valid, true, unbiased). We further found that the latter effect was moderated by participants’ personal experience with psychedelic substances: only participants without such experience evaluated research quality more negatively when it was presented in a stereotyped context.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424', event);\">\n    Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gearin, A. K;  and Devenot, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Cultural Studies</i>, 24(6): 917–935. November 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/13678779211019424\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/13678779211019424', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gearin-devenot-psychedelicmedicalizationpublicdiscourseandthemoralityofegodissolution-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gearin_psychedelic_2021,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicalization, public discourse, and the morality of ego dissolution},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1367-8779, 1460-356X},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13678779211019424},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/13678779211019424},\n\tabstract = {Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Cultural Studies},\n\tauthor = {Gearin, Alex K and Devenot, Neşe},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {917--935},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Emerging from a diverse and long history of shamanic and religious cultural practices, psychedelic substances are increasingly being foregrounded as medicines by an assemblage of scientific research groups, media institutions, government drug authorities, and patient and consumer populations. Considering scientific studies and recent popular media associated with the medicalization of psychedelic substances, this article responds to scholarly debates over the imbrication of scientific knowledge and moral discourse. It contends that, while scientific research into psychedelic medicine presents itself as amoral and objective, it often reverts to moral and political claims in public discourse. We illustrate how psychedelic medicine discourse in recent popular media in the United States and the United Kingdom is naturalizing specific moral and political orientations as pharmacological and healthy. The article traces how psychedelic substances have become ego-dissolving medicines invested with neoliberal and anti-authoritarian agency.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"campbell-williams-theethicofaccessanaidsactivistwonpublicaccesstoexperimentaltherapiesandthismustnowextendtopsychedelicsformentalillness-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'campbell-williams-theethicofaccessanaidsactivistwonpublicaccesstoexperimentaltherapiesandthismustnowextendtopsychedelicsformentalillness-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626', event);\">\n    The Ethic of Access: An AIDS Activist Won Public Access to Experimental Therapies, and This Must Now Extend to Psychedelics for Mental Illness.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Campbell, M.;  and Williams, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, 12.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('campbell-williams-theethicofaccessanaidsactivistwonpublicaccesstoexperimentaltherapiesandthismustnowextendtopsychedelicsformentalillness-2021', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Ethic of Access: An AIDS Activist Won Public Access to Experimental Therapies, and This Must Now Extend to Psychedelics for Mental Illness [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/campbell-williams-theethicofaccessanaidsactivistwonpublicaccesstoexperimentaltherapiesandthismustnowextendtopsychedelicsformentalillness-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('campbell-williams-theethicofaccessanaidsactivistwonpublicaccesstoexperimentaltherapiesandthismustnowextendtopsychedelicsformentalillness-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{campbell_ethic_2021,\n\ttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}: {An} {AIDS} {Activist} {Won} {Public} {Access} to {Experimental} {Therapies}, and {This} {Must} {Now} {Extend} to {Psychedelics} for {Mental} {Illness}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1664-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Ethic} of {Access}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680626},\n\tabstract = {If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Campbell, Morgan and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  If patients with mental illnesses are to be treated fairly in comparison with other categories of patients, they must be given access to promising experimental therapies, including psychedelics. The right of early access to promising therapies was advanced as an ethical principle by activist Larry Kramer during the AIDS pandemic, and has now largely been adopted by the medical establishment. Patients are regularly granted access to experimental drugs for many illness categories, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The need for expanded access is especially relevant during evolving crises like the AIDS and the coronavirus pandemics. In contrast to non-psychiatric branches of medicine, psychiatry has failed to expedite access to promising drugs in the face of public health emergencies, psychological crises, the wishes of many patients, and the needs of the community. Psychiatry must catch up to the rest of medicine and allow the preferences of patients for access to guide policy and law regarding unapproved medications like psychedelics.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml', event);\">\n    Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McMillan, R. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 5(2): 57–64. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00188\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00188', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcmillan-globalbioethicalchallengesofmedicalisingpsychedelics-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcmillan_global_2021,\n\ttitle = {Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/5/2/article-p57.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2021.00188},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger&#x27;s critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus&#x27; extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {57--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1', event);\">\n    Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pilecki, B.; Luoma, J. B.; Bathje, G. J.; Rhea, J.;  and Narloch, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduction Journal</i>, 18(1): 40. April 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pilecki-luoma-bathje-rhea-narloch-ethicalandlegalissuesinpsychedelicharmreductionandintegrationtherapy-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pilecki_ethical_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1477-7517},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients&#x27; use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduction Journal},\n\tauthor = {Pilecki, Brian and Luoma, Jason B. and Bathje, Geoff J. and Rhea, Joseph and Narloch, Vilmarie Fraguada},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Harm reduction, Psychedelic integration, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials have demonstrated strong evidence of their therapeutic benefits. While psychedelics are currently prohibited substances in most countries, the growing popularity of their therapeutic potential is leading many people to use psychedelics on their own rather than waiting for legal medical access. Therapists therefore have an ethical duty to meet this need by providing support for clients using psychedelics. However, incorporating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy poses some risk given their prohibited status and many therapists are unsure of how they might practice in this area. This paper explicates such risks and describes ways in which therapists can mitigate them and strive to practice within legal and ethical boundaries. A harm reduction approach will be emphasized as a useful framework for conducting therapy around clients' use of psychedelics. It is argued that therapists can meet with clients before and after their own personal psychedelic experiences in order to help clients minimize risk and maximize benefit. Common clinical scenarios in this growing clinical area will also be discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265', event);\">\n    A Qualitative Exploration of Relational Ethical Challenges and Practices in Psychedelic Healing.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brennan, W.; Jackson, M. A.; MacLean, K.;  and Ponterotto, J. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>,002216782110452. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Qualitative Exploration of Relational Ethical Challenges and Practices in Psychedelic Healing [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211045265\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211045265', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brennan-jackson-maclean-ponterotto-aqualitativeexplorationofrelationalethicalchallengesandpracticesinpsychedelichealing-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brennan_qualitative_2021,\n\ttitle = {A {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Relational} {Ethical} {Challenges} and {Practices} in {Psychedelic} {Healing}},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221678211045265},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/00221678211045265},\n\tabstract = {As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Brennan, William and Jackson, Margo A. and MacLean, Katherine and Ponterotto, Joseph G.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {002216782110452},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical approaches, concerns have been raised about the likelihood of sexual violation of a client and other relational boundary transgressions. In the current study, 23 practitioners who have administered MDMA and psilocybin to clients in underground (i.e., extralegal) healing contexts were interviewed about their experiences navigating multiple relationships, nonsexual touch, and sexual boundary-setting in their work. Of these practitioners, 12 had undergone formal, graduate-level training in psychotherapy, 10 identified as female, and 13 identified as male. A phenomenological research design was used to assess what unique relational challenges they have faced in this work and what practices they have found helpful in doing so. Two sets of themes addressing these two questions were developed from the data. Descriptive themes represent the unique challenges that psychedelic practitioners have encountered in their work, and prescriptive themes are made up of the practices they have found most useful in confronting these challenges. Some themes are unique to psychedelic work (e.g., client nudity, the use of touch, the belief that therapists must continue to have their own psychedelic experiences), while others represent a psychedelic-specific take on standard ethical considerations (e.g., transference, supervision, staying within one’s scope of competence). Discussion of these results includes implications for the training of psychedelic psychotherapists and other regulatory decisions facing the field.