var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/JonathanBoi/5331094\",\"folding\":\"1\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"nochache\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dispersion of artificial tracers in ventilated caves\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0392-6672, 1827-806X\",\"url\":\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6\",\"doi\":\"10.5038/1827-806X.53.1.2497\",\"abstract\":\"Artificial CO2 was used as a tracer along ventilated karst conduits to infer airflow and investigate tracer dispersion. In the karst vadose zone, cave ventilation is an efficient mode of transport for heat, gases and aerosols and thus drives the spatial distribution of airborne particles. Modelling this airborne transport requires geometrical and physical parameters of the conduit system, including the cross-sectional areas, the airflow and average air speed, as well as the longitudinal dispersion coefficient which describes the spreading of a solute. Four gauging tests were carried out in one mine (artificial conduit) and two ventilated caves (natural conduits). In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to gain reliable airflow rates and geometric information of ventilated karst conduits using CO2 as a tracer. Airflow was gauged along two caves and one mine and compared with punctual measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Cross-sectional areas estimated with CO2 tests were compared with those measured in situ. Moreover, breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis displayed an accentuated tailing along the investigated natural conduits due to the presence of dispersive singularities which possibly enable aerosol deposition. The long tailing observed in Milandre and Longeaigue Caves is probably due to cross-section variations. A 1-D advection-dispersion model tested for these sites was unable to fit BTC tailing in natural conduits. In Baulmes artificial conduit, where long tailing is not observed, the dispersion coefficient has been estimated using Chatwin’s method, and compared with the prediction of Taylor’s theory. Despite the regular geometry of Baulmes Mine, Taylor’s correlation significantly underestimates the dispersion coefficient deduced from field data, showing the need for more theoretical work on turbulent dispersion in mines. This paper gives a first insight into air motion and matter dispersion along ventilated karst conduits, preparing for proper aerosol dispersion modelling.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-04-12\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Speleology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pastore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doumenc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frédéric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre-Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"51–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pastore_dispersion_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Dispersion of artificial tracers in ventilated caves},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0392-6672, 1827-806X},\\n\\turl = {https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5038/1827-806X.53.1.2497},\\n\\tabstract = {Artificial CO2 was used as a tracer along ventilated karst conduits to infer airflow and investigate tracer dispersion. In the karst vadose zone, cave ventilation is an efficient mode of transport for heat, gases and aerosols and thus drives the spatial distribution of airborne particles. Modelling this airborne transport requires geometrical and physical parameters of the conduit system, including the cross-sectional areas, the airflow and average air speed, as well as the longitudinal dispersion coefficient which describes the spreading of a solute. Four gauging tests were carried out in one mine (artificial conduit) and two ventilated caves (natural conduits). In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to gain reliable airflow rates and geometric information of ventilated karst conduits using CO2 as a tracer. Airflow was gauged along two caves and one mine and compared with punctual measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Cross-sectional areas estimated with CO2 tests were compared with those measured in situ. Moreover, breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis displayed an accentuated tailing along the investigated natural conduits due to the presence of dispersive singularities which possibly enable aerosol deposition. The long tailing observed in Milandre and Longeaigue Caves is probably due to cross-section variations. A 1-D advection-dispersion model tested for these sites was unable to fit BTC tailing in natural conduits. In Baulmes artificial conduit, where long tailing is not observed, the dispersion coefficient has been estimated using Chatwin’s method, and compared with the prediction of Taylor’s theory. Despite the regular geometry of Baulmes Mine, Taylor’s correlation significantly underestimates the dispersion coefficient deduced from field data, showing the need for more theoretical work on turbulent dispersion in mines. This paper gives a first insight into air motion and matter dispersion along ventilated karst conduits, preparing for proper aerosol dispersion modelling.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-04-12},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Speleology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pastore, Claudio and Weber, Eric and Doumenc, Frédéric and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Luetscher, Marc},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {51--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pastore, C.\",\"Weber, E.\",\"Doumenc, F.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Luetscher, M.\"],\"key\":\"pastore_dispersion_2024\",\"id\":\"pastore_dispersion_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Multi-scale hydrostructural approach for karst environment. Application to the Arcier hydrosystem (eastern France)\",\"volume\":\"184\",\"issn\":\"01918141\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105154\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-06\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Structural Geology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klaba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Celle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trap\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choulet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smeraglia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"105154\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{klaba_multi-scale_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Multi-scale hydrostructural approach for karst environment. {Application} to the {Arcier} hydrosystem (eastern {France})},\\n\\tvolume = {184},\\n\\tissn = {01918141},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105154},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-06},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Structural Geology},\\n\\tauthor = {Klaba, V. and Celle, H. and Trap, P. and Choulet, F. and Smeraglia, L. and Malard, A. and Carry, N.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {105154},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klaba, V.\",\"Celle, H.\",\"Trap, P.\",\"Choulet, F.\",\"Smeraglia, L.\",\"Malard, A.\",\"Carry, N.\"],\"key\":\"klaba_multi-scale_2024\",\"id\":\"klaba_multi-scale_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The role of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation for millennial-scale climate variability during the penultimate glacial\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"2662-4435\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s43247-023-00908-0\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Previous glacial intervals were punctuated by abrupt climate transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) conditions. Many mechanisms leading to stadial-interstadial variability have been hypothesized with ice volume being a commonly involved element. Here, we test to which extent insolation modulated stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred during the penultimate glacial. We present a replicated and precisely dated speleothem record covering the period between 200 and 130 ka before present from caves located in the European Alps known to be sensitive to millennial-scale variability. We show that the widely proposed relationship between sea level change and stadial-interstadial variability was additionally modulated by solar insolation during this time interval. We find that interstadials occurred preferentially near maxima of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, even when sea level remained close to its minimum during peak glacial periods. We confirm these observations with model simulations that accurately reproduce the frequency and duration of interstadials for given sea-level and insolation forcing. Our results imply that summer insolation played an important role in modulating the occurrence of stadial-interstadial oscillations and highlight the relevance of insolation in triggering abrupt climate changes.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-06-06\",\"journal\":\"Communications Earth & Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fohlmeister\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jens\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schröder-Ritzrau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schröder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Birgit\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eichstädter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"René\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trüssel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skiba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vanessa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niklas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"245\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fohlmeister_role_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {The role of {Northern} {Hemisphere} summer insolation for millennial-scale climate variability during the penultimate glacial},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {2662-4435},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00908-0},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            Previous glacial intervals were punctuated by abrupt climate transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) conditions. Many mechanisms leading to stadial-interstadial variability have been hypothesized with ice volume being a commonly involved element. Here, we test to which extent insolation modulated stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred during the penultimate glacial. We present a replicated and precisely dated speleothem record covering the period between 200 and 130 ka before present from caves located in the European Alps known to be sensitive to millennial-scale variability. We show that the widely proposed relationship between sea level change and stadial-interstadial variability was additionally modulated by solar insolation during this time interval. We find that interstadials occurred preferentially near maxima of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, even when sea level remained close to its minimum during peak glacial periods. We confirm these observations with model simulations that accurately reproduce the frequency and duration of interstadials for given sea-level and insolation forcing. Our results imply that summer insolation played an important role in modulating the occurrence of stadial-interstadial oscillations and highlight the relevance of insolation in triggering abrupt climate changes.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-06-06},\\n\\tjournal = {Communications Earth \\\\& Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fohlmeister, Jens and Luetscher, Marc and Spötl, Christoph and Schröder-Ritzrau, Andrea and Schröder, Birgit and Frank, Norbert and Eichstädter, René and Trüssel, Martin and Skiba, Vanessa and Boers, Niklas},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {245},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fohlmeister, J.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Spötl, C.\",\"Schröder-Ritzrau, A.\",\"Schröder, B.\",\"Frank, N.\",\"Eichstädter, R.\",\"Trüssel, M.\",\"Skiba, V.\",\"Boers, N.\"],\"key\":\"fohlmeister_role_2023\",\"id\":\"fohlmeister_role_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modeling Heat Transfer for Assessing the Convection Length in Ventilated Caves\",\"volume\":\"129\",\"issn\":\"2169-9003, 2169-9011\",\"url\":\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646\",\"doi\":\"10.1029/2024JF007646\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The present study focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. We use a numerical model that couples the convective heat transfer due to the airflow in a single karst conduit with the conductive heat transfer in the rock mass. Assuming dry air and a simplified geometry, we investigate the propagation of thermal perturbations inside the karst massif. We perform a parametric study to identify general trends regarding the effect of the air flowrate and conduit size on the amplitude and spatial extent of thermal perturbations. Numerical results support the partition of a cave into three regions: (a) a short (few meters) diffusive region, where heat mainly propagates from the external atmosphere by conduction in the rock mass; (b) a convective region where heat is mainly transported by the air flow; (c) a deep karst region characterized by quasi‐constant temperatures throughout the year. Numerical simulations show that the length of the convective region is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the flowrate annual fluctuations divided by the square root of the cave radius. This result is tested against field data from a mine tunnel and two caves. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies. , Plain Language Summary Karsts are landscapes formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks. The chemical erosion due to rainwater results in the formation of an extensive network of caves traversed by air and water flows. Understanding heat transfer in karst is a key issue in many fields, as diverse as study of underground biota or paleoclimate reconstruction. The present work focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. In winter, the air inside the massif is hotter (and thus lighter) than the air outside. This situation results in an upward airflow as in a chimney. The airflow is reversed in summer (colder and thus heavier air inside the massif). Assuming a simplified geometry, we investigate by numerical simulations the propagation of thermal perturbations inside a single ventilated conduit. The results of the numerical simulations are tested against field data from a mine and two caves. We show that in ventilated caves, the airflow can propagate the annual temperature fluctuations over distances from the entrance ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of meters. In extreme cases, it could go up to kilometers. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies. , Key Points A numerical model was developed to investigate heat transfer inside ventilated caves driven by chimney effect The airflow can propagate annual temperature fluctuations over a few tens to a few hundreds of meters from the cave entrance (over kilometers in extreme cases) The distance of propagation (the convection length) is approximately proportional to the airflow rate and inversely proportional to the square root of the cave diameter\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2024-05-30\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sedaghatkish\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amir\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pastore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doumenc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frédéric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre‐Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"e2024JF007646\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sedaghatkish_modeling_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Modeling {Heat} {Transfer} for {Assessing} the {Convection} {Length} in {Ventilated} {Caves}},\\n\\tvolume = {129},\\n\\tissn = {2169-9003, 2169-9011},\\n\\turl = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1029/2024JF007646},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            The present study focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. We use a numerical model that couples the convective heat transfer due to the airflow in a single karst conduit with the conductive heat transfer in the rock mass. Assuming dry air and a simplified geometry, we investigate the propagation of thermal perturbations inside the karst massif. We perform a parametric study to identify general trends regarding the effect of the air flowrate and conduit size on the amplitude and spatial extent of thermal perturbations. Numerical results support the partition of a cave into three regions: (a) a short (few meters) diffusive region, where heat mainly propagates from the external atmosphere by conduction in the rock mass; (b) a convective region where heat is mainly transported by the air flow; (c) a deep karst region characterized by quasi‐constant temperatures throughout the year. Numerical simulations show that the length of the convective region is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the flowrate annual fluctuations divided by the square root of the cave radius. This result is tested against field data from a mine tunnel and two caves. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies.\\n          , \\n            Plain Language Summary\\n            Karsts are landscapes formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks. The chemical erosion due to rainwater results in the formation of an extensive network of caves traversed by air and water flows. Understanding heat transfer in karst is a key issue in many fields, as diverse as study of underground biota or paleoclimate reconstruction. The present work focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. In winter, the air inside the massif is hotter (and thus lighter) than the air outside. This situation results in an upward airflow as in a chimney. The airflow is reversed in summer (colder and thus heavier air inside the massif). Assuming a simplified geometry, we investigate by numerical simulations the propagation of thermal perturbations inside a single ventilated conduit. The results of the numerical simulations are tested against field data from a mine and two caves. We show that in ventilated caves, the airflow can propagate the annual temperature fluctuations over distances from the entrance ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of meters. In extreme cases, it could go up to kilometers. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies.\\n          , \\n            Key Points\\n            \\n              \\n                \\n                  A numerical model was developed to investigate heat transfer inside ventilated caves driven by chimney effect\\n                \\n                \\n                  The airflow can propagate annual temperature fluctuations over a few tens to a few hundreds of meters from the cave entrance (over kilometers in extreme cases)\\n                \\n                \\n                  The distance of propagation (the convection length) is approximately proportional to the airflow rate and inversely proportional to the square root of the cave diameter},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2024-05-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface},\\n\\tauthor = {Sedaghatkish, Amir and Pastore, Claudio and Doumenc, Frédéric and Jeannin, Pierre‐Yves and Luetscher, Marc},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {e2024JF007646},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sedaghatkish, A.\",\"Pastore, C.\",\"Doumenc, F.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Luetscher, M.\"],\"key\":\"sedaghatkish_modeling_2024\",\"id\":\"sedaghatkish_modeling_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Speleothems in subglacial caves: An emerging archive of glacial climate history and mountain glacier dynamics\",\"volume\":\"333\",\"issn\":\"02773791\",\"shorttitle\":\"Speleothems in subglacial caves\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108684\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-05-07\",\"journal\":\"Quaternary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skiba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vanessa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Honiat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fohlmeister\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jens\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trüssel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"108684\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{spotl_speleothems_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Speleothems in subglacial caves: {An} emerging archive of glacial climate history and mountain glacier dynamics},\\n\\tvolume = {333},\\n\\tissn = {02773791},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Speleothems in subglacial caves},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108684},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Spötl, Christoph and Baker, Jonathan L. and Skiba, Vanessa and Honiat, Alexandre and Fohlmeister, Jens and Luetscher, Marc and Trüssel, Martin},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {108684},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Spötl, C.\",\"Baker, J. L.\",\"Skiba, V.\",\"Honiat, A.\",\"Fohlmeister, J.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Trüssel, M.\"],\"key\":\"spotl_speleothems_2024\",\"id\":\"spotl_speleothems_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hydraulics and Turbidity Generation in the Milandre Cave (Switzerland)\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0043-1397, 1944-7973\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550\",\"doi\":\"10.1029/2020WR029550\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2021-10-08\",\"journal\":\"Water Resources Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vuilleumier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cécile\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre‐Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hessenauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perrochet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vuilleumier_hydraulics_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Hydraulics and {Turbidity} {Generation} in the {Milandre} {Cave} ({Switzerland})},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0043-1397, 1944-7973},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1029/2020WR029550},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2021-10-08},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Resources Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Vuilleumier, Cécile and Jeannin, Pierre‐Yves and Hessenauer, Marc and Perrochet, Pierre},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vuilleumier, C.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Hessenauer, M.\",\"Perrochet, P.\"],\"key\":\"vuilleumier_hydraulics_2021\",\"id\":\"vuilleumier_hydraulics_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Reconstruction of Alpine Cenozoic paleorelief through the analysis of caves at Siebenhengste (BE, Switzerland)\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Geodinamica Acta\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ph.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.-Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Monbaron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lauritzen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"note\":\"Type: Journal Article\",\"pages\":\"261–276\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hauselmann_reconstruction_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Reconstruction of {Alpine} {Cenozoic} paleorelief through the analysis of caves at {Siebenhengste} ({BE}, {Switzerland})},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Geodinamica Acta},\\n\\tauthor = {Häuselmann, Ph. and Jeannin, P.-Y. and Monbaron, M. and Lauritzen, S.E.},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tnote = {Type: Journal Article},\\n\\tpages = {261--276},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Häuselmann, P.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Monbaron, M.\",\"Lauritzen, S.\"],\"key\":\"hauselmann_reconstruction_2002\",\"id\":\"hauselmann_reconstruction_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-lauritzen-reconstructionofalpinecenozoicpaleoreliefthroughtheanalysisofcavesatsiebenhengstebeswitzerland-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Role of epiphreatic flow and soutirages in conduit morphogenesis: the Bärenschacht example (BE, Switzerland)\",\"volume\":\"47(2)\",\"journal\":\"Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Monbaron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Spéléogénèse, tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Berne, Siebenhengste, Suisse\",\"pages\":\"171–190\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Haeuselmann2003b,\\n\\ttitle = {Role of epiphreatic flow and soutirages in conduit morphogenesis: the {Bärenschacht} example ({BE}, {Switzerland})},\\n\\tvolume = {47(2)},\\n\\tjournal = {Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF},\\n\\tauthor = {Häuselmann, P and Jeannin, P Y and Monbaron, M},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: PNR61\\ntex.thematique: Spéléogénèse,\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Berne, Siebenhengste, Suisse},\\n\\tpages = {171--190},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Häuselmann, P\",\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Monbaron, M\"],\"key\":\"Haeuselmann2003b\",\"id\":\"Haeuselmann2003b\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-roleofepiphreaticflowandsoutiragesinconduitmorphogenesisthebrenschachtexamplebeswitzerland-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Berne\",\"Siebenhengste\",\"Suisse\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"abstract\":\"A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain-out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air ( 0.5 C 100 m)1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations\",\"journal\":\"Terra Nova\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"note\":\"tex.lecteurs: Sabrina, LT tex.projets_isska: PNR61; KARSYS$_{\\\\textrm{D}}$avos tex.thematique: Géologie, Géothermie tex.utilisateur_primaire: AH\",\"keywords\":\"Karst, Simplon, Suisse, Valais, flux de chaleur, géothermie, température, échange d'énergie\",\"pages\":\"344–350\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Luetscher_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tabstract = {A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain-out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air ( 0.5  C 100 m)1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations},\\n\\tjournal = {Terra Nova},\\n\\tauthor = {Luetscher, M. and Jeannin, P. Y.},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: Sabrina, LT\\ntex.projets\\\\_isska: PNR61; KARSYS$_{\\\\textrm{D}}$avos\\ntex.thematique: Géologie, Géothermie\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AH},\\n\\tkeywords = {Karst, Simplon, Suisse, Valais, flux de chaleur, géothermie, température, échange d'énergie},\\n\\tpages = {344--350},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Jeannin, P. Y.\"],\"key\":\"Luetscher_2004\",\"id\":\"Luetscher_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luetscher-jeannin-temperaturedistributioninkarstsystemstheroleofairandwaterfluxes-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Karst\",\"Simplon\",\"Suisse\",\"Valais\",\"flux de chaleur\",\"géothermie\",\"température\",\"échange d'énergie\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis\",\"volume\":\"303\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Hydrology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kovács\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Attila\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perrochet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Király\"],\"firstnames\":[\"László\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.-Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Kovacs2005,\\n\\ttitle = {A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis},\\n\\tvolume = {303},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Hydrology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kovács, Attila and Perrochet, Pierre and Király, László and Jeannin, P.-Y},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kovács, A.\",\"Perrochet, P.\",\"Király, L.\",\"Jeannin, P.\"],\"key\":\"Kovacs2005\",\"id\":\"Kovacs2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kovcs-perrochet-kirly-jeannin-aquantitativemethodforthecharacterisationofkarstaquifersbasedonspringhydrographanalysis-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The role of tributary mixing in chemical variations at a karst spring, Milandre, Switzerland\",\"volume\":\"332\",\"abstract\":\"Solute concentration variations during flood events were investigated in a karst aquifer of the Swiss Jura. Observations were made at the spring, and at the three main subterraneous tributaries feeding the spring. A simple transient flow and transport numerical model was able to reproduce chemographs and hydrographs observed at the spring, as a result of a mixing of the concentration and discharge of the respective tributaries. Sensitivity analysis carried out with the model showed that it is possible to produce chemical variations at the spring even if all tributaries have constant (but different for each of them) solute concentrations. This process is called tributary mixing. The good match between observed and modelled curves indicate that, in the phreatic zone, tributary mixing is probably an important process that shapes spring chemographs. Chemical reactions and other mixing components (e.g. from low permeability volumes) have a limited influence. Dissolution-related (calcium, bicarbonate, specific conductance) and pollution-related parameters (nitrate, chloride, potassium) displayed slightly different behaviours: during moderate flood events, the former showed limited variations compared to the latter. During large flood events, both presented chemographs with significant changes. No significant event water participates in moderate flood events and tributary mixing will be the major process shaping chemographs. Variations are greater for parameters with higher spatial variability (e.g. pollution-related). Whereas for large flood events, the contribution of event water becomes significant and influences the chemographs of all the parameters. As a result, spring water vulnerability to an accidental pollution is low during moderate flood events and under base flow conditions. It strongly increases during large flood events, because event water contributes to the spring discharge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Hydrology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perrin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cornaton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"note\":\"tex.lecteurs: LT tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie tex.utilisateur_primaire: AH\",\"keywords\":\"Jura, Milandre, Suisse, chemographe des sources, chimie des eaux souterraines, modélisation numérique, mélange, transport de solution\",\"pages\":\"158–173\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Perrin2007,\\n\\ttitle = {The role of tributary mixing in chemical variations at a karst spring, {Milandre}, {Switzerland}},\\n\\tvolume = {332},\\n\\tabstract = {Solute concentration variations during flood events were investigated in a karst aquifer of the Swiss Jura. Observations were made at the spring, and at the three main subterraneous tributaries feeding the spring. A simple transient flow and transport numerical model was able to reproduce chemographs and hydrographs observed at the spring, as a result of a mixing of the concentration and discharge of the respective tributaries. Sensitivity analysis carried out with the model showed that it is possible to produce chemical variations at the spring even if all tributaries have constant (but different for each of them) solute concentrations. This process is called tributary mixing. The good match between observed and modelled curves indicate that, in the phreatic zone, tributary mixing is probably an important process that shapes spring chemographs. Chemical reactions and other mixing components (e.g. from low permeability volumes) have a limited influence. Dissolution-related (calcium, bicarbonate, specific conductance) and pollution-related parameters (nitrate, chloride, potassium) displayed slightly different behaviours: during moderate flood events, the former showed limited variations compared to the latter. During large flood events, both presented chemographs with significant changes. No significant event water participates in moderate flood events and tributary mixing will be the major process shaping chemographs. Variations are greater for parameters with higher spatial variability (e.g. pollution-related). Whereas for large flood events, the contribution of event water becomes significant and influences the chemographs of all the parameters. As a result, spring water vulnerability to an accidental pollution is low during moderate flood events and under base flow conditions. It strongly increases during large flood events, because event water contributes to the spring discharge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Hydrology},\\n\\tauthor = {Perrin, J and Jeannin, P Y and Cornaton, F},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: LT\\ntex.projets\\\\_isska: PNR61\\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AH},\\n\\tkeywords = {Jura, Milandre, Suisse, chemographe des sources, chimie des eaux souterraines, modélisation numérique, mélange, transport de solution},\\n\\tpages = {158--173},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Perrin, J\",\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Cornaton, F\"],\"key\":\"Perrin2007\",\"id\":\"Perrin2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"perrin-jeannin-cornaton-theroleoftributarymixinginchemicalvariationsatakarstspringmilandreswitzerland-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Jura\",\"Milandre\",\"Suisse\",\"chemographe des sources\",\"chimie des eaux souterraines\",\"modélisation numérique\",\"mélange\",\"transport de solution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cave genesis in the Alps between the Miocene and today: a review\",\"volume\":\"50(2)\",\"journal\":\"Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Audra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrovsek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hobléa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kunaver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Monbaron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sustersic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tognini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trimmel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wildberger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Spéléogénèse, tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Alpes, Europe, Suisse, aquifère\",\"pages\":\"153–176\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Audra_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Cave genesis in the {Alps} between the {Miocene} and today: a review},\\n\\tvolume = {50(2)},\\n\\tjournal = {Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF},\\n\\tauthor = {Audra, P and Bini, A and Gabrovsek, F and Häuselmann, P and Hobléa, F and Jeannin, P Y and Kunaver, J and Monbaron, M and Sustersic, F and Tognini, P and Trimmel, H and Wildberger, A},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: PNR61\\ntex.thematique: Spéléogénèse,\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alpes, Europe, Suisse, aquifère},\\n\\tpages = {153--176},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Audra, P\",\"Bini, A\",\"Gabrovsek, F\",\"Häuselmann, P\",\"Hobléa, F\",\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Kunaver, J\",\"Monbaron, M\",\"Sustersic, F\",\"Tognini, P\",\"Trimmel, H\",\"Wildberger, A\"],\"key\":\"Audra_2006\",\"id\":\"Audra_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"audra-bini-gabrovsek-huselmann-hobla-jeannin-kunaver-monbaron-etal-cavegenesisinthealpsbetweenthemioceneandtodayareview-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Alpes\",\"Europe\",\"Suisse\",\"aquifère\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 Ma dated from cave deposits in Switzerland\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"abstract\":\"Glacial erosion dramatically alters mountain landscapes, but the pace at which glaciers carve a previously fluvial landscape remains poorly defined because long-term valley incision rates are difficult to measure. Here we reconstruct the lowering history of the Aare Valley, Switzerland, over the past 4 m.y. by dating cave sediments with cosmogenic Al-26 and Be-10. Incision accelerated from similar to 120 m/m.y. to similar to 1200 m/m.y. at 0.8-1.0 Ma, at least 1 m.y. after the onset of local glaciation. Rapid incision may have been triggered by lowering of the equilibrium line altitude at the mid-Pleistocene climate transition\",\"journal\":\"Geology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Granger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lauritzen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"note\":\"tex.lecteurs: LT tex.thematique: Géologie, Hydrogéologie tex.utilisateur_primaire: AH\",\"keywords\":\"Berne, Siebenhengste-Hohgant, Suisse, Vallée de l'Aar, Vallée glaciaire, cosmogénique, grotte, spéléogenèse, taux d'érosion glaciaire\",\"pages\":\"143–146\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Haeuselmann_2007b,\\n\\ttitle = {Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 {Ma} dated from cave deposits in {Switzerland}},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tabstract = {Glacial erosion dramatically alters mountain landscapes, but the pace at which glaciers carve a previously fluvial landscape remains poorly defined because long-term valley incision rates are difficult to measure. Here we reconstruct the lowering history of the Aare Valley, Switzerland, over the past 4 m.y. by dating cave sediments with cosmogenic Al-26 and Be-10. Incision accelerated from similar to 120 m/m.y. to similar to 1200 m/m.y. at 0.8-1.0 Ma, at least 1 m.y. after the onset of local glaciation. Rapid incision may have been triggered by lowering of the equilibrium line altitude at the mid-Pleistocene climate transition},\\n\\tjournal = {Geology},\\n\\tauthor = {Häuselmann, P and Granger, D E and Jeannin, P Y and Lauritzen, S E},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: LT\\ntex.thematique: Géologie, Hydrogéologie\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AH},\\n\\tkeywords = {Berne, Siebenhengste-Hohgant, Suisse, Vallée de l'Aar, Vallée glaciaire, cosmogénique, grotte, spéléogenèse, taux d'érosion glaciaire},\\n\\tpages = {143--146},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Häuselmann, P\",\"Granger, D E\",\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Lauritzen, S E\"],\"key\":\"Haeuselmann_2007b\",\"id\":\"Haeuselmann_2007b\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huselmann-granger-jeannin-lauritzen-abruptglacialvalleyincisionat08madatedfromcavedepositsinswitzerland-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Berne\",\"Siebenhengste-Hohgant\",\"Suisse\",\"Vallée de l'Aar\",\"Vallée glaciaire\",\"cosmogénique\",\"grotte\",\"spéléogenèse\",\"taux d'érosion glaciaire\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system: Monlesi cave, Swiss Jura Mountains\",\"volume\":\"113\",\"issn\":\"0148-0227\",\"shorttitle\":\"Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892\",\"doi\":\"10.1029/2007JF000892\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"F2\",\"urldate\":\"2022-02-18\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Geophysical Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lismonde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Baudouin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre-Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"F02025\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{luetscher_heat_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system: {Monlesi} cave, {Swiss} {Jura} {Mountains}},\\n\\tvolume = {113},\\n\\tissn = {0148-0227},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1029/2007JF000892},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {F2},\\n\\turldate = {2022-02-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Luetscher, Marc and Lismonde, Baudouin and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {F02025},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Lismonde, B.\",\"Jeannin, P.\"],\"key\":\"luetscher_heat_2008\",\"id\":\"luetscher_heat_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Surface corrosion of an Alpine karren field: recent measures at Innerbergli (Siebenhengste, Switzerland)\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Int. Journal of Speleology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ph.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"note\":\"Type: Journal Article\",\"pages\":\"107–111\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hauselmann_surface_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Surface corrosion of an {Alpine} karren field: recent measures at {Innerbergli} ({Siebenhengste}, {Switzerland})},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Int. Journal of Speleology},\\n\\tauthor = {Häuselmann, Ph.},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tnote = {Type: Journal Article},\\n\\tpages = {107--111},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Häuselmann, P.\"],\"key\":\"hauselmann_surface_2008\",\"id\":\"hauselmann_surface_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huselmann-surfacecorrosionofanalpinekarrenfieldrecentmeasuresatinnerberglisiebenhengsteswitzerland-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120-60 ka\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Clim. Past\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edwards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"1247–1259\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{boch_nalps_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{NALPS}: a precisely dated {European} climate record 120-60 ka},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Clim. Past},\\n\\tauthor = {Boch, Ronny and Cheng, Hai and Spötl, Christoph and Edwards, R.L. and Wang, X. and Häuselmann, Philipp},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {1247--1259},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Boch, R.\",\"Cheng, H.\",\"Spötl, C.\",\"Edwards, R.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Häuselmann, P.\"],\"key\":\"boch_nalps_2011\",\"id\":\"boch_nalps_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"boch-cheng-sptl-edwards-wang-huselmann-nalpsapreciselydatedeuropeanclimaterecord12060ka-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"KARSYS: a pragmatic approach to karst hydrogeological system conceptualisation. Assessment of groundwater reserves and resources in Switzerland\",\"volume\":\"69(3)\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Earth Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\",\"Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eichenberger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sinreich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vouillamoz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"ISBN: DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-1983-6 Publisher: Swiss Institut for Speleology and Karst Studies, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland tex.lecteurs: JV, LT, AM tex.projets_isska: PNR61, KARSYS$_{\\\\textrm{D}}$avos tex.thematique: Hydrogélogie, Géologie tex.utilisateur_primaire: JV\",\"keywords\":\"3D, KARSYS, Suisse, modèle conceptuel, ressources, réserves\",\"pages\":\"999–1013\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Jeannin_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {{KARSYS}: a pragmatic approach to karst hydrogeological system conceptualisation. {Assessment} of groundwater reserves and resources in {Switzerland}},\\n\\tvolume = {69(3)},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Jeannin, Pierre Yves and Eichenberger, U and Sinreich, M and Vouillamoz, J and Malard, A and Weber, E},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {ISBN: DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-1983-6\\nPublisher: Swiss Institut for Speleology and Karst Studies, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland\\ntex.lecteurs: JV, LT, AM\\ntex.projets\\\\_isska: PNR61, KARSYS$_{\\\\textrm{D}}$avos\\ntex.thematique: Hydrogélogie, Géologie\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: JV},\\n\\tkeywords = {3D, KARSYS, Suisse, modèle conceptuel, ressources, réserves},\\n\\tpages = {999--1013},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jeannin, P. Y.