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807', event);\">\n    Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, W. R.;  and Sisti, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>, 47(12): 807–814. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106070\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106070', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-sisti-ethicsandegodissolutionthecaseofpsilocybin-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_ethics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethics and ego dissolution},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/12/807},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106070},\n\tabstract = {Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Smith, William R. and Sisti, Dominic},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {32461241},\n\tkeywords = {informed consent, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, research ethics},\n\tpages = {807--814},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering ‘deep’ reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient’s personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process–one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (11)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17', event);\">\n    Humbug, the Council of Pharmacy and Chemistry, and the Origin of “The Blind Test” of Therapeutic Efficacy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Holman, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In LaCaze, A.;  and Osimani, B., editor(s), <i>Uncertainty in Pharmacology: Epistemology, Methods, and Decisions</i>, pages 397–416. Springer International Publishing, Cham,  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Humbug, the Council of Pharmacy and Chemistry, and the Origin of “The Blind Test” of Therapeutic Efficacy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('holman-humbugthecouncilofpharmacyandchemistryandtheoriginoftheblindtestoftherapeuticefficacy-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{holman_humbug_2020,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Humbug, the {Council} of {Pharmacy} and {Chemistry}, and the {Origin} of “{The} {Blind} {Test}” of {Therapeutic} {Efficacy}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-29179-2},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},\n\tabstract = {This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-21},\n\tbooktitle = {Uncertainty in {Pharmacology}: {Epistemology}, {Methods}, and {Decisions}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Holman, Bennett},\n\teditor = {LaCaze, Adam and Osimani, Barbara},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_17},\n\tpages = {397--416},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper examines an early attempt to purge the medical field of commercial exploitation and promote rational therapeutics. The historical study of the origin of the double-blind randomized controlled trial as a standard of therapeutic efficacy reveals that concerns which seem entirely modern, are actually deeply entrenched in the history of medical research. Specifically, those whose primary concern was with ending the use of inefficacious, and sometimes positively dangerous drugs, found themselves in an ideological battle with those who benefitted financially from their use.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brown-ethicaltransgressionsandboundaryviolationsinayahuascahealingcontextsamixedmethodsstudyproquest-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=51922&amp;diss=y\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brown-ethicaltransgressionsandboundaryviolationsinayahuascahealingcontextsamixedmethodsstudyproquest-2020', 'https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=51922&amp;diss=y', event);\">\n    Ethical Transgressions and Boundary Violations in Ayahuasca Healing Contexts: A Mixed Methods Study - ProQuest.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brown, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, Califonia Institute of Integral Studies,  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=51922&amp;diss=y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brown-ethicaltransgressionsandboundaryviolationsinayahuascahealingcontextsamixedmethodsstudyproquest-2020', 'https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=51922&amp;diss=y', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical Transgressions and Boundary Violations in Ayahuasca Healing Contexts: A Mixed Methods Study - ProQuest [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brown-ethicaltransgressionsandboundaryviolationsinayahuascahealingcontextsamixedmethodsstudyproquest-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brown-ethicaltransgressionsandboundaryviolationsinayahuascahealingcontextsamixedmethodsstudyproquest-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{brown_ethical_2020,\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}: {A} {Mixed} {Methods} {Study} - {ProQuest}},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethical {Transgressions} and {Boundary} {Violations} in {Ayahuasca} {Healing} {Contexts}},\n\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/41850e2eaafd34438f15b2e35acb79ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=51922&amp;diss=y},\n\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tschool = {Califonia Institute of Integral Studies},\n\tauthor = {Brown, Jessica},\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml', event);\">\n    Making psychedelics into medicines: The politics and paradoxes of medicalization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Noorani, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 4(1): 34–39. March 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Making psychedelics into medicines: The politics and paradoxes of medicalization [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.018\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.018', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('noorani-makingpsychedelicsintomedicinesthepoliticsandparadoxesofmedicalization-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noorani_making_2020,\n\ttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines: {The} politics and paradoxes of medicalization},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tshorttitle = {Making psychedelics into medicines},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p34.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.018},\n\tabstract = {This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Noorani, Tehseen},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {34--39},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This commentary considers efforts to turn psychedelics into medications that can be administered through healthcare systems as examples of “medicalization.” I draw on ethnographic research both inside and outside of university-based clinical trials from 2014 to date, together with analogous examples from psychiatry and drug research and development. Rather than taking a normative stance on medicalization, I situate it in a wider political, economic, and cultural context to better understand its logics and effects. I begin by suggesting the resurgence of psychedelic science has been concerned with medicalization from the outset, recently prompting a crisis in the “psychedelics community” over its self-identity and values. Next, against the confident public messaging surrounding psychedelics, I consider how attempts to scale up and market psychedelic-assisted therapy could end up undermining the safety and efficacy of the therapy itself. I then outline the movements to decriminalize, legalize, and minimize the harms and risks of using psychedelics in their currently illicit therapeutic and recreational modalities. Finally, I explore how working toward psychedelic medicalization over the coming years may influence the movements toward decriminalizing and legalizing psychedelics use, focusing on the underarticulated ways in which medicalization may disregard or even hinder, rather than help, decriminalization and legalization efforts. I call attention to how the cost of gaining approval for therapies incentivizes the development of diluted-yet-profitable forms of psychedelic-assisted treatments, and how frameworks developed for “proper use” demarcate what counts as “abuse” and enable those with newly sanctioned access to psychedelics to condemn afresh their illicit use.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"amada-lea-letheby-shane-psychedelicexperienceandthenarrativeselfanexploratoryqualitativestudy-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Psychedelic Experience and the Narrative Self: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Amada, N.; Lea, T.; Letheby, C.;  and Shane, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>, 27(9-10): 6–33. January 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/amada-lea-letheby-shane-psychedelicexperienceandthenarrativeselfanexploratoryqualitativestudy-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('amada-lea-letheby-shane-psychedelicexperienceandthenarrativeselfanexploratoryqualitativestudy-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{amada_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}: {An} {Exploratory} {Qualitative} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Experience} and the {Narrative} {Self}},\n\tabstract = {It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted\nfrom, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to\nself-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a\ncornerstone of psychedelics&#x27; therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.},\n\tnumber = {9-10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},\n\tauthor = {Amada, N. and Lea, T. and Letheby, C. and Shane, J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {6--33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  It has been hypothesized that psychedelic experiences elicit lasting psychological benefits by altering narrative selfhood, which has yet to be explicitly studied. The present study investigates retrospective reports (n = 418) of changes to narrative self that participants believe resulted from, or were catalysed by, their psychedelic experience(s). Responses to open-ended questions were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic coding and interpreted within agent-centred approaches to development and well-being. Themes include decentred introspection, greater access to self-knowledge, positive shifts in self-evaluation processes, greater psychological and behavioural autonomy, and enhanced connectedness with others and the world. While this explorative qualitative study offers some initial support for the explanation that changes to narrative self are a cornerstone of psychedelics' therapeutic and transformative potential, methodological and recruiting limitations preclude the ability to make objective claims and generalizations. Future scientific research is necessary to further elucidate this hypothesized mechanism.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958', event);\">\n    Being for no-one: Psychedelic experience and minimal subjectivity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letheby, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophy and the Mind Sciences</i>, 1(I): 1–26. March 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020', 'https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Being for no-one: Psychedelic experience and minimal subjectivity [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letheby-beingfornoonepsychedelicexperienceandminimalsubjectivity-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{letheby_being_2020,\n\ttitle = {Being for no-one: {Psychedelic} experience and minimal subjectivity},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Chris Letheby},\n\tissn = {2699-0369},\n\tshorttitle = {Being for no-one},\n\turl = {https://philosophymindscience.org/index.php/phimisci/article/view/8958},\n\tdoi = {10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.47},\n\tabstract = {Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon \\&amp;amp; Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP.\nI argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness.\nOne possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {I},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Philosophy and the Mind Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {5-MeO-DMT, DMT, consciousness, for-me-ness, hallucinogen, psychedelics, self, self-awareness, self-consciousness, subjectivity},\n\tpages = {1--26},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon &amp; Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP. I argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness. One possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml', event);\">\n    The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  George, J. R.; Michaels, T. I.; Sevelius, J.;  and Williams, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 4(1): 4–15. March 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('george-michaels-sevelius-williams-thepsychedelicrenaissanceandthelimitationsofawhitedominantmedicalframeworkacallforindigenousandethnicminorityinclusion-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{george_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework: {A} call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tshorttitle = {The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a {White}-dominant medical framework},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p4.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2019.015},\n\tabstract = {In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {George, Jamilah R. and Michaels, Timothy I. and Sevelius, Jae and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {4--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462', event);\">\n    Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Anderson, B. T; Danforth, A. L;  and Grob, C. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Lancet Psychiatry</i>, 7(10): 829–830. October 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anderson-danforth-grob-psychedelicmedicinesafetyandethicalconcerns-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{anderson_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {22150366},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic medicine},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620301462},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Brian T and Danforth, Alicia L and Grob, Charles S},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {829--830},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"petranker-anderson-farb-psychedelicresearchandtheneedfortransparencypolishingaliceslookingglass-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'petranker-anderson-farb-psychedelicresearchandtheneedfortransparencypolishingaliceslookingglass-2020', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice’s Looking Glass.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Petranker, R.; Anderson, T.;  and Farb, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 11.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petranker-anderson-farb-psychedelicresearchandtheneedfortransparencypolishingaliceslookingglass-2020', 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice’s Looking Glass [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/petranker-anderson-farb-psychedelicresearchandtheneedfortransparencypolishingaliceslookingglass-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('petranker-anderson-farb-psychedelicresearchandtheneedfortransparencypolishingaliceslookingglass-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{petranker_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}: {Polishing} {Alice}’s {Looking} {Glass}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1664-1078},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Research} and the {Need} for {Transparency}},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Petranker, Rotem and Anderson, Thomas and Farb, Norman},\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics’ complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics’ potential as they re-enter science and society.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z', event);\">\n    Compassionate use of psychedelics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Greif, A.;  and Šurkala, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy</i>, 23(3): 485–496. September 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Compassionate use of psychedelics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('greif-urkala-compassionateuseofpsychedelics-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{greif_compassionate_2020,\n\ttitle = {Compassionate use of psychedelics},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1572-8633},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z},\n\tabstract = {In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},\n\tauthor = {Greif, Adam and Šurkala, Martin},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Compassionate use, Epistemic harm, Ethics, Naturalism, Psychedelic, Uncertainty},\n\tpages = {485--496},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619', event);\">\n    Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McMillan, R. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020', 'https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106619\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106619', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcmillan-prescribingmeaninghedonisticperspectivesonthetherapeuticuseofpsychedelicassistedmeaningenhancement-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcmillan_prescribing_2020,\n\ttitle = {Prescribing meaning: hedonistic perspectives on the therapeutic use of psychedelic-assisted meaning enhancement},\n\tcopyright = {© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.},\n\tissn = {0306-6800, 1473-4257},\n\tshorttitle = {Prescribing meaning},\n\turl = {https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/04/medethics-2020-106619},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/medethics-2020-106619},\n\tabstract = {The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {McMillan, Riccardo Miceli},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33148774},\n\tkeywords = {enhancement, neuroethics, philosophical ethics, psychiatry, psychopharmacology},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The recent renaissance in research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is showing great promise for the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Interestingly, therapeutic outcomes for patients undergoing these treatments are predicted by the occurrence of a mystical experience—an experience characterised in part by a sense of profound meaning. This has led to hypotheses that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is therapeutic because it enhances perception of meaning, and consequently leads to a meaning response (a therapeutic mechanism that has been well described in the philosophical literature on the placebo effect). The putative mechanism of action of psychedelics as meaning enhancers raises normative ethical questions as to whether it can be justified to pharmacologically increase the perception of meaning in order to heal patients. Using the perspectives of hedonistic moral theories, this paper argues that if psychedelics operate as meaning enhancers, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be ethically justified. An anti-hedonistic objection is presented by applying Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine thought experiment to the case of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, it is argued that this objection falls short for two reasons. First, even if pleasure and pain are not the only consequences which have moral value they are not morally irrelevant, therefore, therapeutic meaning enhancement can still be justified in cases of extreme suffering. Second, it is possible that psychedelic states of consciousness do not represent a false reality, hence their therapeutic meaning enhancement is not problematic according to Nozick’s standards.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020', 'https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Psychiatry: Preparing for Novel Treatments Involving Altered States of Consciousness.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Holoyda, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Psychiatric Services</i>, 71(12): 1297–1299. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020', 'https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Psychiatry: Preparing for Novel Treatments Involving Altered States of Consciousness [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('holoyda-psychedelicpsychiatrypreparingfornoveltreatmentsinvolvingalteredstatesofconsciousness-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{holoyda_psychedelic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}: {Preparing} for {Novel} {Treatments} {Involving} {Altered} {States} of {Consciousness}},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {1075-2730},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic {Psychiatry}},\n\turl = {https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ps.202000213},\n\tabstract = {The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatric Services},\n\tauthor = {Holoyda, Brian},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {LSD, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, psychedelic psychiatry, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics},\n\tpages = {1297--1299},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients’ treatment sessions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019', 'https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205', event);\">\n    Enhancing Equality.