\",\"Eichenberger, U\",\"Sinreich, M\",\"Vouillamoz, J\",\"Malard, A\",\"Weber, E\"],\"key\":\"Jeannin_2013\",\"id\":\"Jeannin_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jeannin-eichenberger-sinreich-vouillamoz-malard-weber-karsysapragmaticapproachtokarsthydrogeologicalsystemconceptualisationassessmentofgroundwaterreservesandresourcesinswitzerland-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"3D\",\"KARSYS\",\"Suisse\",\"modèle conceptuel\",\"ressources\",\"réserves\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hydrogeological interpretation of the alpine karst massif by application of a Karsys approach (Kanin case study, Julian Alps)\",\"volume\":\"Published online in Wiley Online Library\",\"journal\":\"Hydrological Processes\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janez\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnauld\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre-Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrovšek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Franci\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petrič\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Metka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ravbar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nataša\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vouillamoz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tadej\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: SLO$_{\\\\textrm{K}}$ARSYS tex.thematique: Gestion ressource tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Boka, Bovec, Canin, Goriuda, Kanin, Moznica, Slovénie\",\"pages\":\"DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10313\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Turk_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Hydrogeological interpretation of the alpine karst massif by application of a {Karsys} approach ({Kanin} case study, {Julian} {Alps})},\\n\\tvolume = {Published online in Wiley Online Library},\\n\\tjournal = {Hydrological Processes},\\n\\tauthor = {Turk, Janez and Malard, Arnauld and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Gabrovšek, Franci and Petrič, Metka and Ravbar, Nataša and Vouillamoz, Jonathan and Slabe, Tadej},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: SLO$_{\\\\textrm{K}}$ARSYS\\ntex.thematique: Gestion ressource\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Boka, Bovec, Canin, Goriuda, Kanin, Moznica, Slovénie},\\n\\tpages = {DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10313},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Turk, J.\",\"Malard, A.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Gabrovšek, F.\",\"Petrič, M.\",\"Ravbar, N.\",\"Vouillamoz, J.\",\"Slabe, T.\"],\"key\":\"Turk_2014\",\"id\":\"Turk_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"turk-malard-jeannin-gabrovek-petri-ravbar-vouillamoz-slabe-hydrogeologicalinterpretationofthealpinekarstmassifbyapplicationofakarsysapproachkanincasestudyjulianalps-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Boka\",\"Bovec\",\"Canin\",\"Goriuda\",\"Kanin\",\"Moznica\",\"Slovénie\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model of complex volcanic islands: a Mayotte, Comoros, case study\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"abstract\":\"We present a high-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut-and-fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low-elevation basal aquifer and dyke-impounded high-level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high-resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high-resolution scale of the model. High-resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology.\",\"journal\":\"Terra Nova\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lachassagne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aunay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frissant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guilbert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Eau potable tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Bouclier, Comores, Mayotte, Paléo vallée, basalte, basaltique, volcan, île\",\"pages\":\"307–321\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Lachassagne_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {High-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model of complex volcanic islands: a {Mayotte}, {Comoros}, case study},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tabstract = {We present a high-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut-and-fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low-elevation basal aquifer and dyke-impounded high-level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high-resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high-resolution scale of the model. High-resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology.},\\n\\tjournal = {Terra Nova},\\n\\tauthor = {Lachassagne, P and Aunay, B and Frissant, N and Guilbert, M and Malard, A},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Eau potable\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bouclier, Comores, Mayotte, Paléo vallée, basalte, basaltique, volcan, île},\\n\\tpages = {307--321},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lachassagne, P\",\"Aunay, B\",\"Frissant, N\",\"Guilbert, M\",\"Malard, A\"],\"key\":\"Lachassagne_2014\",\"id\":\"Lachassagne_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lachassagne-aunay-frissant-guilbert-malard-highresolutionconceptualhydrogeologicalmodelofcomplexvolcanicislandsamayottecomoroscasestudy-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Bouclier\",\"Comores\",\"Mayotte\",\"Paléo vallée\",\"basalte\",\"basaltique\",\"volcan\",\"île\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An integrated approach for catchment delineation and conduit-network modeling in karst aquifers: application to a site in the Swiss tabular Jura\",\"volume\":\"23(7)\",\"journal\":\"Hydrogeology Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vouillamoz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, logiciel tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Ajoie, ArcGIS, Beuchire, Creugenat, Jura, Suisse, bassin alimentation, conduit, génération de réseau, script\",\"pages\":\"1341–1357\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Malard_2015a,\\n\\ttitle = {An integrated approach for catchment delineation and conduit-network modeling in karst aquifers: application to a site in the {Swiss} tabular {Jura}},\\n\\tvolume = {23(7)},\\n\\tjournal = {Hydrogeology Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Malard, A and Jeannin, P Y and Vouillamoz, J and Weber, E},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: PNR61\\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, logiciel\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ajoie, ArcGIS, Beuchire, Creugenat, Jura, Suisse, bassin alimentation, conduit, génération de réseau, script},\\n\\tpages = {1341--1357},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Malard, A\",\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Vouillamoz, J\",\"Weber, E\"],\"key\":\"Malard_2015a\",\"id\":\"Malard_2015a\",\"bibbaseid\":\"malard-jeannin-vouillamoz-weber-anintegratedapproachforcatchmentdelineationandconduitnetworkmodelinginkarstaquifersapplicationtoasiteintheswisstabularjura-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Ajoie\",\"ArcGIS\",\"Beuchire\",\"Creugenat\",\"Jura\",\"Suisse\",\"bassin alimentation\",\"conduit\",\"génération de réseau\",\"script\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling - the Brunnmühle spring system - Bernese Jura, Switzerland\",\"volume\":\"74(12)\",\"abstract\":\"Drilling a tunnel in a karst region requires the assessment of disturbances in the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers and flow-systems as well as disturbances for the tunnel itself. A complete characterization of the karst hydrogeological functioning and the establishment of prevention measures are essential in order to insure a suitable construction. The paper relates investigations which were conducted in the frame of the construction of a safety gallery (Sisto) in the bernese Jura (Switzerland). This gallery is located close to the outlet of a regional karst system and parallel to an existing highway tunnel, which met numerous disorders in the past due to the intersection of active karst conduits with a discharge reate exceeding 1 m3/s. The KarstALEA method was applied along the Sisto trace in order to identify sections with a high probability of karst occurrences and to characterize the type of karst related problems. The main issue turned out to be related to water head and discharge, which could potentially be cut by the tunnel construction. The system discharge rate may frequently exceed 10 m3/s, and most of this water could potentially flow into the tunnel. Therefore, a hydraulic model was set up in order to assess expected flow rates and heads if conduits are intersected during the construction. Based on this model and on meteorological and hydrological real-time measurements, a predictive model was established in order to anticipate high-flows events.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Earth Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rickerl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: Brunnmühle A5 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Tunnel tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Berne, Douanne, Jura, KarstALEA, Ligerz, Suisse, Twann, Twannbach\",\"pages\":\"7655–7670\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Jeannin_2015a,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling - the {Brunnmühle} spring system - {Bernese} {Jura}, {Switzerland}},\\n\\tvolume = {74(12)},\\n\\tabstract = {Drilling a tunnel in a karst region requires the assessment of disturbances in the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers and flow-systems as well as disturbances for the tunnel itself. A complete characterization of the karst hydrogeological functioning and the establishment of prevention measures are essential in order to insure a suitable construction. The paper relates investigations which were conducted in the frame of the construction of a safety gallery (Sisto) in the bernese Jura (Switzerland). This gallery is located close to the outlet of a regional karst system and parallel to an existing highway tunnel, which met numerous disorders in the past due to the intersection of active karst conduits with a discharge reate exceeding 1 m3/s. The KarstALEA method was applied along the Sisto trace in order to identify sections with a high probability of karst occurrences and to characterize the type of karst related problems. The main issue turned out to be related to water head and discharge, which could potentially be cut by the tunnel construction. The system discharge rate may frequently exceed 10 m3/s, and most of this water could potentially flow into the tunnel. Therefore, a hydraulic model was set up in order to assess expected flow rates and heads if conduits are intersected during the construction. Based on this model and on meteorological and hydrological real-time measurements, a predictive model was established in order to anticipate high-flows events.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Jeannin, P Y and Malard, A and Rickerl, D and Weber, E},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: Brunnmühle A5\\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Tunnel\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Berne, Douanne, Jura, KarstALEA, Ligerz, Suisse, Twann, Twannbach},\\n\\tpages = {7655--7670},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Malard, A\",\"Rickerl, D\",\"Weber, E\"],\"key\":\"Jeannin_2015a\",\"id\":\"Jeannin_2015a\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jeannin-malard-rickerl-weber-assessingkarsthydraulichazardsintunnelingthebrunnmhlespringsystembernesejuraswitzerland-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Berne\",\"Douanne\",\"Jura\",\"KarstALEA\",\"Ligerz\",\"Suisse\",\"Twann\",\"Twannbach\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of global change on karst groundwater mineralization in the Jura Mountains\",\"volume\":\"541\",\"abstract\":\"Chemistry of karst groundwater is related to conditions prevailing within the karst underground as well as at the land-surface within the recharge area. It is dominated by the dissolution of calcite and/or dolomite, which is strongly triggered by the presence of high pCO2 in soils at the top of the bedrock. Dissolution (water mineralization) is clearly influenced by soil pCO2, i.e. by global changes such as land-use, agriculture practices and climate change. However, the dissolution of carbonates is considered as a quite significant carbon sink for the Earth Atmosphere. Assessing the evolution of carbonate water mineralization can thus help characterizing the evolution of the carbon sink related to carbonate dissolution. The main goal of the study is to check the presence of trends with a high statistical relevance in groundwater quality data along the past 20years. Causes potentially explaining the observed trends, such as land-use, agriculture practices and global warming are analyzed and discussed. The long term evolution of parameters related to carbonate dissolution are discussed and extrapolated as they may have consequences for the Global Carbon Cycle. The analysis is based on three independent data-sets stretching over more than 20years each, coming from more than 40 sources. Statistical tests (Mann-Kendall trend test) indicate clear trends for compounds related to groundwater mineralization: increase in temperature (by about 0.5°C/25years), decrease in pH, increase in bicarbonate (by about 5%), and positive or negative trends for major ions directly related to human practices. Data and analysis suggest that carbonate dissolution is quickly increasing as a consequence of climate warming. Considering the largely accepted fact that carbonate dissolution acts as carbon sink for the atmosphere, it can be postulated that the observed increase could act as a negative feedback mechanism, tending to slow down the atmospheric increase in CO2.\",\"journal\":\"Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hessenauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chapuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Valentin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"note\":\"tex.thematique: Hydrochimie, Climat tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Ajoie, CO2, Jura, Milandrine, Suisse, minéralisation, température\",\"pages\":\"1208–1221\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Jeannin_2015b,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of global change on karst groundwater mineralization in the {Jura} {Mountains}},\\n\\tvolume = {541},\\n\\tabstract = {Chemistry of karst groundwater is related to conditions prevailing within the karst underground as well as at the land-surface within the recharge area. It is dominated by the dissolution of calcite and/or dolomite, which is strongly triggered by the presence of high pCO2 in soils at the top of the bedrock. Dissolution (water mineralization) is clearly influenced by soil pCO2, i.e. by global changes such as land-use, agriculture practices and climate change. However, the dissolution of carbonates is considered as a quite significant carbon sink for the Earth Atmosphere. Assessing the evolution of carbonate water mineralization can thus help characterizing the evolution of the carbon sink related to carbonate dissolution. The main goal of the study is to check the presence of trends with a high statistical relevance in groundwater quality data along the past 20years. Causes potentially explaining the observed trends, such as land-use, agriculture practices and global warming are analyzed and discussed. The long term evolution of parameters related to carbonate dissolution are discussed and extrapolated as they may have consequences for the Global Carbon Cycle. The analysis is based on three independent data-sets stretching over more than 20years each, coming from more than 40 sources. Statistical tests (Mann-Kendall trend test) indicate clear trends for compounds related to groundwater mineralization: increase in temperature (by about 0.5°C/25years), decrease in pH, increase in bicarbonate (by about 5\\\\%), and positive or negative trends for major ions directly related to human practices. Data and analysis suggest that carbonate dissolution is quickly increasing as a consequence of climate warming. Considering the largely accepted fact that carbonate dissolution acts as carbon sink for the atmosphere, it can be postulated that the observed increase could act as a negative feedback mechanism, tending to slow down the atmospheric increase in CO2.},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Jeannin, P Y and Hessenauer, M and Malard, A and Chapuis, Valentin},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tnote = {tex.thematique: Hydrochimie, Climat\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ajoie, CO2, Jura, Milandrine, Suisse, minéralisation, température},\\n\\tpages = {1208--1221},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Hessenauer, M\",\"Malard, A\",\"Chapuis, V.\"],\"key\":\"Jeannin_2015b\",\"id\":\"Jeannin_2015b\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jeannin-hessenauer-malard-chapuis-impactofglobalchangeonkarstgroundwatermineralizationinthejuramountains-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Ajoie\",\"CO2\",\"Jura\",\"Milandrine\",\"Suisse\",\"minéralisation\",\"température\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"‘Looping caves’ versus ‘water table caves’: The role of base-level changes and recharge variations in cave development\",\"volume\":\"204\",\"abstract\":\"The vertical organisation of karst conduit networks has been the focus of speleogenetic studies for more than a century. The four state model of Ford and Ewers (1978), which still is considered as the most general, relates the geometry of caves to the frequency of permeable fissures. The model suggests that the ‘water table caves’ are common in areas with high fissure frequency, which is often the case in natural settings. However, in Alpine karst systems, water table caves are more the exception than the rule. Alpine speleogenesis is influenced by high uplift, valley incision rates and irregular recharge. To study the potential role of these processes for speleogenesis in the dimensions of length and depth, we apply a simple mathematical model based on coupling of flow, dissolution and transport. We assume a master conduit draining the water to the spring at a base level. Incision of the valley triggers evolution of deeper flow pathways, which are initially in a proto-conduit state. The master conduit evolves into a canyon following the valley incision, while the deep pathways evolve towards maturity and tend to capture the water from the master conduits. Two outcomes are possible: a) deep pathways evolve fast enough to capture all the recharge, leaving the master conduit dry; or b) the canyon reaches the level of deep pathways before these evolve to maturity. We introduce the Loop-to-Canyon Ratio (LCR), which predicts which of the two outcomes is more likely to occur in certain settings. Our model is extended to account for transient flow conditions. In the case of an undulating master conduit, floodwater is stored in troughs after the flood retreat. This water seeps through sub-vertical fractures (‘soutirages’) connecting the master conduit with the deep pathways. Therefore, the loops evolve also during the dry season, and the LCR is considerably increased. Although the model is based on several approximations, it leads to some important conclusions for vertical organisation of karst conduit networks and stresses the importance of base-level changes and transient recharge conditions. It therefore gives an explanation of speleogenesis that relies much more on the dynamic nature of water flow than on the static fracture density\",\"journal\":\"Geomorphology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrovšek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Franci\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Audra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"ISBN: 0169-555X tex.howpublished: Journal tex.thematique: géomorphologie, spéléogénèse tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"conduit, génération, phréatique, recharge\",\"pages\":\"683–691\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Gabrovsek_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {‘{Looping} caves’ versus ‘water table caves’: {The} role of base-level changes and recharge variations in cave development},\\n\\tvolume = {204},\\n\\tabstract = {The vertical organisation of karst conduit networks has been the focus of speleogenetic studies for more than a century. The four state model of Ford and Ewers (1978), which still is considered as the most general, relates the geometry of caves to the frequency of permeable fissures. The model suggests that the ‘water table caves’ are common in areas with high fissure frequency, which is often the case in natural settings. However, in Alpine karst systems, water table caves are more the exception than the rule. Alpine speleogenesis is influenced by high uplift, valley incision rates and irregular recharge. To study the potential role of these processes for speleogenesis in the dimensions of length and depth, we apply a simple mathematical model based on coupling of flow, dissolution and transport. We assume a master conduit draining the water to the spring at a base level. Incision of the valley triggers evolution of deeper flow pathways, which are initially in a proto-conduit state. The master conduit evolves into a canyon following the valley incision, while the deep pathways evolve towards maturity and tend to capture the water from the master conduits. Two outcomes are possible: a) deep pathways evolve fast enough to capture all the recharge, leaving the master conduit dry; or b) the canyon reaches the level of deep pathways before these evolve to maturity. We introduce the Loop-to-Canyon Ratio (LCR), which predicts which of the two outcomes is more likely to occur in certain settings. Our model is extended to account for transient flow conditions. In the case of an undulating master conduit, floodwater is stored in troughs after the flood retreat. This water seeps through sub-vertical fractures (‘soutirages’) connecting the master conduit with the deep pathways. Therefore, the loops evolve also during the dry season, and the LCR is considerably increased. Although the model is based on several approximations, it leads to some important conclusions for vertical organisation of karst conduit networks and stresses the importance of base-level changes and transient recharge conditions. It therefore gives an explanation of speleogenesis that relies much more on the dynamic nature of water flow than on the static fracture density},\\n\\tjournal = {Geomorphology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gabrovšek, Franci and Häuselmann, Philipp and Audra, Philippe},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {ISBN: 0169-555X\\ntex.howpublished: Journal\\ntex.thematique: géomorphologie, spéléogénèse\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {conduit, génération, phréatique, recharge},\\n\\tpages = {683--691},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gabrovšek, F.\",\"Häuselmann, P.\",\"Audra, P.\"],\"key\":\"Gabrovsek_2014\",\"id\":\"Gabrovsek_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gabrovek-huselmann-audra-loopingcavesversuswatertablecavestheroleofbaselevelchangesandrechargevariationsincavedevelopment-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"conduit\",\"génération\",\"phréatique\",\"recharge\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"KARSYS hydrogeological 3D modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed into geological complex areas: Picos de Europa National Park (Spain)\",\"abstract\":\"Karst aquifers are valuable groundwater resources whose management requires the use of functioning hydrogeological models. The KARSYS approach provides an explicit 3D conceptual model of the geometry and the functioning of karst aquifers that has been successfully applied in Swiss and Slovenian aquifers. In this work, KARSYS is applied in a complex geological area: the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). The hydrogeological 3D model (500 km2) shows an alpine karst aquifer compartmentalized into 32 groundwater bodies dammed up by subvertical barriers creating elevated saturated zones (water tables at 1153 m asl) and lower ones (water tables at 145 m asl). The recharge is through 18 spring catchment areas. The groundwater flows to the saturated zones pass through vertical to inclined trajectories, and phreatic flows are oriented toward NW, NE and N. KARSYS can be applied to any geologically complex area at a regional scale, although the geological structure should be simplified and the precision in some places is low. Nevertheless, KARSYS helps to identify the hydrogeological behavior of karst areas and is a useful guide for future hydrogeological researches.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Earth Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballesteros\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnauld\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\",\"Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiménez-Sánchez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Montserrat\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"García-Sansegundo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joaquín\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meléndez-Asensio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mónica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sendra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gemma\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: KarstoPicos, PNR61 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Cares, Espagne, KARSYS, Picos de Europa\",\"pages\":\"DOI 10.1007/s12665–015–4712–0\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Ballesteros_2015b,\\n\\ttitle = {{KARSYS} hydrogeological {3D} modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed into geological complex areas: {Picos} de {Europa} {National} {Park} ({Spain})},\\n\\tabstract = {Karst aquifers are valuable groundwater resources whose management requires the use of functioning hydrogeological models. The KARSYS approach provides an explicit 3D conceptual model of the geometry and the functioning of karst aquifers that has been successfully applied in Swiss and Slovenian aquifers. In this work, KARSYS is applied in a complex geological area: the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). The hydrogeological 3D model (500 km2) shows an alpine karst aquifer compartmentalized into 32 groundwater bodies dammed up by subvertical barriers creating elevated saturated zones (water tables at 1153 m asl) and lower ones (water tables at 145 m asl). The recharge is through 18 spring catchment areas. The groundwater flows to the saturated zones pass through vertical to inclined trajectories, and phreatic flows are oriented toward NW, NE and N. KARSYS can be applied to any geologically complex area at a regional scale, although the geological structure should be simplified and the precision in some places is low. Nevertheless, KARSYS helps to identify the hydrogeological behavior of karst areas and is a useful guide for future hydrogeological researches.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Ballesteros, Daniel and Malard, Arnauld and Jeannin, Pierre Yves and Jiménez-Sánchez, Montserrat and García-Sansegundo, Joaquín and Meléndez-Asensio, Mónica and Sendra, Gemma},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: KarstoPicos, PNR61\\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cares, Espagne, KARSYS, Picos de Europa},\\n\\tpages = {DOI 10.1007/s12665--015--4712--0},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ballesteros, D.\",\"Malard, A.\",\"Jeannin, P. Y.\",\"Jiménez-Sánchez, M.\",\"García-Sansegundo, J.\",\"Meléndez-Asensio, M.\",\"Sendra, G.\"],\"key\":\"Ballesteros_2015b\",\"id\":\"Ballesteros_2015b\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ballesteros-malard-jeannin-jimnezsnchez-garcasansegundo-melndezasensio-sendra-karsyshydrogeological3dmodelingofalpinekarstaquifersdevelopedintogeologicalcomplexareaspicosdeeuropanationalparkspain-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Cares\",\"Espagne\",\"KARSYS\",\"Picos de Europa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triple isotope (∂D, ∂17O, ∂18O) study on precipitation, drip water and speleothem fluid inclusions for a Western Central European cave (NW Switzerland)\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"journal\":\"Quaternary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Affolter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fleitmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leuenberger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"note\":\"tex.utilisateur_primaire: EW\",\"keywords\":\"Isotope, Jura, Milandre, Suisse, inclusions fluides, précipitation\",\"pages\":\"73–89\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Affolter_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Triple isotope (∂{D}, ∂{17O}, ∂{18O}) study on precipitation, drip water and speleothem fluid inclusions for a {Western} {Central} {European} cave ({NW} {Switzerland})},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tjournal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Affolter, S and Häuselmann, A D and Fleitmann, D and Häuselmann, Ph and Leuenberger, M},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tnote = {tex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: EW},\\n\\tkeywords = {Isotope, Jura, Milandre, Suisse, inclusions fluides, précipitation},\\n\\tpages = {73--89},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Affolter, S\",\"Häuselmann, A D\",\"Fleitmann, D\",\"Häuselmann, P.\",\"Leuenberger, M\"],\"key\":\"Affolter_2015\",\"id\":\"Affolter_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"affolter-huselmann-fleitmann-huselmann-leuenberger-tripleisotoped17o18ostudyonprecipitationdripwaterandspeleothemfluidinclusionsforawesterncentraleuropeancavenwswitzerland-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Isotope\",\"Jura\",\"Milandre\",\"Suisse\",\"inclusions fluides\",\"précipitation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A novel approach for estimating karst groundwater recharge in mountainous regions and its application in Switzerland\",\"volume\":\"30(13)\",\"abstract\":\"A pragmatic and simple approach for estimating the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers in mountainous regions by extrapolation of the hydrological regimes of gauged and well-documented systems is presented. Specific discharge rates are derived using annual precipitation and spring measurements by taking into account catchment size and elevation which are assumed to be the dominant factors. Reference sites with high data reliability are used for calibration and regional extrapolation. This is performed with normalized values employing spatial precipitation deviations and correlation with the elevation of the catchment areas. A tiered step procedure provides minimum and maximum normalized gradients for the relationship between recharge quantity and elevation for karst regions. The normalized recharge can therefore be obtained and extrapolated for any location using the spatial precipitation variability to provide an estimate of annual groundwater recharge. The approach was applied to Switzerland (approx. 7,500 km2 of karst terrain situated between 200 and over 4,000 m a.s.l.) using annual precipitation data from meteorological stations for the years 2000 to 2011. Results show that the average recharge rates of different Swiss karst domains range from 20 to 46 L/km2s, which corresponds to an infiltration ratio between 0.6 and 0.9 of total precipitation. Despite uncertainties inherent in the approach, these results provide a benchmark for renewable karst groundwater resources in Switzerland of about 8.4 km3 per year. The approach can be applied to any other mountainous karst region, i.e. where a clear relationship between elevation, precipitation and recharge can be assumed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.\",\"journal\":\"Hydrological Processes\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sinreich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"note\":\"tex.thematique: hydrogéologie, Gestion ressource, méthode tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM\",\"keywords\":\"Suisse, précipitation, recharge, ressource\",\"pages\":\"2153–2166\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Malard_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {A novel approach for estimating karst groundwater recharge in mountainous regions and its application in {Switzerland}},\\n\\tvolume = {30(13)},\\n\\tabstract = {A pragmatic and simple approach for estimating the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers in mountainous regions by extrapolation of the hydrological regimes of gauged and well-documented systems is presented. Specific discharge rates are derived using annual precipitation and spring measurements by taking into account catchment size and elevation which are assumed to be the dominant factors. Reference sites with high data reliability are used for calibration and regional extrapolation. This is performed with normalized values employing spatial precipitation deviations and correlation with the elevation of the catchment areas. A tiered step procedure provides minimum and maximum normalized gradients for the relationship between recharge quantity and elevation for karst regions. The normalized recharge can therefore be obtained and extrapolated for any location using the spatial precipitation variability to provide an estimate of annual groundwater recharge. The approach was applied to Switzerland (approx. 7,500 km2 of karst terrain situated between 200 and over 4,000 m a.s.l.) using annual precipitation data from meteorological stations for the years 2000 to 2011. Results show that the average recharge rates of different Swiss karst domains range from 20 to 46 L/km2s, which corresponds to an infiltration ratio between 0.6 and 0.9 of total precipitation. Despite uncertainties inherent in the approach, these results provide a benchmark for renewable karst groundwater resources in Switzerland of about 8.4 km3 per year. The approach can be applied to any other mountainous karst region, i.e. where a clear relationship between elevation, precipitation and recharge can be assumed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tjournal = {Hydrological Processes},\\n\\tauthor = {Malard, A and Sinreich, M and Jeannin, P Y},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tnote = {tex.thematique: hydrogéologie, Gestion ressource, méthode\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: AM},\\n\\tkeywords = {Suisse, précipitation, recharge, ressource},\\n\\tpages = {2153--2166},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Malard, A\",\"Sinreich, M\",\"Jeannin, P Y\"],\"key\":\"Malard_2016\",\"id\":\"Malard_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"malard-sinreich-jeannin-anovelapproachforestimatingkarstgroundwaterrechargeinmountainousregionsanditsapplicationinswitzerland-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Suisse\",\"précipitation\",\"recharge\",\"ressource\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"WIREs water\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilhelm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballesteros\",\"Cánovas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacDonald\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toonen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.H.J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barriendos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Benito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Corella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Denniston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Glaser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ionita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kahle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Macklin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mudelsee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Munoz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schulte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"St\",\"George\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stoffel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wetter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"null\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Wilhelm2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {WIREs water},\\n\\tauthor = {Wilhelm, B. and Ballesteros Cánovas, J.A. and MacDonald, N. and Toonen, W.H.J. and Baker, V. and Barriendos, M. and Benito, G. and Brauer, A. and Corella, J.P. and Denniston, R. and Glaser, R. and Ionita, M. and Kahle, M. and Liu, T. and Luetscher, M. and Macklin, M. and Mudelsee, M. and Munoz, S. and Schulte, L. and St George, S. and Stoffel, M. and Wetter, O.},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {null},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wilhelm, B.\",\"Ballesteros Cánovas, J.\",\"MacDonald, N.\",\"Toonen, W.\",\"Baker, V.\",\"Barriendos, M.\",\"Benito, G.\",\"Brauer, A.\",\"Corella, J.\",\"Denniston, R.\",\"Glaser, R.\",\"Ionita, M.\",\"Kahle, M.\",\"Liu, T.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Macklin, M.\",\"Mudelsee, M.\",\"Munoz, S.\",\"Schulte, L.\",\"St George, S.\",\"Stoffel, M.\",\"Wetter, O.\"],\"key\":\"Wilhelm2019\",\"id\":\"Wilhelm2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wilhelm-ballesteroscnovas-macdonald-toonen-baker-barriendos-benito-brauer-etal-interpretinghistoricalbotanicalandgeologicalevidencetoaidpreparationsforfuturefloods-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Physics-based fine-scale numerical model of a karst system (Milandre Cave, Switzerland)\",\"volume\":\"27 (7)\",\"abstract\":\"In karst aquifers, groundwater flow is often turbulent and occurs in variably saturated conduits. This implies a nonlinear response to recharge events which cannot be reproduced with the tools commonly used for groundwater flow modeling. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of using conduit flow models to simulate flow in karst systems. However existing models are built on abstract representations of the actual conduit network or at a rather coarse resolution. Such models cannot provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits or be used to simulate mass transport. In the catchment of the Milandre Cave, in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, a good portion of the active drainage network is accessible by caving, which opens the possibility for a distributed fine-scale numerical model. This report presents the development of a hydraulic model of the downstream part of this system (1.5 km × 0.5 km) using EPA SWMM 5. The network geometry is based on a detailed cave survey. Calibration is achieved by fitting the observed hydraulic head vs. flow-rate curves. The model performs well when compared against the hydraulic heads that were monitored throughout the system. Simulated transit times are also in line with tracer test results. This confirms that the model reproduces well the physics of flow in this karst system, while being spatially distributed at a fine scale (median element size of 6 m). It can thus provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits at various water stages and be used to address mass transport problems.\",\"journal\":\"Hydrogeology Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vuilleumier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perrochet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"note\":\"tex.lecteurs: Numericalmodeling tex.projets_isska: Groundwater hydraulics tex.thematique: Switzerland tex.utilisateur_primaire: Karst\",\"keywords\":\"Tracer tests\",\"pages\":\"2347–2363\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Vuilleumier,\\n\\ttitle = {Physics-based fine-scale numerical model of a karst system ({Milandre} {Cave}, {Switzerland})},\\n\\tvolume = {27 (7)},\\n\\tabstract = {In karst aquifers, groundwater flow is often turbulent and occurs in variably saturated conduits. This implies a nonlinear response to recharge events which cannot be reproduced with the tools commonly used for groundwater flow modeling. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of using conduit flow models to simulate flow in karst systems. However existing models are built on abstract representations of the actual conduit network or at a rather coarse resolution. Such models cannot provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits or be used to simulate mass transport. In the catchment of the Milandre Cave, in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, a good portion of the active drainage network is accessible by caving, which opens the possibility for a distributed fine-scale numerical model. This report presents the development of a hydraulic model of the downstream part of this system (1.5 km × 0.5 km) using EPA SWMM 5. The network geometry is based on a detailed cave survey. Calibration is achieved by fitting the observed hydraulic head vs. flow-rate curves. The model performs well when compared against the hydraulic heads that were monitored throughout the system. Simulated transit times are also in line with tracer test results. This confirms that the model reproduces well the physics of flow in this karst system, while being spatially distributed at a fine scale (median element size of 6 m). It can thus provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits at various water stages and be used to address mass transport problems.},\\n\\tjournal = {Hydrogeology Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Vuilleumier, C and Jeannin, P Y and Perrochet, P},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: Numericalmodeling\\ntex.projets\\\\_isska: Groundwater hydraulics\\ntex.thematique: Switzerland\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: Karst},\\n\\tkeywords = {Tracer tests},\\n\\tpages = {2347--2363},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vuilleumier, C\",\"Jeannin, P Y\",\"Perrochet, P\"],\"key\":\"Vuilleumier\",\"id\":\"Vuilleumier\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vuilleumier-jeannin-perrochet-physicsbasedfinescalenumericalmodelofakarstsystemmilandrecaveswitzerland-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Tracer tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Enhanced Mediterranean water cycle during MIS 3 humid phases from speleothem fluid inclusions.\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Climate of the Past\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rogerson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dublyansky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Töchterle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"1757–1769\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Rogerson2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Enhanced {Mediterranean} water cycle during {MIS} 3 humid phases from speleothem fluid inclusions.},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Climate of the Past},\\n\\tauthor = {Rogerson, M. and Dublyansky, Y. and Hoffmann, D.L. and Luetscher, M. and Töchterle, P. and Spötl, C.},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {1757--1769},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rogerson, M.\",\"Dublyansky, Y.\",\"Hoffmann, D.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Töchterle, P.\",\"Spötl, C.\"],\"key\":\"Rogerson2019\",\"id\":\"Rogerson2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rogerson-dublyansky-hoffmann-luetscher-tchterle-sptl-enhancedmediterraneanwatercycleduringmis3humidphasesfromspeleothemfluidinclusions-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Climatology in shallow caves with negligible ventilation: Heat and mass transfer\",\"volume\":\"146\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Thermal Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Béatrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doumenc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mergui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P-Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"note\":\"tex.projets_isska: Lascaux tex.utilisateur_primaire: EW\",\"keywords\":\"Dordogne, France, Lascaux, air, climat, ventilation\",\"pages\":\"1–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Guerrier_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Climatology in shallow caves with negligible ventilation: {Heat} and mass transfer},\\n\\tvolume = {146},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Thermal Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Guerrier, Béatrice and Doumenc, F and Roux, A and Mergui, S and Jeannin, P-Y},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tnote = {tex.projets\\\\_isska: Lascaux\\ntex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: EW},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dordogne, France, Lascaux, air, climat, ventilation},\\n\\tpages = {1--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Guerrier, B.\",\"Doumenc, F\",\"Roux, A\",\"Mergui, S\",\"Jeannin, P.