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Giubilini, A.;  and Minerva, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine</i>, 44(3): 335–354. May 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019', 'https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Enhancing Equality [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhz002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhz002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('giubilini-minerva-enhancingequality-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{giubilini_enhancing_2019,\n\ttitle = {Enhancing {Equality}},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tcopyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\\_access/funder\\_policies/chorus/standard\\_publication\\_model},\n\tissn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/44/3/335/5485205},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhz002},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Giubilini, Alberto and Minerva, Francesca},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {335--354},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9', event);\">\n    Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects: a historical and ethical review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bodnár, K. J.;  and Kakuk, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy</i>, 22(2): 327–337. June 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects: a historical and ethical review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bodnr-kakuk-researchethicsaspectsofexperimentationwithlsdonhumansubjectsahistoricalandethicalreview-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bodnar_research_2019,\n\ttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects: a historical and ethical review},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1572-8633},\n\tshorttitle = {Research ethics aspects of experimentation with {LSD} on human subjects},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11019-018-9871-9},\n\tabstract = {In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy},\n\tauthor = {Bodnár, Kristóf János and Kakuk, Péter},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trial, LSD research, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychedelic research, Research ethics},\n\tpages = {327--337},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper our aim is to examine whether research conducted on human participants with LSD-25 (lysergic acid diethylamide) raises unique research ethical questions or demands particular concerns with regard to the design, conduct and follow-up of these studies, and should this be the case, explore and describe those issues. Our analysis is based on reviewing publications up to date which examine the clinical, research and other uses of LSD and those addressing ethical and methodological concerns of these applications, just as some historical examinations of this subject. The first chapters of the paper give an overview regarding the history of LSD-research with human participants, healthy volunteers and patients alike. The remaining chapters have a focus on questions regarding the potential ethical issues of such human trials in the contemporary research ethics framework. We also consider briefly political and regulatory issues regarding this substance that possibly affect its clinical and research applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019', 'https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278', event);\">\n    The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Peterson, A.; Tagliazucchi, E.;  and Weijer, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neuroscience of Consciousness</i>, 2019(1): niz013. January 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019', 'https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niz013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niz013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('peterson-tagliazucchi-weijer-theethicsofpsychedelicresearchindisordersofconsciousness-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{peterson_ethics_2019,\n\ttitle = {The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness},\n\tvolume = {2019},\n\tissn = {2057-2107},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/doi/10.1093/nc/niz013/5584278},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/nc/niz013},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n            This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Neuroscience of Consciousness},\n\tauthor = {Peterson, Andrew and Tagliazucchi, Enzo and Weijer, Charles},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {niz013},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris’s proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018', 'https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038', event);\">\n    Moral Enhancement Can Kill.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Crutchfield, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine</i>, 43(5): 568–584. September 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018', 'https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Moral Enhancement Can Kill [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhy020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhy020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('crutchfield-moralenhancementcankill-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{crutchfield_moral_2018,\n\ttitle = {Moral {Enhancement} {Can} {Kill}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tcopyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\\_access/funder\\_policies/chorus/standard\\_publication\\_model},\n\tissn = {0360-5310, 1744-5019},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/43/5/568/5091038},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/jmp/jhy020},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Crutchfield, Parker},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {568--584},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186', event);\">\n    “To learn healing knowledge”: Philosophy, psychedelic studies and transformation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pittaway, D. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>South African Journal of Philosophy</i>, 37(4): 438–451. October 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“To learn healing knowledge”: Philosophy, psychedelic studies and transformation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pittaway-tolearnhealingknowledgephilosophypsychedelicstudiesandtransformation-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pittaway_learn_2018,\n\ttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”: {Philosophy}, psychedelic studies and transformation},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0258-0136, 2073-4867},\n\tshorttitle = {“{To} learn healing knowledge”},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02580136.2018.1532186},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {South African Journal of Philosophy},\n\tauthor = {Pittaway, David A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {438--451},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml', event);\">\n    The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nielson, E. M.;  and Guss, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</i>, 2(2): 64–73. December 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018', 'https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2018.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2018.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nielson-guss-theinfluenceoftherapistsfirsthandexperiencewithpsychedelicsonpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyresearchandtherapisttraining-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nielson_influence_2018,\n\ttitle = {The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\turl = {https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2/2/article-p64.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1556/2054.2018.009},\n\tabstract = {Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychedelic Studies},\n\tauthor = {Nielson, Elizabeth M. and Guss, Jeffrey},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {64--73},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a structure of FDA-approved trials on a trajectory toward Drug Enforcement Agency rescheduling for therapeutic use. Researcher’s and clinician’s personal use of psychedelics was cited as a potential confound in psychedelic research studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, a concern which contributed to the cessation of this research for some 20 years. Currently, there is no empirical research on personal use of psychedelics by current academic researchers and clinicians; its influence is undocumented, unknown, and undertheorized. This paper explores the history of personal use of psychedelics by clinicians and researchers, the potential impact of personal use on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, and the rationale for opening an academic discussion and program of research to investigate the role of personal use. We propose that there are factors unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy such that training for it cannot neatly fit into the framework of modern psychopharmacology training, nor be fully analogous to psychotherapy training in contemporary psychological and psychiatric settings. We argue that scientific exploration of the influence of therapists’ first-hand experience of psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted therapy outcomes is feasible, timely, and necessary for the future of clinical research.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6', event);\">\n    Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Michaels, T. I.; Purdon, J.; Collins, A.;  and Williams, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC Psychiatry</i>, 18(1): 245. July 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('michaels-purdon-collins-williams-inclusionofpeopleofcolorinpsychedelicassistedpsychotherapyareviewoftheliterature-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{michaels_inclusion_2018,\n\ttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1471-244X},\n\tshorttitle = {Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6},\n\tabstract = {Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {BMC Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Michaels, Timothy I. and Purdon, Jennifer and Collins, Alexis and Williams, Monnica T.