\"],\"key\":\"Guerrier_2019\",\"id\":\"Guerrier_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"guerrier-doumenc-roux-mergui-jeannin-climatologyinshallowcaveswithnegligibleventilationheatandmasstransfer-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Dordogne\",\"France\",\"Lascaux\",\"air\",\"climat\",\"ventilation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the Late Pleistocene cave bear\",\"journal\":\"Scientific reports. Nature.com\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gretzinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pfrengle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Urban\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ch\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neukamm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Conard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cupillard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ch\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dimitrijevic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drucker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hofman-Kaminska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kowalczyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"note\":\"tex.utilisateur_primaire: EW\",\"keywords\":\"Bärenloch, Ours des cavernes, génétique, paléontologie\",\"pages\":\"1–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Gretzinger_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the {Late} {Pleistocene} cave bear},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific reports. Nature.com},\\n\\tauthor = {Gretzinger, J and Molak, M and Pfrengle, S and Urban, Ch and Neukamm, J and Blant, M and Conard, N and Cupillard, Ch and Dimitrijevic, V and Drucker, D and Hofman-Kaminska, E and Kowalczyk, R},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tnote = {tex.utilisateur\\\\_primaire: EW},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bärenloch, Ours des cavernes, génétique, paléontologie},\\n\\tpages = {1--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gretzinger, J\",\"Molak, M\",\"Pfrengle, S\",\"Urban, C.\",\"Neukamm, J\",\"Blant, M\",\"Conard, N\",\"Cupillard, C.\",\"Dimitrijevic, V\",\"Drucker, D\",\"Hofman-Kaminska, E\",\"Kowalczyk, R\"],\"key\":\"Gretzinger_2019\",\"id\":\"Gretzinger_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gretzinger-molak-pfrengle-urban-neukamm-blant-conard-cupillard-etal-largescalemitogenomicanalysisofthephylogeographyofthelatepleistocenecavebear-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Bärenloch\",\"Ours des cavernes\",\"génétique\",\"paléontologie\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Climate of the Past\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Comas-Bru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Werner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rehfeld\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scroxton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Veiga-Pires\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"members\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[\"SISAL\"],\"propositions\":[\"working\",\"group\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"1559–1579\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Comas_Bruetal_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Climate of the Past},\\n\\tauthor = {Comas-Bru, L. and Harrison, S. P. and Werner, M. and Rehfeld, K. and Scroxton, N. and Veiga-Pires, C. and members, {and} SISAL working group},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {1559--1579},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Comas-Bru, L.\",\"Harrison, S. P.\",\"Werner, M.\",\"Rehfeld, K.\",\"Scroxton, N.\",\"Veiga-Pires, C.\",\"members , undefined\",\"working group , S.\"],\"key\":\"Comas_Bruetal_2019\",\"id\":\"Comas_Bruetal_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"comasbru-harrison-werner-rehfeld-scroxton-veigapires-members-workinggroup-evaluatingmodeloutputsusingintegratedglobalspeleothemrecordsofclimatechangesincethelastglacial-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantifying glacial erosion on a limestone bed and the relevance for landscape development\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"doi\":\"doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812\",\"journal\":\"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steinemann\",\"O.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivy-Ochs\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grazioli\",\"S.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luetscher\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\",\"U.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vockenhuber\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"relevant\",\"pages\":\"1401–1417\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{steinemann_o_quantifying_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantifying glacial erosion on a limestone bed and the relevance for landscape development},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tdoi = {doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812},\\n\\tjournal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},\\n\\tauthor = {Steinemann O., Ivy-Ochs S., Grazioli S., Luetscher M., Fischer U., Vockenhuber C., Synal H-A.},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {relevant},\\n\\tpages = {1401--1417},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Steinemann O., I. S.\",\"Grazioli S., L. M.\",\"Fischer U., V. C.\"],\"key\":\"steinemann_o_quantifying_2020\",\"id\":\"steinemann_o_quantifying_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"steinemanno-graziolis-fischeru-quantifyingglacialerosiononalimestonebedandtherelevanceforlandscapedevelopment-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"relevant\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"NALPS19: sub-orbital-scale climate variability recorded in northern Alpine speleothems during the last glacial period\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Climate of the Past\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moseley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandstätter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Erhardt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edwards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"19–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Moseleyetal.2020,\\n\\ttitle = {{NALPS19}: sub-orbital-scale climate variability recorded in northern {Alpine} speleothems during the last glacial period},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Climate of the Past},\\n\\tauthor = {Moseley, G. E. and Spötl, C. and Brandstätter, S. and Erhardt, T. and Luetscher, M. and Edwards, R. L.},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {19--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Moseley, G. E.\",\"Spötl, C.\",\"Brandstätter, S.\",\"Erhardt, T.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Edwards, R. L.\"],\"key\":\"Moseleyetal.2020\",\"id\":\"Moseleyetal.2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"moseley-sptl-brandsttter-erhardt-luetscher-edwards-nalps19suborbitalscaleclimatevariabilityrecordedinnorthernalpinespeleothemsduringthelastglacialperiod-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cosmogenic nuclide dating of cave sediments in the Eastern Alps and implications for erosion rates\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"doi\":\"10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2303\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Speleology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Plan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pointner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiebig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Markus\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"107–118\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Haeuselmann2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Cosmogenic nuclide dating of cave sediments in the {Eastern} {Alps} and implications for erosion rates},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2303},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Speleology},\\n\\tauthor = {Häuselmann, Philipp and Plan, Lukas and Pointner, Peter and Fiebig, Markus},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {107--118},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Häuselmann, P.\",\"Plan, L.\",\"Pointner, P.\",\"Fiebig, M.\"],\"key\":\"Haeuselmann2020\",\"id\":\"Haeuselmann2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huselmann-plan-pointner-fiebig-cosmogenicnuclidedatingofcavesedimentsintheeasternalpsandimplicationsforerosionrates-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hints on the Late Miocene evolution of the Tonale-Adamello-Brenta region (Alps, Italy) based on allochtonous sediments from Raponzolo Cave\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"number\":\"672119\",\"journal\":\"Front. Earth Sci.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sauro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francesco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fellin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Giuditta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Columbu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Häuselmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philipp\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Borsato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carbone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Waele\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sauro_hints_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Hints on the {Late} {Miocene} evolution of the {Tonale}-{Adamello}-{Brenta} region ({Alps}, {Italy}) based on allochtonous sediments from {Raponzolo} {Cave}},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tnumber = {672119},\\n\\tjournal = {Front. Earth Sci.},\\n\\tauthor = {Sauro, Francesco and Fellin, Maria Giuditta and Columbu, Andrea and Häuselmann, Philipp and Borsato, Andrea and Carbone, Cristina and de Waele, Jo},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sauro, F.\",\"Fellin, M. G.\",\"Columbu, A.\",\"Häuselmann, P.\",\"Borsato, A.\",\"Carbone, C.\",\"de Waele, J.\"],\"key\":\"sauro_hints_2021\",\"id\":\"sauro_hints_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sauro-fellin-columbu-huselmann-borsato-carbone-dewaele-hintsonthelatemioceneevolutionofthetonaleadamellobrentaregionalpsitalybasedonallochtonoussedimentsfromraponzolocave-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Last Interglacial speleothem record from the Sieben Hengste cave system (Switzerland): Implications for alpine paleovegetation\",\"volume\":\"262\",\"issn\":\"0277-3791\",\"shorttitle\":\"A Last Interglacial speleothem record from the Sieben Hengste cave system (Switzerland)\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106974\",\"abstract\":\"A precisely dated speleothem isotope record from the Sieben Hengste cave system, Switzerland, reveals a Last Interglacial (LIG) climate optimum centred at 128.1 ± 1.2 ka. The oxygen isotope signal is consistent with a temperature-dominated record and shows a strong correlation with the modelled Greenland δ18O signal. The comparison with speleothems formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the same cave indicates a 4–5‰ difference in δ18O between peak LIG and peak LGM conditions, suggesting peak LIG temperatures being up to 3 °C higher than the Holocene average. Pollen extracted from the stalagmite indicates a vegetation response delayed by up to 3 ka with maximum pollen concentrations recorded at 125 ± 2.2 ka. Our results support a regional vegetation dominated by thermophile tree species including Corylus (hazel), Quercus robur-type (oak), Ulmus (elm), Tilia (lime tree) and Hedera (ivy), consistent with slightly warmer conditions than today. Despite the relatively low pollen concentration, the speleothem-based pollen spectra are consistent with regional pollen assemblage zones from paleolake sediments and provide the first direct paleovegetation evidence of thermophilization during the LIG at high altitudes in the Alps.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-11-03\",\"journal\":\"Quaternary Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moseley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gina\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Festi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hof\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Florian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edwards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"Lawrence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Alps, Europe, Isotopes, Last interglacial, Paleoclimatology, Pollen, Speleothems, Temperature., U-series, Vegetation\",\"pages\":\"106974\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{luetscher_last_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Last} {Interglacial} speleothem record from the {Sieben} {Hengste} cave system ({Switzerland}): {Implications} for alpine paleovegetation},\\n\\tvolume = {262},\\n\\tissn = {0277-3791},\\n\\tshorttitle = {A {Last} {Interglacial} speleothem record from the {Sieben} {Hengste} cave system ({Switzerland})},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106974},\\n\\tabstract = {A precisely dated speleothem isotope record from the Sieben Hengste cave system, Switzerland, reveals a Last Interglacial (LIG) climate optimum centred at 128.1 ± 1.2 ka. The oxygen isotope signal is consistent with a temperature-dominated record and shows a strong correlation with the modelled Greenland δ18O signal. The comparison with speleothems formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the same cave indicates a 4–5‰ difference in δ18O between peak LIG and peak LGM conditions, suggesting peak LIG temperatures being up to 3 °C higher than the Holocene average. Pollen extracted from the stalagmite indicates a vegetation response delayed by up to 3 ka with maximum pollen concentrations recorded at 125 ± 2.2 ka. Our results support a regional vegetation dominated by thermophile tree species including Corylus (hazel), Quercus robur-type (oak), Ulmus (elm), Tilia (lime tree) and Hedera (ivy), consistent with slightly warmer conditions than today. Despite the relatively low pollen concentration, the speleothem-based pollen spectra are consistent with regional pollen assemblage zones from paleolake sediments and provide the first direct paleovegetation evidence of thermophilization during the LIG at high altitudes in the Alps.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-11-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Luetscher, Marc and Moseley, Gina E. and Festi, Daniela and Hof, Florian and Edwards, R. Lawrence and Spötl, Christoph},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alps, Europe, Isotopes, Last interglacial, Paleoclimatology, Pollen, Speleothems, Temperature., U-series, Vegetation},\\n\\tpages = {106974},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Moseley, G. E.\",\"Festi, D.\",\"Hof, F.\",\"Edwards, R. L.\",\"Spötl, C.\"],\"key\":\"luetscher_last_2021\",\"id\":\"luetscher_last_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alps\",\"Europe\",\"Isotopes\",\"Last interglacial\",\"Paleoclimatology\",\"Pollen\",\"Speleothems\",\"Temperature.\",\"U-series\",\"Vegetation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Vermiculations in painted caves: New inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"0392-6672, 1827-806X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Vermiculations in painted caves\",\"url\":\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7\",\"doi\":\"10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2390\",\"abstract\":\"Vermiculations are aggregates of small particles commonly found on cave walls. They are a major concern for the conservation of painted caves, as they can potentially alter valuable prehistoric cave paintings. A previous rheological study of fine sediment deposits on cave walls revealed that this material can undergo a solid-to-liquid transition triggered by variations in the chemical composition of the water film on the wall. Such a transition could occur at the origin of vermiculations by allowing the sediment to flow under low mechanical stress. In this work, we provide quantitative information on the conditions leading to this transition and show the importance of the chemical composition of the water film on the cave walls. A complete understanding of the phenomenon will, however, require more field information. This includes monitoring of the evolution of vermiculations, for which we have developed a dedicated observation protocol. Based on the combination of photogrammetry and a geographic information system we were able to precisely map the walls of the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux cave from past and future photographs. To better understand the vermiculation process, pictures need to be taken regularly, and the chemical composition of the thin water film covering cave walls needs to be analyzed with a similar time step. The correlation between the evolution of vermiculations, the humidification phases of the walls, temperature changes and the chemical monitoring of the water film should shed new light on conditions triggering vermiculations.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2022-04-20\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Speleology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freydier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Perrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jérôme\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre-Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Béatrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doumenc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frédéric\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"289–299\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{freydier_vermiculations_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Vermiculations in painted caves: {New} inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {0392-6672, 1827-806X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Vermiculations in painted caves},\\n\\turl = {https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2390},\\n\\tabstract = {Vermiculations are aggregates of small particles commonly found on cave walls. They are a major concern for the conservation of painted caves, as they can potentially alter valuable prehistoric cave paintings. A previous rheological study of fine sediment deposits on cave walls revealed that this material can undergo a solid-to-liquid transition triggered by variations in the chemical composition of the water film on the wall. Such a transition could occur at the origin of vermiculations by allowing the sediment to flow under low mechanical stress. In this work, we provide quantitative information on the conditions leading to this transition and show the importance of the chemical composition of the water film on the cave walls. A complete understanding of the phenomenon will, however, require more field information. This includes monitoring of the evolution of vermiculations, for which we have developed a dedicated observation protocol. Based on the combination of photogrammetry and a geographic information system we were able to precisely map the walls of the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux cave from past and future photographs. To better understand the vermiculation process, pictures need to be taken regularly, and the chemical composition of the thin water film covering cave walls needs to be analyzed with a similar time step. The correlation between the evolution of vermiculations, the humidification phases of the walls, temperature changes and the chemical monitoring of the water film should shed new light on conditions triggering vermiculations.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2022-04-20},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Speleology},\\n\\tauthor = {Freydier, Perrine and Weber, Eric and Martin, Jérôme and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Guerrier, Béatrice and Doumenc, Frédéric},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {289--299},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freydier, P.\",\"Weber, E.\",\"Martin, J.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Guerrier, B.\",\"Doumenc, F.\"],\"key\":\"freydier_vermiculations_2021\",\"id\":\"freydier_vermiculations_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The potential of Ojo de Valjunquera cave (NE of Iberia) sediments for paleoflood reconstructions\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"number\":\"3-4\",\"journal\":\"Cuaternario y Geomorfología\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartolomé\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Benito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Badules-Iglesias\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pérez-Villar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edwards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moreno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"11–28\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bartolome_potential_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {The potential of {Ojo} de {Valjunquera} cave ({NE} of {Iberia}) sediments for paleoflood reconstructions},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tnumber = {3-4},\\n\\tjournal = {Cuaternario y Geomorfología},\\n\\tauthor = {Bartolomé, M. and Benito, G. and Luetscher, M. and Badules-Iglesias, J. and Pérez-Villar, G. and Edwards, R.L. and Moreno, A.},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {11--28},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bartolomé, M.\",\"Benito, G.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Badules-Iglesias, J.\",\"Pérez-Villar, G.\",\"Edwards, R.\",\"Moreno, A.\"],\"key\":\"bartolome_potential_2021\",\"id\":\"bartolome_potential_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bartolom-benito-luetscher-badulesiglesias-prezvillar-edwards-moreno-thepotentialofojodevaljunqueracaveneofiberiasedimentsforpaleofloodreconstructions-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Contribution of the dynamic visualization of a 3D hydrogeological conceptual model to the participatory management of groundwater resources\",\"volume\":\"355\",\"issn\":\"1778-7025\",\"url\":\"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/\",\"doi\":\"10.5802/crgeos.152\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"S1\",\"urldate\":\"2022-10-30\",\"journal\":\"Comptes Rendus. Géoscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnauld\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dörfliger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre-Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laube\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"1–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{malard_contribution_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Contribution of the dynamic visualization of a {3D} hydrogeological conceptual model to the participatory management of groundwater resources},\\n\\tvolume = {355},\\n\\tissn = {1778-7025},\\n\\turl = {https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5802/crgeos.152},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {S1},\\n\\turldate = {2022-10-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Comptes Rendus. Géoscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Malard, Arnauld and Dörfliger, Nathalie and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Laube, Silvan},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {1--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Malard, A.\",\"Dörfliger, N.\",\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Laube, S.\"],\"key\":\"malard_contribution_2022\",\"id\":\"malard_contribution_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mountain permafrost in the Central Pyrenees: insights from the Devaux ice cave\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1994-0416\",\"shorttitle\":\"Mountain permafrost in the Central Pyrenees\",\"url\":\"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/\",\"doi\":\"10.5194/tc-17-477-2023\",\"abstract\":\"Ice caves are one of the least studied parts of the cryosphere, particularly those located in inaccessible permafrost areas at high altitudes or high latitudes. We characterize the climate dynamics and the geomorphological features of Devaux cave, an outstanding ice cave in the Central Pyrenees on the French–Spanish border. Two distinct cave sectors were identified based on air temperature and geomorphological observations. The first one comprises well-ventilated galleries with large temperature oscillations likely influenced by a cave river. The second sector corresponds to more isolated chambers, where air and rock temperatures stay below 0 ∘C throughout the year. Seasonal layered ice and hoarfrost occupy the first sector, while transparent, massive perennial ice is present in the isolated chambers. Cryogenic calcite and gypsum are mainly present within the perennial ice. During winter, the cave river freezes at the outlet, resulting in a damming and backflooding of the cave. We suggest that relict ice formations record past damming events with the subsequent formation of congelation ice. δ34S values of gypsum indicate that the sulfate originated from the oxidation of pyrite present in the bedrock. Several features including air and rock temperatures, the absence of drips, the small loss of ice in the past 7 decades, and the location of ice bodies in the cave indicate that the cave permafrost is the result of a combination of undercooling by ventilation and diffusive heat transfer from the surrounding permafrost, reaching a thickness of ∼ 200 m.\",\"language\":\"English\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2023-02-08\",\"journal\":\"The Cryosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartolomé\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miguel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cazenave\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gérard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spötl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gázquez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fernando\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belmonte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ánchel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turchyn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandra\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"López-Moreno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\",\"Ignacio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moreno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Copernicus GmbH\",\"pages\":\"477–497\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bartolome_mountain_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Mountain permafrost in the {Central} {Pyrenees}: insights from the {Devaux} ice cave},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1994-0416},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Mountain permafrost in the {Central} {Pyrenees}},\\n\\turl = {https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5194/tc-17-477-2023},\\n\\tabstract = {Ice caves are one of the least studied parts of the cryosphere, particularly those located in inaccessible permafrost areas at high altitudes or high latitudes. We characterize the climate dynamics and the geomorphological features of Devaux cave, an outstanding ice cave in the Central Pyrenees on the French–Spanish border. Two distinct cave sectors were identified based on air temperature and geomorphological observations. The first one comprises well-ventilated galleries with large temperature oscillations likely influenced by a cave river. The second sector corresponds to more isolated chambers, where air and rock temperatures stay below 0 ∘C throughout the year. Seasonal layered ice and hoarfrost occupy the first sector, while transparent, massive perennial ice is present in the isolated chambers. Cryogenic calcite and gypsum are mainly present within the perennial ice. During winter, the cave river freezes at the outlet, resulting in a damming and backflooding of the cave. We suggest that relict ice formations record past damming events with the subsequent formation of congelation ice. δ34S values of gypsum indicate that the sulfate originated from the oxidation of pyrite present in the bedrock. Several features including air and rock temperatures, the absence of drips, the small loss of ice in the past 7 decades, and the location of ice bodies in the cave indicate that the cave permafrost is the result of a combination of undercooling by ventilation and diffusive heat transfer from the surrounding permafrost, reaching a thickness of ∼ 200 m.},\\n\\tlanguage = {English},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2023-02-08},\\n\\tjournal = {The Cryosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Bartolomé, Miguel and Cazenave, Gérard and Luetscher, Marc and Spötl, Christoph and Gázquez, Fernando and Belmonte, Ánchel and Turchyn, Alexandra V. and López-Moreno, Juan Ignacio and Moreno, Ana},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},\\n\\tpages = {477--497},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bartolomé, M.\",\"Cazenave, G.\",\"Luetscher, M.\",\"Spötl, C.\",\"Gázquez, F.\",\"Belmonte, Á.\",\"Turchyn, A. V.\",\"López-Moreno, J. I.\",\"Moreno, A.\"],\"key\":\"bartolome_mountain_2023\",\"id\":\"bartolome_mountain_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ancient DNA from speleothems: opportunity or challenge?\",\"issn\":\"0033-5894, 1096-0287\",\"shorttitle\":\"Ancient DNA from speleothems\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/qua.2022.46\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Ancient environmental DNA retrieved from sedimentary records (sedaDNA) can complement fossil-morphological approaches for characterizing Quaternary biodiversity changes. PCR-based DNA metabarcoding is so far the most widely used method in environmental DNA studies, including sedaDNA. However, degradation of ancient DNA and potential contamination, together with the PCR amplification drawbacks, have to be carefully considered. Here we tested this approach on speleothems from an Alpine cave that, according to a previous palynomorphological study, have shown to contain abundant pollen grains. This offers a unique opportunity for comparing the two methods and, indirectly, trying to validate DNA-based results. The plant taxa identified by sedaDNA are fewer than those by pollen analysis, and success rate of PCR replicates is low. Despite extensive work performed following best practice for sedaDNA, our results are suboptimal and accompanied by a non-negligible uncertainty. Our preliminary data seem to indicate that paleoenvironmental DNA may be isolated from speleothems, but the intrinsic weakness of PCR-based metabarcoding poses a challenge to its exploitation. We suggest that newly developed methods such as hybridization capture, being free from PCR drawbacks and offering the opportunity to directly assess aDNA authenticity, may overcome these limitations, allowing a proper exploitation of speleothems as biological archives.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2023-02-01\",\"journal\":\"Quaternary Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marchesini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Festi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Girardi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matteo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Micheletti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diego\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vernesi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cristiano\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luetscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"1–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marchesini_ancient_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Ancient {DNA} from speleothems: opportunity or challenge?},\\n\\tissn = {0033-5894, 1096-0287},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Ancient {DNA} from speleothems},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/qua.2022.46},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            Ancient environmental DNA retrieved from sedimentary records (sedaDNA) can complement fossil-morphological approaches for characterizing Quaternary biodiversity changes. PCR-based DNA metabarcoding is so far the most widely used method in environmental DNA studies, including sedaDNA. However, degradation of ancient DNA and potential contamination, together with the PCR amplification drawbacks, have to be carefully considered. Here we tested this approach on speleothems from an Alpine cave that, according to a previous palynomorphological study, have shown to contain abundant pollen grains. This offers a unique opportunity for comparing the two methods and, indirectly, trying to validate DNA-based results. The plant taxa identified by sedaDNA are fewer than those by pollen analysis, and success rate of PCR replicates is low. Despite extensive work performed following best practice for sedaDNA, our results are suboptimal and accompanied by a non-negligible uncertainty. Our preliminary data seem to indicate that paleoenvironmental DNA may be isolated from speleothems, but the intrinsic weakness of PCR-based metabarcoding poses a challenge to its exploitation. We suggest that newly developed methods such as hybridization capture, being free from PCR drawbacks and offering the opportunity to directly assess aDNA authenticity, may overcome these limitations, allowing a proper exploitation of speleothems as biological archives.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2023-02-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Quaternary Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Marchesini, Alexis and Festi, Daniela and Girardi, Matteo and Micheletti, Diego and Vernesi, Cristiano and Luetscher, Marc},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {1--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marchesini, A.\",\"Festi, D.\",\"Girardi, M.\",\"Micheletti, D.\",\"Vernesi, C.\",\"Luetscher, M.\"],\"key\":\"marchesini_ancient_2022\",\"id\":\"marchesini_ancient_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Karst modelling challenge 1: Results of hydrological modelling\",\"volume\":\"600\",\"issn\":\"0022-1694\",\"shorttitle\":\"Karst modelling challenge 1\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126508\",\"abstract\":\"The complexity of karst groundwater flow modelling is reflected by the amount of simulation approaches. The goal of the Karst Modelling Challenge (KMC) is comparing different approaches on one single system using the same data set. Thirteen teams with different computational models for simulating discharge variations at karst springs have applied their respective models on one single data set coming from the Milandre Karst Hydrogeological System (MKHS). The approaches include neural networks, reservoir models, semi-distributed models and fully distributed groundwater models. Four and a half years of hourly or daily meteorological input and hourly discharge data were provided for model calibration. The validation comprised forecasting one year of discharge, without the observed discharge data. The model performance was evaluated using the volume conservation, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) applied on the total discharge and individual flow components. As a result, the comparison of model performances is a challenging task due to the differences in the model architecture but also required time steps: some of the models require aggregated daily steps while others could be run using hourly data, which provided some interesting differences depending on how the data was transformed. The use of instantaneous data (e.g. value at noon) produces less bias that averaging hourly data over one day. The transformation of hourly into daily data produces a decrease of Nash and KGE of 0.05 to 0.08 (i.e. from 1 to ~0.93). The resulting simulations (forecasted values for year 2016) produced KGEs ranging between 0.83 and 0.37 (0.83 to −0.24 for NSE). Although the simulations matched the monitored flows reasonably well, most models struggled to simulate baseflow conditions accurately. In general, the models that performed the best for this exercise were the global ones (Gardenia and Varkarst), with a limited number of parameters, which can be calibrated using automatic calibration procedures. The neural network models also showed a fair potential, with one providing reasonable results despite the relatively short dataset available for warming-up (4.5 years). Semi-and fully distributed models also suggested that with some more effort they could perform well. The accuracy of model predictions does not seem to increase by using models with more than 9–12 calibration parameters. An evaluation of the relative errors between the forecasted and the observed values revealed that for most models, 50% of the forecasted values contained more than 50% of difference against the observed discharge rate, with 25% having a difference larger than 100%. A significant part of the poorly forecasted values corresponded to base-flow which was surprising given that as base-flow is generally much easier to predict than peak flow. Hence, this shows that modelling approaches and criteria for the calibration are too oriented towards peak-flow sections of the hydrographs, and that improvements could be gained by more focus on the base-flow.\",\"urldate\":\"2023-09-03\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Hydrology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeannin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre-Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Artigue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guillaume\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Charlier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Baptiste\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johannet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jourde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hervé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kavousi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alireza\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liesch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lüthi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnauld\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mazzilli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naomi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pardo-Igúzquiza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eulogio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thiéry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reimann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wöhling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wunsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Baseflow, Comparison, Efficiency criteria, Karst, Modelling, Recharge\",\"pages\":\"126508\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jeannin_karst_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Karst modelling challenge 1: {Results} of hydrological modelling},\\n\\tvolume = {600},\\n\\tissn = {0022-1694},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Karst modelling challenge 1},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126508},\\n\\tabstract = {The complexity of karst groundwater flow modelling is reflected by the amount of simulation approaches. The goal of the Karst Modelling Challenge (KMC) is comparing different approaches on one single system using the same data set. Thirteen teams with different computational models for simulating discharge variations at karst springs have applied their respective models on one single data set coming from the Milandre Karst Hydrogeological System (MKHS). The approaches include neural networks, reservoir models, semi-distributed models and fully distributed groundwater models. Four and a half years of hourly or daily meteorological input and hourly discharge data were provided for model calibration. The validation comprised forecasting one year of discharge, without the observed discharge data. The model performance was evaluated using the volume conservation, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) applied on the total discharge and individual flow components. As a result, the comparison of model performances is a challenging task due to the differences in the model architecture but also required time steps: some of the models require aggregated daily steps while others could be run using hourly data, which provided some interesting differences depending on how the data was transformed. The use of instantaneous data (e.g. value at noon) produces less bias that averaging hourly data over one day. The transformation of hourly into daily data produces a decrease of Nash and KGE of 0.05 to 0.08 (i.e. from 1 to {\\\\textasciitilde}0.93). The resulting simulations (forecasted values for year 2016) produced KGEs ranging between 0.83 and 0.37 (0.83 to −0.24 for NSE). Although the simulations matched the monitored flows reasonably well, most models struggled to simulate baseflow conditions accurately. In general, the models that performed the best for this exercise were the global ones (Gardenia and Varkarst), with a limited number of parameters, which can be calibrated using automatic calibration procedures. The neural network models also showed a fair potential, with one providing reasonable results despite the relatively short dataset available for warming-up (4.5 years). Semi-and fully distributed models also suggested that with some more effort they could perform well. The accuracy of model predictions does not seem to increase by using models with more than 9–12 calibration parameters. An evaluation of the relative errors between the forecasted and the observed values revealed that for most models, 50\\\\% of the forecasted values contained more than 50\\\\% of difference against the observed discharge rate, with 25\\\\% having a difference larger than 100\\\\%. A significant part of the poorly forecasted values corresponded to base-flow which was surprising given that as base-flow is generally much easier to predict than peak flow. Hence, this shows that modelling approaches and criteria for the calibration are too oriented towards peak-flow sections of the hydrographs, and that improvements could be gained by more focus on the base-flow.},\\n\\turldate = {2023-09-03},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Hydrology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Artigue, Guillaume and Butscher, Christoph and Chang, Yong and Charlier, Jean-Baptiste and Duran, Lea and Gill, Laurence and Hartmann, Andreas and Johannet, Anne and Jourde, Hervé and Kavousi, Alireza and Liesch, Tanja and Liu, Yan and Lüthi, Martin and Malard, Arnauld and Mazzilli, Naomi and Pardo-Igúzquiza, Eulogio and Thiéry, Dominique and Reimann, Thomas and Schuler, Philip and Wöhling, Thomas and Wunsch, Andreas},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Baseflow, Comparison, Efficiency criteria, Karst, Modelling, Recharge},\\n\\tpages = {126508},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jeannin, P.\",\"Artigue, G.\",\"Butscher, C.\",\"Chang, Y.\",\"Charlier, J.\",\"Duran, L.\",\"Gill, L.\",\"Hartmann, A.\",\"Johannet, A.\",\"Jourde, H.\",\"Kavousi, A.\",\"Liesch, T.\",\"Liu, Y.\",\"Lüthi, M.\",\"Malard, A.\",\"Mazzilli, N.\",\"Pardo-Igúzquiza, E.\",\"Thiéry, D.\",\"Reimann, T.\",\"Schuler, P.\",\"Wöhling, T.\",\"Wunsch, A.\"],\"key\":\"jeannin_karst_2021\",\"id\":\"jeannin_karst_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552\"},\"keyword\":[\"Baseflow\",\"Comparison\",\"Efficiency criteria\",\"Karst\",\"Modelling\",\"Recharge\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"5331094\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{pastore_dispersion_2024,
	title = {Dispersion of artificial tracers in ventilated caves},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0392-6672, 1827-806X},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6},
	doi = {10.5038/1827-806X.53.1.2497},
	abstract = {Artificial CO2 was used as a tracer along ventilated karst conduits to infer airflow and investigate tracer dispersion. In the karst vadose zone, cave ventilation is an efficient mode of transport for heat, gases and aerosols and thus drives the spatial distribution of airborne particles. Modelling this airborne transport requires geometrical and physical parameters of the conduit system, including the cross-sectional areas, the airflow and average air speed, as well as the longitudinal dispersion coefficient which describes the spreading of a solute. Four gauging tests were carried out in one mine (artificial conduit) and two ventilated caves (natural conduits). In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to gain reliable airflow rates and geometric information of ventilated karst conduits using CO2 as a tracer. Airflow was gauged along two caves and one mine and compared with punctual measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Cross-sectional areas estimated with CO2 tests were compared with those measured in situ. Moreover, breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis displayed an accentuated tailing along the investigated natural conduits due to the presence of dispersive singularities which possibly enable aerosol deposition. The long tailing observed in Milandre and Longeaigue Caves is probably due to cross-section variations. A 1-D advection-dispersion model tested for these sites was unable to fit BTC tailing in natural conduits. In Baulmes artificial conduit, where long tailing is not observed, the dispersion coefficient has been estimated using Chatwin’s method, and compared with the prediction of Taylor’s theory. Despite the regular geometry of Baulmes Mine, Taylor’s correlation significantly underestimates the dispersion coefficient deduced from field data, showing the need for more theoretical work on turbulent dispersion in mines. This paper gives a first insight into air motion and matter dispersion along ventilated karst conduits, preparing for proper aerosol dispersion modelling.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-04-12},
	journal = {International Journal of Speleology},
	author = {Pastore, Claudio and Weber, Eric and Doumenc, Frédéric and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Luetscher, Marc},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {51--62},
}





@article{klaba_multi-scale_2024,
	title = {Multi-scale hydrostructural approach for karst environment. {Application} to the {Arcier} hydrosystem (eastern {France})},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {01918141},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105154},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-06},
	journal = {Journal of Structural Geology},
	author = {Klaba, V. and Celle, H. and Trap, P. and Choulet, F. and Smeraglia, L. and Malard, A. and Carry, N.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {105154},
}









@article{fohlmeister_role_2023,
	title = {The role of {Northern} {Hemisphere} summer insolation for millennial-scale climate variability during the penultimate glacial},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00908-0},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Previous glacial intervals were punctuated by abrupt climate transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) conditions. Many mechanisms leading to stadial-interstadial variability have been hypothesized with ice volume being a commonly involved element. Here, we test to which extent insolation modulated stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred during the penultimate glacial. We present a replicated and precisely dated speleothem record covering the period between 200 and 130 ka before present from caves located in the European Alps known to be sensitive to millennial-scale variability. We show that the widely proposed relationship between sea level change and stadial-interstadial variability was additionally modulated by solar insolation during this time interval. We find that interstadials occurred preferentially near maxima of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, even when sea level remained close to its minimum during peak glacial periods. We confirm these observations with model simulations that accurately reproduce the frequency and duration of interstadials for given sea-level and insolation forcing. Our results imply that summer insolation played an important role in modulating the occurrence of stadial-interstadial oscillations and highlight the relevance of insolation in triggering abrupt climate changes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-06},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	author = {Fohlmeister, Jens and Luetscher, Marc and Spötl, Christoph and Schröder-Ritzrau, Andrea and Schröder, Birgit and Frank, Norbert and Eichstädter, René and Trüssel, Martin and Skiba, Vanessa and Boers, Niklas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {245},
}