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnic differences, Minority recruitment, People of color, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy},\n\tpages = {245},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9', event);\">\n    Placebo Problems: Boundary Work in the Psychedelic Science Renaissance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hendy, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Labate, B. C.;  and Cavnar, C., editor(s), <i>Plant Medicines, Healing and Psychedelic Science: Cultural Perspectives</i>, pages 151–166. Springer International Publishing, Cham,  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Placebo Problems: Boundary Work in the Psychedelic Science Renaissance [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hendy-placeboproblemsboundaryworkinthepsychedelicsciencerenaissance-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{hendy_placebo_2018,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Placebo {Problems}: {Boundary} {Work} in the {Psychedelic} {Science} {Renaissance}},\n\tisbn = {9783319767208},\n\tshorttitle = {Placebo {Problems}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},\n\tabstract = {The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tbooktitle = {Plant {Medicines}, {Healing} and {Psychedelic} {Science}: {Cultural} {Perspectives}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Hendy, Katherine},\n\teditor = {Labate, Beatriz Caiuby and Cavnar, Clancy},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_9},\n\tkeywords = {Active Placebo, Clinical Researchers, Psilocybin, Psychedelic Research, Psychedelic Therapy},\n\tpages = {151--166},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The revitalization of clinical trials with psychedelics has produced an array of studies investigating different combinations of therapeutic substances and diagnoses. In addition to the bureaucratic negotiations to gain approval for this research, this new wave of studies is also negotiating a new methodological landscape of clinical research. Mid-twentieth century research with drugs like LSD and psilocybin involved both case studies and double-blind studies. However, today, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the institutional standard for research with psychopharmaceuticals. Because psychedelic therapy seeks to induce a radical change in consciousness—to make a subject feel different from her everyday self—blinding these studies using placebo controls has emerged as a methodological sticking point. However, this chapter argues, it is also a rich site for interrogating boundary work around science and psychedelics. While anthropologists have examined placebos as examples of the power of symbolic healing within Western medicine, or as ethically fraught territory of nontreatment, this chapter examines placebos as a research technique around which the scientific status of a study is negotiated. While psychedelic therapy challenges the model of pharmaceutical intervention used in psychiatry today, it must do so while also working within psychopharmacology’s evidentiary norms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE', event);\">\n    Psychedelic Moral Enhancement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Earp, B. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements</i>, 83: 415–439. October 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic Moral Enhancement [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S1358246118000474\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S1358246118000474', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('earp-psychedelicmoralenhancement-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{earp_psychedelic_2018,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic {Moral} {Enhancement}},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1358-2461, 1755-3555},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements/article/abs/psychedelic-moral-enhancement/0F38369FCED3E95E647B40EACBBF26CE},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S1358246118000474},\n\tabstract = {The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-01-18},\n\tjournal = {Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements},\n\tauthor = {Earp, Brian D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {415--439},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The moral enhancement (or bioenhancement) debate seems stuck in a dilemma. On the one hand, the more radical proposals, while certainly novel and interesting, seem unlikely to be feasible in practice, or if technically feasible then most likely imprudent. But on the other hand, the more sensible proposals – sensible in the sense of being both practically achievable and more plausibly ethically justifiable – can be rather hard to distinguish from both traditional forms of moral enhancement, such as non-drug-mediated social or moral education, and non-moral forms of bioenhancement, such as smart-drug style cognitive enhancement. In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have paid insufficient attention to an alternative form of moral bioenhancement – or at least a likely candidate – that falls somewhere between these two extremes, namely the (appropriately qualified) use of certain psychedelic drugs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"murray-chuan-theethicsofsportstechnologiesandhumanenhancement-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Murray, T. H.;  and Chuan, V. T.,\n  editors.\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon,  2017.\n  <span class=\"note\">OCLC: 1175921806</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/murray-chuan-theethicsofsportstechnologiesandhumanenhancement-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('murray-chuan-theethicsofsportstechnologiesandhumanenhancement-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{murray_ethics_2017,\n\taddress = {Abingdon, Oxon},\n\ttitle = {The ethics of sports technologies and human enhancement},\n\tisbn = {978-1-00-010894-1},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of &#x27;natural&#x27; talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Routledge},\n\teditor = {Murray, Thomas H. and Chuan, Voo Teck},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1175921806},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This volume presents articles which focus on the ethical evaluation of performance-enhancing technologies in sport. The collection considers whether drug doping should be banned; the rationale of not banning ethically contested innovations such as hypoxic chambers; and the implications of the prospects of human genetic engineering for the notion of sport as a development of 'natural' talent towards human excellence. The essays demonstrate the significance of the principles of preventing harm, ensuring fairness and preserving meaning to appraise whether a particular performance enhancer is acceptable in the context of sport. Selected essays on various forms of human enhancement outside of sport that highlight other principles and concepts are included for comparative purpose. Sport enhancement provides a useful starting point to work through the ethics of enhancement in other human practices and endeavors, and sport enhancement ethics should track broader bioethical debates on human enhancement. As a whole, the volume points to the need to consider the values and meanings that people seek in a given sphere of human activity and their associated principles to arrive at a morally grounded and reasonable approach to enhancement ethics\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311', event);\">\n    Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bøhling, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 49: 133–143. November 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhling-psychedelicpleasuresanaffectiveunderstandingofthejoysoftripping-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bohling_psychedelic_2017,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures: {An} affective understanding of the joys of tripping},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelic pleasures},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395917302311},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.017},\n\tabstract = {Background\nThis paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality.\nMethods\nIn the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping.\nResults\nThe analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act.\nConclusion\nIn conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Bøhling, Frederik},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Affect theory, Alcohol and other drugs, Deleuze, Pleasure, Psychedelic drugs, Trip reports},\n\tpages = {133--143},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background This paper considers the pleasures of psychedelic drugs and proposes a Deleuzian understanding of drugged pleasures as affects. In spite of a large body of work on psychedelics, not least on their therapeutic potentials, the literature is almost completely devoid of discussions of the recreational practices and pleasures of entheogenic drugs. Yet, most people do not use psychedelics because of their curative powers, but because they are fun and enjoyable ways to alter the experience of reality. Methods In the analytical part of the paper, I examine 100 trip reports from an internet forum in order to explore the pleasures of tripping. Results The analyses map out how drugs such as LSD and mushrooms – in combination with contextual factors such as other people, music and nature – give rise to a set of affective modifications of the drug user’s capacities to feel, sense and act. Conclusion In conclusion it is argued that taking seriously the large group of recreational users of hallucinogens is important not only because it broadens our understanding of how entheogenic drugs work in different bodies and settings, but also because it may enable a more productive and harm reductive transmission of knowledge between the scientific and recreational psychedelic communities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304', event);\">\n    Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Phelps, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>, 57(5): 450–487. September 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817711304\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817711304', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('phelps-developingguidelinesandcompetenciesforthetrainingofpsychedelictherapists-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{phelps_developing_2017,\n\ttitle = {Developing {Guidelines} and {Competencies} for the {Training} of {Psychedelic} {Therapists}},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817711304},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0022167817711304},\n\tabstract = {Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Phelps, Janis},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tpages = {450--487},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical symptoms and increases in quality of life as measured on a variety of indices. The intensity of focus on evidence-based outcomes, however, has resulted in a paucity of active discussions and research on the core competencies of the therapists themselves. The context of the history of psychedelic research reveals how this neglect of therapist variables occurred. With current discussions of Phase 3 and expanded access research programs for psilocybin-assisted and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies, there will be a great need for competent therapists trained in this clinical specialty. This is particularly the case if less restricted, legal medical use is approved within the next 6 to 10 years. This article is the first review and compilation of psychedelic therapist competencies derived from the psychedelic literature. These six therapist competencies are empathetic abiding presence; trust enhancement; spiritual intelligence; knowledge of the physical and psychological effects of psychedelics; therapist self-awareness and ethical integrity; and proficiency in complementary techniques. A further contribution of this review is a delineation of the 12 fundamental curricular domains of study for the training and development of these therapist competencies. As current legal restrictions evolve, aspects of these training guidelines will develop accordingly.