@article{sedaghatkish_modeling_2024,
	title = {Modeling {Heat} {Transfer} for {Assessing} the {Convection} {Length} in {Ventilated} {Caves}},
	volume = {129},
	issn = {2169-9003, 2169-9011},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646},
	doi = {10.1029/2024JF007646},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The present study focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. We use a numerical model that couples the convective heat transfer due to the airflow in a single karst conduit with the conductive heat transfer in the rock mass. Assuming dry air and a simplified geometry, we investigate the propagation of thermal perturbations inside the karst massif. We perform a parametric study to identify general trends regarding the effect of the air flowrate and conduit size on the amplitude and spatial extent of thermal perturbations. Numerical results support the partition of a cave into three regions: (a) a short (few meters) diffusive region, where heat mainly propagates from the external atmosphere by conduction in the rock mass; (b) a convective region where heat is mainly transported by the air flow; (c) a deep karst region characterized by quasi‐constant temperatures throughout the year. Numerical simulations show that the length of the convective region is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the flowrate annual fluctuations divided by the square root of the cave radius. This result is tested against field data from a mine tunnel and two caves. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies.
          , 
            Plain Language Summary
            Karsts are landscapes formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks. The chemical erosion due to rainwater results in the formation of an extensive network of caves traversed by air and water flows. Understanding heat transfer in karst is a key issue in many fields, as diverse as study of underground biota or paleoclimate reconstruction. The present work focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. In winter, the air inside the massif is hotter (and thus lighter) than the air outside. This situation results in an upward airflow as in a chimney. The airflow is reversed in summer (colder and thus heavier air inside the massif). Assuming a simplified geometry, we investigate by numerical simulations the propagation of thermal perturbations inside a single ventilated conduit. The results of the numerical simulations are tested against field data from a mine and two caves. We show that in ventilated caves, the airflow can propagate the annual temperature fluctuations over distances from the entrance ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of meters. In extreme cases, it could go up to kilometers. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies.
          , 
            Key Points
            
              
                
                  A numerical model was developed to investigate heat transfer inside ventilated caves driven by chimney effect
                
                
                  The airflow can propagate annual temperature fluctuations over a few tens to a few hundreds of meters from the cave entrance (over kilometers in extreme cases)
                
                
                  The distance of propagation (the convection length) is approximately proportional to the airflow rate and inversely proportional to the square root of the cave diameter},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface},
	author = {Sedaghatkish, Amir and Pastore, Claudio and Doumenc, Frédéric and Jeannin, Pierre‐Yves and Luetscher, Marc},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {e2024JF007646},
}









@article{spotl_speleothems_2024,
	title = {Speleothems in subglacial caves: {An} emerging archive of glacial climate history and mountain glacier dynamics},
	volume = {333},
	issn = {02773791},
	shorttitle = {Speleothems in subglacial caves},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108684},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-07},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	author = {Spötl, Christoph and Baker, Jonathan L. and Skiba, Vanessa and Honiat, Alexandre and Fohlmeister, Jens and Luetscher, Marc and Trüssel, Martin},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {108684},
}













@article{vuilleumier_hydraulics_2021,
	title = {Hydraulics and {Turbidity} {Generation} in the {Milandre} {Cave} ({Switzerland})},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0043-1397, 1944-7973},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550},
	doi = {10.1029/2020WR029550},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-10-08},
	journal = {Water Resources Research},
	author = {Vuilleumier, Cécile and Jeannin, Pierre‐Yves and Hessenauer, Marc and Perrochet, Pierre},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
}





@article{hauselmann_reconstruction_2002,
	title = {Reconstruction of {Alpine} {Cenozoic} paleorelief through the analysis of caves at {Siebenhengste} ({BE}, {Switzerland})},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Geodinamica Acta},
	author = {Häuselmann, Ph. and Jeannin, P.-Y. and Monbaron, M. and Lauritzen, S.E.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Type: Journal Article},
	pages = {261--276},
}





@article{Haeuselmann2003b,
	title = {Role of epiphreatic flow and soutirages in conduit morphogenesis: the {Bärenschacht} example ({BE}, {Switzerland})},
	volume = {47(2)},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF},
	author = {Häuselmann, P and Jeannin, P Y and Monbaron, M},
	year = {2003},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: PNR61
tex.thematique: Spéléogénèse,
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Berne, Siebenhengste, Suisse},
	pages = {171--190},
}





@article{Luetscher_2004,
	title = {Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes},
	volume = {16},
	abstract = {A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain-out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air ( 0.5  C 100 m)1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	author = {Luetscher, M. and Jeannin, P. Y.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {tex.lecteurs: Sabrina, LT
tex.projets\_isska: PNR61; KARSYS$_{\textrm{D}}$avos
tex.thematique: Géologie, Géothermie
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AH},
	keywords = {Karst, Simplon, Suisse, Valais, flux de chaleur, géothermie, température, échange d'énergie},
	pages = {344--350},
}













@article{Kovacs2005,
	title = {A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis},
	volume = {303},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
	author = {Kovács, Attila and Perrochet, Pierre and Király, László and Jeannin, P.-Y},
	year = {2005},
}









@article{Perrin2007,
	title = {The role of tributary mixing in chemical variations at a karst spring, {Milandre}, {Switzerland}},
	volume = {332},
	abstract = {Solute concentration variations during flood events were investigated in a karst aquifer of the Swiss Jura. Observations were made at the spring, and at the three main subterraneous tributaries feeding the spring. A simple transient flow and transport numerical model was able to reproduce chemographs and hydrographs observed at the spring, as a result of a mixing of the concentration and discharge of the respective tributaries. Sensitivity analysis carried out with the model showed that it is possible to produce chemical variations at the spring even if all tributaries have constant (but different for each of them) solute concentrations. This process is called tributary mixing. The good match between observed and modelled curves indicate that, in the phreatic zone, tributary mixing is probably an important process that shapes spring chemographs. Chemical reactions and other mixing components (e.g. from low permeability volumes) have a limited influence. Dissolution-related (calcium, bicarbonate, specific conductance) and pollution-related parameters (nitrate, chloride, potassium) displayed slightly different behaviours: during moderate flood events, the former showed limited variations compared to the latter. During large flood events, both presented chemographs with significant changes. No significant event water participates in moderate flood events and tributary mixing will be the major process shaping chemographs. Variations are greater for parameters with higher spatial variability (e.g. pollution-related). Whereas for large flood events, the contribution of event water becomes significant and influences the chemographs of all the parameters. As a result, spring water vulnerability to an accidental pollution is low during moderate flood events and under base flow conditions. It strongly increases during large flood events, because event water contributes to the spring discharge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
	author = {Perrin, J and Jeannin, P Y and Cornaton, F},
	year = {2007},
	note = {tex.lecteurs: LT
tex.projets\_isska: PNR61
tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AH},
	keywords = {Jura, Milandre, Suisse, chemographe des sources, chimie des eaux souterraines, modélisation numérique, mélange, transport de solution},
	pages = {158--173},
}





@article{Audra_2006,
	title = {Cave genesis in the {Alps} between the {Miocene} and today: a review},
	volume = {50(2)},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF},
	author = {Audra, P and Bini, A and Gabrovsek, F and Häuselmann, P and Hobléa, F and Jeannin, P Y and Kunaver, J and Monbaron, M and Sustersic, F and Tognini, P and Trimmel, H and Wildberger, A},
	year = {2006},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: PNR61
tex.thematique: Spéléogénèse,
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Alpes, Europe, Suisse, aquifère},
	pages = {153--176},
}









@article{Haeuselmann_2007b,
	title = {Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 {Ma} dated from cave deposits in {Switzerland}},
	volume = {35},
	abstract = {Glacial erosion dramatically alters mountain landscapes, but the pace at which glaciers carve a previously fluvial landscape remains poorly defined because long-term valley incision rates are difficult to measure. Here we reconstruct the lowering history of the Aare Valley, Switzerland, over the past 4 m.y. by dating cave sediments with cosmogenic Al-26 and Be-10. Incision accelerated from similar to 120 m/m.y. to similar to 1200 m/m.y. at 0.8-1.0 Ma, at least 1 m.y. after the onset of local glaciation. Rapid incision may have been triggered by lowering of the equilibrium line altitude at the mid-Pleistocene climate transition},
	journal = {Geology},
	author = {Häuselmann, P and Granger, D E and Jeannin, P Y and Lauritzen, S E},
	year = {2007},
	note = {tex.lecteurs: LT
tex.thematique: Géologie, Hydrogéologie
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AH},
	keywords = {Berne, Siebenhengste-Hohgant, Suisse, Vallée de l'Aar, Vallée glaciaire, cosmogénique, grotte, spéléogenèse, taux d'érosion glaciaire},
	pages = {143--146},
}









@article{luetscher_heat_2008,
	title = {Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system: {Monlesi} cave, {Swiss} {Jura} {Mountains}},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	shorttitle = {Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JF000892},
	language = {en},
	number = {F2},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Luetscher, Marc and Lismonde, Baudouin and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {F02025},
}









@article{hauselmann_surface_2008,
	title = {Surface corrosion of an {Alpine} karren field: recent measures at {Innerbergli} ({Siebenhengste}, {Switzerland})},
	volume = {37},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Int. Journal of Speleology},
	author = {Häuselmann, Ph.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Type: Journal Article},
	pages = {107--111},
}













@article{boch_nalps_2011,
	title = {{NALPS}: a precisely dated {European} climate record 120-60 ka},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Clim. Past},
	author = {Boch, Ronny and Cheng, Hai and Spötl, Christoph and Edwards, R.L. and Wang, X. and Häuselmann, Philipp},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1247--1259},
}









@article{Jeannin_2013,
	title = {{KARSYS}: a pragmatic approach to karst hydrogeological system conceptualisation. {Assessment} of groundwater reserves and resources in {Switzerland}},
	volume = {69(3)},
	journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},
	author = {Jeannin, Pierre Yves and Eichenberger, U and Sinreich, M and Vouillamoz, J and Malard, A and Weber, E},
	year = {2013},
	note = {ISBN: DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-1983-6
Publisher: Swiss Institut for Speleology and Karst Studies, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
tex.lecteurs: JV, LT, AM
tex.projets\_isska: PNR61, KARSYS$_{\textrm{D}}$avos
tex.thematique: Hydrogélogie, Géologie
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: JV},
	keywords = {3D, KARSYS, Suisse, modèle conceptuel, ressources, réserves},
	pages = {999--1013},
}





@article{Turk_2014,
	title = {Hydrogeological interpretation of the alpine karst massif by application of a {Karsys} approach ({Kanin} case study, {Julian} {Alps})},
	volume = {Published online in Wiley Online Library},
	journal = {Hydrological Processes},
	author = {Turk, Janez and Malard, Arnauld and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Gabrovšek, Franci and Petrič, Metka and Ravbar, Nataša and Vouillamoz, Jonathan and Slabe, Tadej},
	year = {2014},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: SLO$_{\textrm{K}}$ARSYS
tex.thematique: Gestion ressource
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Boka, Bovec, Canin, Goriuda, Kanin, Moznica, Slovénie},
	pages = {DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10313},
}













@article{Lachassagne_2014,
	title = {High-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model of complex volcanic islands: a {Mayotte}, {Comoros}, case study},
	volume = {26},
	abstract = {We present a high-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut-and-fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low-elevation basal aquifer and dyke-impounded high-level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high-resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high-resolution scale of the model. High-resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology.},
	journal = {Terra Nova},
	author = {Lachassagne, P and Aunay, B and Frissant, N and Guilbert, M and Malard, A},
	year = {2014},
	note = {tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Eau potable
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Bouclier, Comores, Mayotte, Paléo vallée, basalte, basaltique, volcan, île},
	pages = {307--321},
}













@article{Malard_2015a,
	title = {An integrated approach for catchment delineation and conduit-network modeling in karst aquifers: application to a site in the {Swiss} tabular {Jura}},
	volume = {23(7)},
	journal = {Hydrogeology Journal},
	author = {Malard, A and Jeannin, P Y and Vouillamoz, J and Weber, E},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: PNR61
tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, logiciel
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Ajoie, ArcGIS, Beuchire, Creugenat, Jura, Suisse, bassin alimentation, conduit, génération de réseau, script},
	pages = {1341--1357},
}













@article{Jeannin_2015a,
	title = {Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling - the {Brunnmühle} spring system - {Bernese} {Jura}, {Switzerland}},
	volume = {74(12)},
	abstract = {Drilling a tunnel in a karst region requires the assessment of disturbances in the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers and flow-systems as well as disturbances for the tunnel itself. A complete characterization of the karst hydrogeological functioning and the establishment of prevention measures are essential in order to insure a suitable construction. The paper relates investigations which were conducted in the frame of the construction of a safety gallery (Sisto) in the bernese Jura (Switzerland). This gallery is located close to the outlet of a regional karst system and parallel to an existing highway tunnel, which met numerous disorders in the past due to the intersection of active karst conduits with a discharge reate exceeding 1 m3/s. The KarstALEA method was applied along the Sisto trace in order to identify sections with a high probability of karst occurrences and to characterize the type of karst related problems. The main issue turned out to be related to water head and discharge, which could potentially be cut by the tunnel construction. The system discharge rate may frequently exceed 10 m3/s, and most of this water could potentially flow into the tunnel. Therefore, a hydraulic model was set up in order to assess expected flow rates and heads if conduits are intersected during the construction. Based on this model and on meteorological and hydrological real-time measurements, a predictive model was established in order to anticipate high-flows events.},
	journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},
	author = {Jeannin, P Y and Malard, A and Rickerl, D and Weber, E},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: Brunnmühle A5
tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Tunnel
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Berne, Douanne, Jura, KarstALEA, Ligerz, Suisse, Twann, Twannbach},
	pages = {7655--7670},
}









@article{Jeannin_2015b,
	title = {Impact of global change on karst groundwater mineralization in the {Jura} {Mountains}},
	volume = {541},
	abstract = {Chemistry of karst groundwater is related to conditions prevailing within the karst underground as well as at the land-surface within the recharge area. It is dominated by the dissolution of calcite and/or dolomite, which is strongly triggered by the presence of high pCO2 in soils at the top of the bedrock. Dissolution (water mineralization) is clearly influenced by soil pCO2, i.e. by global changes such as land-use, agriculture practices and climate change. However, the dissolution of carbonates is considered as a quite significant carbon sink for the Earth Atmosphere. Assessing the evolution of carbonate water mineralization can thus help characterizing the evolution of the carbon sink related to carbonate dissolution. The main goal of the study is to check the presence of trends with a high statistical relevance in groundwater quality data along the past 20years. Causes potentially explaining the observed trends, such as land-use, agriculture practices and global warming are analyzed and discussed. The long term evolution of parameters related to carbonate dissolution are discussed and extrapolated as they may have consequences for the Global Carbon Cycle. The analysis is based on three independent data-sets stretching over more than 20years each, coming from more than 40 sources. Statistical tests (Mann-Kendall trend test) indicate clear trends for compounds related to groundwater mineralization: increase in temperature (by about 0.5°C/25years), decrease in pH, increase in bicarbonate (by about 5\%), and positive or negative trends for major ions directly related to human practices. Data and analysis suggest that carbonate dissolution is quickly increasing as a consequence of climate warming. Considering the largely accepted fact that carbonate dissolution acts as carbon sink for the atmosphere, it can be postulated that the observed increase could act as a negative feedback mechanism, tending to slow down the atmospheric increase in CO2.},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Jeannin, P Y and Hessenauer, M and Malard, A and Chapuis, Valentin},
	year = {2016},
	note = {tex.thematique: Hydrochimie, Climat
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Ajoie, CO2, Jura, Milandrine, Suisse, minéralisation, température},
	pages = {1208--1221},
}









@article{Gabrovsek_2014,
	title = {‘{Looping} caves’ versus ‘water table caves’: {The} role of base-level changes and recharge variations in cave development},
	volume = {204},
	abstract = {The vertical organisation of karst conduit networks has been the focus of speleogenetic studies for more than a century. The four state model of Ford and Ewers (1978), which still is considered as the most general, relates the geometry of caves to the frequency of permeable fissures. The model suggests that the ‘water table caves’ are common in areas with high fissure frequency, which is often the case in natural settings. However, in Alpine karst systems, water table caves are more the exception than the rule. Alpine speleogenesis is influenced by high uplift, valley incision rates and irregular recharge. To study the potential role of these processes for speleogenesis in the dimensions of length and depth, we apply a simple mathematical model based on coupling of flow, dissolution and transport. We assume a master conduit draining the water to the spring at a base level. Incision of the valley triggers evolution of deeper flow pathways, which are initially in a proto-conduit state. The master conduit evolves into a canyon following the valley incision, while the deep pathways evolve towards maturity and tend to capture the water from the master conduits. Two outcomes are possible: a) deep pathways evolve fast enough to capture all the recharge, leaving the master conduit dry; or b) the canyon reaches the level of deep pathways before these evolve to maturity. We introduce the Loop-to-Canyon Ratio (LCR), which predicts which of the two outcomes is more likely to occur in certain settings. Our model is extended to account for transient flow conditions. In the case of an undulating master conduit, floodwater is stored in troughs after the flood retreat. This water seeps through sub-vertical fractures (‘soutirages’) connecting the master conduit with the deep pathways. Therefore, the loops evolve also during the dry season, and the LCR is considerably increased. Although the model is based on several approximations, it leads to some important conclusions for vertical organisation of karst conduit networks and stresses the importance of base-level changes and transient recharge conditions. It therefore gives an explanation of speleogenesis that relies much more on the dynamic nature of water flow than on the static fracture density},
	journal = {Geomorphology},
	author = {Gabrovšek, Franci and Häuselmann, Philipp and Audra, Philippe},
	year = {2014},
	note = {ISBN: 0169-555X
tex.howpublished: Journal
tex.thematique: géomorphologie, spéléogénèse
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {conduit, génération, phréatique, recharge},
	pages = {683--691},
}





@article{Ballesteros_2015b,
	title = {{KARSYS} hydrogeological {3D} modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed into geological complex areas: {Picos} de {Europa} {National} {Park} ({Spain})},
	abstract = {Karst aquifers are valuable groundwater resources whose management requires the use of functioning hydrogeological models. The KARSYS approach provides an explicit 3D conceptual model of the geometry and the functioning of karst aquifers that has been successfully applied in Swiss and Slovenian aquifers. In this work, KARSYS is applied in a complex geological area: the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). The hydrogeological 3D model (500 km2) shows an alpine karst aquifer compartmentalized into 32 groundwater bodies dammed up by subvertical barriers creating elevated saturated zones (water tables at 1153 m asl) and lower ones (water tables at 145 m asl). The recharge is through 18 spring catchment areas. The groundwater flows to the saturated zones pass through vertical to inclined trajectories, and phreatic flows are oriented toward NW, NE and N. KARSYS can be applied to any geologically complex area at a regional scale, although the geological structure should be simplified and the precision in some places is low. Nevertheless, KARSYS helps to identify the hydrogeological behavior of karst areas and is a useful guide for future hydrogeological researches.},
	journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},
	author = {Ballesteros, Daniel and Malard, Arnauld and Jeannin, Pierre Yves and Jiménez-Sánchez, Montserrat and García-Sansegundo, Joaquín and Meléndez-Asensio, Mónica and Sendra, Gemma},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: KarstoPicos, PNR61
tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Cares, Espagne, KARSYS, Picos de Europa},
	pages = {DOI 10.1007/s12665--015--4712--0},
}









@article{Affolter_2015,
	title = {Triple isotope (∂{D}, ∂{17O}, ∂{18O}) study on precipitation, drip water and speleothem fluid inclusions for a {Western} {Central} {European} cave ({NW} {Switzerland})},
	volume = {127},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	author = {Affolter, S and Häuselmann, A D and Fleitmann, D and Häuselmann, Ph and Leuenberger, M},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.utilisateur\_primaire: EW},
	keywords = {Isotope, Jura, Milandre, Suisse, inclusions fluides, précipitation},
	pages = {73--89},
}













@article{Malard_2016,
	title = {A novel approach for estimating karst groundwater recharge in mountainous regions and its application in {Switzerland}},
	volume = {30(13)},
	abstract = {A pragmatic and simple approach for estimating the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers in mountainous regions by extrapolation of the hydrological regimes of gauged and well-documented systems is presented. Specific discharge rates are derived using annual precipitation and spring measurements by taking into account catchment size and elevation which are assumed to be the dominant factors. Reference sites with high data reliability are used for calibration and regional extrapolation. This is performed with normalized values employing spatial precipitation deviations and correlation with the elevation of the catchment areas. A tiered step procedure provides minimum and maximum normalized gradients for the relationship between recharge quantity and elevation for karst regions. The normalized recharge can therefore be obtained and extrapolated for any location using the spatial precipitation variability to provide an estimate of annual groundwater recharge. The approach was applied to Switzerland (approx. 7,500 km2 of karst terrain situated between 200 and over 4,000 m a.s.l.) using annual precipitation data from meteorological stations for the years 2000 to 2011. Results show that the average recharge rates of different Swiss karst domains range from 20 to 46 L/km2s, which corresponds to an infiltration ratio between 0.6 and 0.9 of total precipitation. Despite uncertainties inherent in the approach, these results provide a benchmark for renewable karst groundwater resources in Switzerland of about 8.4 km3 per year. The approach can be applied to any other mountainous karst region, i.e. where a clear relationship between elevation, precipitation and recharge can be assumed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Hydrological Processes},
	author = {Malard, A and Sinreich, M and Jeannin, P Y},
	year = {2016},
	note = {tex.thematique: hydrogéologie, Gestion ressource, méthode
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: AM},
	keywords = {Suisse, précipitation, recharge, ressource},
	pages = {2153--2166},
}





@article{Wilhelm2019,
	title = {Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {WIREs water},
	author = {Wilhelm, B. and Ballesteros Cánovas, J.A. and MacDonald, N. and Toonen, W.H.J. and Baker, V. and Barriendos, M. and Benito, G. and Brauer, A. and Corella, J.P. and Denniston, R. and Glaser, R. and Ionita, M. and Kahle, M. and Liu, T. and Luetscher, M. and Macklin, M. and Mudelsee, M. and Munoz, S. and Schulte, L. and St George, S. and Stoffel, M. and Wetter, O.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {null},
}









@article{Vuilleumier,
	title = {Physics-based fine-scale numerical model of a karst system ({Milandre} {Cave}, {Switzerland})},
	volume = {27 (7)},
	abstract = {In karst aquifers, groundwater flow is often turbulent and occurs in variably saturated conduits. This implies a nonlinear response to recharge events which cannot be reproduced with the tools commonly used for groundwater flow modeling. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of using conduit flow models to simulate flow in karst systems. However existing models are built on abstract representations of the actual conduit network or at a rather coarse resolution. Such models cannot provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits or be used to simulate mass transport. In the catchment of the Milandre Cave, in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, a good portion of the active drainage network is accessible by caving, which opens the possibility for a distributed fine-scale numerical model. This report presents the development of a hydraulic model of the downstream part of this system (1.5 km × 0.5 km) using EPA SWMM 5. The network geometry is based on a detailed cave survey. Calibration is achieved by fitting the observed hydraulic head vs. flow-rate curves. The model performs well when compared against the hydraulic heads that were monitored throughout the system. Simulated transit times are also in line with tracer test results. This confirms that the model reproduces well the physics of flow in this karst system, while being spatially distributed at a fine scale (median element size of 6 m). It can thus provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits at various water stages and be used to address mass transport problems.},
	journal = {Hydrogeology Journal},
	author = {Vuilleumier, C and Jeannin, P Y and Perrochet, P},
	year = {2019},
	note = {tex.lecteurs: Numericalmodeling
tex.projets\_isska: Groundwater hydraulics
tex.thematique: Switzerland
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: Karst},
	keywords = {Tracer tests},
	pages = {2347--2363},
}





@article{Rogerson2019,
	title = {Enhanced {Mediterranean} water cycle during {MIS} 3 humid phases from speleothem fluid inclusions.},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	author = {Rogerson, M. and Dublyansky, Y. and Hoffmann, D.L. and Luetscher, M. and Töchterle, P. and Spötl, C.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1757--1769},
}









@article{Guerrier_2019,
	title = {Climatology in shallow caves with negligible ventilation: {Heat} and mass transfer},
	volume = {146},
	journal = {International Journal of Thermal Sciences},
	author = {Guerrier, Béatrice and Doumenc, F and Roux, A and Mergui, S and Jeannin, P-Y},
	year = {2019},
	note = {tex.projets\_isska: Lascaux
tex.utilisateur\_primaire: EW},
	keywords = {Dordogne, France, Lascaux, air, climat, ventilation},
	pages = {1--15},
}





@article{Gretzinger_2019,
	title = {Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the {Late} {Pleistocene} cave bear},
	journal = {Scientific reports. Nature.com},
	author = {Gretzinger, J and Molak, M and Pfrengle, S and Urban, Ch and Neukamm, J and Blant, M and Conard, N and Cupillard, Ch and Dimitrijevic, V and Drucker, D and Hofman-Kaminska, E and Kowalczyk, R},
	year = {2019},
	note = {tex.utilisateur\_primaire: EW},
	keywords = {Bärenloch, Ours des cavernes, génétique, paléontologie},
	pages = {1--11},
}





@article{Comas_Bruetal_2019,
	title = {Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	author = {Comas-Bru, L. and Harrison, S. P. and Werner, M. and Rehfeld, K. and Scroxton, N. and Veiga-Pires, C. and members, {and} SISAL working group},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1559--1579},
}





@article{steinemann_o_quantifying_2020,
	title = {Quantifying glacial erosion on a limestone bed and the relevance for landscape development},
	volume = {45},
	doi = {doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812},
	journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},
	author = {Steinemann O., Ivy-Ochs S., Grazioli S., Luetscher M., Fischer U., Vockenhuber C., Synal H-A.},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {relevant},
	pages = {1401--1417},
}





@article{Moseleyetal.2020,
	title = {{NALPS19}: sub-orbital-scale climate variability recorded in northern {Alpine} speleothems during the last glacial period},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	author = {Moseley, G. E. and Spötl, C. and Brandstätter, S. and Erhardt, T. and Luetscher, M. and Edwards, R. L.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {19--50},
}









@article{Haeuselmann2020,
	title = {Cosmogenic nuclide dating of cave sediments in the {Eastern} {Alps} and implications for erosion rates},
	volume = {49},
	doi = {10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2303},
	journal = {International Journal of Speleology},
	author = {Häuselmann, Philipp and Plan, Lukas and Pointner, Peter and Fiebig, Markus},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {107--118},
}









@article{sauro_hints_2021,
	title = {Hints on the {Late} {Miocene} evolution of the {Tonale}-{Adamello}-{Brenta} region ({Alps}, {Italy}) based on allochtonous sediments from {Raponzolo} {Cave}},
	volume = {9},
	number = {672119},
	journal = {Front. Earth Sci.},
	author = {Sauro, Francesco and Fellin, Maria Giuditta and Columbu, Andrea and Häuselmann, Philipp and Borsato, Andrea and Carbone, Cristina and de Waele, Jo},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {17},
}













@article{luetscher_last_2021,
	title = {A {Last} {Interglacial} speleothem record from the {Sieben} {Hengste} cave system ({Switzerland}): {Implications} for alpine paleovegetation},
	volume = {262},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	shorttitle = {A {Last} {Interglacial} speleothem record from the {Sieben} {Hengste} cave system ({Switzerland})},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106974},
	abstract = {A precisely dated speleothem isotope record from the Sieben Hengste cave system, Switzerland, reveals a Last Interglacial (LIG) climate optimum centred at 128.1 ± 1.2 ka. The oxygen isotope signal is consistent with a temperature-dominated record and shows a strong correlation with the modelled Greenland δ18O signal. The comparison with speleothems formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the same cave indicates a 4–5‰ difference in δ18O between peak LIG and peak LGM conditions, suggesting peak LIG temperatures being up to 3 °C higher than the Holocene average. Pollen extracted from the stalagmite indicates a vegetation response delayed by up to 3 ka with maximum pollen concentrations recorded at 125 ± 2.2 ka. Our results support a regional vegetation dominated by thermophile tree species including Corylus (hazel), Quercus robur-type (oak), Ulmus (elm), Tilia (lime tree) and Hedera (ivy), consistent with slightly warmer conditions than today. Despite the relatively low pollen concentration, the speleothem-based pollen spectra are consistent with regional pollen assemblage zones from paleolake sediments and provide the first direct paleovegetation evidence of thermophilization during the LIG at high altitudes in the Alps.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-11-03},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	author = {Luetscher, Marc and Moseley, Gina E. and Festi, Daniela and Hof, Florian and Edwards, R. Lawrence and Spötl, Christoph},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Alps, Europe, Isotopes, Last interglacial, Paleoclimatology, Pollen, Speleothems, Temperature., U-series, Vegetation},
	pages = {106974},
}









@article{freydier_vermiculations_2021,
	title = {Vermiculations in painted caves: {New} inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0392-6672, 1827-806X},
	shorttitle = {Vermiculations in painted caves},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7},
	doi = {10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2390},
	abstract = {Vermiculations are aggregates of small particles commonly found on cave walls. They are a major concern for the conservation of painted caves, as they can potentially alter valuable prehistoric cave paintings. A previous rheological study of fine sediment deposits on cave walls revealed that this material can undergo a solid-to-liquid transition triggered by variations in the chemical composition of the water film on the wall. Such a transition could occur at the origin of vermiculations by allowing the sediment to flow under low mechanical stress. In this work, we provide quantitative information on the conditions leading to this transition and show the importance of the chemical composition of the water film on the cave walls. A complete understanding of the phenomenon will, however, require more field information. This includes monitoring of the evolution of vermiculations, for which we have developed a dedicated observation protocol. Based on the combination of photogrammetry and a geographic information system we were able to precisely map the walls of the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux cave from past and future photographs. To better understand the vermiculation process, pictures need to be taken regularly, and the chemical composition of the thin water film covering cave walls needs to be analyzed with a similar time step. The correlation between the evolution of vermiculations, the humidification phases of the walls, temperature changes and the chemical monitoring of the water film should shed new light on conditions triggering vermiculations.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-04-20},
	journal = {International Journal of Speleology},
	author = {Freydier, Perrine and Weber, Eric and Martin, Jérôme and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Guerrier, Béatrice and Doumenc, Frédéric},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {289--299},
}









@article{bartolome_potential_2021,
	title = {The potential of {Ojo} de {Valjunquera} cave ({NE} of {Iberia}) sediments for paleoflood reconstructions},
	volume = {35},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Cuaternario y Geomorfología},
	author = {Bartolomé, M. and Benito, G. and Luetscher, M. and Badules-Iglesias, J. and Pérez-Villar, G. and Edwards, R.L. and Moreno, A.},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {11--28},
}









@article{malard_contribution_2022,
	title = {Contribution of the dynamic visualization of a {3D} hydrogeological conceptual model to the participatory management of groundwater resources},
	volume = {355},
	issn = {1778-7025},
	url = {https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/},
	doi = {10.5802/crgeos.152},
	language = {en},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2022-10-30},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus. Géoscience},
	author = {Malard, Arnauld and Dörfliger, Nathalie and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Laube, Silvan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1--14},
}









@article{bartolome_mountain_2023,
	title = {Mountain permafrost in the {Central} {Pyrenees}: insights from the {Devaux} ice cave},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1994-0416},
	shorttitle = {Mountain permafrost in the {Central} {Pyrenees}},
	url = {https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/},
	doi = {10.5194/tc-17-477-2023},
	abstract = {Ice caves are one of the least studied parts of the cryosphere, particularly those located in inaccessible permafrost areas at high altitudes or high latitudes. We characterize the climate dynamics and the geomorphological features of Devaux cave, an outstanding ice cave in the Central Pyrenees on the French–Spanish border. Two distinct cave sectors were identified based on air temperature and geomorphological observations. The first one comprises well-ventilated galleries with large temperature oscillations likely influenced by a cave river. The second sector corresponds to more isolated chambers, where air and rock temperatures stay below 0 ∘C throughout the year. Seasonal layered ice and hoarfrost occupy the first sector, while transparent, massive perennial ice is present in the isolated chambers. Cryogenic calcite and gypsum are mainly present within the perennial ice. During winter, the cave river freezes at the outlet, resulting in a damming and backflooding of the cave. We suggest that relict ice formations record past damming events with the subsequent formation of congelation ice. δ34S values of gypsum indicate that the sulfate originated from the oxidation of pyrite present in the bedrock. Several features including air and rock temperatures, the absence of drips, the small loss of ice in the past 7 decades, and the location of ice bodies in the cave indicate that the cave permafrost is the result of a combination of undercooling by ventilation and diffusive heat transfer from the surrounding permafrost, reaching a thickness of ∼ 200 m.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-02-08},
	journal = {The Cryosphere},
	author = {Bartolomé, Miguel and Cazenave, Gérard and Luetscher, Marc and Spötl, Christoph and Gázquez, Fernando and Belmonte, Ánchel and Turchyn, Alexandra V. and López-Moreno, Juan Ignacio and Moreno, Ana},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
	pages = {477--497},
}









@article{marchesini_ancient_2022,
	title = {Ancient {DNA} from speleothems: opportunity or challenge?},
	issn = {0033-5894, 1096-0287},
	shorttitle = {Ancient {DNA} from speleothems},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/qua.2022.46},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Ancient environmental DNA retrieved from sedimentary records (sedaDNA) can complement fossil-morphological approaches for characterizing Quaternary biodiversity changes. PCR-based DNA metabarcoding is so far the most widely used method in environmental DNA studies, including sedaDNA. However, degradation of ancient DNA and potential contamination, together with the PCR amplification drawbacks, have to be carefully considered. Here we tested this approach on speleothems from an Alpine cave that, according to a previous palynomorphological study, have shown to contain abundant pollen grains. This offers a unique opportunity for comparing the two methods and, indirectly, trying to validate DNA-based results. The plant taxa identified by sedaDNA are fewer than those by pollen analysis, and success rate of PCR replicates is low. Despite extensive work performed following best practice for sedaDNA, our results are suboptimal and accompanied by a non-negligible uncertainty. Our preliminary data seem to indicate that paleoenvironmental DNA may be isolated from speleothems, but the intrinsic weakness of PCR-based metabarcoding poses a challenge to its exploitation. We suggest that newly developed methods such as hybridization capture, being free from PCR drawbacks and offering the opportunity to directly assess aDNA authenticity, may overcome these limitations, allowing a proper exploitation of speleothems as biological archives.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-01},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	author = {Marchesini, Alexis and Festi, Daniela and Girardi, Matteo and Micheletti, Diego and Vernesi, Cristiano and Luetscher, Marc},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1--9},
}





@article{jeannin_karst_2021,
	title = {Karst modelling challenge 1: {Results} of hydrological modelling},
	volume = {600},
	issn = {0022-1694},
	shorttitle = {Karst modelling challenge 1},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126508},
	abstract = {The complexity of karst groundwater flow modelling is reflected by the amount of simulation approaches. The goal of the Karst Modelling Challenge (KMC) is comparing different approaches on one single system using the same data set. Thirteen teams with different computational models for simulating discharge variations at karst springs have applied their respective models on one single data set coming from the Milandre Karst Hydrogeological System (MKHS). The approaches include neural networks, reservoir models, semi-distributed models and fully distributed groundwater models. Four and a half years of hourly or daily meteorological input and hourly discharge data were provided for model calibration. The validation comprised forecasting one year of discharge, without the observed discharge data. The model performance was evaluated using the volume conservation, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) applied on the total discharge and individual flow components. As a result, the comparison of model performances is a challenging task due to the differences in the model architecture but also required time steps: some of the models require aggregated daily steps while others could be run using hourly data, which provided some interesting differences depending on how the data was transformed. The use of instantaneous data (e.g. value at noon) produces less bias that averaging hourly data over one day. The transformation of hourly into daily data produces a decrease of Nash and KGE of 0.05 to 0.08 (i.e. from 1 to {\textasciitilde}0.93). The resulting simulations (forecasted values for year 2016) produced KGEs ranging between 0.83 and 0.37 (0.83 to −0.24 for NSE). Although the simulations matched the monitored flows reasonably well, most models struggled to simulate baseflow conditions accurately. In general, the models that performed the best for this exercise were the global ones (Gardenia and Varkarst), with a limited number of parameters, which can be calibrated using automatic calibration procedures. The neural network models also showed a fair potential, with one providing reasonable results despite the relatively short dataset available for warming-up (4.5 years). Semi-and fully distributed models also suggested that with some more effort they could perform well. The accuracy of model predictions does not seem to increase by using models with more than 9–12 calibration parameters. An evaluation of the relative errors between the forecasted and the observed values revealed that for most models, 50\% of the forecasted values contained more than 50\% of difference against the observed discharge rate, with 25\% having a difference larger than 100\%. A significant part of the poorly forecasted values corresponded to base-flow which was surprising given that as base-flow is generally much easier to predict than peak flow. Hence, this shows that modelling approaches and criteria for the calibration are too oriented towards peak-flow sections of the hydrographs, and that improvements could be gained by more focus on the base-flow.},
	urldate = {2023-09-03},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
	author = {Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Artigue, Guillaume and Butscher, Christoph and Chang, Yong and Charlier, Jean-Baptiste and Duran, Lea and Gill, Laurence and Hartmann, Andreas and Johannet, Anne and Jourde, Hervé and Kavousi, Alireza and Liesch, Tanja and Liu, Yan and Lüthi, Martin and Malard, Arnauld and Mazzilli, Naomi and Pardo-Igúzquiza, Eulogio and Thiéry, Dominique and Reimann, Thomas and Schuler, Philip and Wöhling, Thomas and Wunsch, Andreas},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Baseflow, Comparison, Efficiency criteria, Karst, Modelling, Recharge},
	pages = {126508},
}