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X', event);\">\n    The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letheby, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>, 39: 28–37. January 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letheby-theepistemicinnocenceofpsychedelicstates-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{letheby_epistemic_2016,\n\ttitle = {The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {1053-8100},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381001530060X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012},\n\tabstract = {One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Consciousness and Cognition},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, Chris},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Altered states of consciousness, Epistemic innocence, Epistemology, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mystical experience, Naturalism, Philosophy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic},\n\tpages = {28--37},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of ‘epistemic innocence’ introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet ‘hallucinogen’ exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219', event);\">\n    Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: Reimagining drug policy through the prism of human rights.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Walsh, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 29: 80–87. March 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: Reimagining drug policy through the prism of human rights [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('walsh-psychedelicsandcognitivelibertyreimaginingdrugpolicythroughtheprismofhumanrights-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{walsh_psychedelics_2016,\n\ttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty: {Reimagining} drug policy through the prism of human rights},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\tshorttitle = {Psychedelics and cognitive liberty},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395916000219},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.025},\n\tabstract = {This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual&#x27;s actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Walsh, Charlotte},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Cognitive liberty, Drug policy, Human rights, Psychedelics},\n\tpages = {80--87},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper reimagines drug policy – specifically psychedelic drug policy – through the prism of human rights. Challenges to the incumbent prohibitionist paradigm that have been brought from this perspective to date – namely by calling for exemptions from criminalisation on therapeutic or religious grounds – are considered, before the assertion is made that there is a need to go beyond such reified constructs, calling for an end to psychedelic drug prohibitions on the basis of the more fundamental right to cognitive liberty. This central concept is explicated, asserted as being a crucial component of freedom of thought, as enshrined within Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It is argued that the right to cognitive liberty is routinely breached by the existence of the system of drug prohibition in the United Kingdom (UK), as encoded within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA). On this basis, it is proposed that Article 9 could be wielded to challenge the prohibitive system in the courts. This legal argument is supported by a parallel and entwined argument grounded in the political philosophy of classical liberalism: namely, that the state should only deploy the criminal law where an individual's actions demonstrably run a high risk of causing harm to others. Beyond the courts, it is recommended that this liberal, rights-based approach also inform psychedelic drug policy activism, moving past the current predominant focus on harm reduction, towards a prioritization of benefit maximization. How this might translate in to a different regulatory model for psychedelic drugs, a third way, distinct from the traditional criminal and medical systems of control, is tentatively considered. However, given the dominant political climate in the UK – with its move away from rights and towards a more authoritarian drug policy – the possibility that it is only through underground movements that cognitive liberty will be assured in the foreseeable future is contemplated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letheby-thephilosophyofpsychedelictransformation-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  THE PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHEDELIC TRANSFORMATION.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letheby, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>, 22(9-10): 170–193. January 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letheby-thephilosophyofpsychedelictransformation-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letheby-thephilosophyofpsychedelictransformation-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{letheby_philosophy_2015,\n\ttitle = {{THE} {PHILOSOPHY} {OF} {PSYCHEDELIC} {TRANSFORMATION}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tabstract = {Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic\ntransformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy\nof (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject&#x27;s psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of\nthe (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.},\n\tnumber = {9-10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Consciousness Studies},\n\tauthor = {Letheby, C.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {170--193},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent scientific research into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs raises intriguing and hitherto largely unexplored philosophical questions. A brief overview of the relevant science is given before addressing these questions. It is argued that psychedelic transformation is a distinctive psycho- pharmacological intervention because its mechanism of action ineliminably involves conscious mental representations, and thus is more transparent to the subject than the mechanisms of other drug therapies. This argument connects with issues in the philosophy of (cognitive) scientific explanation. It is also argued that transformative psychedelic experiences may well confer three distinct kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the subject's psychological potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the meta-physical nature of the (sense of) self, and revitalized capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. Non-naturalistic metaphysical and epistemological claims abound in psychedelic circles; thus, it is important to realize that psychedelics may yield naturalistically acceptable epistemic benefits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjstedth-noumenauticsmetaphysicsmetaethicspsychedelics-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Noumenautics: Metaphysics ? Meta-Ethics ? Psychedelics.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjöstedt-H, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Psychedelic Press, Falmouth, UK,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjstedth-noumenauticsmetaphysicsmetaethicspsychedelics-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjstedth-noumenauticsmetaphysicsmetaethicspsychedelics-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{sjostedt-h_noumenautics_2015,\n\taddress = {Falmouth, UK},\n\ttitle = {Noumenautics: {Metaphysics} ? {Meta}-{Ethics} ? {Psychedelics}},\n\tshorttitle = {Noumenautics},\n\tpublisher = {Psychedelic Press},\n\tauthor = {Sjöstedt-H, Peter},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roberts-thepsychedelicfutureofthemindhowentheogensareenhancingcognitionboostingintelligenceandraisingvalues-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The Psychedelic Future of the Mind: How Entheogens Are Enhancing Cognition, Boosting Intelligence, and Raising Values.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roberts, T. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Simon and Schuster, January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roberts-thepsychedelicfutureofthemindhowentheogensareenhancingcognitionboostingintelligenceandraisingvalues-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roberts-thepsychedelicfutureofthemindhowentheogensareenhancingcognitionboostingintelligenceandraisingvalues-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{roberts_psychedelic_2013,\n\ttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}: {How} {Entheogens} {Are} {Enhancing} {Cognition}, {Boosting} {Intelligence}, and {Raising} {Values}},\n\tisbn = {9781594775024},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Psychedelic} {Future} of the {Mind}},\n\tabstract = {Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity  • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation  • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values  • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death  As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well--from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values.  Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity--a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness.  Our psychedelic future is on the horizon--a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit--and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tpublisher = {Simon and Schuster},\n\tauthor = {Roberts, Thomas B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {Google-Books-ID: 31ooDwAAQBAJ},\n\tkeywords = {Body, Mind \\&amp; Spirit / Entheogens \\&amp; Visionary Substances, Body, Mind \\&amp; Spirit / New Thought, Medical / Psychiatry / General},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Explores scientific and medical research on the emerging uses of psychedelics to enrich mind, morals, spirituality, and creativity • Outlines a future that embraces psychedelics as tools for cognitive development, personal growth, business, and an experience-based religious reformation • Presents research on the use of psychedelics to enhance problem-solving, increase motivation, boost the immune system, and deepen ethical values • Includes chapters by Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., and Charles Grob, M.D., on their psychedelic research on religious experience and alleviating the fear of death As psychedelic psychotherapy gains recognition through research at universities and medical establishments such as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Bellevue Hospital, the other beneficial uses of psychedelics are beginning to be recognized and researched as well–from enhancing problem-solving and increasing motivation to boosting the immune system and deepening moral and ethical values. Exploring the bright future of psychedelics, Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D., reveals how new uses for entheogens will enrich individuals as well as society as a whole. With contributions from Charles Grob, M.D., and Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., the book explains how psychedelics can raise individual and business attitudes away from self-centeredness, improve daily life with strengthened feelings of meaningfulness and spirituality, and help us understand and redesign the human mind, leading to the possibility of a neurosingularity–a time when future brains surpass our current ones. Roberts envisions a future where you will seek psychedelic therapy not only for psychological reasons but also for personal growth, creative problem solving, improved brain function, and heightened spiritual awareness. Our psychedelic future is on the horizon–a future that harnesses the full potential of mind and spirit–and Thomas Roberts outlines a path to reach it.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2012\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2012</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article', event);\">\n    Is it Really All about the Money? Reconsidering Non-Financial Interests in Medical Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Saver, R. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics</i>, 40(3): 467–481.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is it Really All about the Money? Reconsidering Non-Financial Interests in Medical Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('saver-isitreallyallaboutthemoneyreconsideringnonfinancialinterestsinmedicalresearch-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{saver_is_2012,\n\ttitle = {Is it {Really} {All} about the {Money}? {Reconsidering} {Non}-{Financial} {Interests} in {Medical} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tcopyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms},\n\tissn = {1073-1105, 1748-720X},\n\tshorttitle = {Is it {Really} {All} about the {Money}?},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016508/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x},\n\tabstract = {Conflicts of interest have been reduced to financial conflicts. The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new rules for managing conflicts of interest in medical research, the first major change to the regulations in over 15 years, address only financial ties. Although several commentators urged that the regulations also cover non-financial interests, the Department of Health and Human Services declined to do so. Similarly, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) influential 2009 Conflict of Interest Report focuses almost exclusively on financial conflicts. Institutional policies at academic medical centers and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals also primarily emphasize financial ties. Even broadly worded rules are applied more readily to financial ties than non-financial interests, such as the regulations that restrict institutional review board (IRB) members with conflicting interests from participating in protocol reviews.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2025-02-02},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Law, Medicine \\&amp; Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Saver, Richard S.},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {467--481},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Conflicts of interest have been reduced to financial conflicts. The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new rules for managing conflicts of interest in medical research, the first major change to the regulations in over 15 years, address only financial ties. Although several commentators urged that the regulations also cover non-financial interests, the Department of Health and Human Services declined to do so. Similarly, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) influential 2009 Conflict of Interest Report focuses almost exclusively on financial conflicts. Institutional policies at academic medical centers and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals also primarily emphasize financial ties. Even broadly worded rules are applied more readily to financial ties than non-financial interests, such as the regulations that restrict institutional review board (IRB) members with conflicting interests from participating in protocol reviews.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3', event);\">\n    Enhancement, Autonomy, and Authenticity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Juth, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Savulescu, J.; Meulen, R. T.;  and Kahane, G., editor(s), <i>Enhancing Human Capacities</i>, pages 34–48. Wiley, 1 edition, March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Enhancement, Autonomy, and Authenticity [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('juth-enhancementautonomyandauthenticity-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{savulescu_enhancement_2011,\n\tedition = {1},\n\ttitle = {Enhancement, {Autonomy}, and {Authenticity}},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley},\n\tauthor = {Juth, Niklas},\n\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch3},\n\tpages = {34--48},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21', event);\">\n    Physical Enhancement: What Baseline, Whose Judgment?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Holm, S.;  and McNamee, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Savulescu, J.; Meulen, R. T.;  and Kahane, G., editor(s), <i>Enhancing Human Capacities</i>, pages 291–303. Wiley, 1 edition, March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Physical Enhancement: What Baseline, Whose Judgment? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('holm-mcnamee-physicalenhancementwhatbaselinewhosejudgment-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,\n\tedition = {1},\n\ttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}: {What} {Baseline}, {Whose} {Judgment}?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\n\tshorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley},\n\tauthor = {Holm, Søren and McNamee, Mike},\n\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch21},\n\tpages = {291--303},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19', event);\">\n    Physical Enhancement: The State of the Art.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miah, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Savulescu, J.; Meulen, R. T.;  and Kahane, G., editor(s), <i>Enhancing Human Capacities</i>, pages 266–273. Wiley, 1 edition, March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Physical Enhancement: The State of the Art [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('miah-physicalenhancementthestateoftheart-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{savulescu_physical_2011,\n\tedition = {1},\n\ttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}: {The} {State} of the {Art}},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4051-9581-2 978-1-4443-9355-2},\n\tshorttitle = {Physical {Enhancement}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-07-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Enhancing {Human} {Capacities}},\n\tpublisher = {Wiley},\n\tauthor = {Miah, Andy},\n\teditor = {Savulescu, Julian and Meulen, Ruud Ter and Kahane, Guy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/9781444393552.ch19},\n\tpages = {266--273},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2009\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2009</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mackenzie-reframingthegooddeathenhancingchoiceindyingneuroscienceendofliferesearchandthepotentialofpsychedelicsinpalliativecare-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Reframing the Good Death: Enhancing Choice in Dying, Neuroscience, End-of-Life Research and the Potential of Psychedelics in Palliative Care.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mackenzie, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Law, Mind and Brain</i>. Routledge,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mackenzie-reframingthegooddeathenhancingchoiceindyingneuroscienceendofliferesearchandthepotentialofpsychedelicsinpalliativecare-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mackenzie-reframingthegooddeathenhancingchoiceindyingneuroscienceendofliferesearchandthepotentialofpsychedelicsinpalliativecare-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{mackenzie_reframing_2009,\n\ttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}: {Enhancing} {Choice} in {Dying}, {Neuroscience}, {End}-of-{Life} {Research} and the {Potential} of {Psychedelics} in {Palliative} {Care}},\n\tisbn = {9781315591636},\n\tshorttitle = {Reframing the {Good} {Death}},\n\tabstract = {This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician&#x27;s obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one&#x27;s dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.},\n\tbooktitle = {Law, {Mind} and {Brain}},\n\tpublisher = {Routledge},\n\tauthor = {Mackenzie, Robin},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This chapter describes that ethical and legal justification may be found within aspects of palliative care, the clinician's obligation of beneficence and many spiritual practices. It suggests that the debate over how far it might be seen as ethically and legally permissible to request hastened death as part of medical treatment has artificially restricted perceived possibilities. The chapter also describes that developments in neuroscience demonstrate the potential to enhance choice in dying through the option of enhancing the dying process. It focuses on the potential of psychedelics to enhance one's dying through enhancing their ability to find meaning in their lives. The chapter considers the legal and ethical factors associated with end-of-life research upon human subjects, describing that this may be justified within appropriate safeguards. It explores the potential of neuroscience to ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with such endeavours as a preliminary to demonstrating how enhanced choice in the experience of dying might be afforded.