\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/JonathanBoi/5331094\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! Next you can\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newSiteFromTemplate%3Fbiburl=https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/JonathanBoi/5331094\"\n      >create a new website with this list</a>, or\n      embed it in an existing web page by copying &amp; pasting\n      any of the following snippets.\n\n      <div style=\"text-align: left; margin-top: 1em;\">\n        <strong>JavaScript</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment recommended\">(easiest)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;script src=\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fbibbase.org%2Fzotero-group%2FJonathanBoi%2F5331094&amp;folding=1&amp;jsonp=1&amp;nochache=1&amp;jsonp=1\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>PHP</strong>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;?php\n            $contents = file_get_contents(\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fbibbase.org%2Fzotero-group%2FJonathanBoi%2F5331094&amp;folding=1&amp;jsonp=1&amp;nochache=1\");\n            print_r($contents);\n            ?&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <strong>iFrame</strong>\n        <span class=\"comment\">(not recommended)</span>\n        <div class=\"well well-small\">\n          <code>\n            &lt;iframe src=\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fbibbase.org%2Fzotero-group%2FJonathanBoi%2F5331094&amp;folding=1&amp;jsonp=1&amp;nochache=1\"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;\n          </code>\n        </div>\n\n        <p>\n          For more details see the <a href=\"//bibbase.org/help\">documention</a>.\n        </p>\n      </div>\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_preview\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      This is a preview! To use this list on your own web site\n      or create a new web site from it,\n      <a href=\"/network/register?next=/network/newAccountWithFile%3FfileId=\"\n      >create a free account</a>. The file will be added\n      and you will be able to edit it in the File Manager.\n      We will show you instructions once you've created your account.\n    </div>\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-warning bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_mendeley1\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      <p>To the site owner:</p>\n\n      <p><strong>Action required!</strong> Mendeley is changing its\n        API. In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024', 'https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6', event);\">\n    Dispersion of artificial tracers in ventilated caves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pastore, C.; Weber, E.; Doumenc, F.; Jeannin, P.;  and Luetscher, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Speleology</i>, 53(1): 51–62. April 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024', 'https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dispersion of artificial tracers in ventilated caves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.53.1.2497\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.53.1.2497', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pastore-weber-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-dispersionofartificialtracersinventilatedcaves-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pastore_dispersion_2024,\n\ttitle = {Dispersion of artificial tracers in ventilated caves},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0392-6672, 1827-806X},\n\turl = {https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol53/iss1/6},\n\tdoi = {10.5038/1827-806X.53.1.2497},\n\tabstract = {Artificial CO2 was used as a tracer along ventilated karst conduits to infer airflow and investigate tracer dispersion. In the karst vadose zone, cave ventilation is an efficient mode of transport for heat, gases and aerosols and thus drives the spatial distribution of airborne particles. Modelling this airborne transport requires geometrical and physical parameters of the conduit system, including the cross-sectional areas, the airflow and average air speed, as well as the longitudinal dispersion coefficient which describes the spreading of a solute. Four gauging tests were carried out in one mine (artificial conduit) and two ventilated caves (natural conduits). In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to gain reliable airflow rates and geometric information of ventilated karst conduits using CO2 as a tracer. Airflow was gauged along two caves and one mine and compared with punctual measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Cross-sectional areas estimated with CO2 tests were compared with those measured in situ. Moreover, breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis displayed an accentuated tailing along the investigated natural conduits due to the presence of dispersive singularities which possibly enable aerosol deposition. The long tailing observed in Milandre and Longeaigue Caves is probably due to cross-section variations. A 1-D advection-dispersion model tested for these sites was unable to fit BTC tailing in natural conduits. In Baulmes artificial conduit, where long tailing is not observed, the dispersion coefficient has been estimated using Chatwin’s method, and compared with the prediction of Taylor’s theory. Despite the regular geometry of Baulmes Mine, Taylor’s correlation significantly underestimates the dispersion coefficient deduced from field data, showing the need for more theoretical work on turbulent dispersion in mines. This paper gives a first insight into air motion and matter dispersion along ventilated karst conduits, preparing for proper aerosol dispersion modelling.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-04-12},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Speleology},\n\tauthor = {Pastore, Claudio and Weber, Eric and Doumenc, Frédéric and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Luetscher, Marc},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {51--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Artificial CO2 was used as a tracer along ventilated karst conduits to infer airflow and investigate tracer dispersion. In the karst vadose zone, cave ventilation is an efficient mode of transport for heat, gases and aerosols and thus drives the spatial distribution of airborne particles. Modelling this airborne transport requires geometrical and physical parameters of the conduit system, including the cross-sectional areas, the airflow and average air speed, as well as the longitudinal dispersion coefficient which describes the spreading of a solute. Four gauging tests were carried out in one mine (artificial conduit) and two ventilated caves (natural conduits). In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to gain reliable airflow rates and geometric information of ventilated karst conduits using CO2 as a tracer. Airflow was gauged along two caves and one mine and compared with punctual measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Cross-sectional areas estimated with CO2 tests were compared with those measured in situ. Moreover, breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis displayed an accentuated tailing along the investigated natural conduits due to the presence of dispersive singularities which possibly enable aerosol deposition. The long tailing observed in Milandre and Longeaigue Caves is probably due to cross-section variations. A 1-D advection-dispersion model tested for these sites was unable to fit BTC tailing in natural conduits. In Baulmes artificial conduit, where long tailing is not observed, the dispersion coefficient has been estimated using Chatwin’s method, and compared with the prediction of Taylor’s theory. Despite the regular geometry of Baulmes Mine, Taylor’s correlation significantly underestimates the dispersion coefficient deduced from field data, showing the need for more theoretical work on turbulent dispersion in mines. This paper gives a first insight into air motion and matter dispersion along ventilated karst conduits, preparing for proper aerosol dispersion modelling.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068', event);\">\n    Multi-scale hydrostructural approach for karst environment. Application to the Arcier hydrosystem (eastern France).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klaba, V.; Celle, H.; Trap, P.; Choulet, F.; Smeraglia, L.; Malard, A.;  and Carry, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Structural Geology</i>, 184: 105154. July 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Multi-scale hydrostructural approach for karst environment. Application to the Arcier hydrosystem (eastern France) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105154\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105154', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klaba-celle-trap-choulet-smeraglia-malard-carry-multiscalehydrostructuralapproachforkarstenvironmentapplicationtothearcierhydrosystemeasternfrance-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{klaba_multi-scale_2024,\n\ttitle = {Multi-scale hydrostructural approach for karst environment. {Application} to the {Arcier} hydrosystem (eastern {France})},\n\tvolume = {184},\n\tissn = {01918141},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191814124001068},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105154},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-06-06},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Structural Geology},\n\tauthor = {Klaba, V. and Celle, H. and Trap, P. and Choulet, F. and Smeraglia, L. and Malard, A. and Carry, N.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {105154},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024', 'https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646', event);\">\n    Modeling Heat Transfer for Assessing the Convection Length in Ventilated Caves.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sedaghatkish, A.; Pastore, C.; Doumenc, F.; Jeannin, P.;  and Luetscher, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>, 129(6): e2024JF007646. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024', 'https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Modeling Heat Transfer for Assessing the Convection Length in Ventilated Caves [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007646\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007646', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sedaghatkish-pastore-doumenc-jeannin-luetscher-modelingheattransferforassessingtheconvectionlengthinventilatedcaves-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sedaghatkish_modeling_2024,\n\ttitle = {Modeling {Heat} {Transfer} for {Assessing} the {Convection} {Length} in {Ventilated} {Caves}},\n\tvolume = {129},\n\tissn = {2169-9003, 2169-9011},\n\turl = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JF007646},\n\tdoi = {10.1029/2024JF007646},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            The present study focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. We use a numerical model that couples the convective heat transfer due to the airflow in a single karst conduit with the conductive heat transfer in the rock mass. Assuming dry air and a simplified geometry, we investigate the propagation of thermal perturbations inside the karst massif. We perform a parametric study to identify general trends regarding the effect of the air flowrate and conduit size on the amplitude and spatial extent of thermal perturbations. Numerical results support the partition of a cave into three regions: (a) a short (few meters) diffusive region, where heat mainly propagates from the external atmosphere by conduction in the rock mass; (b) a convective region where heat is mainly transported by the air flow; (c) a deep karst region characterized by quasi‐constant temperatures throughout the year. Numerical simulations show that the length of the convective region is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the flowrate annual fluctuations divided by the square root of the cave radius. This result is tested against field data from a mine tunnel and two caves. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies.\n          , \n            Plain Language Summary\n            Karsts are landscapes formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks. The chemical erosion due to rainwater results in the formation of an extensive network of caves traversed by air and water flows. Understanding heat transfer in karst is a key issue in many fields, as diverse as study of underground biota or paleoclimate reconstruction. The present work focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. In winter, the air inside the massif is hotter (and thus lighter) than the air outside. This situation results in an upward airflow as in a chimney. The airflow is reversed in summer (colder and thus heavier air inside the massif). Assuming a simplified geometry, we investigate by numerical simulations the propagation of thermal perturbations inside a single ventilated conduit. The results of the numerical simulations are tested against field data from a mine and two caves. We show that in ventilated caves, the airflow can propagate the annual temperature fluctuations over distances from the entrance ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of meters. In extreme cases, it could go up to kilometers. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies.\n          , \n            Key Points\n            \n              \n                \n                  A numerical model was developed to investigate heat transfer inside ventilated caves driven by chimney effect\n                \n                \n                  The airflow can propagate annual temperature fluctuations over a few tens to a few hundreds of meters from the cave entrance (over kilometers in extreme cases)\n                \n                \n                  The distance of propagation (the convection length) is approximately proportional to the airflow rate and inversely proportional to the square root of the cave diameter},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-05-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface},\n\tauthor = {Sedaghatkish, Amir and Pastore, Claudio and Doumenc, Frédéric and Jeannin, Pierre‐Yves and Luetscher, Marc},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {e2024JF007646},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The present study focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. We use a numerical model that couples the convective heat transfer due to the airflow in a single karst conduit with the conductive heat transfer in the rock mass. Assuming dry air and a simplified geometry, we investigate the propagation of thermal perturbations inside the karst massif. We perform a parametric study to identify general trends regarding the effect of the air flowrate and conduit size on the amplitude and spatial extent of thermal perturbations. Numerical results support the partition of a cave into three regions: (a) a short (few meters) diffusive region, where heat mainly propagates from the external atmosphere by conduction in the rock mass; (b) a convective region where heat is mainly transported by the air flow; (c) a deep karst region characterized by quasi‐constant temperatures throughout the year. Numerical simulations show that the length of the convective region is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the flowrate annual fluctuations divided by the square root of the cave radius. This result is tested against field data from a mine tunnel and two caves. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies. , Plain Language Summary Karsts are landscapes formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks. The chemical erosion due to rainwater results in the formation of an extensive network of caves traversed by air and water flows. Understanding heat transfer in karst is a key issue in many fields, as diverse as study of underground biota or paleoclimate reconstruction. The present work focuses on heat transfer in ventilated caves for which the airflow is driven by the temperature contrast between the cave and the external atmosphere. In winter, the air inside the massif is hotter (and thus lighter) than the air outside. This situation results in an upward airflow as in a chimney. The airflow is reversed in summer (colder and thus heavier air inside the massif). Assuming a simplified geometry, we investigate by numerical simulations the propagation of thermal perturbations inside a single ventilated conduit. The results of the numerical simulations are tested against field data from a mine and two caves. We show that in ventilated caves, the airflow can propagate the annual temperature fluctuations over distances from the entrance ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of meters. In extreme cases, it could go up to kilometers. Our study provides first estimates to identify climate sensitive regions for speleothem science and/or ecosystemic studies. , Key Points A numerical model was developed to investigate heat transfer inside ventilated caves driven by chimney effect The airflow can propagate annual temperature fluctuations over a few tens to a few hundreds of meters from the cave entrance (over kilometers in extreme cases) The distance of propagation (the convection length) is approximately proportional to the airflow rate and inversely proportional to the square root of the cave diameter\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859', event);\">\n    Speleothems in subglacial caves: An emerging archive of glacial climate history and mountain glacier dynamics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Spötl, C.; Baker, J. L.; Skiba, V.; Honiat, A.; Fohlmeister, J.; Luetscher, M.;  and Trüssel, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>, 333: 108684. June 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Speleothems in subglacial caves: An emerging archive of glacial climate history and mountain glacier dynamics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108684\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108684', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sptl-baker-skiba-honiat-fohlmeister-luetscher-trssel-speleothemsinsubglacialcavesanemergingarchiveofglacialclimatehistoryandmountainglacierdynamics-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{spotl_speleothems_2024,\n\ttitle = {Speleothems in subglacial caves: {An} emerging archive of glacial climate history and mountain glacier dynamics},\n\tvolume = {333},\n\tissn = {02773791},\n\tshorttitle = {Speleothems in subglacial caves},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379124001859},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108684},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-05-07},\n\tjournal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Spötl, Christoph and Baker, Jonathan L. and Skiba, Vanessa and Honiat, Alexandre and Fohlmeister, Jens and Luetscher, Marc and Trüssel, Martin},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {108684},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0', event);\">\n    The role of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation for millennial-scale climate variability during the penultimate glacial.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fohlmeister, J.; Luetscher, M.; Spötl, C.; Schröder-Ritzrau, A.; Schröder, B.; Frank, N.; Eichstädter, R.; Trüssel, M.; Skiba, V.;  and Boers, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Communications Earth & Environment</i>, 4(1): 245. July 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The role of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation for millennial-scale climate variability during the penultimate glacial [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00908-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00908-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fohlmeister-luetscher-sptl-schrderritzrau-schrder-frank-eichstdter-trssel-etal-theroleofnorthernhemispheresummerinsolationformillennialscaleclimatevariabilityduringthepenultimateglacial-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fohlmeister_role_2023,\n\ttitle = {The role of {Northern} {Hemisphere} summer insolation for millennial-scale climate variability during the penultimate glacial},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2662-4435},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00908-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00908-0},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            Previous glacial intervals were punctuated by abrupt climate transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) conditions. Many mechanisms leading to stadial-interstadial variability have been hypothesized with ice volume being a commonly involved element. Here, we test to which extent insolation modulated stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred during the penultimate glacial. We present a replicated and precisely dated speleothem record covering the period between 200 and 130 ka before present from caves located in the European Alps known to be sensitive to millennial-scale variability. We show that the widely proposed relationship between sea level change and stadial-interstadial variability was additionally modulated by solar insolation during this time interval. We find that interstadials occurred preferentially near maxima of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, even when sea level remained close to its minimum during peak glacial periods. We confirm these observations with model simulations that accurately reproduce the frequency and duration of interstadials for given sea-level and insolation forcing. Our results imply that summer insolation played an important role in modulating the occurrence of stadial-interstadial oscillations and highlight the relevance of insolation in triggering abrupt climate changes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-06-06},\n\tjournal = {Communications Earth \\&amp; Environment},\n\tauthor = {Fohlmeister, Jens and Luetscher, Marc and Spötl, Christoph and Schröder-Ritzrau, Andrea and Schröder, Birgit and Frank, Norbert and Eichstädter, René and Trüssel, Martin and Skiba, Vanessa and Boers, Niklas},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {245},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Previous glacial intervals were punctuated by abrupt climate transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) conditions. Many mechanisms leading to stadial-interstadial variability have been hypothesized with ice volume being a commonly involved element. Here, we test to which extent insolation modulated stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred during the penultimate glacial. We present a replicated and precisely dated speleothem record covering the period between 200 and 130 ka before present from caves located in the European Alps known to be sensitive to millennial-scale variability. We show that the widely proposed relationship between sea level change and stadial-interstadial variability was additionally modulated by solar insolation during this time interval. We find that interstadials occurred preferentially near maxima of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, even when sea level remained close to its minimum during peak glacial periods. We confirm these observations with model simulations that accurately reproduce the frequency and duration of interstadials for given sea-level and insolation forcing. Our results imply that summer insolation played an important role in modulating the occurrence of stadial-interstadial oscillations and highlight the relevance of insolation in triggering abrupt climate changes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023', 'https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/', event);\">\n    Mountain permafrost in the Central Pyrenees: insights from the Devaux ice cave.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bartolomé, M.; Cazenave, G.; Luetscher, M.; Spötl, C.; Gázquez, F.; Belmonte, Á.; Turchyn, A. V.; López-Moreno, J. I.;  and Moreno, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Cryosphere</i>, 17(2): 477–497. February 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Copernicus GmbH</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023', 'https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mountain permafrost in the Central Pyrenees: insights from the Devaux ice cave [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-477-2023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-477-2023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bartolom-cazenave-luetscher-sptl-gzquez-belmonte-turchyn-lpezmoreno-etal-mountainpermafrostinthecentralpyreneesinsightsfromthedevauxicecave-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bartolome_mountain_2023,\n\ttitle = {Mountain permafrost in the {Central} {Pyrenees}: insights from the {Devaux} ice cave},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1994-0416},\n\tshorttitle = {Mountain permafrost in the {Central} {Pyrenees}},\n\turl = {https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/477/2023/},\n\tdoi = {10.5194/tc-17-477-2023},\n\tabstract = {Ice caves are one of the least studied parts of the cryosphere, particularly those located in inaccessible permafrost areas at high altitudes or high latitudes. We characterize the climate dynamics and the geomorphological features of Devaux cave, an outstanding ice cave in the Central Pyrenees on the French–Spanish border. Two distinct cave sectors were identified based on air temperature and geomorphological observations. The first one comprises well-ventilated galleries with large temperature oscillations likely influenced by a cave river. The second sector corresponds to more isolated chambers, where air and rock temperatures stay below 0 ∘C throughout the year. Seasonal layered ice and hoarfrost occupy the first sector, while transparent, massive perennial ice is present in the isolated chambers. Cryogenic calcite and gypsum are mainly present within the perennial ice. During winter, the cave river freezes at the outlet, resulting in a damming and backflooding of the cave. We suggest that relict ice formations record past damming events with the subsequent formation of congelation ice. δ34S values of gypsum indicate that the sulfate originated from the oxidation of pyrite present in the bedrock. Several features including air and rock temperatures, the absence of drips, the small loss of ice in the past 7 decades, and the location of ice bodies in the cave indicate that the cave permafrost is the result of a combination of undercooling by ventilation and diffusive heat transfer from the surrounding permafrost, reaching a thickness of ∼ 200 m.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-02-08},\n\tjournal = {The Cryosphere},\n\tauthor = {Bartolomé, Miguel and Cazenave, Gérard and Luetscher, Marc and Spötl, Christoph and Gázquez, Fernando and Belmonte, Ánchel and Turchyn, Alexandra V. and López-Moreno, Juan Ignacio and Moreno, Ana},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},\n\tpages = {477--497},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ice caves are one of the least studied parts of the cryosphere, particularly those located in inaccessible permafrost areas at high altitudes or high latitudes. We characterize the climate dynamics and the geomorphological features of Devaux cave, an outstanding ice cave in the Central Pyrenees on the French–Spanish border. Two distinct cave sectors were identified based on air temperature and geomorphological observations. The first one comprises well-ventilated galleries with large temperature oscillations likely influenced by a cave river. The second sector corresponds to more isolated chambers, where air and rock temperatures stay below 0 ∘C throughout the year. Seasonal layered ice and hoarfrost occupy the first sector, while transparent, massive perennial ice is present in the isolated chambers. Cryogenic calcite and gypsum are mainly present within the perennial ice. During winter, the cave river freezes at the outlet, resulting in a damming and backflooding of the cave. We suggest that relict ice formations record past damming events with the subsequent formation of congelation ice. δ34S values of gypsum indicate that the sulfate originated from the oxidation of pyrite present in the bedrock. Several features including air and rock temperatures, the absence of drips, the small loss of ice in the past 7 decades, and the location of ice bodies in the cave indicate that the cave permafrost is the result of a combination of undercooling by ventilation and diffusive heat transfer from the surrounding permafrost, reaching a thickness of ∼ 200 m.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022', 'https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/', event);\">\n    Contribution of the dynamic visualization of a 3D hydrogeological conceptual model to the participatory management of groundwater resources.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Malard, A.; Dörfliger, N.; Jeannin, P.;  and Laube, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Comptes Rendus. Géoscience</i>, 355(S1): 1–14. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022', 'https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Contribution of the dynamic visualization of a 3D hydrogeological conceptual model to the participatory management of groundwater resources [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.152\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.152', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('malard-drfliger-jeannin-laube-contributionofthedynamicvisualizationofa3dhydrogeologicalconceptualmodeltotheparticipatorymanagementofgroundwaterresources-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{malard_contribution_2022,\n\ttitle = {Contribution of the dynamic visualization of a {3D} hydrogeological conceptual model to the participatory management of groundwater resources},\n\tvolume = {355},\n\tissn = {1778-7025},\n\turl = {https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.152/},\n\tdoi = {10.5802/crgeos.152},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2022-10-30},\n\tjournal = {Comptes Rendus. Géoscience},\n\tauthor = {Malard, Arnauld and Dörfliger, Nathalie and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Laube, Silvan},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {1--14},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article', event);\">\n    Ancient DNA from speleothems: opportunity or challenge?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marchesini, A.; Festi, D.; Girardi, M.; Micheletti, D.; Vernesi, C.;  and Luetscher, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Quaternary Research</i>,1–9. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ancient DNA from speleothems: opportunity or challenge? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2022.46\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2022.46', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marchesini-festi-girardi-micheletti-vernesi-luetscher-ancientdnafromspeleothemsopportunityorchallenge-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marchesini_ancient_2022,\n\ttitle = {Ancient {DNA} from speleothems: opportunity or challenge?},\n\tissn = {0033-5894, 1096-0287},\n\tshorttitle = {Ancient {DNA} from speleothems},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000461/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/qua.2022.46},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            Ancient environmental DNA retrieved from sedimentary records (sedaDNA) can complement fossil-morphological approaches for characterizing Quaternary biodiversity changes. PCR-based DNA metabarcoding is so far the most widely used method in environmental DNA studies, including sedaDNA. However, degradation of ancient DNA and potential contamination, together with the PCR amplification drawbacks, have to be carefully considered. Here we tested this approach on speleothems from an Alpine cave that, according to a previous palynomorphological study, have shown to contain abundant pollen grains. This offers a unique opportunity for comparing the two methods and, indirectly, trying to validate DNA-based results. The plant taxa identified by sedaDNA are fewer than those by pollen analysis, and success rate of PCR replicates is low. Despite extensive work performed following best practice for sedaDNA, our results are suboptimal and accompanied by a non-negligible uncertainty. Our preliminary data seem to indicate that paleoenvironmental DNA may be isolated from speleothems, but the intrinsic weakness of PCR-based metabarcoding poses a challenge to its exploitation. We suggest that newly developed methods such as hybridization capture, being free from PCR drawbacks and offering the opportunity to directly assess aDNA authenticity, may overcome these limitations, allowing a proper exploitation of speleothems as biological archives.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-02-01},\n\tjournal = {Quaternary Research},\n\tauthor = {Marchesini, Alexis and Festi, Daniela and Girardi, Matteo and Micheletti, Diego and Vernesi, Cristiano and Luetscher, Marc},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Ancient environmental DNA retrieved from sedimentary records (sedaDNA) can complement fossil-morphological approaches for characterizing Quaternary biodiversity changes. PCR-based DNA metabarcoding is so far the most widely used method in environmental DNA studies, including sedaDNA. However, degradation of ancient DNA and potential contamination, together with the PCR amplification drawbacks, have to be carefully considered. Here we tested this approach on speleothems from an Alpine cave that, according to a previous palynomorphological study, have shown to contain abundant pollen grains. This offers a unique opportunity for comparing the two methods and, indirectly, trying to validate DNA-based results. The plant taxa identified by sedaDNA are fewer than those by pollen analysis, and success rate of PCR replicates is low. Despite extensive work performed following best practice for sedaDNA, our results are suboptimal and accompanied by a non-negligible uncertainty. Our preliminary data seem to indicate that paleoenvironmental DNA may be isolated from speleothems, but the intrinsic weakness of PCR-based metabarcoding poses a challenge to its exploitation. We suggest that newly developed methods such as hybridization capture, being free from PCR drawbacks and offering the opportunity to directly assess aDNA authenticity, may overcome these limitations, allowing a proper exploitation of speleothems as biological archives.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550', event);\">\n    Hydraulics and Turbidity Generation in the Milandre Cave (Switzerland).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vuilleumier, C.; Jeannin, P.; Hessenauer, M.;  and Perrochet, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Resources Research</i>, 57(8). August 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hydraulics and Turbidity Generation in the Milandre Cave (Switzerland) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029550\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029550', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vuilleumier-jeannin-hessenauer-perrochet-hydraulicsandturbiditygenerationinthemilandrecaveswitzerland-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vuilleumier_hydraulics_2021,\n\ttitle = {Hydraulics and {Turbidity} {Generation} in the {Milandre} {Cave} ({Switzerland})},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0043-1397, 1944-7973},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020WR029550},\n\tdoi = {10.1029/2020WR029550},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2021-10-08},\n\tjournal = {Water Resources Research},\n\tauthor = {Vuilleumier, Cécile and Jeannin, Pierre‐Yves and Hessenauer, Marc and Perrochet, Pierre},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sauro-fellin-columbu-huselmann-borsato-carbone-dewaele-hintsonthelatemioceneevolutionofthetonaleadamellobrentaregionalpsitalybasedonallochtonoussedimentsfromraponzolocave-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Hints on the Late Miocene evolution of the Tonale-Adamello-Brenta region (Alps, Italy) based on allochtonous sediments from Raponzolo Cave.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sauro, F.; Fellin, M. G.; Columbu, A.; Häuselmann, P.; Borsato, A.; Carbone, C.;  and de Waele, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Front. Earth Sci.</i>, 9(672119): 17.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sauro-fellin-columbu-huselmann-borsato-carbone-dewaele-hintsonthelatemioceneevolutionofthetonaleadamellobrentaregionalpsitalybasedonallochtonoussedimentsfromraponzolocave-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sauro-fellin-columbu-huselmann-borsato-carbone-dewaele-hintsonthelatemioceneevolutionofthetonaleadamellobrentaregionalpsitalybasedonallochtonoussedimentsfromraponzolocave-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sauro_hints_2021,\n\ttitle = {Hints on the {Late} {Miocene} evolution of the {Tonale}-{Adamello}-{Brenta} region ({Alps}, {Italy}) based on allochtonous sediments from {Raponzolo} {Cave}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {672119},\n\tjournal = {Front. Earth Sci.},\n\tauthor = {Sauro, Francesco and Fellin, Maria Giuditta and Columbu, Andrea and Häuselmann, Philipp and Borsato, Andrea and Carbone, Cristina and de Waele, Jo},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {17},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815', event);\">\n    A Last Interglacial speleothem record from the Sieben Hengste cave system (Switzerland): Implications for alpine paleovegetation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luetscher, M.; Moseley, G. E.; Festi, D.; Hof, F.; Edwards, R. L.;  and Spötl, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>, 262: 106974. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Last Interglacial speleothem record from the Sieben Hengste cave system (Switzerland): Implications for alpine paleovegetation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106974\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106974', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luetscher-moseley-festi-hof-edwards-sptl-alastinterglacialspeleothemrecordfromthesiebenhengstecavesystemswitzerlandimplicationsforalpinepaleovegetation-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luetscher_last_2021,\n\ttitle = {A {Last} {Interglacial} speleothem record from the {Sieben} {Hengste} cave system ({Switzerland}): {Implications} for alpine paleovegetation},\n\tvolume = {262},\n\tissn = {0277-3791},\n\tshorttitle = {A {Last} {Interglacial} speleothem record from the {Sieben} {Hengste} cave system ({Switzerland})},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001815},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106974},\n\tabstract = {A precisely dated speleothem isotope record from the Sieben Hengste cave system, Switzerland, reveals a Last Interglacial (LIG) climate optimum centred at 128.1 ± 1.2 ka. The oxygen isotope signal is consistent with a temperature-dominated record and shows a strong correlation with the modelled Greenland δ18O signal. The comparison with speleothems formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the same cave indicates a 4–5‰ difference in δ18O between peak LIG and peak LGM conditions, suggesting peak LIG temperatures being up to 3 °C higher than the Holocene average. Pollen extracted from the stalagmite indicates a vegetation response delayed by up to 3 ka with maximum pollen concentrations recorded at 125 ± 2.2 ka. Our results support a regional vegetation dominated by thermophile tree species including Corylus (hazel), Quercus robur-type (oak), Ulmus (elm), Tilia (lime tree) and Hedera (ivy), consistent with slightly warmer conditions than today. Despite the relatively low pollen concentration, the speleothem-based pollen spectra are consistent with regional pollen assemblage zones from paleolake sediments and provide the first direct paleovegetation evidence of thermophilization during the LIG at high altitudes in the Alps.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-11-03},\n\tjournal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Luetscher, Marc and Moseley, Gina E. and Festi, Daniela and Hof, Florian and Edwards, R. Lawrence and Spötl, Christoph},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Alps, Europe, Isotopes, Last interglacial, Paleoclimatology, Pollen, Speleothems, Temperature., U-series, Vegetation},\n\tpages = {106974},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A precisely dated speleothem isotope record from the Sieben Hengste cave system, Switzerland, reveals a Last Interglacial (LIG) climate optimum centred at 128.1 ± 1.2 ka. The oxygen isotope signal is consistent with a temperature-dominated record and shows a strong correlation with the modelled Greenland δ18O signal. The comparison with speleothems formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the same cave indicates a 4–5‰ difference in δ18O between peak LIG and peak LGM conditions, suggesting peak LIG temperatures being up to 3 °C higher than the Holocene average. Pollen extracted from the stalagmite indicates a vegetation response delayed by up to 3 ka with maximum pollen concentrations recorded at 125 ± 2.2 ka. Our results support a regional vegetation dominated by thermophile tree species including Corylus (hazel), Quercus robur-type (oak), Ulmus (elm), Tilia (lime tree) and Hedera (ivy), consistent with slightly warmer conditions than today. Despite the relatively low pollen concentration, the speleothem-based pollen spectra are consistent with regional pollen assemblage zones from paleolake sediments and provide the first direct paleovegetation evidence of thermophilization during the LIG at high altitudes in the Alps.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021', 'https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7', event);\">\n    Vermiculations in painted caves: New inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freydier, P.; Weber, E.; Martin, J.; Jeannin, P.; Guerrier, B.;  and Doumenc, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Speleology</i>, 50(3): 289–299. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021', 'https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Vermiculations in painted caves: New inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2390\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2390', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freydier-weber-martin-jeannin-guerrier-doumenc-vermiculationsinpaintedcavesnewinputsfromlaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservations-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{freydier_vermiculations_2021,\n\ttitle = {Vermiculations in painted caves: {New} inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {0392-6672, 1827-806X},\n\tshorttitle = {Vermiculations in painted caves},\n\turl = {https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol50/iss3/7},\n\tdoi = {10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2390},\n\tabstract = {Vermiculations are aggregates of small particles commonly found on cave walls. They are a major concern for the conservation of painted caves, as they can potentially alter valuable prehistoric cave paintings. A previous rheological study of fine sediment deposits on cave walls revealed that this material can undergo a solid-to-liquid transition triggered by variations in the chemical composition of the water film on the wall. Such a transition could occur at the origin of vermiculations by allowing the sediment to flow under low mechanical stress. In this work, we provide quantitative information on the conditions leading to this transition and show the importance of the chemical composition of the water film on the cave walls. A complete understanding of the phenomenon will, however, require more field information. This includes monitoring of the evolution of vermiculations, for which we have developed a dedicated observation protocol. Based on the combination of photogrammetry and a geographic information system we were able to precisely map the walls of the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux cave from past and future photographs. To better understand the vermiculation process, pictures need to be taken regularly, and the chemical composition of the thin water film covering cave walls needs to be analyzed with a similar time step. The correlation between the evolution of vermiculations, the humidification phases of the walls, temperature changes and the chemical monitoring of the water film should shed new light on conditions triggering vermiculations.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-04-20},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Speleology},\n\tauthor = {Freydier, Perrine and Weber, Eric and Martin, Jérôme and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Guerrier, Béatrice and Doumenc, Frédéric},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {289--299},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Vermiculations are aggregates of small particles commonly found on cave walls. They are a major concern for the conservation of painted caves, as they can potentially alter valuable prehistoric cave paintings. A previous rheological study of fine sediment deposits on cave walls revealed that this material can undergo a solid-to-liquid transition triggered by variations in the chemical composition of the water film on the wall. Such a transition could occur at the origin of vermiculations by allowing the sediment to flow under low mechanical stress. In this work, we provide quantitative information on the conditions leading to this transition and show the importance of the chemical composition of the water film on the cave walls. A complete understanding of the phenomenon will, however, require more field information. This includes monitoring of the evolution of vermiculations, for which we have developed a dedicated observation protocol. Based on the combination of photogrammetry and a geographic information system we were able to precisely map the walls of the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux cave from past and future photographs. To better understand the vermiculation process, pictures need to be taken regularly, and the chemical composition of the thin water film covering cave walls needs to be analyzed with a similar time step. The correlation between the evolution of vermiculations, the humidification phases of the walls, temperature changes and the chemical monitoring of the water film should shed new light on conditions triggering vermiculations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bartolom-benito-luetscher-badulesiglesias-prezvillar-edwards-moreno-thepotentialofojodevaljunqueracaveneofiberiasedimentsforpaleofloodreconstructions-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The potential of Ojo de Valjunquera cave (NE of Iberia) sediments for paleoflood reconstructions.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bartolomé, M.; Benito, G.; Luetscher, M.; Badules-Iglesias, J.; Pérez-Villar, G.; Edwards, R.;  and Moreno, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cuaternario y Geomorfología</i>, 35(3-4): 11–28.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bartolom-benito-luetscher-badulesiglesias-prezvillar-edwards-moreno-thepotentialofojodevaljunqueracaveneofiberiasedimentsforpaleofloodreconstructions-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bartolom-benito-luetscher-badulesiglesias-prezvillar-edwards-moreno-thepotentialofojodevaljunqueracaveneofiberiasedimentsforpaleofloodreconstructions-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bartolome_potential_2021,\n\ttitle = {The potential of {Ojo} de {Valjunquera} cave ({NE} of {Iberia}) sediments for paleoflood reconstructions},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\tjournal = {Cuaternario y Geomorfología},\n\tauthor = {Bartolomé, M. and Benito, G. and Luetscher, M. and Badules-Iglesias, J. and Pérez-Villar, G. and Edwards, R.L. and Moreno, A.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {11--28},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552', event);\">\n    Karst modelling challenge 1: Results of hydrological modelling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jeannin, P.; Artigue, G.; Butscher, C.; Chang, Y.; Charlier, J.; Duran, L.; Gill, L.; Hartmann, A.; Johannet, A.; Jourde, H.; Kavousi, A.; Liesch, T.; Liu, Y.; Lüthi, M.; Malard, A.; Mazzilli, N.; Pardo-Igúzquiza, E.; Thiéry, D.; Reimann, T.; Schuler, P.; Wöhling, T.;  and Wunsch, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, 600: 126508. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Karst modelling challenge 1: Results of hydrological modelling [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126508\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126508', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jeannin-artigue-butscher-chang-charlier-duran-gill-hartmann-etal-karstmodellingchallenge1resultsofhydrologicalmodelling-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jeannin_karst_2021,\n\ttitle = {Karst modelling challenge 1: {Results} of hydrological modelling},\n\tvolume = {600},\n\tissn = {0022-1694},\n\tshorttitle = {Karst modelling challenge 1},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421005552},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126508},\n\tabstract = {The complexity of karst groundwater flow modelling is reflected by the amount of simulation approaches. The goal of the Karst Modelling Challenge (KMC) is comparing different approaches on one single system using the same data set. Thirteen teams with different computational models for simulating discharge variations at karst springs have applied their respective models on one single data set coming from the Milandre Karst Hydrogeological System (MKHS). The approaches include neural networks, reservoir models, semi-distributed models and fully distributed groundwater models. Four and a half years of hourly or daily meteorological input and hourly discharge data were provided for model calibration. The validation comprised forecasting one year of discharge, without the observed discharge data. The model performance was evaluated using the volume conservation, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) applied on the total discharge and individual flow components. As a result, the comparison of model performances is a challenging task due to the differences in the model architecture but also required time steps: some of the models require aggregated daily steps while others could be run using hourly data, which provided some interesting differences depending on how the data was transformed. The use of instantaneous data (e.g. value at noon) produces less bias that averaging hourly data over one day. The transformation of hourly into daily data produces a decrease of Nash and KGE of 0.05 to 0.08 (i.e. from 1 to {\\textasciitilde}0.93). The resulting simulations (forecasted values for year 2016) produced KGEs ranging between 0.83 and 0.37 (0.83 to −0.24 for NSE). Although the simulations matched the monitored flows reasonably well, most models struggled to simulate baseflow conditions accurately. In general, the models that performed the best for this exercise were the global ones (Gardenia and Varkarst), with a limited number of parameters, which can be calibrated using automatic calibration procedures. The neural network models also showed a fair potential, with one providing reasonable results despite the relatively short dataset available for warming-up (4.5 years). Semi-and fully distributed models also suggested that with some more effort they could perform well. The accuracy of model predictions does not seem to increase by using models with more than 9–12 calibration parameters. An evaluation of the relative errors between the forecasted and the observed values revealed that for most models, 50\\% of the forecasted values contained more than 50\\% of difference against the observed discharge rate, with 25\\% having a difference larger than 100\\%. A significant part of the poorly forecasted values corresponded to base-flow which was surprising given that as base-flow is generally much easier to predict than peak flow. Hence, this shows that modelling approaches and criteria for the calibration are too oriented towards peak-flow sections of the hydrographs, and that improvements could be gained by more focus on the base-flow.},\n\turldate = {2023-09-03},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Hydrology},\n\tauthor = {Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Artigue, Guillaume and Butscher, Christoph and Chang, Yong and Charlier, Jean-Baptiste and Duran, Lea and Gill, Laurence and Hartmann, Andreas and Johannet, Anne and Jourde, Hervé and Kavousi, Alireza and Liesch, Tanja and Liu, Yan and Lüthi, Martin and Malard, Arnauld and Mazzilli, Naomi and Pardo-Igúzquiza, Eulogio and Thiéry, Dominique and Reimann, Thomas and Schuler, Philip and Wöhling, Thomas and Wunsch, Andreas},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Baseflow, Comparison, Efficiency criteria, Karst, Modelling, Recharge},\n\tpages = {126508},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The complexity of karst groundwater flow modelling is reflected by the amount of simulation approaches. The goal of the Karst Modelling Challenge (KMC) is comparing different approaches on one single system using the same data set. Thirteen teams with different computational models for simulating discharge variations at karst springs have applied their respective models on one single data set coming from the Milandre Karst Hydrogeological System (MKHS). The approaches include neural networks, reservoir models, semi-distributed models and fully distributed groundwater models. Four and a half years of hourly or daily meteorological input and hourly discharge data were provided for model calibration. The validation comprised forecasting one year of discharge, without the observed discharge data. The model performance was evaluated using the volume conservation, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) applied on the total discharge and individual flow components. As a result, the comparison of model performances is a challenging task due to the differences in the model architecture but also required time steps: some of the models require aggregated daily steps while others could be run using hourly data, which provided some interesting differences depending on how the data was transformed. The use of instantaneous data (e.g. value at noon) produces less bias that averaging hourly data over one day. The transformation of hourly into daily data produces a decrease of Nash and KGE of 0.05 to 0.08 (i.e. from 1 to ~0.93). The resulting simulations (forecasted values for year 2016) produced KGEs ranging between 0.83 and 0.37 (0.83 to −0.24 for NSE). Although the simulations matched the monitored flows reasonably well, most models struggled to simulate baseflow conditions accurately. In general, the models that performed the best for this exercise were the global ones (Gardenia and Varkarst), with a limited number of parameters, which can be calibrated using automatic calibration procedures. The neural network models also showed a fair potential, with one providing reasonable results despite the relatively short dataset available for warming-up (4.5 years). Semi-and fully distributed models also suggested that with some more effort they could perform well. The accuracy of model predictions does not seem to increase by using models with more than 9–12 calibration parameters. An evaluation of the relative errors between the forecasted and the observed values revealed that for most models, 50% of the forecasted values contained more than 50% of difference against the observed discharge rate, with 25% having a difference larger than 100%. A significant part of the poorly forecasted values corresponded to base-flow which was surprising given that as base-flow is generally much easier to predict than peak flow. Hence, this shows that modelling approaches and criteria for the calibration are too oriented towards peak-flow sections of the hydrographs, and that improvements could be gained by more focus on the base-flow.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"steinemanno-graziolis-fischeru-quantifyingglacialerosiononalimestonebedandtherelevanceforlandscapedevelopment-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Quantifying glacial erosion on a limestone bed and the relevance for landscape development.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Steinemann O., I. S.; Grazioli S., L. M.;  and Fischer U., V. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</i>, 45: 1401–1417.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('steinemanno-graziolis-fischeru-quantifyingglacialerosiononalimestonebedandtherelevanceforlandscapedevelopment-2020', 'http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/steinemanno-graziolis-fischeru-quantifyingglacialerosiononalimestonebedandtherelevanceforlandscapedevelopment-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('steinemanno-graziolis-fischeru-quantifyingglacialerosiononalimestonebedandtherelevanceforlandscapedevelopment-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{steinemann_o_quantifying_2020,\n\ttitle = {Quantifying glacial erosion on a limestone bed and the relevance for landscape development},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tdoi = {doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812},\n\tjournal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},\n\tauthor = {Steinemann O., Ivy-Ochs S., Grazioli S., Luetscher M., Fischer U., Vockenhuber C., Synal H-A.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {relevant},\n\tpages = {1401--1417},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"moseley-sptl-brandsttter-erhardt-luetscher-edwards-nalps19suborbitalscaleclimatevariabilityrecordedinnorthernalpinespeleothemsduringthelastglacialperiod-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  NALPS19: sub-orbital-scale climate variability recorded in northern Alpine speleothems during the last glacial period.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Moseley, G. E.; Spötl, C.; Brandstätter, S.; Erhardt, T.; Luetscher, M.;  and Edwards, R. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Climate of the Past</i>, 16: 19–50.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/moseley-sptl-brandsttter-erhardt-luetscher-edwards-nalps19suborbitalscaleclimatevariabilityrecordedinnorthernalpinespeleothemsduringthelastglacialperiod-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('moseley-sptl-brandsttter-erhardt-luetscher-edwards-nalps19suborbitalscaleclimatevariabilityrecordedinnorthernalpinespeleothemsduringthelastglacialperiod-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Moseleyetal.2020,\n\ttitle = {{NALPS19}: sub-orbital-scale climate variability recorded in northern {Alpine} speleothems during the last glacial period},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tjournal = {Climate of the Past},\n\tauthor = {Moseley, G. E. and Spötl, C. and Brandstätter, S. and Erhardt, T. and Luetscher, M. and Edwards, R. L.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {19--50},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huselmann-plan-pointner-fiebig-cosmogenicnuclidedatingofcavesedimentsintheeasternalpsandimplicationsforerosionrates-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cosmogenic nuclide dating of cave sediments in the Eastern Alps and implications for erosion rates.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Häuselmann, P.; Plan, L.; Pointner, P.;  and Fiebig, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Speleology</i>, 49: 107–118.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2303\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huselmann-plan-pointner-fiebig-cosmogenicnuclidedatingofcavesedimentsintheeasternalpsandimplicationsforerosionrates-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2303', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huselmann-plan-pointner-fiebig-cosmogenicnuclidedatingofcavesedimentsintheeasternalpsandimplicationsforerosionrates-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huselmann-plan-pointner-fiebig-cosmogenicnuclidedatingofcavesedimentsintheeasternalpsandimplicationsforerosionrates-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Haeuselmann2020,\n\ttitle = {Cosmogenic nuclide dating of cave sediments in the {Eastern} {Alps} and implications for erosion rates},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tdoi = {10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2303},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Speleology},\n\tauthor = {Häuselmann, Philipp and Plan, Lukas and Pointner, Peter and Fiebig, Markus},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {107--118},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wilhelm-ballesteroscnovas-macdonald-toonen-baker-barriendos-benito-brauer-etal-interpretinghistoricalbotanicalandgeologicalevidencetoaidpreparationsforfuturefloods-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wilhelm, B.; Ballesteros Cánovas, J.; MacDonald, N.; Toonen, W.; Baker, V.; Barriendos, M.; Benito, G.; Brauer, A.; Corella, J.; Denniston, R.; Glaser, R.; Ionita, M.; Kahle, M.; Liu, T.; Luetscher, M.; Macklin, M.; Mudelsee, M.; Munoz, S.; Schulte, L.; St George, S.; Stoffel, M.;  and Wetter, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>WIREs water</i>, 6: null.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wilhelm-ballesteroscnovas-macdonald-toonen-baker-barriendos-benito-brauer-etal-interpretinghistoricalbotanicalandgeologicalevidencetoaidpreparationsforfuturefloods-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wilhelm-ballesteroscnovas-macdonald-toonen-baker-barriendos-benito-brauer-etal-interpretinghistoricalbotanicalandgeologicalevidencetoaidpreparationsforfuturefloods-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Wilhelm2019,\n\ttitle = {Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tjournal = {WIREs water},\n\tauthor = {Wilhelm, B. and Ballesteros Cánovas, J.A. and MacDonald, N. and Toonen, W.H.J. and Baker, V. and Barriendos, M. and Benito, G. and Brauer, A. and Corella, J.P. and Denniston, R. and Glaser, R. and Ionita, M. and Kahle, M. and Liu, T. and Luetscher, M. and Macklin, M. and Mudelsee, M. and Munoz, S. and Schulte, L. and St George, S. and Stoffel, M. and Wetter, O.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {null},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vuilleumier-jeannin-perrochet-physicsbasedfinescalenumericalmodelofakarstsystemmilandrecaveswitzerland-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Physics-based fine-scale numerical model of a karst system (Milandre Cave, Switzerland).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vuilleumier, C; Jeannin, P Y;  and Perrochet, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Hydrogeology Journal</i>, 27 (7): 2347–2363.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.lecteurs: Numericalmodeling tex.projets_isska: Groundwater hydraulics tex.thematique: Switzerland tex.utilisateur_primaire: Karst</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vuilleumier-jeannin-perrochet-physicsbasedfinescalenumericalmodelofakarstsystemmilandrecaveswitzerland-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vuilleumier-jeannin-perrochet-physicsbasedfinescalenumericalmodelofakarstsystemmilandrecaveswitzerland-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Vuilleumier,\n\ttitle = {Physics-based fine-scale numerical model of a karst system ({Milandre} {Cave}, {Switzerland})},\n\tvolume = {27 (7)},\n\tabstract = {In karst aquifers, groundwater flow is often turbulent and occurs in variably saturated conduits. This implies a nonlinear response to recharge events which cannot be reproduced with the tools commonly used for groundwater flow modeling. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of using conduit flow models to simulate flow in karst systems. However existing models are built on abstract representations of the actual conduit network or at a rather coarse resolution. Such models cannot provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits or be used to simulate mass transport. In the catchment of the Milandre Cave, in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, a good portion of the active drainage network is accessible by caving, which opens the possibility for a distributed fine-scale numerical model. This report presents the development of a hydraulic model of the downstream part of this system (1.5 km × 0.5 km) using EPA SWMM 5. The network geometry is based on a detailed cave survey. Calibration is achieved by fitting the observed hydraulic head vs. flow-rate curves. The model performs well when compared against the hydraulic heads that were monitored throughout the system. Simulated transit times are also in line with tracer test results. This confirms that the model reproduces well the physics of flow in this karst system, while being spatially distributed at a fine scale (median element size of 6 m). It can thus provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits at various water stages and be used to address mass transport problems.},\n\tjournal = {Hydrogeology Journal},\n\tauthor = {Vuilleumier, C and Jeannin, P Y and Perrochet, P},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: Numericalmodeling\ntex.projets\\_isska: Groundwater hydraulics\ntex.thematique: Switzerland\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: Karst},\n\tkeywords = {Tracer tests},\n\tpages = {2347--2363},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In karst aquifers, groundwater flow is often turbulent and occurs in variably saturated conduits. This implies a nonlinear response to recharge events which cannot be reproduced with the tools commonly used for groundwater flow modeling. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of using conduit flow models to simulate flow in karst systems. However existing models are built on abstract representations of the actual conduit network or at a rather coarse resolution. Such models cannot provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits or be used to simulate mass transport. In the catchment of the Milandre Cave, in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, a good portion of the active drainage network is accessible by caving, which opens the possibility for a distributed fine-scale numerical model. This report presents the development of a hydraulic model of the downstream part of this system (1.5 km × 0.5 km) using EPA SWMM 5. The network geometry is based on a detailed cave survey. Calibration is achieved by fitting the observed hydraulic head vs. flow-rate curves. The model performs well when compared against the hydraulic heads that were monitored throughout the system. Simulated transit times are also in line with tracer test results. This confirms that the model reproduces well the physics of flow in this karst system, while being spatially distributed at a fine scale (median element size of 6 m). It can thus provide information on local flow conditions in the conduits at various water stages and be used to address mass transport problems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rogerson-dublyansky-hoffmann-luetscher-tchterle-sptl-enhancedmediterraneanwatercycleduringmis3humidphasesfromspeleothemfluidinclusions-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Enhanced Mediterranean water cycle during MIS 3 humid phases from speleothem fluid inclusions.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rogerson, M.; Dublyansky, Y.; Hoffmann, D.; Luetscher, M.; Töchterle, P.;  and Spötl, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Climate of the Past</i>, 15: 1757–1769.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rogerson-dublyansky-hoffmann-luetscher-tchterle-sptl-enhancedmediterraneanwatercycleduringmis3humidphasesfromspeleothemfluidinclusions-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rogerson-dublyansky-hoffmann-luetscher-tchterle-sptl-enhancedmediterraneanwatercycleduringmis3humidphasesfromspeleothemfluidinclusions-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Rogerson2019,\n\ttitle = {Enhanced {Mediterranean} water cycle during {MIS} 3 humid phases from speleothem fluid inclusions.},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tjournal = {Climate of the Past},\n\tauthor = {Rogerson, M. and Dublyansky, Y. and Hoffmann, D.L. and Luetscher, M. and Töchterle, P. and Spötl, C.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {1757--1769},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"guerrier-doumenc-roux-mergui-jeannin-climatologyinshallowcaveswithnegligibleventilationheatandmasstransfer-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Climatology in shallow caves with negligible ventilation: Heat and mass transfer.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Guerrier, B.; Doumenc, F; Roux, A; Mergui, S;  and Jeannin, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Thermal Sciences</i>, 146: 1–15.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: Lascaux tex.utilisateur_primaire: EW</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/guerrier-doumenc-roux-mergui-jeannin-climatologyinshallowcaveswithnegligibleventilationheatandmasstransfer-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('guerrier-doumenc-roux-mergui-jeannin-climatologyinshallowcaveswithnegligibleventilationheatandmasstransfer-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Guerrier_2019,\n\ttitle = {Climatology in shallow caves with negligible ventilation: {Heat} and mass transfer},\n\tvolume = {146},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Thermal Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Guerrier, Béatrice and Doumenc, F and Roux, A and Mergui, S and Jeannin, P-Y},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: Lascaux\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: EW},\n\tkeywords = {Dordogne, France, Lascaux, air, climat, ventilation},\n\tpages = {1--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gretzinger-molak-pfrengle-urban-neukamm-blant-conard-cupillard-etal-largescalemitogenomicanalysisofthephylogeographyofthelatepleistocenecavebear-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the Late Pleistocene cave bear.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gretzinger, J; Molak, M; Pfrengle, S; Urban, C.; Neukamm, J; Blant, M; Conard, N; Cupillard, C.; Dimitrijevic, V; Drucker, D; Hofman-Kaminska, E;  and Kowalczyk, R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific reports. Nature.com</i>,1–11.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.utilisateur_primaire: EW</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gretzinger-molak-pfrengle-urban-neukamm-blant-conard-cupillard-etal-largescalemitogenomicanalysisofthephylogeographyofthelatepleistocenecavebear-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gretzinger-molak-pfrengle-urban-neukamm-blant-conard-cupillard-etal-largescalemitogenomicanalysisofthephylogeographyofthelatepleistocenecavebear-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Gretzinger_2019,\n\ttitle = {Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the {Late} {Pleistocene} cave bear},\n\tjournal = {Scientific reports. Nature.com},\n\tauthor = {Gretzinger, J and Molak, M and Pfrengle, S and Urban, Ch and Neukamm, J and Blant, M and Conard, N and Cupillard, Ch and Dimitrijevic, V and Drucker, D and Hofman-Kaminska, E and Kowalczyk, R},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {tex.utilisateur\\_primaire: EW},\n\tkeywords = {Bärenloch, Ours des cavernes, génétique, paléontologie},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"comasbru-harrison-werner-rehfeld-scroxton-veigapires-members-workinggroup-evaluatingmodeloutputsusingintegratedglobalspeleothemrecordsofclimatechangesincethelastglacial-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Comas-Bru, L.; Harrison, S. P.; Werner, M.; Rehfeld, K.; Scroxton, N.; Veiga-Pires, C.; members , undefined;  and working group , S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Climate of the Past</i>, 15: 1559–1579.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/comasbru-harrison-werner-rehfeld-scroxton-veigapires-members-workinggroup-evaluatingmodeloutputsusingintegratedglobalspeleothemrecordsofclimatechangesincethelastglacial-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('comasbru-harrison-werner-rehfeld-scroxton-veigapires-members-workinggroup-evaluatingmodeloutputsusingintegratedglobalspeleothemrecordsofclimatechangesincethelastglacial-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Comas_Bruetal_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tjournal = {Climate of the Past},\n\tauthor = {Comas-Bru, L. and Harrison, S. P. and Werner, M. and Rehfeld, K. and Scroxton, N. and Veiga-Pires, C. and members, {and} SISAL working group},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {1559--1579},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jeannin-hessenauer-malard-chapuis-impactofglobalchangeonkarstgroundwatermineralizationinthejuramountains-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Impact of global change on karst groundwater mineralization in the Jura Mountains.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jeannin, P Y; Hessenauer, M; Malard, A;  and Chapuis, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, 541: 1208–1221.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.thematique: Hydrochimie, Climat tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jeannin-hessenauer-malard-chapuis-impactofglobalchangeonkarstgroundwatermineralizationinthejuramountains-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jeannin-hessenauer-malard-chapuis-impactofglobalchangeonkarstgroundwatermineralizationinthejuramountains-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Jeannin_2015b,\n\ttitle = {Impact of global change on karst groundwater mineralization in the {Jura} {Mountains}},\n\tvolume = {541},\n\tabstract = {Chemistry of karst groundwater is related to conditions prevailing within the karst underground as well as at the land-surface within the recharge area. It is dominated by the dissolution of calcite and/or dolomite, which is strongly triggered by the presence of high pCO2 in soils at the top of the bedrock. Dissolution (water mineralization) is clearly influenced by soil pCO2, i.e. by global changes such as land-use, agriculture practices and climate change. However, the dissolution of carbonates is considered as a quite significant carbon sink for the Earth Atmosphere. Assessing the evolution of carbonate water mineralization can thus help characterizing the evolution of the carbon sink related to carbonate dissolution. The main goal of the study is to check the presence of trends with a high statistical relevance in groundwater quality data along the past 20years. Causes potentially explaining the observed trends, such as land-use, agriculture practices and global warming are analyzed and discussed. The long term evolution of parameters related to carbonate dissolution are discussed and extrapolated as they may have consequences for the Global Carbon Cycle. The analysis is based on three independent data-sets stretching over more than 20years each, coming from more than 40 sources. Statistical tests (Mann-Kendall trend test) indicate clear trends for compounds related to groundwater mineralization: increase in temperature (by about 0.5°C/25years), decrease in pH, increase in bicarbonate (by about 5\\%), and positive or negative trends for major ions directly related to human practices. Data and analysis suggest that carbonate dissolution is quickly increasing as a consequence of climate warming. Considering the largely accepted fact that carbonate dissolution acts as carbon sink for the atmosphere, it can be postulated that the observed increase could act as a negative feedback mechanism, tending to slow down the atmospheric increase in CO2.},\n\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Jeannin, P Y and Hessenauer, M and Malard, A and Chapuis, Valentin},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {tex.thematique: Hydrochimie, Climat\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Ajoie, CO2, Jura, Milandrine, Suisse, minéralisation, température},\n\tpages = {1208--1221},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chemistry of karst groundwater is related to conditions prevailing within the karst underground as well as at the land-surface within the recharge area. It is dominated by the dissolution of calcite and/or dolomite, which is strongly triggered by the presence of high pCO2 in soils at the top of the bedrock. Dissolution (water mineralization) is clearly influenced by soil pCO2, i.e. by global changes such as land-use, agriculture practices and climate change. However, the dissolution of carbonates is considered as a quite significant carbon sink for the Earth Atmosphere. Assessing the evolution of carbonate water mineralization can thus help characterizing the evolution of the carbon sink related to carbonate dissolution. The main goal of the study is to check the presence of trends with a high statistical relevance in groundwater quality data along the past 20years. Causes potentially explaining the observed trends, such as land-use, agriculture practices and global warming are analyzed and discussed. The long term evolution of parameters related to carbonate dissolution are discussed and extrapolated as they may have consequences for the Global Carbon Cycle. The analysis is based on three independent data-sets stretching over more than 20years each, coming from more than 40 sources. Statistical tests (Mann-Kendall trend test) indicate clear trends for compounds related to groundwater mineralization: increase in temperature (by about 0.5°C/25years), decrease in pH, increase in bicarbonate (by about 5%), and positive or negative trends for major ions directly related to human practices. Data and analysis suggest that carbonate dissolution is quickly increasing as a consequence of climate warming. Considering the largely accepted fact that carbonate dissolution acts as carbon sink for the atmosphere, it can be postulated that the observed increase could act as a negative feedback mechanism, tending to slow down the atmospheric increase in CO2.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"malard-sinreich-jeannin-anovelapproachforestimatingkarstgroundwaterrechargeinmountainousregionsanditsapplicationinswitzerland-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A novel approach for estimating karst groundwater recharge in mountainous regions and its application in Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Malard, A; Sinreich, M;  and Jeannin, P Y\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Hydrological Processes</i>, 30(13): 2153–2166.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.thematique: hydrogéologie, Gestion ressource, méthode tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/malard-sinreich-jeannin-anovelapproachforestimatingkarstgroundwaterrechargeinmountainousregionsanditsapplicationinswitzerland-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('malard-sinreich-jeannin-anovelapproachforestimatingkarstgroundwaterrechargeinmountainousregionsanditsapplicationinswitzerland-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Malard_2016,\n\ttitle = {A novel approach for estimating karst groundwater recharge in mountainous regions and its application in {Switzerland}},\n\tvolume = {30(13)},\n\tabstract = {A pragmatic and simple approach for estimating the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers in mountainous regions by extrapolation of the hydrological regimes of gauged and well-documented systems is presented. Specific discharge rates are derived using annual precipitation and spring measurements by taking into account catchment size and elevation which are assumed to be the dominant factors. Reference sites with high data reliability are used for calibration and regional extrapolation. This is performed with normalized values employing spatial precipitation deviations and correlation with the elevation of the catchment areas. A tiered step procedure provides minimum and maximum normalized gradients for the relationship between recharge quantity and elevation for karst regions. The normalized recharge can therefore be obtained and extrapolated for any location using the spatial precipitation variability to provide an estimate of annual groundwater recharge. The approach was applied to Switzerland (approx. 7,500 km2 of karst terrain situated between 200 and over 4,000 m a.s.l.) using annual precipitation data from meteorological stations for the years 2000 to 2011. Results show that the average recharge rates of different Swiss karst domains range from 20 to 46 L/km2s, which corresponds to an infiltration ratio between 0.6 and 0.9 of total precipitation. Despite uncertainties inherent in the approach, these results provide a benchmark for renewable karst groundwater resources in Switzerland of about 8.4 km3 per year. The approach can be applied to any other mountainous karst region, i.e. where a clear relationship between elevation, precipitation and recharge can be assumed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},\n\tjournal = {Hydrological Processes},\n\tauthor = {Malard, A and Sinreich, M and Jeannin, P Y},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {tex.thematique: hydrogéologie, Gestion ressource, méthode\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Suisse, précipitation, recharge, ressource},\n\tpages = {2153--2166},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A pragmatic and simple approach for estimating the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers in mountainous regions by extrapolation of the hydrological regimes of gauged and well-documented systems is presented. Specific discharge rates are derived using annual precipitation and spring measurements by taking into account catchment size and elevation which are assumed to be the dominant factors. Reference sites with high data reliability are used for calibration and regional extrapolation. This is performed with normalized values employing spatial precipitation deviations and correlation with the elevation of the catchment areas. A tiered step procedure provides minimum and maximum normalized gradients for the relationship between recharge quantity and elevation for karst regions. The normalized recharge can therefore be obtained and extrapolated for any location using the spatial precipitation variability to provide an estimate of annual groundwater recharge. The approach was applied to Switzerland (approx. 7,500 km2 of karst terrain situated between 200 and over 4,000 m a.s.l.) using annual precipitation data from meteorological stations for the years 2000 to 2011. Results show that the average recharge rates of different Swiss karst domains range from 20 to 46 L/km2s, which corresponds to an infiltration ratio between 0.6 and 0.9 of total precipitation. Despite uncertainties inherent in the approach, these results provide a benchmark for renewable karst groundwater resources in Switzerland of about 8.4 km3 per year. The approach can be applied to any other mountainous karst region, i.e. where a clear relationship between elevation, precipitation and recharge can be assumed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"malard-jeannin-vouillamoz-weber-anintegratedapproachforcatchmentdelineationandconduitnetworkmodelinginkarstaquifersapplicationtoasiteintheswisstabularjura-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  An integrated approach for catchment delineation and conduit-network modeling in karst aquifers: application to a site in the Swiss tabular Jura.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Malard, A; Jeannin, P Y; Vouillamoz, J;  and Weber, E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Hydrogeology Journal</i>, 23(7): 1341–1357.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, logiciel tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/malard-jeannin-vouillamoz-weber-anintegratedapproachforcatchmentdelineationandconduitnetworkmodelinginkarstaquifersapplicationtoasiteintheswisstabularjura-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('malard-jeannin-vouillamoz-weber-anintegratedapproachforcatchmentdelineationandconduitnetworkmodelinginkarstaquifersapplicationtoasiteintheswisstabularjura-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Malard_2015a,\n\ttitle = {An integrated approach for catchment delineation and conduit-network modeling in karst aquifers: application to a site in the {Swiss} tabular {Jura}},\n\tvolume = {23(7)},\n\tjournal = {Hydrogeology Journal},\n\tauthor = {Malard, A and Jeannin, P Y and Vouillamoz, J and Weber, E},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: PNR61\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, logiciel\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Ajoie, ArcGIS, Beuchire, Creugenat, Jura, Suisse, bassin alimentation, conduit, génération de réseau, script},\n\tpages = {1341--1357},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jeannin-malard-rickerl-weber-assessingkarsthydraulichazardsintunnelingthebrunnmhlespringsystembernesejuraswitzerland-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling - the Brunnmühle spring system - Bernese Jura, Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jeannin, P Y; Malard, A; Rickerl, D;  and Weber, E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Earth Sciences</i>, 74(12): 7655–7670.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: Brunnmühle A5 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Tunnel tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jeannin-malard-rickerl-weber-assessingkarsthydraulichazardsintunnelingthebrunnmhlespringsystembernesejuraswitzerland-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jeannin-malard-rickerl-weber-assessingkarsthydraulichazardsintunnelingthebrunnmhlespringsystembernesejuraswitzerland-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Jeannin_2015a,\n\ttitle = {Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling - the {Brunnmühle} spring system - {Bernese} {Jura}, {Switzerland}},\n\tvolume = {74(12)},\n\tabstract = {Drilling a tunnel in a karst region requires the assessment of disturbances in the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers and flow-systems as well as disturbances for the tunnel itself. A complete characterization of the karst hydrogeological functioning and the establishment of prevention measures are essential in order to insure a suitable construction. The paper relates investigations which were conducted in the frame of the construction of a safety gallery (Sisto) in the bernese Jura (Switzerland). This gallery is located close to the outlet of a regional karst system and parallel to an existing highway tunnel, which met numerous disorders in the past due to the intersection of active karst conduits with a discharge reate exceeding 1 m3/s. The KarstALEA method was applied along the Sisto trace in order to identify sections with a high probability of karst occurrences and to characterize the type of karst related problems. The main issue turned out to be related to water head and discharge, which could potentially be cut by the tunnel construction. The system discharge rate may frequently exceed 10 m3/s, and most of this water could potentially flow into the tunnel. Therefore, a hydraulic model was set up in order to assess expected flow rates and heads if conduits are intersected during the construction. Based on this model and on meteorological and hydrological real-time measurements, a predictive model was established in order to anticipate high-flows events.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Jeannin, P Y and Malard, A and Rickerl, D and Weber, E},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: Brunnmühle A5\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Tunnel\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Berne, Douanne, Jura, KarstALEA, Ligerz, Suisse, Twann, Twannbach},\n\tpages = {7655--7670},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Drilling a tunnel in a karst region requires the assessment of disturbances in the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers and flow-systems as well as disturbances for the tunnel itself. A complete characterization of the karst hydrogeological functioning and the establishment of prevention measures are essential in order to insure a suitable construction. The paper relates investigations which were conducted in the frame of the construction of a safety gallery (Sisto) in the bernese Jura (Switzerland). This gallery is located close to the outlet of a regional karst system and parallel to an existing highway tunnel, which met numerous disorders in the past due to the intersection of active karst conduits with a discharge reate exceeding 1 m3/s. The KarstALEA method was applied along the Sisto trace in order to identify sections with a high probability of karst occurrences and to characterize the type of karst related problems. The main issue turned out to be related to water head and discharge, which could potentially be cut by the tunnel construction. The system discharge rate may frequently exceed 10 m3/s, and most of this water could potentially flow into the tunnel. Therefore, a hydraulic model was set up in order to assess expected flow rates and heads if conduits are intersected during the construction. Based on this model and on meteorological and hydrological real-time measurements, a predictive model was established in order to anticipate high-flows events.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ballesteros-malard-jeannin-jimnezsnchez-garcasansegundo-melndezasensio-sendra-karsyshydrogeological3dmodelingofalpinekarstaquifersdevelopedintogeologicalcomplexareaspicosdeeuropanationalparkspain-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  KARSYS hydrogeological 3D modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed into geological complex areas: Picos de Europa National Park (Spain).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ballesteros, D.; Malard, A.; Jeannin, P. Y.; Jiménez-Sánchez, M.; García-Sansegundo, J.; Meléndez-Asensio, M.;  and Sendra, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Earth Sciences</i>,DOI 10.1007/s12665–015–4712–0.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: KarstoPicos, PNR61 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ballesteros-malard-jeannin-jimnezsnchez-garcasansegundo-melndezasensio-sendra-karsyshydrogeological3dmodelingofalpinekarstaquifersdevelopedintogeologicalcomplexareaspicosdeeuropanationalparkspain-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ballesteros-malard-jeannin-jimnezsnchez-garcasansegundo-melndezasensio-sendra-karsyshydrogeological3dmodelingofalpinekarstaquifersdevelopedintogeologicalcomplexareaspicosdeeuropanationalparkspain-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Ballesteros_2015b,\n\ttitle = {{KARSYS} hydrogeological {3D} modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed into geological complex areas: {Picos} de {Europa} {National} {Park} ({Spain})},\n\tabstract = {Karst aquifers are valuable groundwater resources whose management requires the use of functioning hydrogeological models. The KARSYS approach provides an explicit 3D conceptual model of the geometry and the functioning of karst aquifers that has been successfully applied in Swiss and Slovenian aquifers. In this work, KARSYS is applied in a complex geological area: the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). The hydrogeological 3D model (500 km2) shows an alpine karst aquifer compartmentalized into 32 groundwater bodies dammed up by subvertical barriers creating elevated saturated zones (water tables at 1153 m asl) and lower ones (water tables at 145 m asl). The recharge is through 18 spring catchment areas. The groundwater flows to the saturated zones pass through vertical to inclined trajectories, and phreatic flows are oriented toward NW, NE and N. KARSYS can be applied to any geologically complex area at a regional scale, although the geological structure should be simplified and the precision in some places is low. Nevertheless, KARSYS helps to identify the hydrogeological behavior of karst areas and is a useful guide for future hydrogeological researches.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Ballesteros, Daniel and Malard, Arnauld and Jeannin, Pierre Yves and Jiménez-Sánchez, Montserrat and García-Sansegundo, Joaquín and Meléndez-Asensio, Mónica and Sendra, Gemma},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: KarstoPicos, PNR61\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Cares, Espagne, KARSYS, Picos de Europa},\n\tpages = {DOI 10.1007/s12665--015--4712--0},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Karst aquifers are valuable groundwater resources whose management requires the use of functioning hydrogeological models. The KARSYS approach provides an explicit 3D conceptual model of the geometry and the functioning of karst aquifers that has been successfully applied in Swiss and Slovenian aquifers. In this work, KARSYS is applied in a complex geological area: the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). The hydrogeological 3D model (500 km2) shows an alpine karst aquifer compartmentalized into 32 groundwater bodies dammed up by subvertical barriers creating elevated saturated zones (water tables at 1153 m asl) and lower ones (water tables at 145 m asl). The recharge is through 18 spring catchment areas. The groundwater flows to the saturated zones pass through vertical to inclined trajectories, and phreatic flows are oriented toward NW, NE and N. KARSYS can be applied to any geologically complex area at a regional scale, although the geological structure should be simplified and the precision in some places is low. Nevertheless, KARSYS helps to identify the hydrogeological behavior of karst areas and is a useful guide for future hydrogeological researches.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"affolter-huselmann-fleitmann-huselmann-leuenberger-tripleisotoped17o18ostudyonprecipitationdripwaterandspeleothemfluidinclusionsforawesterncentraleuropeancavenwswitzerland-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triple isotope (∂D, ∂17O, ∂18O) study on precipitation, drip water and speleothem fluid inclusions for a Western Central European cave (NW Switzerland).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Affolter, S; Häuselmann, A D; Fleitmann, D; Häuselmann, P.;  and Leuenberger, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>, 127: 73–89.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.utilisateur_primaire: EW</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/affolter-huselmann-fleitmann-huselmann-leuenberger-tripleisotoped17o18ostudyonprecipitationdripwaterandspeleothemfluidinclusionsforawesterncentraleuropeancavenwswitzerland-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('affolter-huselmann-fleitmann-huselmann-leuenberger-tripleisotoped17o18ostudyonprecipitationdripwaterandspeleothemfluidinclusionsforawesterncentraleuropeancavenwswitzerland-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Affolter_2015,\n\ttitle = {Triple isotope (∂{D}, ∂{17O}, ∂{18O}) study on precipitation, drip water and speleothem fluid inclusions for a {Western} {Central} {European} cave ({NW} {Switzerland})},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tjournal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Affolter, S and Häuselmann, A D and Fleitmann, D and Häuselmann, Ph and Leuenberger, M},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tnote = {tex.utilisateur\\_primaire: EW},\n\tkeywords = {Isotope, Jura, Milandre, Suisse, inclusions fluides, précipitation},\n\tpages = {73--89},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"turk-malard-jeannin-gabrovek-petri-ravbar-vouillamoz-slabe-hydrogeologicalinterpretationofthealpinekarstmassifbyapplicationofakarsysapproachkanincasestudyjulianalps-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Hydrogeological interpretation of the alpine karst massif by application of a Karsys approach (Kanin case study, Julian Alps).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Turk, J.; Malard, A.; Jeannin, P.; Gabrovšek, F.; Petrič, M.; Ravbar, N.; Vouillamoz, J.;  and Slabe, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Hydrological Processes</i>, Published online in Wiley Online Library: DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10313.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: SLO$_{\\textrm{K}}$ARSYS tex.thematique: Gestion ressource tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/turk-malard-jeannin-gabrovek-petri-ravbar-vouillamoz-slabe-hydrogeologicalinterpretationofthealpinekarstmassifbyapplicationofakarsysapproachkanincasestudyjulianalps-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('turk-malard-jeannin-gabrovek-petri-ravbar-vouillamoz-slabe-hydrogeologicalinterpretationofthealpinekarstmassifbyapplicationofakarsysapproachkanincasestudyjulianalps-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Turk_2014,\n\ttitle = {Hydrogeological interpretation of the alpine karst massif by application of a {Karsys} approach ({Kanin} case study, {Julian} {Alps})},\n\tvolume = {Published online in Wiley Online Library},\n\tjournal = {Hydrological Processes},\n\tauthor = {Turk, Janez and Malard, Arnauld and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves and Gabrovšek, Franci and Petrič, Metka and Ravbar, Nataša and Vouillamoz, Jonathan and Slabe, Tadej},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: SLO$_{\\textrm{K}}$ARSYS\ntex.thematique: Gestion ressource\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Boka, Bovec, Canin, Goriuda, Kanin, Moznica, Slovénie},\n\tpages = {DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10313},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lachassagne-aunay-frissant-guilbert-malard-highresolutionconceptualhydrogeologicalmodelofcomplexvolcanicislandsamayottecomoroscasestudy-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  High-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model of complex volcanic islands: a Mayotte, Comoros, case study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lachassagne, P; Aunay, B; Frissant, N; Guilbert, M;  and Malard, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Terra Nova</i>, 26: 307–321.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Eau potable tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lachassagne-aunay-frissant-guilbert-malard-highresolutionconceptualhydrogeologicalmodelofcomplexvolcanicislandsamayottecomoroscasestudy-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lachassagne-aunay-frissant-guilbert-malard-highresolutionconceptualhydrogeologicalmodelofcomplexvolcanicislandsamayottecomoroscasestudy-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Lachassagne_2014,\n\ttitle = {High-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model of complex volcanic islands: a {Mayotte}, {Comoros}, case study},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tabstract = {We present a high-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut-and-fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low-elevation basal aquifer and dyke-impounded high-level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high-resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high-resolution scale of the model. High-resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology.},\n\tjournal = {Terra Nova},\n\tauthor = {Lachassagne, P and Aunay, B and Frissant, N and Guilbert, M and Malard, A},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie, Géologie régionale, Eau potable\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Bouclier, Comores, Mayotte, Paléo vallée, basalte, basaltique, volcan, île},\n\tpages = {307--321},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We present a high-resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut-and-fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low-elevation basal aquifer and dyke-impounded high-level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high-resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high-resolution scale of the model. High-resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gabrovek-huselmann-audra-loopingcavesversuswatertablecavestheroleofbaselevelchangesandrechargevariationsincavedevelopment-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  ‘Looping caves’ versus ‘water table caves’: The role of base-level changes and recharge variations in cave development.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gabrovšek, F.; Häuselmann, P.;  and Audra, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geomorphology</i>, 204: 683–691.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">ISBN: 0169-555X tex.howpublished: Journal tex.thematique: géomorphologie, spéléogénèse tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gabrovek-huselmann-audra-loopingcavesversuswatertablecavestheroleofbaselevelchangesandrechargevariationsincavedevelopment-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gabrovek-huselmann-audra-loopingcavesversuswatertablecavestheroleofbaselevelchangesandrechargevariationsincavedevelopment-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Gabrovsek_2014,\n\ttitle = {‘{Looping} caves’ versus ‘water table caves’: {The} role of base-level changes and recharge variations in cave development},\n\tvolume = {204},\n\tabstract = {The vertical organisation of karst conduit networks has been the focus of speleogenetic studies for more than a century. The four state model of Ford and Ewers (1978), which still is considered as the most general, relates the geometry of caves to the frequency of permeable fissures. The model suggests that the ‘water table caves’ are common in areas with high fissure frequency, which is often the case in natural settings. However, in Alpine karst systems, water table caves are more the exception than the rule. Alpine speleogenesis is influenced by high uplift, valley incision rates and irregular recharge. To study the potential role of these processes for speleogenesis in the dimensions of length and depth, we apply a simple mathematical model based on coupling of flow, dissolution and transport. We assume a master conduit draining the water to the spring at a base level. Incision of the valley triggers evolution of deeper flow pathways, which are initially in a proto-conduit state. The master conduit evolves into a canyon following the valley incision, while the deep pathways evolve towards maturity and tend to capture the water from the master conduits. Two outcomes are possible: a) deep pathways evolve fast enough to capture all the recharge, leaving the master conduit dry; or b) the canyon reaches the level of deep pathways before these evolve to maturity. We introduce the Loop-to-Canyon Ratio (LCR), which predicts which of the two outcomes is more likely to occur in certain settings. Our model is extended to account for transient flow conditions. In the case of an undulating master conduit, floodwater is stored in troughs after the flood retreat. This water seeps through sub-vertical fractures (‘soutirages’) connecting the master conduit with the deep pathways. Therefore, the loops evolve also during the dry season, and the LCR is considerably increased. Although the model is based on several approximations, it leads to some important conclusions for vertical organisation of karst conduit networks and stresses the importance of base-level changes and transient recharge conditions. It therefore gives an explanation of speleogenesis that relies much more on the dynamic nature of water flow than on the static fracture density},\n\tjournal = {Geomorphology},\n\tauthor = {Gabrovšek, Franci and Häuselmann, Philipp and Audra, Philippe},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {ISBN: 0169-555X\ntex.howpublished: Journal\ntex.thematique: géomorphologie, spéléogénèse\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {conduit, génération, phréatique, recharge},\n\tpages = {683--691},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The vertical organisation of karst conduit networks has been the focus of speleogenetic studies for more than a century. The four state model of Ford and Ewers (1978), which still is considered as the most general, relates the geometry of caves to the frequency of permeable fissures. The model suggests that the ‘water table caves’ are common in areas with high fissure frequency, which is often the case in natural settings. However, in Alpine karst systems, water table caves are more the exception than the rule. Alpine speleogenesis is influenced by high uplift, valley incision rates and irregular recharge. To study the potential role of these processes for speleogenesis in the dimensions of length and depth, we apply a simple mathematical model based on coupling of flow, dissolution and transport. We assume a master conduit draining the water to the spring at a base level. Incision of the valley triggers evolution of deeper flow pathways, which are initially in a proto-conduit state. The master conduit evolves into a canyon following the valley incision, while the deep pathways evolve towards maturity and tend to capture the water from the master conduits. Two outcomes are possible: a) deep pathways evolve fast enough to capture all the recharge, leaving the master conduit dry; or b) the canyon reaches the level of deep pathways before these evolve to maturity. We introduce the Loop-to-Canyon Ratio (LCR), which predicts which of the two outcomes is more likely to occur in certain settings. Our model is extended to account for transient flow conditions. In the case of an undulating master conduit, floodwater is stored in troughs after the flood retreat. This water seeps through sub-vertical fractures (‘soutirages’) connecting the master conduit with the deep pathways. Therefore, the loops evolve also during the dry season, and the LCR is considerably increased. Although the model is based on several approximations, it leads to some important conclusions for vertical organisation of karst conduit networks and stresses the importance of base-level changes and transient recharge conditions. It therefore gives an explanation of speleogenesis that relies much more on the dynamic nature of water flow than on the static fracture density\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jeannin-eichenberger-sinreich-vouillamoz-malard-weber-karsysapragmaticapproachtokarsthydrogeologicalsystemconceptualisationassessmentofgroundwaterreservesandresourcesinswitzerland-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  KARSYS: a pragmatic approach to karst hydrogeological system conceptualisation. Assessment of groundwater reserves and resources in Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jeannin, P. Y.; Eichenberger, U; Sinreich, M; Vouillamoz, J; Malard, A;  and Weber, E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Earth Sciences</i>, 69(3): 999–1013.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">ISBN: DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-1983-6 Publisher: Swiss Institut for Speleology and Karst Studies, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland tex.lecteurs: JV, LT, AM tex.projets_isska: PNR61, KARSYS$_{\\textrm{D}}$avos tex.thematique: Hydrogélogie, Géologie tex.utilisateur_primaire: JV</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jeannin-eichenberger-sinreich-vouillamoz-malard-weber-karsysapragmaticapproachtokarsthydrogeologicalsystemconceptualisationassessmentofgroundwaterreservesandresourcesinswitzerland-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jeannin-eichenberger-sinreich-vouillamoz-malard-weber-karsysapragmaticapproachtokarsthydrogeologicalsystemconceptualisationassessmentofgroundwaterreservesandresourcesinswitzerland-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Jeannin_2013,\n\ttitle = {{KARSYS}: a pragmatic approach to karst hydrogeological system conceptualisation. {Assessment} of groundwater reserves and resources in {Switzerland}},\n\tvolume = {69(3)},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Jeannin, Pierre Yves and Eichenberger, U and Sinreich, M and Vouillamoz, J and Malard, A and Weber, E},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {ISBN: DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-1983-6\nPublisher: Swiss Institut for Speleology and Karst Studies, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland\ntex.lecteurs: JV, LT, AM\ntex.projets\\_isska: PNR61, KARSYS$_{\\textrm{D}}$avos\ntex.thematique: Hydrogélogie, Géologie\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: JV},\n\tkeywords = {3D, KARSYS, Suisse, modèle conceptuel, ressources, réserves},\n\tpages = {999--1013},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"boch-cheng-sptl-edwards-wang-huselmann-nalpsapreciselydatedeuropeanclimaterecord12060ka-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120-60 ka.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Boch, R.; Cheng, H.; Spötl, C.; Edwards, R.; Wang, X.;  and Häuselmann, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Clim. Past</i>, 7: 1247–1259.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/boch-cheng-sptl-edwards-wang-huselmann-nalpsapreciselydatedeuropeanclimaterecord12060ka-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('boch-cheng-sptl-edwards-wang-huselmann-nalpsapreciselydatedeuropeanclimaterecord12060ka-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{boch_nalps_2011,\n\ttitle = {{NALPS}: a precisely dated {European} climate record 120-60 ka},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tjournal = {Clim. Past},\n\tauthor = {Boch, Ronny and Cheng, Hai and Spötl, Christoph and Edwards, R.L. and Wang, X. and Häuselmann, Philipp},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {1247--1259},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892', event);\">\n    Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system: Monlesi cave, Swiss Jura Mountains.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luetscher, M.; Lismonde, B.;  and Jeannin, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, 113(F2): F02025. June 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system: Monlesi cave, Swiss Jura Mountains [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000892\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000892', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luetscher-lismonde-jeannin-heatexchangesintheheterothermiczoneofakarstsystemmonlesicaveswissjuramountains-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luetscher_heat_2008,\n\ttitle = {Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system: {Monlesi} cave, {Swiss} {Jura} {Mountains}},\n\tvolume = {113},\n\tissn = {0148-0227},\n\tshorttitle = {Heat exchanges in the heterothermic zone of a karst system},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JF000892},\n\tdoi = {10.1029/2007JF000892},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {F2},\n\turldate = {2022-02-18},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},\n\tauthor = {Luetscher, Marc and Lismonde, Baudouin and Jeannin, Pierre-Yves},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {F02025},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huselmann-surfacecorrosionofanalpinekarrenfieldrecentmeasuresatinnerberglisiebenhengsteswitzerland-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Surface corrosion of an Alpine karren field: recent measures at Innerbergli (Siebenhengste, Switzerland).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Häuselmann, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int. Journal of Speleology</i>, 37(2): 107–111.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\">Type: Journal Article</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huselmann-surfacecorrosionofanalpinekarrenfieldrecentmeasuresatinnerberglisiebenhengsteswitzerland-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huselmann-surfacecorrosionofanalpinekarrenfieldrecentmeasuresatinnerberglisiebenhengsteswitzerland-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hauselmann_surface_2008,\n\ttitle = {Surface corrosion of an {Alpine} karren field: recent measures at {Innerbergli} ({Siebenhengste}, {Switzerland})},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Int. Journal of Speleology},\n\tauthor = {Häuselmann, Ph.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {Type: Journal Article},\n\tpages = {107--111},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2007\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2007</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"perrin-jeannin-cornaton-theroleoftributarymixinginchemicalvariationsatakarstspringmilandreswitzerland-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The role of tributary mixing in chemical variations at a karst spring, Milandre, Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Perrin, J; Jeannin, P Y;  and Cornaton, F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, 332: 158–173.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.lecteurs: LT tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Hydrogéologie tex.utilisateur_primaire: AH</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/perrin-jeannin-cornaton-theroleoftributarymixinginchemicalvariationsatakarstspringmilandreswitzerland-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('perrin-jeannin-cornaton-theroleoftributarymixinginchemicalvariationsatakarstspringmilandreswitzerland-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Perrin2007,\n\ttitle = {The role of tributary mixing in chemical variations at a karst spring, {Milandre}, {Switzerland}},\n\tvolume = {332},\n\tabstract = {Solute concentration variations during flood events were investigated in a karst aquifer of the Swiss Jura. Observations were made at the spring, and at the three main subterraneous tributaries feeding the spring. A simple transient flow and transport numerical model was able to reproduce chemographs and hydrographs observed at the spring, as a result of a mixing of the concentration and discharge of the respective tributaries. Sensitivity analysis carried out with the model showed that it is possible to produce chemical variations at the spring even if all tributaries have constant (but different for each of them) solute concentrations. This process is called tributary mixing. The good match between observed and modelled curves indicate that, in the phreatic zone, tributary mixing is probably an important process that shapes spring chemographs. Chemical reactions and other mixing components (e.g. from low permeability volumes) have a limited influence. Dissolution-related (calcium, bicarbonate, specific conductance) and pollution-related parameters (nitrate, chloride, potassium) displayed slightly different behaviours: during moderate flood events, the former showed limited variations compared to the latter. During large flood events, both presented chemographs with significant changes. No significant event water participates in moderate flood events and tributary mixing will be the major process shaping chemographs. Variations are greater for parameters with higher spatial variability (e.g. pollution-related). Whereas for large flood events, the contribution of event water becomes significant and influences the chemographs of all the parameters. As a result, spring water vulnerability to an accidental pollution is low during moderate flood events and under base flow conditions. It strongly increases during large flood events, because event water contributes to the spring discharge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Hydrology},\n\tauthor = {Perrin, J and Jeannin, P Y and Cornaton, F},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: LT\ntex.projets\\_isska: PNR61\ntex.thematique: Hydrogéologie\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AH},\n\tkeywords = {Jura, Milandre, Suisse, chemographe des sources, chimie des eaux souterraines, modélisation numérique, mélange, transport de solution},\n\tpages = {158--173},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Solute concentration variations during flood events were investigated in a karst aquifer of the Swiss Jura. Observations were made at the spring, and at the three main subterraneous tributaries feeding the spring. A simple transient flow and transport numerical model was able to reproduce chemographs and hydrographs observed at the spring, as a result of a mixing of the concentration and discharge of the respective tributaries. Sensitivity analysis carried out with the model showed that it is possible to produce chemical variations at the spring even if all tributaries have constant (but different for each of them) solute concentrations. This process is called tributary mixing. The good match between observed and modelled curves indicate that, in the phreatic zone, tributary mixing is probably an important process that shapes spring chemographs. Chemical reactions and other mixing components (e.g. from low permeability volumes) have a limited influence. Dissolution-related (calcium, bicarbonate, specific conductance) and pollution-related parameters (nitrate, chloride, potassium) displayed slightly different behaviours: during moderate flood events, the former showed limited variations compared to the latter. During large flood events, both presented chemographs with significant changes. No significant event water participates in moderate flood events and tributary mixing will be the major process shaping chemographs. Variations are greater for parameters with higher spatial variability (e.g. pollution-related). Whereas for large flood events, the contribution of event water becomes significant and influences the chemographs of all the parameters. As a result, spring water vulnerability to an accidental pollution is low during moderate flood events and under base flow conditions. It strongly increases during large flood events, because event water contributes to the spring discharge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huselmann-granger-jeannin-lauritzen-abruptglacialvalleyincisionat08madatedfromcavedepositsinswitzerland-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 Ma dated from cave deposits in Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Häuselmann, P; Granger, D E; Jeannin, P Y;  and Lauritzen, S E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geology</i>, 35: 143–146.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.lecteurs: LT tex.thematique: Géologie, Hydrogéologie tex.utilisateur_primaire: AH</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huselmann-granger-jeannin-lauritzen-abruptglacialvalleyincisionat08madatedfromcavedepositsinswitzerland-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huselmann-granger-jeannin-lauritzen-abruptglacialvalleyincisionat08madatedfromcavedepositsinswitzerland-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Haeuselmann_2007b,\n\ttitle = {Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 {Ma} dated from cave deposits in {Switzerland}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tabstract = {Glacial erosion dramatically alters mountain landscapes, but the pace at which glaciers carve a previously fluvial landscape remains poorly defined because long-term valley incision rates are difficult to measure. Here we reconstruct the lowering history of the Aare Valley, Switzerland, over the past 4 m.y. by dating cave sediments with cosmogenic Al-26 and Be-10. Incision accelerated from similar to 120 m/m.y. to similar to 1200 m/m.y. at 0.8-1.0 Ma, at least 1 m.y. after the onset of local glaciation. Rapid incision may have been triggered by lowering of the equilibrium line altitude at the mid-Pleistocene climate transition},\n\tjournal = {Geology},\n\tauthor = {Häuselmann, P and Granger, D E and Jeannin, P Y and Lauritzen, S E},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: LT\ntex.thematique: Géologie, Hydrogéologie\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AH},\n\tkeywords = {Berne, Siebenhengste-Hohgant, Suisse, Vallée de l&#x27;Aar, Vallée glaciaire, cosmogénique, grotte, spéléogenèse, taux d&#x27;érosion glaciaire},\n\tpages = {143--146},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Glacial erosion dramatically alters mountain landscapes, but the pace at which glaciers carve a previously fluvial landscape remains poorly defined because long-term valley incision rates are difficult to measure. Here we reconstruct the lowering history of the Aare Valley, Switzerland, over the past 4 m.y. by dating cave sediments with cosmogenic Al-26 and Be-10. Incision accelerated from similar to 120 m/m.y. to similar to 1200 m/m.y. at 0.8-1.0 Ma, at least 1 m.y. after the onset of local glaciation. Rapid incision may have been triggered by lowering of the equilibrium line altitude at the mid-Pleistocene climate transition\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2006\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2006</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"audra-bini-gabrovsek-huselmann-hobla-jeannin-kunaver-monbaron-etal-cavegenesisinthealpsbetweenthemioceneandtodayareview-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cave genesis in the Alps between the Miocene and today: a review.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Audra, P; Bini, A; Gabrovsek, F; Häuselmann, P; Hobléa, F; Jeannin, P Y; Kunaver, J; Monbaron, M; Sustersic, F; Tognini, P; Trimmel, H;  and Wildberger, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF</i>, 50(2): 153–176.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Spéléogénèse, tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/audra-bini-gabrovsek-huselmann-hobla-jeannin-kunaver-monbaron-etal-cavegenesisinthealpsbetweenthemioceneandtodayareview-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('audra-bini-gabrovsek-huselmann-hobla-jeannin-kunaver-monbaron-etal-cavegenesisinthealpsbetweenthemioceneandtodayareview-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Audra_2006,\n\ttitle = {Cave genesis in the {Alps} between the {Miocene} and today: a review},\n\tvolume = {50(2)},\n\tjournal = {Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF},\n\tauthor = {Audra, P and Bini, A and Gabrovsek, F and Häuselmann, P and Hobléa, F and Jeannin, P Y and Kunaver, J and Monbaron, M and Sustersic, F and Tognini, P and Trimmel, H and Wildberger, A},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: PNR61\ntex.thematique: Spéléogénèse,\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Alpes, Europe, Suisse, aquifère},\n\tpages = {153--176},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2005\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2005</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kovcs-perrochet-kirly-jeannin-aquantitativemethodforthecharacterisationofkarstaquifersbasedonspringhydrographanalysis-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kovács, A.; Perrochet, P.; Király, L.;  and Jeannin, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, 303.  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kovcs-perrochet-kirly-jeannin-aquantitativemethodforthecharacterisationofkarstaquifersbasedonspringhydrographanalysis-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kovcs-perrochet-kirly-jeannin-aquantitativemethodforthecharacterisationofkarstaquifersbasedonspringhydrographanalysis-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kovcs-perrochet-kirly-jeannin-aquantitativemethodforthecharacterisationofkarstaquifersbasedonspringhydrographanalysis-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Kovacs2005,\n\ttitle = {A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis},\n\tvolume = {303},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Hydrology},\n\tauthor = {Kovács, Attila and Perrochet, Pierre and Király, László and Jeannin, P.-Y},\n\tyear = {2005},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2004\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2004</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luetscher-jeannin-temperaturedistributioninkarstsystemstheroleofairandwaterfluxes-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luetscher, M.;  and Jeannin, P. Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Terra Nova</i>, 16: 344–350.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.lecteurs: Sabrina, LT tex.projets_isska: PNR61; KARSYS$_{\\textrm{D}}$avos tex.thematique: Géologie, Géothermie tex.utilisateur_primaire: AH</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luetscher-jeannin-temperaturedistributioninkarstsystemstheroleofairandwaterfluxes-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luetscher-jeannin-temperaturedistributioninkarstsystemstheroleofairandwaterfluxes-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Luetscher_2004,\n\ttitle = {Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tabstract = {A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain-out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air ( 0.5  C 100 m)1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations},\n\tjournal = {Terra Nova},\n\tauthor = {Luetscher, M. and Jeannin, P. Y.},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tnote = {tex.lecteurs: Sabrina, LT\ntex.projets\\_isska: PNR61; KARSYS$_{\\textrm{D}}$avos\ntex.thematique: Géologie, Géothermie\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AH},\n\tkeywords = {Karst, Simplon, Suisse, Valais, flux de chaleur, géothermie, température, échange d&#x27;énergie},\n\tpages = {344--350},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain-out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air ( 0.5 C 100 m)1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2003\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2003</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-roleofepiphreaticflowandsoutiragesinconduitmorphogenesisthebrenschachtexamplebeswitzerland-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Role of epiphreatic flow and soutirages in conduit morphogenesis: the Bärenschacht example (BE, Switzerland).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Häuselmann, P; Jeannin, P Y;  and Monbaron, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF</i>, 47(2): 171–190.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\">tex.projets_isska: PNR61 tex.thematique: Spéléogénèse, tex.utilisateur_primaire: AM</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-roleofepiphreaticflowandsoutiragesinconduitmorphogenesisthebrenschachtexamplebeswitzerland-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-roleofepiphreaticflowandsoutiragesinconduitmorphogenesisthebrenschachtexamplebeswitzerland-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Haeuselmann2003b,\n\ttitle = {Role of epiphreatic flow and soutirages in conduit morphogenesis: the {Bärenschacht} example ({BE}, {Switzerland})},\n\tvolume = {47(2)},\n\tjournal = {Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF},\n\tauthor = {Häuselmann, P and Jeannin, P Y and Monbaron, M},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {tex.projets\\_isska: PNR61\ntex.thematique: Spéléogénèse,\ntex.utilisateur\\_primaire: AM},\n\tkeywords = {Berne, Siebenhengste, Suisse},\n\tpages = {171--190},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2002\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2002')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2002')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2002</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-lauritzen-reconstructionofalpinecenozoicpaleoreliefthroughtheanalysisofcavesatsiebenhengstebeswitzerland-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Reconstruction of Alpine Cenozoic paleorelief through the analysis of caves at Siebenhengste (BE, Switzerland).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Häuselmann, P.; Jeannin, P.; Monbaron, M.;  and Lauritzen, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Geodinamica Acta</i>, 15: 261–276.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\">Type: Journal Article</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-lauritzen-reconstructionofalpinecenozoicpaleoreliefthroughtheanalysisofcavesatsiebenhengstebeswitzerland-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huselmann-jeannin-monbaron-lauritzen-reconstructionofalpinecenozoicpaleoreliefthroughtheanalysisofcavesatsiebenhengstebeswitzerland-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hauselmann_reconstruction_2002,\n\ttitle = {Reconstruction of {Alpine} {Cenozoic} paleorelief through the analysis of caves at {Siebenhengste} ({BE}, {Switzerland})},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tjournal = {Geodinamica Acta},\n\tauthor = {Häuselmann, Ph. and Jeannin, P.-Y. and Monbaron, M. and Lauritzen, S.E.},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tnote = {Type: Journal Article},\n\tpages = {261--276},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);