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597', event);\">\n    Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sessa, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Psychopharmacology</i>, 22(8): 821–827. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108091597\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108091597', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sessa-isittimetorevisittheroleofpsychedelicdrugsinenhancinghumancreativity-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sessa_is_2008,\n\ttitle = {Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108091597},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0269881108091597},\n\tabstract = {Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today&#x27;s current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Sessa, B.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {821--827},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human creativity is difficult to define and measure, but it is undoubtedly an important cognitive process. This makes it an interesting challenge for modern neuroscientific exploration — especially given the current interest in developing cognitive enhancers for commercial and clinical uses. There are similarities between the typical traits of creative people and the subjective psychological characteristics of the psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug experience. This phenomenon was studied in a number of small trials and case studies in the 1960s. Results were inconclusive, and the quality of these studies — by modern research standards — was merely anecdotal. Nevertheless, with today's current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1988\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1988')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1988')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1988</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207', event);\">\n    Evolving Ethics in Psychedelic Drug Taking.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, E. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Drug Issues</i>, 18(2): 201–214. April 1988.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evolving Ethics in Psychedelic Drug Taking [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800207\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800207', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-evolvingethicsinpsychedelicdrugtaking-1988')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_evolving_1988,\n\ttitle = {Evolving {Ethics} in {Psychedelic} {Drug} {Taking}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {0022-0426, 1945-1369},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800207},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/002204268801800207},\n\tabstract = {Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Drug Issues},\n\tauthor = {Smith, Elvin D.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1988},\n\tpages = {201--214},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_undefined\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_undefined')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_undefined')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>undefined</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533', event);\">\n    Ethical Aspects of Psychedelic-Assisted Treatments: An Overview.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Poppe, C.;  and Repantis, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In pages 1–16. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ethical Aspects of Psychedelic-Assisted Treatments: An Overview [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poppe-repantis-ethicalaspectsofpsychedelicassistedtreatmentsanoverview')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{poppe_ethical_nodate,\n\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\n\ttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}: {An} {Overview}},\n\tshorttitle = {Ethical {Aspects} of {Psychedelic}-{Assisted} {Treatments}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_533},\n\tabstract = {In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-11-12},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Poppe, Christopher and Repantis, Dimitris},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/7854_2024_533},\n\tpages = {1--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical aspects of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the areas of clinical ethics, research ethics, and at the intersection of psychedelic medicine and society. In contrast to earlier psychedelic research, nowadays medical ethics have been firmly established as a discipline regulating patient-physician relationships which highlight the importance of autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in clinical ethics. During and after altered states of consciousness, autonomy is particularly important as participants are in a vulnerable state. In this vulnerable state, both touch and suggestibility are central ethical concerns. In turn, the debate surrounding hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic psychedelic substances discusses the importance of altered states of consciousness in general. Of further concern are exceptional training requirements and competencies of psychedelic therapists, as well as the particular context of end-of-life care. Lastly, this section discusses how ethical integrity in clinical treatments can be supported through institutions. In research ethics, inclusivity, research equipoise, and expectation management are key issues in the participation and trials, while open question for the posttrial access to care after psychedelic trials remain. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of equitable access to psychedelic medicine. Furthermore, justice for indigenous communities using psychedelics and the impact of legalization and medicalization of psychedelic substances are pressing ethical concerns amidst the “psychedelic renaissance.”\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-mailkatherinecheungoutlook\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-mailkatherinecheungoutlook', 'https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D', event);\">\n    Mail - Katherine Cheung - Outlook.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-mailkatherinecheungoutlook', 'https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mail - Katherine Cheung - Outlook [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-mailkatherinecheungoutlook\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-mailkatherinecheungoutlook')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_mail_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Mail - {Katherine} {Cheung} - {Outlook}},\n\turl = {https://outlook.office.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkAGJkYTM0NTE3LTNiMjQtNDlhOC05ZDg0LTJmZDIxMjgyZTE0ZgAQALdnMfS7sp9Eh9d%2FU3k33sw%3D},\n\turldate = {2025-01-16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-fullarticleethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-fullarticleethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract', event);\">\n    Full article: Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-fullarticleethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Full article: Ethical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-fullarticleethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-fullarticleethicalconsiderationsregardingpsychedelicsforclinicalpainresearch')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_full_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Full article: {Ethical} {Considerations} {Regarding} {Psychedelics} for {Clinical} {Pain} {Research}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/JPR.S491470#abstract},\n\turldate = {2024-12-20},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-problemset1\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-problemset1', 'https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook', event);\">\n    Problem Set 1.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-problemset1', 'https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Problem Set 1 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-problemset1\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-problemset1')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_problem_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Problem {Set} 1},\n\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1BhEU09o9YwS0LITNfEgVcjUxVCJGsZlbQGzItApK2lY/edit?usp=embed_facebook},\n\tlanguage = {en-GB},\n\turldate = {2024-09-03},\n\tjournal = {Google Docs},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-fromacidrevolutiontoentheogenicevolutionpsychedelicphilosophyinthesixtiesandbeyondproquest\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=29587\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-fromacidrevolutiontoentheogenicevolutionpsychedelicphilosophyinthesixtiesandbeyondproquest', 'https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=29587', event);\">\n    From Acid Revolution to Entheogenic Evolution: Psychedelic Philosophy in the Sixties and Beyond - ProQuest.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=29587\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-fromacidrevolutiontoentheogenicevolutionpsychedelicphilosophyinthesixtiesandbeyondproquest', 'https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=29587', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From Acid Revolution to Entheogenic Evolution: Psychedelic Philosophy in the Sixties and Beyond - ProQuest [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-fromacidrevolutiontoentheogenicevolutionpsychedelicphilosophyinthesixtiesandbeyondproquest\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-fromacidrevolutiontoentheogenicevolutionpsychedelicphilosophyinthesixtiesandbeyondproquest')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_acid_nodate,\n\ttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}: {Psychedelic} {Philosophy} in the {Sixties} and {Beyond} - {ProQuest}},\n\tshorttitle = {From {Acid} {Revolution} to {Entheogenic} {Evolution}},\n\turl = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/723a90acff70a98283e6acf0152aa7b6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=29587},\n\tabstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},\n\tlanguage = {fr},\n\turldate = {2024-01-19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; 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